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WAKING THE T. REX The Story of SUE Final Script 6/9/10 (Generic Version) 23.98 Audio/Narrative (Running time 22:38)

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01:00:00:14 Open Credit #1: A Production of

Fade up to white text on D3D CINEMA Black. Fade out. & THE FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Narrated By

JOAN ALLEN

OPEN SEQUENCE: NARRATOR:

Within the walls of the world’s museums lies much of what we know about 01:00:09:18 Entrance of the Field the history of life on Earth. Chicago’s Field Museum of Natural History is Museum at twilight one of the largest.

01:00:26:17 Moves past dinosaur It holds over 24 million specimens and counting. Among them, some of the skeletons greatest dinosaurs ever found.

01:00:37:13 Moves past dino skeletons Dinosaurs were the largest animals to ever walk the Earth. They first appeared 245 million years ago, and evolved into amazing shapes and sizes.

01:00:58:17 And though their ancestors were small, many became giants.

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01:01:06:11 Slow move forward Among the most ferocious of the dinosaur giants was Tyrannosaurus rex, a meat- towards the T. rex eating predator that was unrivalled in the dinosaur kingdom. And this is the skeleton grandest of them all.

01:01:22:09 Camera moves along 40 1/2-feet long, 13-feet tall, weighing 7-tons in life, and its name is SUE. Sue’s length from tail to head

01:01:33:09 Camera moves close to Its 5-foot skull weighs 600-pounds. Its’ jaws hold 58 sharp, curved teeth, some Sue’s skull and teeth 12-inches long.

01:01:46:19 Wide angle shot of Sue SUE has been waiting 67 million years for this moment.

SUE’s eye socket 01:01:53:13 transforms into an eye This is SUE’s story. that looks at us

01:02:03:11 SUE skeleton becomes fully fleshed, turns head Title Up: WAKING THE T. REX into audience and roars The Story Of Sue ACT 2 - TYRANT 01:02:15:00 LIZARD (CGI) 67 million years ago, no animal was safe from a T. rex attack.

Edmontosaurus herd Edmontosaurus dinosaurs could reach 40-feet long and weigh 4-tons. Their duck- travels across a beach. like bills and rows of grinding teeth were built for eating plants, not fighting predators.

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T. rex charges the 01:02:37:05 Edmontosaurs. Two rear But fossil evidence suggests Edmontosaurus was a common T. rex meal. up. T. rex singles out one Tyrannosaurus rex means “tyrant lizard king”. 01:03:06:18 and attacks.

01:03:13:04 T. rex looks up, blood It possessed the most powerful bite of any dinosaur. dripping from its jaws.

ACT 3 - SUE’S 01:03:30:18 DISCOVERY & When T. rex lived in the Late Cretaceous, parts of the American West looked like EXCAVATION this - - a subtropical floodplain, and home to dozens of species of dinosaurs.

01:03:44:01 Shot of subtropical But over time the climate changed and much of it became this semi-arid land we floodplain. know today.

01:03:52:13 Cut to a camera move Dinosaurs that died long ago were buried within the Earth. Their fossilized along the precipice of a remains eventually thrust upward as mountains were formed, their bones canyon in Utah. becoming exposed through millions of years of erosion. It is within this constantly eroding landscape that scientists seek to find new dinosaurs.

01:04:18:10 Lindsay Zanno hikes At an area of uplifted rock called the San Rafael Swell in Utah, paleontologist Lindsay Zanno explains how they hunt.

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01:04:30:09 Zanno hiking Zanno: Well finding fossils is a relatively simple process. It hasn’t changed in hundreds of years.

01:04:35:18 Zanno on camera We find rocks of the right age, we get a team together, we come out and scour the hills looking for bone that’s eroding out of the hillside.

01:04:46:05 When we find bone in the field it’s found in these little chunks. And what’s Close-ups of rock & interesting about the bone, how you can distinguish it from the rock is that it bone preserves its original texture. You can still see evidence of the cells, and the nerves and blood vessels that used to run through the bone.

01:05:10:07 Track past team digging Zanno: Excavating can be extremely tedious but it’s not as difficult as preparation Zanno looks at bone back in the lab, so for every hour we spend excavating a dinosaur they might with magnifier spend a hundred hours at the lab getting that same bone to the final state it will Team digging need to be in before it can be researched.

