sign in sign up
<<
Home , Hakim Ajmal Khan, Khilafat Movement, Motilal Nehru, Pherozeshah Mehta, Seva Dal, Simon Commission

Appendix A Biographical Notes

Most of the individuals who appear in the documents and who had some important role to play are included in this section. The common Indian practice of adding an honorific ji' (or jee) to the main or part of the main name (e.g. Subhasji, Lalajee) and also to the surname (e.g. Gandhijee), and of using in some cases only the prefix (Mahatmaji, Maulana, Dr Saheb), often causes a problem of identifi­ cation. To help readers solve this problem all such 'incomplete' names are listed in the index, each with a cross-reference. Thus, for example, 'Lalaji' will appear in the index with a cross-reference - see Rai, Lala Lajpat. Having thus ascertained the full name the reader may turn back to this seetion for further details about the person concerned.

Abdullah, Sheikh Muhammad, born 1905: educated Srinagar and ; Muslim leader of Kashmir; President National Conference, 1939-42 and 1944-46; launched Quit-Kashmir movement against the Maharaja of Kashmir in 1946; Prime Minister of Kashmir 1948-5$ dismissed and arrested in 1953; restored to the chief ministership of the State in 1975 by Mrs Gandhi. Abell, Sir George, born 1904: I.C.S.; Private Secretary to the Viceroy, 1945-47· Aga , Sultan Mahomed Shah, 1875-1958: the third Aga Khan was the spiritual chief ofthe Ismaili sect ofthe Shia Muslims; President ofthe Muslim League 1906- 13; first Indian to be elected President of the League ofNations Assembly, in 1937. Aiyer, Sir C. P. Ramaswami, 1879-1966: lawyer of the Madras High Court; member of Viceroy's council 1931 and 1942; Dewan (Prime Minister) of the Indian State of Travancore, 1936-47. Aiyer,.Sir P. S. Sivaswami, 1864-1946: Advocate-General of Madras, 1908- 12; member ofMadras Governor's Council, 1912- 17; President of the National Liberal Federation of in 1919 and 1926. Alexander,A. V. (Lord), 1885-1965: First Lord ofthe Admiralty, 1929- 31,1940-45,1945-46; Memberofthe CabinetDelegation to India, 1946; created Ist Viscount in 1950. Ali, Asaf, 1888 - 1953: U.P. Muslim; called to the Bar in 1912; joined Biographical Notes Congress politics in 1920; member ofIndian Legislative Assembly, 1934- 46; member ofthe Interim Government, 1946-47; India's ambassador to U.S.A., 1947-48. Ali, Muhammad, 1878-1931: educated at Aligarh and Oxford; a Pan­ Islamist and the prominent leader ofthe , for which he was interned twice-1915-19, 1921-3; Congress President, 1923. Ali, Shaukat, 1873-1937: like his younger brother Muhammad Ali he played a leading role in the short-lived khilafat phase of the Indian politics. Ali, Syed Ameer, 1849- 1928: one ofthe first Indian Muslims to read for the Bar (1873) and to become a High Court judge (1904); retired to England in 1908 and became the founder and president of the London branch of the Muslim League. Ambedkar, Dr B. R., 1891 - 1956: Ph.D. in 1916 from Columbia University; called to Bar in 1923; began legal practice and also an active public career in Bombay from 1924; by 1928 he emerged as the leader of the Depressed Classes; attended Round Table Conferences, 1930-3; member of the Governor-General's Executive Council, 1942-6; Law Minister in Nehru's Cabinet, 1947-51; on 14 October 1956 he embraced Buddhism and advised his followers to follow suit. Amery, L. S., 1875-1955: educated at Harrow and Cambridge; Times correspondent in South Africa during Boer War; Conservative Secretary of State for India, 1940-45. Aney, Dr M. S., 1880- 1968: a right-wing Congressman from Berar; Vice­ President of the Responsivist Party formed in 1926; member of the Governor-General's Council, 1941 -3. Ansari, M. A., 1880- 1936: a medical practitioner; as anationalist (or Congress) Muslim he was elevated to the Congress Presidency in 1927 when the communal tension was high. Attlee, C . .R. (Lord), 1883- 1967: came into elose touch with Indian affairs as a member of the in 1927; leader of Labour Party, 1935 - 55; Deputy Prime Minister, 1942 - 5; Prime Minister, 1945- 51; created Earl in 1955. A yyangar, N. Gopalaswami, 1882 - 1953: in Madras Civil Service, 1905- 37; Dewan ofKashmir, 1937-47; Minister in Nehru's Cabinet 1947-53· Azad, A. K., 1889-1958: Nationalist Muslim and chief adviser to Congress High Command on the Muslim minority problem; Congress President, 1939-46; Education Minister in Nehru's Cabinet 1947-58.

Bajaj, Jamnalal, 1889-1942: cotton merchant and banker from Central Province who entered politics in 1920 and functioned as the treasurer of Congress for some years. Baldwin, Stanley (Lord), 1867-1947: educated Harrow and Cambridge; Conservative Prime Minister, 1923, 1924-9, 1935-7; created Earl in 1937· Biographical Notes Bannerjia, S. N., 1848- 1925: the first-generation Indian nationalist from who entered politics after his dismissal from the Indian Ci vii Service in 1874; twice President of Congress, in 1895 and 1902; left Congress in 1918 and became one of the founders of the Indian Liberal F ederation; Minister in the Bengal Government, 192 I - 3. Bari, Abdul, ? - 1947: Bihari Muslim who began his political career in the Khilafat and non-cooperation movement of 1920; had a major hand in the formation of the Bihar Socialist Party in 193 I; labour and trade union leader of his province till his death. Basu, B. N., 1859-1924: attorney ofthe Calcutta High Court; President of Congress in 1914; member of Secretary of State's Council, 1917-24. Besant, Mrs Annie, 1847 - 1933: British theosophist who went to India in 1895; President of the Theosophical Society, 1907-33; founded the Central Hindu College at Bahares; established Indian Horne Rule League in 1916; interned by the Madras Governor in 1917 for her seditious speeches and, as a result, elevated to Congress Presidency the same year by the Indian Nationalists; a liberal politician who fell out of tune with Gandhi's politics and was, conseqeuently, edged out ofthe central political arena in 1920. Bhabha, C. H., born 1910: a Parsi businessman and industrialist from Bombay; member Interim Government, 1946-47; Commerce Minister in Nehru's Cabinet, 1947-48. Bhargava, Dr Gopichand, 1889- 1966: medical practitioner from Hissar, ; entered political arena under the leadership of Lajpat Rai and attained provincial prominence during the Punjab disturbances of 1919; Chief Minister of East Punjab, 1947 - 5 I. Bhopal, Air Vice-Marshai N awab of, 1894-I 960: became ruler of the State in May 1926; Chancellor of Chamber of Princes, 1931-32 and 1941-7; attended Indian Round Table Conference, 1931-32. Bikaner, Lieut-Gen. Ganga Singh, Maharaja of, 1880-1943: assumed ruling powers in 1898; attended Indian Round Table Conference, 1930-3 I. Birkenhead, Lord (F. E. Smith), 1874- 1930: Attorney-General, 1915- 19; Secretary ofState for India, 1924-8. Bonnerjee, W. C., 1844- 1906: barrister of the Calcutta High Court; President of Congress in 1885 and 1892. Bose, Sarat Chandra, 1889-1950: eider brother ofSubhas Chandra Bose; a prominent left-wing Congress leader of Bengal; member of the Indian Legislative Assembly in 1945; member of Interim Government in 1946. Bose, Subhas Chandra, 1897-1945: resigned from the I.C.S. andjoined the non-cooperation movement of 1920; started his political career in Bengal under the wing ofC. R. Das; made his mark on the national politics in 1928 by joining the socialists and demanding complete independence for India; elected Congress President in 1938 and re-elected in 1939 against Gandhi's wishes but had to resign; soon after he founded the Forward Block, which represented militant aggressive nationalism; early in 1941 he Biographical Notes eseaped from India to Germany, met Hitler and in 1943 was taken by a German submarine to Indonesia whenee he flew toJapan; General Tojo welcomed his eollaboration and soon he was baek in South-east Asia to take over the eommand, in Oetober 1943, ofthe ; died in an air erash in 1945. Brelvi, Syed Abdulla, 1892 - 1949: Congress Muslim who was the editor of the Nationalist newspaper Bombay Chronicle, 1920-49. Bu tler, Sir Harcourt, 1869 - 1938: One of the first two Bu tlers (the other being his brother Sir Montagu Butler, father ofR. A. (Lord) Butler) to go to India as a Member of the I.C.S.; Lieutenant-Governor of Burma, 1915-18; Lieutenant-Governor of V.P., 1918-21; Governor of V.P. 1921-23; Chairman Indian States Committee, 1927-9.

