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Biochronological and Palaeobiogeographical Significance of the Earliest Miocene Mammal Fauna from Northern Vietnam

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Biochronological and Palaeobiogeographical Significance of the Earliest Miocene Mammal Fauna from Northern Vietnam Published in "Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 98 (2): 287–313, 2018" which should be cited to refer to this work. Biochronological and palaeobiogeographical significance of the earliest Miocene mammal fauna from Northern Vietnam Jérôme Prieto1,2 & Pierre-Olivier Antoine3 & Jan van der Made4 & Grégoire Métais5 & Laq The Phuc6 & Quý Trương Quan7 & Simon Schneider 8 & Dang Ngoc Tran9 & Davit Vasilyan10,11 & Luong The Viet9 & Madelaine Böhme12,13 Abstract Current scientific knowledge of Tertiary fossils Bugtirhinus sp. Together with the earlier finds of uncommonly from south of the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone is ex- small-sized Protaceratherium, these fossils allow a correlation tremely poor, in sharp contrast with the situation nowadays, to the earliest Miocene (most probably ranging from ~23 to as the area of Laos and Vietnam is regarded as a global hotspot ~21 Ma; Aquitanian) based on faunal comparison with the of biodiversity. In this context, the few localities that yielded Sulaiman Province of Pakistan. The revision of the mammals fossil assemblages are of first importance for the understand- from Hang Mon 1 is in agreement with this stratigraphic pro- ing of Cenozoic palaeobiogeography and the tectonic and posal. In addition, the discoveries from Vietnam (the palaeogeographical evolution of the region. Hang Mon 1 rhinocerotid assemblage and Hyotherium) further support (Son La Province, Northern Vietnam) was the first site that the hypothesis of strong biogeographical and environmental provided evidence of Tertiary mammals, but its age remained affinities between Europe, the Indian Subcontinent and very controversial, interpretations ranging from Oligocene to Southeast Asia (Vietnam) during the Aquitanian. Late Miocene. Herein, we re-investigate the mammal fauna of the locality based on newly collected material and previously published fossil mammals. A new outcrop, Hang Mon 2, pro- Keywords Southern Asia . Mammals . Aquitanian . vides evidence of the rhinoceroses Pleuroceros blanfordi and Rhinocerotidae . Tragulidae . Suoidea . Biostratigraphy * Jérôme Prieto 5 CR2P, Paléobiodiversité et Paléoenvironnements, UMR 7207 [email protected] (CNRS, MNHN, UPMC), 8 rue Buffon, CP 38, 75231 Paris Cedex http://doc.rero.ch 05, France Pierre-Olivier Antoine 6 Vietnam National Museum of Nature, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet str., Cau [email protected] Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam 7 Geological Museum, 6 Pham Ngu Lao Str, Hanoi, Vietnam 1 Department of Earth- and Environmental Science, Palaeontology, 8 CASP, 181A Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DH, UK Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 9 80333 Munich, Germany Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam (DGMV), 6 Pham Ngu Lao Str, Hanoi, Vietnam 2 Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, 10 JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais, 21 Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland 3 Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution, cc 64, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, 11 Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, musée 6, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France 12 Department of Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University, Sigwartstr. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany 4 Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c. José 13 Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain (HEP), Sigwartstr. 10, Tübingen, Germany 1 Introduction Fig. 1 The earliest Miocene localities from Hang Mon (SơnLaProvince, Yên Châu District, Northern Vietnam). a Location of the studied area. While Southeast Asia is regarded nowadays as a global Respectively, Hang Mon 2 (above) and Hang Mon 1 (below)in2011.b Parts of an aquatic turtle (Geoemydidae/Emydidae) plastron from Hang hotspot of biodiversity (e.g. Myers et al. 2000), current scien- Mon 1. c Pleuroceros blanfordi (Hang Mon 2). Left M2 with in situ tific knowledge of Tertiary fossils from Laos and Vietnam is breakage> (arrow) paradoxically extremely poor, although the area has an excel- lent fossil preservation potential (e.g. Ginsburg et al. 1992; Böhme et al. 2011, 2013; Klaus et al. 2011;Neubaueretal. faunas, proposed a significantly younger, Late Miocene age for 2012; Schneider et al. 2013). Assessing the fossil record of the locality, apparently consistent with the results of Dzanh Southeast Asia is of first importance for the understanding of (1994) based on bivalves. However, provided that the taxono- Cenozoic palaeobiogeography, which may also constrain my is correct, the freshwater mussel assemblage claimed to models of the tectonic and palaeogeographical evolution of confirm a Late Miocene age by Dzanh (1994) has no biostrat- the area. In order to fill this gap of knowledge, several field igraphic significance. Two of the