Campbell-Johnson, Alan, born 1913: edueated Westminster and Oxford; Press Attaehe to Lord Mountbatten, 1947-48. Chapekar Brothers-Damodar (1870-97), Balkrishna (1873-1899), Wasudeo (1879~9): the three brothers, Chitpauan Brahmins from Konkan, swayed by terrorist zeal, killed the plague offieers Rand and Lt Ayerst on 22June 1897; they were tried, eonvieted and hanged at different times between 1898 and 1899. Chelmsford, Lord, 1868- 1933: Governor ofQueensland, 1905-9 and of New South Wales, 1909-13; Vieeroy oflndia, 1916-21. Chiang Kai-shek, Generalissirno, 1887-1975: soldier and statesman, ruler of China from 1928 to 1949, and subsequentlly head of a Chinese Government in exile on Taiwan. Chiang Kai-shek (Soong Mei-ling), Madame, born 1897: sister of Madame Sun Yat-sen; married Chiang Kai-shek in 1927; in 1943 she addressed the joint session of the V.S. Congress - the first Chinese and seeond woman to do so. Chintamani, C. Y., 1880-1941: editor of the Leader (); a Liberal Minister in the V.P. Government, 192 I - 3; President of the National Liberal Federation of India in 1920 and 1931. Chundrigar, Ismail Ibrahim, 1897-1960: leader of the Provineial Mus­ lim League in Bombay in I 940S and the League's member ofthe Interim Government from Oetober 1946 to August 1947. Churehill, (Sir) Winston Speneer, 1874- 1965: edueated Harrow and Sandhurst; Conservative M.P. for Woodford, 1924-64; left Conservative Shadow Cabinet and opposed eoneessions to India, in partieular the Aet of 1935; member of War Cabinet, 1939-40; Prime Minister of National Government and Minister of Defenee, 1940 - 5; leader of Conservative Party, 1940-55; Conservative Prime Minister, 1945, 1951 - 5. Citrine, Walter (Lord), born 1887: a socialist and trade unionist und er whose joint leadership with Bevin the unions in Britain eontinued throughout the I 930S eollaboration with the employers; General Seeretary ofT.V.C., 1926-46; ereated Baron in 1946. Biographical Notes 253 Cripps, Sir Stafford, 1889-1952: educated Winchester and London, Solicitor-General, 1929-31; Lord Privy Seal and leader ofthe House of Commons, 1942, in which capacity he visited India in March; President of the Board of Trade, 1945-7; a member of the Cabinet Mission which visited India in March 1946; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1947-50. Curzon, George Nathaniel (Lord), 1859- 1925: educated Eton and Oxford; Viceroy of India, 1898- 1905; Foreign Secretary, 1919-24. By partitioning Bengal and thereby causing the anti-Partition movement he became the inadvertent father of militant Bengali nationalism.

Das, C. R., 1870- 1925: barrister ofthe Calcutta High Court, who made his name defending the nationalists in 1907-8 political trials; entered politics in 1917 and became Congress President in 192 land 1922; formed with the Party of the Congress in 1923. Daudi, Shafi, born 1879: lawyer ofthe Patna High Court; Khilafatist and Pan-Islamist in the non-cooperation movement of 1920. Daulatram, J airamdas, born 189 I: la ywer from Sind; joined Mrs Besan t' s Horne Rule League in 1916; editor Hindustan Times, 1925-8; involved in Gandhi 's constructive programmes; Governor ofBihar, 1947 - 48; Cabinet Minister, 1948-50; Governor of Assam, 1950-6. Desai, Bhulabhai, 1877 - 1946: advocate ofBombay High Court; leader of Congress party in the Indian Legislative Assembly, 1936-43; fell out of favour with the Congress High Command on account of his pact with - the Desai-Liaquat Pact of 1944. Desai, Mahadev, 1892-1942: Gandhi's private secretary and elose associate. Deva, N arendra, 1889 - 1956: U.P. lawyer and scholar who began his political career in 1916 by joining Tilak's Horne Rule League; founder­ leader of the Congress Socialist Party (1934); member of Congress Working Committee, 1936-8. Dufferin, Lord, 1826- 1902: Governor-General of Canada, 1872-78; Viceroy of India, 1884-8. Durharn, Lord, 1792 - 1840: Governor-General of Canada, 1838; famous for his report of 1839 recommending the union of Lower and Upper Canada and a large measure of self-government in order to preserve Canadian loyalty to Great Britain. Dyer, Reginald (Brigadier-General), 1864-1927: perpetrator of the Jallianwala Bagh shooting, for which he was censured and his resignation required by the C.-in-C. of India.

Engineer, Sir N. P., born 1884: Advocate-General ofBombay, 1942-5; Advocate-General ofIndia 1945-50; knighted in 1945.

Fuller, Sir Bampfylde, 1854 - 1935: ChiefCommissioner of Assam, 1902- 254 Biographical Notes 5; Lieutenant-Governor of Eastern Bengal and Assam in 1905, when he resigned after a disagreement with the Viceroy Minto.

Gandhi, Devdas, 1900-57: one of the four sons of ; accompanied his father to London in 1931 for the second Round Table Conference; editor-in-chief of Hindustan Times, 1953-7. Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 1869- 1948: hailed from Gujrat; cal­ led to the Bar in 1889; in South Africa from 1893 to 1915, where he forged his political weapon of ; the leader of the Indian Nationalist Movement and Congress from 1920 until his assassination in January 1948. Ghose, Aurobindo, 1872 - 1950: teacher and philosopher with a short­ lived political career as an extremist from 1906 to 1910, after which he retired to Pondicherry to devote hirnself to spiritualism. Ghose, Barindra Kumar, 1880-1959: brother of Aurobindo Ghose and a terrorist who believed in using violence in order to obtain India's free­ dom. Ghose, Motilai, 1847- 1922: editorofthe CalcuttaAmritBazar Patrica and a prominent nationalist in Bengal politics. Ghosh, Dr P. C., born 1891: Ph.D. in science; began his politicallife by joining Gandhi's non-cooperation movement in 1920; belonged to the anti- faction of Bengal Congress in 1939; Chief Minister of West Bengal, 1947 - 48. Ghose, Rashbehary, 1945- 1921: a lawyer at the Calcutta High Court and a scholar; Congress President in 1907 and 1908. Glancy, Sir Bertrand, 1882 - 1953: I.C.S.; Governor ofPunjab, 1941 -6. Godley, Sir Arthur, 1847-1932: PrivateSecretarytoGladstone, 1872-4, and 1880-2; Permanent Under-Secretary for India, 1883- 1909. Gokhale, G. K., 1866-1915: te ach er and journalist at Poona; liberal politician of an All-India stature who valued British connection with India; member of the Imperial Legislative Council, 1901 - 15; Congress President, 1905.