genera reported are part of the campaigns have been performed since 2008, leading to new present day fauna of Northern Vietnam and Southern China discoveries of fossil remains (vertebrates, invertebrates, plant (Cuneopsis, Oxynaia), while Acuticosta is restricted to the macro-remains, pollen and spores; e.g. Böhme et al. 2011, Yangtze Basin (China). The genus Unio has no living species 2013; Neubauer et al. 2012; Schneider et al. 2013). in eastern Asia. The fossil record of Cuneopsis in Vietnam dates Particular focus was on the historical locality of Hang Mon back to the Paleogene (Schneider et al. 2013). Fossil records of (e.g. Ginsburg et al. 1992) in order to provide confident dating Acuticosta, Oxynaia and Unio from the area (e.g. Gou et al. of earlier mammal finds, which, in the past, led to controver- 1976) are unreliable pending revision, since these genera were sial correlation of the deposits, ranging from Oligocene commonly used as waste basket taxa for poorly preserved, (Thanh and Khuc 2006) to Late Miocene (Covert et al. 2001). broadly elliptical freshwater mussels. The Hang Mon Basin (Fig. 1;SonLa(SơnLa)Province, Yên On the other hand, palynomorphs were thought to be in- Châu District; coordinates: N20°56.15, E104°22.22; 920 m dicative of an Oligocene age (Thanh and Khuc 2006). In fact, a.s.l.) is a small pull-apart basin that is related to the Son La the occurrence of Cicatricosisporites dorogensis suggests that Fault zone, which is composed of several parallel faults and, in the sediments are not younger than 21.12 Ma, corresponding a wider context, associated with the Ailao Shan-Red River shear to the mid-Aquitanian stage (see details in Böhme et al. 2011). zone. Sediments of the uppermost Hang Mon formation are In 2011, we re-investigated the abandoned pit at Hang Mon exposed in an abandoned coal mine near Hang Mon village and also studied new exposures to the northwest of the village. (herein denoted as locality Hang Mon 1; Bao et al. 1978;see The new outcrop yielded biostratigraphically useful rhinocerotid Böhme et al. (2011) for a sedimentary log). The first fossil find at remains, which are described herein. Furthermore, we discuss Hang Mon 1, reported by Bao et al. (1978) and Dzanh and Van the taxonomic assignment of the previously described mammal Hai (1995), is a mandible originally assigned to the small remains from Hang Mon 1, in particular with regard to system- aceratheriine rhinocerotid Chilotherium, which is re-described atics and biochronology. in detail below. The scientific importance of the locality was underlined by the finds made by Ginsburg et al. (1992)who http://doc.rero.ch collected mammalian fossils as well as testudinoid remains. Sample provenance Later, Dzanh (1994) reported freshwater mussels (Acuticosta, Cuneopsis, Oxynaia, Unio) from Hang Mon 1, and Covert In order to settle the age dispute, a field campaign at Hang et al. (2001) collected additional mammal fossils. Furthermore, Mon 1 was launched in 2011. The groundwater-filled mine palynomorphs were described from the coal-bearing part of the exposes the upper meters of the Hang Mon Formation. In mine (Thanh and Khuc 2006). Finally, Böhme et al. (2011) comparison to the section described by Böhme et al. (2011), reported a single lower molar of a tragulid or lophiomerycid, the deeper water table provided access to coaly layers that are and land snails tentatively assigned to Lagochilus, Ptychopoma interbedded with the lower siltstone. This siltstone contained and Tortaxis. A detailed study of the mollusc assemblage is in molluscs that have been collected and are currently being progress. studied. The age of the sediments exposed at Hang Mon 1 has been The vertebrate specimens described by Ginsburg et al. subject to debate. Based on the mammal assemblage, Ginsburg (1992) were collected by surface sampling from a 10-m-thick, et al. (1992) inferred an Early Miocene age for the locality. In partially salmon-coloured clay layer. The exact position of this sharp contrast, Covert et al. (2001), arguing that Ginsburg et al. layer in the outcrop could not be established during the field (1992) did not compare the concerned assemblage with Chinese campaigns. Covert et al. (2001) also applied surface sampling, 2 http://doc.rero.ch 3 but additionally produced fossils from screen washing of Methods sediments. Sample positions are indicated in an overview pho- tograph of the outcrop (Covert et al. 2001: fig. 1), which, how- The methods of study of the Suidae are conventional and need ever, does not show clearly which horizons were sampled. little comment. All measurements follow the protocol of Van Considering the high position of the samples relative to the der Made (1996a) and are given in millimetres. The tooth water table, they might come from the same layer sampled by nomenclature is indicated in the corresponding figures. Ginsburg et al. (1992). The historical rhinocerotid find (Bao The suprageneric systematics of the Rhinocerotidae fol- et al. 1978; Dzanh and Van Hai 1995), as well as the lows the arrangement proposed by Becker et al. (2013). The Carnivora indet. discussed below, most probably was derived dental terminology follows Heissig (1969:11–12), Uhlig from the coaly part of the section.
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