Haig, Sir Harry, 1881 - 1956: Horne Secretary, , 1926-30; Horne Member, Viceroy's Executive Council, 1932-4; Gover­ nor ofU.P., 1934-9; knighted 1933. Haksar, Sir Kailash Narain, 1878-1954: educated Gwalior and Alla­ habad; began service in Gwalior State in 1912 and made Colonel in 1924; Prime Minister of Bikaner State; member of the Round Table Con­ ferences; knighted in 1932. Hallet, Sir Maurice, 1883 - 1969: educated Winchester and Oxford;joined I.C.S. in 1907; Secretary to Government of India in the Horne Depart­ ment, 1932-6; Governor ofBihar, 1937-9; Governor ofU.P., 1939-45. Hardie, James Keir, 1856- 1915: Scottish miner who became a Labour leader and the first independent Labour member of Parliament, 1892; Biographical Notes 255 Labour M.P. from 1900 until his death; visited India in 1907 and met a wide range of Indian leaders. Hardiker, Dr N. S., born 1889: organiser and social worker from Mysore; founded Hindustani in 1923 to train volunteers for the national movement; member of Rajya Sabha, 1952 -62. Hardinge, Lord, 1858-1944: joined Foreign Office in 1880; Permanent Under-Secretary of State for foreign atTairs in 1906; Viceroy of India, 19 10- 16. Harrison, Agatha, 1885-1954: British sympathiser ofCongress and dose associate ofGandhi and Nehru; first visited India in 1929 as member ofthe Royal Commission on Labour; Secretary of India Conciliation Group since its foundation in 1931; the Group died away around 1948. Hitler, Adolf, 1889-1945: founder ofthe National Socialist (Nazi) Party and dicta tor of Germany, 1933 - 45. Hoare, Sir Samuel, 1880-1959: educated Harrow and Oxford; Secretary ofState for India, 1931-5; Foreign Secretary in 1935; member ofthe War Cabinet, 1939-40; created Viscount Templewood in 1944. Huq, Fazlul, 1886- 1962: lawyer and Muslim politician from and a founder member of the Muslim League; supported the Congress - League Pact of 1916; Chief Minister ofBengal, 1937-43; Horne Minister in Cabinet, 1955 - 56; Governor of East Pakistan, 1956 - 8. Hume, A.O., 1829-1912: entered Bengal Civil Service in 1849; Secretary in the Revenue and Agriculture Department, Government of India, 187°-9; retired in 1882; had a hand in the founding ofCongress in 1885; General Secretary of Congress, 1885-1906.

Iqbal, Sir Mohammad, 1876-1938: Poet and philosopher; President of the Muslim League in 1930. Irwin, Lord, 1881-1959: educated Eton and Oxford; Viceroy of India, 1926-31; succeeded his father as Viscount Halifax in 1934; Foreign Secretary, 1938-40; Member of the War Cabinet, 1939-45. Ismail, Sir Mirza Muhammad, 1883-1959: entered Mysore Government Service in 1905; Private Secretary to the Maharaja of Mysore in 1923; Dewan of Mysore, 1926-41; attended the Round Table Conference (1930-2) in London and pleaded for an all-India Federation; as Prime Minister ofJaipur, 1942-46 he transformed and improved the 'Pink City ofJaipur'; Prime Minister ofHyderabad, 1946-47. Ismay, Lord, 1887-1965: commissioned in 1905; Prime Minister Churchill's dosest military adviser during World War II; renewed service in India in 1947 as Lord Mountbatten's Chief of StatT.

Jayakar, M. R., 1873-1959: lawyer and a right-wing politician from Bombay; leader of the ; resigned from Congress in 1925; member of the Indian Legislative Assembly, 1926 - 30; appointedJudge of the Federal Court in October 1937; member ofthe Privy Council, 1939-42. Biographical Notes J enkins, Sir John, 1857 - 1912: Horne member of the Governor-General's Supreme Council, 1910-12. Jinnah, M. A., 1876-1948: barristerofthe Bombay High Court; leaderof the Muslim movement for Pakistan; President ofthe Muslim League from 1934 to 1948; Governor-General of Pakistan, 1947-48. Johnson, Colonel Louis, President Roosevelt's Special Representative in India, 1942. Joshi, P. C., born 1907: Marxist from U .P.; was arrested in connection with the Meerut Conspiracy Case, 1928; emerged in 1935 as leader of the ; opposed Congress' 'Quit India' movement in 1942; expelled from the Communist Party in 1948, readmitted in 1951; editor of the communist New Age, 1957-64'

Kabir, Humayun, 1906-69: educated Calcutta and Oxford; Congress Muslim, secretary to the Ministry of Education, Government of India, 1952-7; Minister in the Government of India, 1957-65' Kelkar, N. C., 1872 - 1947: Maharashtrian journalist and right-wing politician; editor of Mahratta, 1896-1918. Kennedv, Mrs and Miss: the wife and daughter of an English barrister, Pringle Kennedy, who were killed accidentally, in 1908, by a bomb thrown at a railway carriage by the terrorists. Khaliquzzaman, Choudhuri, 188g-1973: lawyer and politician from U .P.; a Khilafatist and founder of the All-India Khilafat Committee in 1919; revived Muslim league in U.P. after the failure of the negotiation, in 1937, for a Congress-League coalition government in the province; migrated to Pakistan in 1947. Khan, Liaqat Ali, 1895 - 1951: barrister from U.P.; became the General Secretary ofMuslim League in 1937; member of the Interim Government, 1946-47; Prime Minister of Pakistan from August 1947 to 16 October 1951, when he was assassinated. Khan Sahib, Dr 1883 - 1958: M.R.C.S., London; eIder brother of ; entered politics in 1930; Chief Minister in the Congress Government ofthe North West Frontier Province, 1937-9; opposed to the partition ofIndia but gradually became reconciled to the idea ofPakistan and became a Minister in Pakistan Cabinet in 1954; became Chief Minister of West Pakistan in 1955; stabbed to death in 1958. Khan, Sir Shafaat Ahmad, 1893 - 1948: Muslim scholar from U.P.; educated Cambridge and Dublin; Professor ofModern Indian History at the U niversity of Allahabad for nearly 20 years till 1940; member U.P. Legislative Council, 1924-30; delegate to the Round Table Conference, 1930-32; knighted in 1930; India's High Commissioner in South Africa, 194 1 -5· Khan, Sir Syed Ahmed, 1817 - 1898: Muslim who served the British as a clerk and later as a Sub-Judge, 1837-76; turned into an educationalist and reformer and founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Biographical Notes 257 Aligarh in 18n; member of the Imperial Legislative Council, 1878-83; knighted in 1888. Khaparde, G. S., 1854 - 1938: pleader hailing from C.P.; folIower ofTilak and opponent of Gandhi's non-co-operation; leader of the Responsivist Party. Kher, B. G., 1888- 1957: lawyer from Konkon region ofBombay; a right­ wing Congress leader ofhis province; Chief Minister ofBombay, 1937-9 and 1946-52; India's High Commissioner in V.K., 1952-4. Kidwai, Rafi Ahmad, 1894-1954: nationalist Muslim from V.P.; he was drawn into politics by the non-cooperation movement of 1920 and veered towards the left wing in Congress; V.P. Congress President in 1936; Minister in the V.P. Congress Government 1937-9; Minister in Nehru's Cabinet, 1947-51 and' 1952-4. Kingsford, Douglas, 1872-1937: I.C.S.; as the ChiefPresidency MagiS­ trate of Calcutta, 1904-8, he had to try several sedition cases and as a result an unsuccessful attempt was made on his life in I go8; J udge of the Patna High Court, 1916-24. Kripalani, J. B., born 1888: teacher and politician from Sind; General­ Secretary of Congress, 1934-45; Congress President, 1946-47; resigned from Congress inI951 and founded Krishak Mazdoor Praja Party which subsequently merged into the Praja Socialist Party; resigned from P .S.P. in 1954·

Lang, Cosmo Gordon, 1864- 1945: Archbishop ofCanterbury, 1928-42. Lansdowne, Lord, 1845- 1927: Governor-General ofCanada, 1883-88; Viceroy of India, 1888---94; Foreign Secretary, 1900-5. Linlithgow, Lord, 1887- 1952: in 1924 he was selected as the deputy Chairman of the Conservative and ; chairman of the Royal Commission on Agriculture in India, 1926-8; chairman of the Select Committee on Indian Constitutional Reform, 1933-34; Viceroy ofIndia, 1936-43. Listowel, Lord, born 1906: Parliamentary V nder-Secretary of State for India, and Deputy Leader, House ofLords, 1944-45; Secretary ofState for India, April-August 1947. Lloyd, Lord, 1879-1941: Conservative M.P., 1910-18; Governor of Bombay, 1918-23; Secretary of State for Colonies, 1940-41. Lloyd George, David, 1863-1945: Liberal M.P., 1890-1945, Prime Minister, 1916-22; leader of the Liberal Party, 1926-31; created Earl Lloyd-George, 1945. Lohia, Dr Rammanohar, 1910-67: Congress socialist from V.P.; Ph.D. from Berlin Vniversity in 1932; worked as an underground revolutionary during the Quit-India movement of 1942; General Secretary of the Praja Socialist Party, 1953 - 55; founder chairman of the Socialist Party, 1956, which subsequently merged with the P.S.P. Lothian, Lord (Philip Henry Kerr), 1880-1940: journalist and states- Biographical Notes man; Private Secretary to Lloyd George, 1916 - 2 I; Liberal member in MacDonald 's all-party Cabinet in 1931; chairman of the Indian Franchise Committee, 1932; Britain's ambassador to V.S.A., 1939-40.

MacDonald, James Ramsay, 1866- 1937: leader of Labour Party, 1911-14; Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary, 1924; Prime Minister of Labour Government, 1929-31; ofNational Government, 1931-5. Mahtab, H. K., born 1899: .President, Vtkal Congress Committee, 1930- 7; Chief Minister, Orissa, 1946-50; Minister in Nehru's Cabinet 1950-2; Governor ofBombay, 1955-6; Chief Minister ofOrissa, 1956-6L Malaviya, M. M., 1861-1946: V.P. lawyer and right-wing politician; Congress President in 1909 and 1918;member ofthe Imperial Legislative Assembly, 1910-20; founded Banares Hindu Vniversity in 1916. Mandal, J. N., born 1906: Minister in Bengal Government, 1943-6; member of the Working Committee of the AII-India Scheduled Castes Federation; member ofthe Interim Government, 1946-47, as a nominee of the Muslim League; Land and Labour Minister of Pakistan Govern­ ment, 1947-50. Masani, M. R., born 1905: called to Bar in 1928; founder and Joint Secretary, Congress Socialist Party, 1934-39; M.P., 1949-52 and 1957- 62. Mathai, Dr. John, 1886-1959: educated London and Oxford; an econ­ omist; Director, Tata Sons Ltd in 1944; Finance Minister in the Interim Government, 1947, and in Nehru's Cabinet, 1947-50. Mayo, Kathleen, ?-1940: American authoress of Mother India (1927); the book focused on the ugly side of Indian culture, creating resentment among the Indian nationalists; to Gandhi her work looked like the report of a sanitary inspector~ Mehta, Sir Pherozeshah, 1845-1915: barrister of the Bombay High Court; a liberal politician who kept the extremists out of Congress till his death; Congress President in 1890. Menon, K. P. S., born 1898: educated Madras and Oxford; I.C.S.; Agent­ General of the Government ofIndia in China, 1943 -7; attended V.N.O., 1946. Menon, V. K. Krishna, 1896-1974: educated Madras and London; during his long stay in V.K. he cultivated members ofthe Labour Party; represented Government of India at V.N.O., 1946-47; India's High Commissioner in London, 1947 - 52; Defence Minister in Nehru 's Cabinet, 1957-62 . Menon, V. P., 1894-1966: Deputy Secretary to Governor-General (Reforms), 1940-2; Reforms Commissioner, 1942-7; Secretary to Government of India in States Ministry, 1947-48; Governor of Orissa, 1951. Minto, Lord, 1845-1914: Governor-General of Canada, 18g8-1904; Viceroy of India, 1905-10. Biographical No/es 259 Montagu, Edwin Samuel, 1879- 1924: educated City of London and Cambridge; Liberal M.P. 1906-22; Vnder-Secretaryfor India, 1910- 14; Secretary ofState for India, 1917-22; though aJew he was opposed to Balfour Declaration of 1926. Mookerjee, Dr S. P., 1901 - 53: educationalist and Hindu nationalist; leader of ; Minister in Nehru's Cabinet, 1947-50; founder-President of the Jana Sangh Party, 1951. Moonje, B. S., 1872- 1948: medical practitioner ofNagpur, C.P.; right­ wing politician and leader of Hindu Mahasabha. Morley, John (Lord), 1838- 1923: statesman and man ofletters; Liberal Secretary of State for India, 1905- 10; created Viscount in 1908. Mountbatten, Lord, born 1900: entered Royal Navy in 1913; Supreme Allied Commander for South-East Asia, 1943-6; Viceroy ofIndia, 1947; Governor-General ofIndia, August 1947-June 1948; became Admiral of the Fleet in 1956.

Narayan, Jai Prakash, born 1902: Congress Socialist leader from Bihar; educated Ohio, V.S.A; a Marxist but opposed to Communist's de­ nunciation ofnational movement as bourgeois; leader ofCongress Socialist Party, 1934-47; founder Secretary of the Socialist Party of India, 1948; renounced party politics in 1957 and became Sarvodaya leader; led combined opposition to Mrs 's Congress rule in 1975; responsible for leadingJanata Party into victory and power in the General Election of March 1977. Nehru, Jawaharlal, 1889-1964: educated Harrow and Cambridge and called to the Bar in 1912; entered politics in 1920 and emerged in 1929 as a leader of continental stature; Congress President in 1929, 1936, 1937, 1946, 1951 -4; Vice-President of the Interim Government, 1946-47, and the first Prime Minister of independent India, 1947-64' Nehru, Motilal, 1861 - 1931: father ofJawaharlal Nehru; advocate ofthe Allahabad High Court; leader of the Swaraj Party, 1923-26; Congress President in 1919 and 1928. Nishtar, A.R., 1899-1958: leading member of the Muslim League; Finance Minister in the North West Frontier Province, 1943-45; Member Interim Government, 1946-47.

0' Dwyer, Sir Michael, 1864-1940: entered I.C.S. in 1885; while Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, 1913-19, he was blamed by Indian nationalists for repression in the province; shot dead by an Indian terrorist in London.

Pal, B. C., 1858-1932: journalist and author; active in politics as an extremist in the first decade of the twentieth century. Pandit, Mrs V. L., born 1900: sister ofJawaharlal Nehru; politician and diplomat; Minister in the V.P. Government, 1937--9; Indian ambassador Biographical Notes to the Soviet Vnion 1947-9, to the Vnited States, 1949-52; President of the Vnited Nations General Assembly, 1953-54; High Commissioner of India in V.K., 1954-62; Governor of , 1962-4. Pant, G. B., 1887 - 196 I: lawyer and right-wing Congress politician from V.P.; began politicallife in 1912 by becoming a member of the V.P. Legislative Council; Chief Minister of V.P., 1937-9 and 1946-54; Horne Minister in Nehru's Cabinet, 1955-61. Patel, Vallabhbhai, 1875- 1950: caled to the Bar in 1913; municipal councillor and politician at , Gujrat; acquired continental stature in 1928 with his success at the 'no-rent '; Congress President in 1930; Horne Member in the Interim Government, 1947, and the Deputy Prime Minister of India, 1947-50. Pethick-Lawrence, Lord, 1871 - 1961: leader of the woman suffrage movement in Great Britain during the first two decades of the twentieth century; Labour Secretary ofState for India August 1945-April 1947. Prasad, Rajendra, 1884- 1963: lawyer and politician; one of the three top-ranking Gandhi-ites (the other two were Vallabhbhai Pate! and C. Rajagopalachari) who formed the core ofthe right-wing in Congress and controlled the party machine till 1947; Congress President in 1934, 1935, 1939 and 1947; first President of the Indian Republic, 1950-62.

Rai, Lala Lajpat, 1865- 1928: author, lawyer, social reformer and politician from Punjab; Congress President for the special session held at Ca1cutta in 1920. Rajagopalachari, C. R., 1879- 1972: lawyer and politician from Madras; Chief Minister of Madras, 1937-9, and 1952-4; Governor-General of India, 1948-50; founder-leader of the Swatantra Party, 1959. Ram,Jagjivan, born 1908: leader of the Depressed Classes from Bihar; President All-India Depressed Classes League, 1936-47; Minister in the Indian Cabinet, 1946-63, and again from 1966 to 1977; resigned from Congress and the government in February 1977 and formed the Congress for Democracy Party; Minister in Desai's Cabinet from March 1977. Reading, Lord, 1860- 1935: called to the Bar in 1887; Liberal M.P., 1904- 13; Lord Chief Justice of England, 1913-21; Viceroy of India, 1921 -26. Roosevelt, Franklin De!ano, 1882-1945: 32nd President ofV.S.A., 1933- 45· Rowlatt, Sir Sidney, 1862- 1945: called to the Bar in 1886, appointed judge and knighted in 1912; in 1917 he was appointed chairman ofthe commitee on criminal conspiracies in India which led to the passing of the in 1919. Roy, Dr B. C., 1882- 1962: medical practitioner in Ca1cutta with F.R.C.S. from England; entered politics in 1923 as a Swarajist member of the Bengal Legislative Council; Bengal Congress President in 1934; Chief Minister of Bengal, 1948-62. Biographical Notes Roy, M. N., 1887- 1954: Bengali revolutionary who turned into a communist ofinternational standing and finally, after the Second World War, into a radical humanist; from 1914 to 1930 he was outside India in the V .S.A., Mexico and the Soviet V nion; responsible for the foundation of the Communist Party in Mexico and India.

Safi, Sir Muhammad, 1869- 1932: barrister of the High Court; President ofthe Muslim League in 1913 and 1927; member ofViceroy's Council, 1919-24. Salisbury, Lord, 1861 - 1947: statesman and Conservative politician; Leader ofthe House ofLords, 1925-9; opposed self-government to India, in which he wassupported by Winston Churchill, and inJune 1935 he took the unusual course of opposing the first reading ofthe Government ofIndia Bill. Sampurnanand, 1889-1969: V.P. Congress socialist; his political career began in 1922 with the membership of the AICC; Minister in Congress V.P. Government, 1937-9 and 1946-54; Chief Minister ofV.P., 1955- 60; Governor of Rajasthan, 1962-67. Sapru, Sir Tej Bahadur, 1875- 1949: advocate of the Allahabad High Court and liberal politician; Law Member ofViceroy's Council, 1920-3; President ofthe National Liberal Federation ofIndia in 1923 and 1927; as adelegate to the Round Table Conferences (1930-3) he made valuable contributions into the making of the Act of 1935. Sastri, V. S. Srinivasa, 1869- 1946: liberal politician from Madras; President of the National Libral Federation ofIndia, 1922; Agent of the Government of India in South Africa, 1927-9. Satyamurti, S., 1887- 1943: journalist, lawyer and right-wing congress leader of Madras. Satyapal, Dr, 1884- 1954: medical practitioner; attained eminence in Punjab politics during the anti-Rowlatt Act agitation. Savarkar, G. D., 1879-1945: eider brother of V. D. Savarkar; for his terrorist activities he was convicted and confined to Andaman, 190 9-2 1. Savarkar, V. D., 1883- 1966: Maharashtrian politician who plunged into terrorist activities from 1905 to 1910, most of which time he spent in Britain; in 1910, his spectacular escape from a British ship carrying hirn back to India for trial won hirn recognition from Indian nationalists; after his release from confinement to the Andaman Islands from 191 I to 1924, he entered the politics of Hindu Mahasabha and was its President from 1938 to 1942. Setalvad, C. H., 1866- 1947: advocate of the Bombay High Court; Minister in the Bombay Government, 1921 -3; President ofthe National Liberal Federation of India in 1928 and 1937. Sherwani, T. A. K., 1885 - 1935: V.P. Congress Muslim; called to the Bar, 1912; V.P. Congress President 1929-30. Biographical Notes Simon, Sir John, 1873-1954: Attorney-General, 1913-15; Chairman of 'Sirnon Commission' appointed in 1927; Foreign Secretary, 1931-5. Singh, Baldev, 1902--61: Sikh member of the Interim Government, 1946; Defence Minister in Nehru's Cabinet, 1947-52. Singh, Master Tara, 1885 - 1967: leader ofSikh Akali Dal and opposed to inclusion of Punjab in Pakistan; after independence and the division of Punjab he led the movement for the creation of a Punjabi-speaking State in East Punjab. Smith, James Dunlop, 1858-1921: educated and Sand hurst; commissioned 1878; Private Secretary to the Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, 1883-87; Private Secretary to Viceroy Minto, 1905-10; knighted in 1910; Political A.D.C. to the Secretary of State for India, 19 10- 19. Sun Yat-sen, 1866-1925: leader ofthe Chinese Kuomintang (Nationalist Party); influential in overthrowing the Manchu Dynasty ( 191 I), he served as the first President of the Republic of China.

Thakurdas, Sir Purshotamdas, 1879-1961: public-spirited industrialist, businessman and philanthropist from Bombay; knighted in 1923. Tilak, B. G., 1856-1920: journalist, author and the leading nationalist politician from Maharashtra, who attained all-India stature in 1905; his second imprisonment for seditious speeches, and for articles in his newspapers Kesari and Mahratta, was from 1908 to 1914; founded Horne Rule League in 1916, and the same year entered Congress from which he had been exduded since the of 1907. Tiwana, Sir Malik Khizar Hayat Khan, 1900-75: Premier of Punjab, 1942-7. Tyabji, Badruddin, 1844-1906: Bombay Muslim; called to the Bar in 1867; Congress President in 1887.

Viqar-ul-Mulk, Nawab Mustaq Husain, 1841-1917: Muslim from U.P., Civil Servant in Hyderabad; entered politics in 1900; Chairman of the foundation session of the Musliln League at Dacca in 1906; Secretary of Aligarh College, 1909-13.

Wavell, Archibald Percival (Lord), 1883-1950: Commander-in-Chief, Middle East, 1939-41, of India, 1941-3; Supreme CommandCr, South West Pacific, 1942; Viceroy of India, 1943-7. Wedderburn, Sir William, 1838-1918: entered I.C.S. in 1860; Judge of the Bombay High Court, 1885; M.P., 1893-1900; Congress President in 1889 and 1910. Willingdon, Lord, 1866-1941: M.P. 1900-10; Governor of Bombay, 1913 - 18, and ofMadras, 1919 - 24; Governor-General ofCanada, 1926- 30; Viceroy of India, 1931-6. Winterton, Lord, 1883- 1962: Conservative M.P., 1904-51; Parliamen- Biographical Notes tary Under-Secretary for India, 1921-9; British delegate to Round Table Conference (India), 1932. Wyllie, Sir William Curzon, 1848-1909: Indian Army; Political A.D.C. to Secretary of State for India. Appendix B Congress Presidents, Viceroys and Secretaries of State for India, 1885 - 1947

Congress Presidents

1885 W. C. Bonnerjee 1886 1887 1888 George Yule 1889 Sir 1890 Sir 1891 P. Ananda Charlu 1892 W. C. Bonnerjee 1893 Dadabhai Naoroji 1894 1895 S. N. Banerjea 1896 Rahimtulla Sayani 1897 C. S. Nair 1898 A. M. Bose 1899 R. C Dutt 1900 N. G. Chandravarkar 19°1 D. E. Wacha 19°2 S. N. Banerjea 19°3 L. M. Ghosh 19°4 Sir Henry Cotton 19°5 G. K. Gokhale 1906 Dadabhai N aoroji 19°7 Dr Rashbihari Ghosh 1908 Dr Rashbihari Ghosh 1909 M. M. Malaviya 19 10 Sir William Wedderburn 19" B. N. Dhar 1912 R. N. Madholkar Officals, 1885-1947 1913 Nawab Syed Mohammad Bahadur 1914 Bhupendra Nath Basu 1915 Sir S. P. Sinha 1916 A. C. Mazumdar 1917 Mrs 1918 (Special Session) Hassan Imam 1918 (Annual Session) M. M. Malaviya 19 19 Motilal Nehru 1920 (Special Session) Lajpat Rai 1920 (Annual Session) C. Vijayaraghavachariar 1921 C. R. Das (in prison) Acting President Ajmal Khan 1922 C. R. Das 1923 (Special Session) A. K. Azad 1923 (Annual Session) Mohammed Ali 1924 M. K. Gandhi 192 5 Mrs 1926 S. Srinivasa Iyengar 1927 Dr M. A. Ansari 1928 Motilal Nehru 1929-1930 1931 1932 R. Amritlal 1933 MrsJ. M. Sen Gupta 1934 1935 Rajendra Prasad 1936 Jawaharlal Nehru 1937 Jawaharlal Nehru 1938 Subhas Chandra Bose 1939 S. C. Bose re-elected but had to resign. Rajendra Prasad was appointed in his stead. 1940 - 6 A. K. Azad (1946 Ouly-Sep) Jawaharlal Nehru 1946-47 J. B. Kripalani

Viceroys anti Governors-General

1884-8 Lord Dufferin 1888-94 Lord Lansdowne 1894-9 2nd Lord Elgin IBgg- 1904 Lord Curzon 1904 Lord Ampthill 1904-5 Lord Curzon 190 5- 10 Lord Minto Oificials, 1885-1947

19 10- 16 Lord Hardinge 19 16 - 21 Lord Chelmsford 1921 - 5 Lord Reading 192 5 2nd Lord Lytton 1925- 26 Lord Reading 1926 -9 Lord Irwin (later Lord Halifax) 1929 Lord Goschen 1929-31 Lord Irwin 193 1-4 Lord Willingdon 1934 Sir George Stanley 1934-6 Lord Willingdon 1936 -43 Lord Linlithgow 1943-7 Lord Wavell 1947 Lord Mountbatten

Secretaries of State for India

1882-5 Lord Kimberley 1885-6 Lord Randolph Churchill 1886 (Feb-Aug) Lord Kimberley 1886-92 Lord Cross 1892 -4 Lord Kimberley 1894-5 Sir H. H. Fowler 1895-1903 Lord Hamilton 190 3-5 W. St John Brodrick 1905- 10 Lord Morley 19 10- 15 Lord Crew 19 15- 17 A. Chamberlain 19 17-22 E. S. Montagu 1922 -4 Lord Peel 19240an-Nov) Lord Oliver 1924-8 Lord Birkenhead 1928 -9 Lord Peel 1929-31 W. Wedgwood Benn 193 1-35 Sir S. Hoare 1935-40 Lrd Zetland 1940-5 L. S. Amery 1945-7 Lord Pethick - Lawrence 1947 (Apr-Aug) Lord Listowel Index

Alxlullah, Sheikh Muhammad, on Pak- Baldwin, Stanley (Lord), 90,92 istan, 184-5 Baluehistan, 79,82, 156, 189,214,217 Abell, Sir George, 211 Bannerji, C. C., 99 Aga Khan, 18-19 Bannerjia, S. N., 9, 10, 19 Afghanistan, 109, 185 Bapu, see Gandhi, M. K. Ahmedabad, 24 Bari, Alxlul, 99 Aiyar (also spelt as Aiyer), Sir C. P. Baroda, 24 Ramaswami, 170 8engal, 123, 156, 185; anti-partItIon Aiyar (also spelt as Aiyer), Sir P. S. movement in, 7--g; Muslims Sivaswami, 89 of, 8; moderate polities of, IO-IJ; Ajmer-Merwara, 189 terrorism in, 28--g; Government Akali Party, 162 of, 29; reunion of, 36-7; and C. Alexander, A. V. (Lord), 198 R. formula, 145; Congress leader­ Ali, Ameer, 15 ship in, 100--1; Legislative As­ Ali, Asaf, 199, 202 sembly of, I 87---a; 216-17; parti­ Ali Brothers, 64 tion of, 211-15 Ali, Muhammad, 60 Besant, Mrs Annie, internment of, 49 Ali, Shaukat, 72 Berlin, Indian Revolutionary Committee Alim, Alxlul, 99 in, 27 Allahabad, 49, 55 Bhabha, C. H., 199, 202 All-India Congress Committee (AICC), Set Bhat, Mahadev, 25 Congress Bhopal, Nawab of, 215 All Parties Convention, Set Calcutta Bihar, 1J,36, 184;188 Convention Birkenhead, Lord, 80 Ambedkar, Dr. B. R., 71-2 80er War, 53 Amery, L. S., 156-7,17°, 175---apassim, 8ohemia, 33 182-3 8ombay, 5,6, 11, 19,82, 188; and repre­ Amritsar, 52-3 sentation into Vieeroy's Coun­ Anasuyabehn, Srimati, 50 eil, 12; terrorism in, 23-4 Aney, M. S., 85-6 8onnerjee, W. C., on the foundation of Ansari, F. H., 99 Congress, 5-6 Ansari, Dr. M. A., 64,71,75 Base, B. N., 19 Arabia, 77 Base, Sarat Chandra, 128, 199 , 18 Base, Subhas Chandra, 138, 162, 167; Assam, 36, 187---a, 201, 211, 217 and the Congress Presideney of Attlee, C.R. (Lord), I 75---a, [85,209,212, [939, 129-32 218-19; memorandum on Indian BreIvi, S. A., 64 situation, 175---a Brentford, Lord, 72 Australia, 36 British General Eleetion (1910), 34 Ayerst, Lieutenant, 23 British Government, 106, I 10-1 I, 135-6, Azad, A. K., 64,125-6,131,134,179,191 141,15°,154,17°, I 78---a1 , 209, 213, 21 5-16 Babu Surendranath, see Bannerjia, S. N. British Labour Party, 34 Bagerhatta, J. P., 95 British Parliament, 14,34,72, 136-g, 174- Baig, Rashid Ali, 205 5, 181-2, 186,209,219; Joint Com­ Bajaj, Jamnalal, 55, 159-60 mittee of, 90 Index

British War Cabinet, 140-1 solution of, 142-3; strength of rightists and leftists, in, 161-2; Cabinet Mission, 184-98, 2 I 8 Mysore resolution of, 235~ Calcutta, 5-7, 25~, 29, 55; removal of the Parliamentary Board, 123 capital from, 36 Provincial Congress Committees, 57-8, Calcutta Convention, 63, 81, 88 135, 161-2 Campbell-Johnson, Alan, 211-12 Working Committee (High Com­ Canada, 36 mandl, 80, 103, 124, 129-30, 138, Central Government, see Govemment of 146, 150, 154, 159-60, 165, 212, India 2 15; Ahmedabad meeting (Sept Central Legislature, see Legislative As- 1931), 68-70; statement of 14 Sept sembly 1939, 136; demand for the par­ Central Provinces, 184, 188 tition of Punjab, 2 I 0; and the In­ , set Satyagraha dian States, 233-4, 237 Chamber of Princes, 245 Congress Muslims, 125-7, 133-5 Chattopadhyaya, V., gB Congress National Party, 166 Chauri Chaura (Gorakhpur), 55~ Congress Socialist Party, 99-104 pas­ Chelmsford, Lord, 52, 105~; on Rowlatt sim, 159, 161-3; eonstitution of, Act, 108 99-101; and the Indian States, 237-8 Chhatari, Nawab of, 151 Crew, Lord, 36 Chiang Kai-shek, Generalissimo, 152 , 178-81,218 Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, 142 Cripps, Sir Stafford, 140-1, 170, 178-81, Chintamani, C. Y., Bg-go 195, 19B Chundrigar, I. 1., 202 Cyprus, 33 Churchill, Sir Winston Speneer, 179-81 Citrine, Walter (Lord), 97 Darekar, Aba, 24 Communal Award, 187 Das, C. R., 59 Communist Party of India, 95-7 passim, Daudi, Shafi, 7 I 161, 163-4; eonstitution of 96; war Daulatram, J., 159-60 poliey, 164; and Congress, 165 Davidson, J. C. C., 228 Congress, Indian National, I 1,13, 15,35, Defence of India Act, 108 48, 59, 79, 103, 12 4-5, 12 7-8, 133, Delhi, 36, 189 136, 139, 144, 151-2, 156, 158, 160- Delhi Durbar, 36 1,163-4, 16g-75, 201-2, 212; foun­ Depressed Classes, 73-5 dation of, 5~; eonstitution Desai, Bhulabhai, I 7 I of, 56-9; provinces, 57; election Desai, Krishnlal, 50 of the President, 58; independenee Dev, S. D., 159-60 day pledge, 64-5; fundamental Deva, Narendra, 99, 126 rights resolution, 67-8; direetives Dufferin, Lord, and the Congress, 5~ to Gandhi at the 2nd Round Table Durham, Lord, I 77 Conferenee, 68-70; Calcutta reso­ Dyer, Reginald (Brigadier-General), 52 lutions (1920), 78; Crisis of 1939, 129-32; and the 'quit India' Engineer, Sir N. P., 193 movement, 143-4; and the Simla Executive Council (Viceroy), see Govem­ Conference (1945), 146-7; and the ment of India trial of INA prisoners, 147-8; and the communists, 165; and the Faruqi, Mohammad Mian, 134 Cripps Mission, 180; and the Simla Federal Court, IBg Conference, 183; and the Cabinet Forward block, 161-2 Mission Plan, 191-8 passim; and the Fuller, Sir Bampfylde, 7 Indian States, 23 I -3, 239 Commit/ees of: All-India Congress Com­ Gandhi, Devadas, and the 2nd Round Table mittee (AICC), 57"1}, 130, 135-6, Conference, 7 1-3 146, 154, 165, 170; Ahmedabad Gandhi - Irwin Pact, 65-7 meeting, 62, the 'quit-India re- Gandhi, M. K., 59, 60-3, 64, 76, 87, 92, Index

98,138,143,151,153,154,168,170- Horne Rule League, 49 I, 183-201, 212, 231; and Cham­ Hong Kong, 28 paran Satyagraha, 48; on prin­ House of Commons, see British Parliament ci pies of Satyagraha, 49-50; and House of Lords, 53 Ahmedabad Satyagraha, 50-- I; Hume, A. 0., 5-6, JO and Kheda Satyagraha, 51; and Huq, Fazlul, 128 Rowlatt Satyagraha, 51-2; and Hyderabad, the Constitution of, 137 non-cooperation movement, 52- 6; at the Round Table Imperial Legislative Council, see Legislative Conference, 71-3; on Communal Assembly Award, 73-4; on the Khilafat Indian Council Act (1909), 32, 35 Question, 77--8; on Nehru's Pre­ Indian Independence Act (1947), 245 sidency of Congress, 124; and Indian National Army, 147-8 Bose's Presidency of Congress, Indian States, 6g-70, 112, 139, 141, 146, 129-32; talks with Jinnah, 156- 150, 156, 178-9, 182, 186-90 7; and the Indian States, 232-3, passim, 226; and British para­ 235-6 mountcy, 227; and the Indian Ghose, Aurobindo, 9 Federation, 228-9; the Cabinet Ghose, Barindra Nath 26 Mission on the future of, 229; and Ghose, Dr P. C., 162 the , 230; integration Ghose, Dr Rashbihari, 9 of, 240--7 Glancy, Sir Bertrand, 157--8 Indian States Committee, 227-8 Godley, Sir Arthur, 16 Interim Government, 193-5, 208; per- Gokhale, G. K., 18,31; on anti-partition sonne! of, 199; reconstitution movement in Bengal, 7-9; on the of, 201-2 Bengal moderate politicians 10-­ Iqbal, Sir Muhammad (also spelt as Mo­ I I; on Moriey-Minto Reforms, hammad), on redistribution of In­ 11-12; and the re-entry of extremists dian territory, 83-4; on aseparate into Congress, 13 Muslim State, 149-50 Government of India, 22, 32-3, 105--8, Irwin, Lord, and the Muslim pro­ 112, 170--1, 179,230; on the Punjab posals, 80--1; on communist dan­ question, 53; War Board, 151-2; ger, 97; on Status and the Indian Federation, 229; for India, 110--1 I; on Civil Dis­ and the Indian States, 240--4; obedience Movement, 11 I Political Department, 240--4; Ismail, Sir Mirza Muhammad, 237,240 States Department, 246 Ismay, Lord, 211-14,243 Government of India Act (1935), 218 Gwalior, 24 Jallianwala Bagh, 52 Gwyer, Maurice, 228 Jamiyyat-a1-Ulama-i-Hind, 125-6 Jamnalalji, see Bajaj, Jamnalal Haig, Sir Harry, 133, 138, 173-5; on Mus- Japan, 28 lim League's strategy, 151-2 Java, 27 Hakimji, see Khan, Hakim Ajmal Jayakar,M.R., 63,87--8,91,157, 16g-70; Haksar, Sir Kailash Narain, 228-9 and Swaraj Party, 59-60; views on Hallet, Sir Maurice, 164 Jinnah, 94, 167-9 Hardie, James Keir, 34-5 Jehangirabad, Nawab of, 151 Hardiker, Dr N. S., 234 Jenkins, Sir John, 36 Hardinge, Lord, 36-7, 77; on terror­ Jinnah, M. A., 64, 94, 135, 137-9, 144, ism, 28-9 149, 151, 155, 167-9, 193, 196,201- Harrison, Agatha, 124 2, 215; and the De!hi proposals of 20 Hindu Mahasabha, I I, 19, March 1927, 7g--80; and the Cal­ passim, 166-72 passim, cutta Convention (1928), 81; his Congress, I 7 1-2 Fourteen Points, 82-3; on Con­ Hitler, Adolf, 92 gress, 150; 'deliverance day' ap­ Hoare, Sir Samuel, 72-3,92, 113 pealof, 153; failure ofhis talks with Index

Gandhi~ 156-7; and Punjab, Macaulay, T. B. (Lord), (1800-59), 106 158; and the Simla Confer- Madras, 5~, 11, 13, 15, 19, 184, 188 ence, 183 Mahatmaji, see Gandhi, M. K. Johnson, Colonel Louis, Mahtab, H. K., 193,240 Jones, Morgan, 93 Malaviya, M. M., 60, 64, 72, 80, 94, 166 Joshi, P. C., 165 Mandal, J. N., 202 Party, 162 Masani, M. R., 99 Mathai, Dr John, 193, 199, 202 Kabir, Humayun, 160 Maulana, set Azad, A. K. Kanpur, g(i Maulana Sahib, see Azad, A. K. Kashmir, 185 Mayo, Kathleen, 62 Kelkar, N. C., 59,64, 23 1 Mazzini, Giuseppe, (1805-72), 25 Kennedy, Mrs and Miss, 25 Mehta, Sri Pherozeshah, 9-10, 12 Khaliquzzaman, Choudhuri, 124-7,151- Menon, K. P. S., 205 2,174 Menon, V. K. Krishna, 205 Khan, Ghazanfar AIi, 202, 20B Menon, V. P., 212,214-15 Khan, Hakim Ajmal (1865-1927), 55 Mieville, Sir Eric, 212 Khan, Nawab Ismail, 124~ Minto, Mary Countess of, 24 Khan, Liaquat Ali, 193-4,202 Minto, Lord, 16,24,26,31-3 Khan Saheb, Dr, 76 Moderate Party, see National Liberal Fed- Khan, Sir Shafaat Ahmad, 199 eration of India Khan, Sir Syed Ahmed, 14-15,17 Montagu-Chelmsford RefoTlns, 88, 107 Kheda, 51 Montagu, Edwin Samuel, 105--6 Khaparde, G. S., 34; his account of the Mookerjee, Dr S. P., 171-2 Surat split, 9-10 Moonje, Dr B. S., 9-10, 63, 85~, 166, 168 Kher, B. G., 128, 192 Morley,John (Lord), ~,18, 31,106; on Kidwai, Rafi Ahmad, 126 Indian deportees, 26; on separate Kinsford, Douglas, 25 eleetorate, 33 Kisan Sabhas, 161 Morley-Minto Reforms, 11-12,218 Kripalani, J. B., 126, 159~; on office­ Mountbauen, Lady Edwina, 219 acceptance, 123 Mountbauen, Lord. 212. 219. 241. 245- 47 Lalaji, see Rai, Lala Lajpat Mukherji. Jatindranath (1879-1915). 27 Lang, Cosmo Gordon, 93 Muslim League. 82. 85. 124-7 passim, Lansdowne, Lord, 30--1 133-4, 144. 151-4, 170• 172• 174, Legislative Assembly (Central), 14, 15, 183, 199.' 201. 203, 212-15; 20--1, 32, 35, 63, loB, 18g; repre­ resolution of (Dec 1912), 19; re­ sentation of Depressed Classes solution of (1933). 84; propaganda in, 75; Muslim representation of. 1 28--g; and Simla Confer­ in, 79, 81-S; enlargement of, 107 ence. 146; Pakistan Resolution Linlithgow, Lord, 133,135,151,164, 17S; of. 154-7; and Punjab, 158; and on the resignation of Congress the Cabinet Mission Plan. 192--8; Ministries, 13~; on Muslim eall for Direct Action. 197--8; and League's position (1939), 152 the Interim Government. 201-2; Liverpool, 8 boyeou of the Constituent As­ LIoyd, Lord, 72 sembly, 205-7 LIoyd George, David, 77, 109 Muzaffarpur. 25 Lohia, Dr Rammanohar, 99 Lothian, Lord, 92-3, 228; on the Indian Nagpur. 59 Liberals, 91-2 Narayan, Jai Prakash. 99. 103; and Lueknow Pact, 7g--80 C.S.P. strategy. 102; on the failure of socialist unity. 16S; and the MacDonald, James Ramsay, 71-2, 90, 'Quit-India' movement. 143-4 168; on Communal Award, '73-4; Nasik, 23 on constitutional reforms, 111-12 Nasik Conspiraey Case, 24 Index 27 1

National Liberal Federation of India, 89- Pethick-Lawrence, Lord, 191, 19B; on the 93 passim Parliamentary Delegation, 185--6 Nazimuddin, Khwaja Sir, (1894- Poona, 23-4 1964), 193 Poona Pact, 74-5,93 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 18,55,60,71,98,103, Prasad, Rajendra, 123-4, 133, 135~, 143, 137,149-50,153,159,166,193,lgB- 159-00, 172, 193, 199, <202, 219; 202,215,218-19; on the Horne Rule on office-acceptance by Congress, movement, 49; on the Indepen­ 75~; on the behaviour of dence Resolution, 61-3; and the congressmen, 127-8; on Jinnah's Congress Presidency, 76; on the demand, 137-8; on the Indian Meerut conspiracy case, 97; on the SUtes, 335~ exc1usion of Muslim League from Princes, see Indian States Congress government, 124-7; and Provincial Legislative Councils (and Bose's Congress Presidency, 131-2; Assemblies), 20-1, 32, 75, 187-90 on Congress Muslims, 133-5; and Punjab, 11-12, 19,55,63,79, 123, 156--7, the Muslim League, 139-40; and 184, 188, 210, 2 I 7; terrorism the Cripps Mission, 140-1; and the in, 28-g; disorder in, 53; econ­ Communists, 165; and the Hindu omic conditions of Muslims in, 83; Mahasabha, 172; and the Cabinet Hindu Press of, 86; disturbances Mission Plan, 197; on the Bihar in, 109; and C. R. formula, 145; riots, 203-4; on India's foreign Unionist Government of, 158; par­ policy, 204-5; and the Objectives tition of, 211, 214-15; Legislative Resolution, 206-7; and the Par­ Assembly of, 216 tition Plan, 212-14; and the Indian sutes, 234-5, 238-g, 241-4 Rafi Ahmad, see Kidwai, Rafi Ahmad Nehru, Motilal, 18,59,60, 65, 85~; and Rahim, Abdur, 85 Calcutta Convention (1928), 63-4 Rai, Lala Lajpat, 63, 80, 85; speech at the Nehru Report, 63, 86-8 Hindu Conference (1928), Nishtar, A.R., 193, 202 86--7 Nizam, the, 227, 240, 246--7 Rajaji, see Rajagopalachari, C. R. North West Frontier Province, 79,80,82, Rajagopalachari, C. R., 76, 157, 159~, 123,156,185,188,211,214,217 167, 16g, 193, 199, 202; on Muslim League's accusations, 128-g; his O'Dwyer, Sir Michael, 28,53 formula, 144-5, 156, 171 OriSsa, 36, 188 Ram, Jagjivan, 193, 199, 202 Ranga, N. G., 99 Pandit, Mrs V. L., 204 Reading, Lord, 92-3, 227; views of Panditji, see Nehru, Motilal Gandhi, 109-10 Pantji, see Pant, G. B. Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 142; and the Pant, G. B., 125-7 Cripps Mission, 180-1 Paris, Bengali terrorists in, 26 Round Table Conferences, 92, 168, 218; Partition ofindia, first plan, 211-12; final the first, 94, I 11; the second, 73, plan, 215-18; Boundary Com­ 231; the third, 92-4 mission, 2 16--17 Rowlatt, Sir Sidney, 51, 108 PateI, Vallabhbhai, 68,76,127, 131, 143, Roy, Dr B. C., 162 159~, 199,202-3, 21 4,237;onthe Roy, M. N., 27-8; on communist strat­ compuIsory grouping of provinces egy, 95; on congress, 160-1 under the Cabinet Mission Roy, Subba, 13 Plan,. 192-3; and the Interim Government, 207-8; and the Safi, Sir Muhammad, 85 Nizam ofHyderabad, 240; and the SaIisbury, Lord, 113 Indian States, 244; and the States Sampurnanand, 99; on C.S.P. strategy Department, 246 120-4 Patna, 36 Sapru, Sir Tej Bahadur, 145, 167, 228-g; Patubhi, see Sitaramayya, Dr PatUbhi on Simon Commission, go-I; on 272 Index

the third R.T.C., 92-4; on the fail­ Sylhet, 211,217 ure of the (1945), 157; on the fading role of Thakurdas, Sir Purshotamdas, 65 the Liberals, 170-1 Tilak, B. G., 9-10, 13,34, 168-g Sarabhai, Ambalal, 50--1 Tiwana, Sir Malik Khizar Hayat Sardar, see Pate!, Vallabhbhai Khan, 157 Satara, 24 Tricumdas, P., 99 Satyagraha, non-cooperation movement, , 77 62, 78, 170-1; civil disobedience Tyabji, Badruddin, 15 movement, 173, 231; see also Gandhi, M. K. Sastri, V. S. Srinivasa, 92 United Nations, 205 Satyamurti, S., 94 United Provinces (U.P.), I I, 125-7 Satyapal, Dr, 162 passim, 184, 188 Savarkar, G. D., 23-4 United States, 28, 36 Savarkar, V. D., 23-5, 169 Setalvad, C. H., 92 Vallabhbhai, see Pate!, Vallabhbhai Sherwani, T. A. K., 64 Si mon Commission (chairman, Sir John Viqar-ul-Mulk, 17 Simon), 90--1; report, 83,85, 175, 218 Wardha Scheme, 128 Sind, 12,156,184-5,188; separation from Wavell, Lord, 157-8, I 75-a passim, 185, Bombay, 79; Congress opposition 194~, IgB-g, 201, 207, 241; on the in, 127; Legislative Assembly failure of Gandhi-Jinnah of, 217 talks, 156-7; and the Simla Singh, Baldev, 193, 199, 202 Conference, 182-3 Singh, Master Tara, 162 Wedderburn, Sir William, 7, 10--1 I, 18 Sitaramayya, Dr Pattabhi, (1880--1959), Willingdon, Lord, 228 132 Winterton, Lord, 93 Skeen Committee, 60 World War, First, 27, 37 Smith, James Dunlop, 25~ Wyllie, Sir William Curzon, 23 Sorenson, Lord, 186 South Africa, 53 roung India, 62, 72 South-east Asia, 146 Yusuf, Muhammad, 151 Sun Yat-sen, 28 Surendra (or Surendra Babul, see Bannerjia, S. N. Zaheer, Syed Ali (born 18g6), 199