01:05:30:00 Bill w/pickaxe on rocky Bill Simpson is part of the excavation team. ledge 01:05:36:12 Bill works on fossil Simpson: We think we found the backbone of a dinosaur, a carnivorous dinosaur. We think this is from the tail. We have a number of bones from this animal. It’s Close-ups of bones an animal that would have been a little bit smaller than T. rex but recognizable as an animal similar to that. 01:05:56:08 Bill w/fossil So what we’re gonna do is put burlap now, around it, maybe some surgical bandages, and plaster and make what we call a field jacket. 01:06:10:08 Plastering fossil Once the plaster hardens it’s basically a carrying case.

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01:06:28:09 Team lifts jackets into Simpson: We’ll take them back to the museum where our skilled preparators will pickup truck open them up in the laboratory and figure out just what this animal was like.

01:06:44:18 Zanno hikes by huge Zanno: I think it’s the love of adventure and discovery that draws people into rock paleontology and just being outside, getting to spend a lot of time traipsing around really remote places… and being the first person to see something for the first time in 100 million years On camera or something like this. It usually gives us a pretty big thrill.

01:07:07:08 Truck drives off At dig sites like this, a great new discovery can happen at any time…..

01:07:14:03 Sue H. at dig site Like one did on a hot summer’s day in 1990. Dinosaur hunters from the Black w/group & dog Hills Institute of Geological Research are searching for fossils in the badlands of South Dakota. Sue H. hiking 01:07:28:04 One of them, Sue Hendrickson, and her four-legged companion Gypsy, come upon Bones in hillside several large bones protruding from the side of a hill.

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01:07:37:14 Sue H. by bones in hill The group soon realizes that Sue has found something extraordinary - - a huge T. rex. Excavation of bones 01:07:46:33 It takes two hard weeks to excavate this massive creature from the hillside. The Plaster jacket plaster jacket encasing just the skull and hips weighs four tons. Team poses w/Sue H. 01:08:02:09 Sue H. with skull And though they don’t know if it’s a boy or a girl, the team decides to name this T. rex “SUE” in honor of the Sue who found it.

01:08:16:18 Bill w/fork lift Back at the Field Museum, one of the plaster jackets collected in Utah is about to Closeup of Bill w/lift be opened.

01:08:27:07 Debbie cuts jacket The process is sort of like cutting the cast off someone’s broken leg. w/saw

01:08:43:12 Debbie & Akiko open It isn’t until all of the surrounding rock matrix is removed that they will know jacket exactly what they’ve found.

01:08:59:05 Woman works on SUE’s This is the same process that brought SUE back into view after 67 million years. jaw

01:09:06:11 Team assembles SUE on It took 12 preparators nearly two years to fully free SUE from her stony grave and armature re-assemble her.

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01:09:21:16 Camera moves across Fewer than 40 T. rexes have been found, but only partial skeletons. SUE is the SUE skeleton most intact T. rex discovered to date - - now standing 90% complete.

01:09:38:01 Imagine what it must have been like……… being SUE!

ACT 4 – EARLY 01:09:48:21 YEARS (CGI) Female Tyrannosaurs may have laid as many as 40, two-foot long eggs. T. rex noses her eggs. 01:09:56:03 Lifts head, smells Their number and size is uncertain because no T. rex egg fossils have yet been something and moves found. off

01:10:06:20 Paleosaniwa lizard Baby T. rex SUE and the rest of this clutch are at risk even before they hatch. walks through forest

01:10:14:17 PaleoSaniwa lizard A Paleosaniwa lizard, related to Monitor Lizards today, feeds on eggs and small approaches nest animals, including young dinosaurs. It smells the nest and moves in.

01:10:39:03 Lizard digs nest, T. rex A hoped for meal - - becomes a brush with death. appears & roars, lizard 01:10:49:07 flees This lucky lizard will live to see another day.

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01:10:56:12 A young SUE follows In her first year, young SUE may have been covered with downy feathers, her mother through the something we know T. rex ancestors had. Feathers help regulate her body woods. temperature. As she grows larger, she will shed them.

01:11:21:13 SUE and mother feed on SUE can run soon after hatching, and has a jaw full of functioning teeth. But in her a carcass. early years she is vulnerable to predators and stays close to mom.

01:11:36:02 A larger SUE walks in At age seven SUE weighs less than a ton, and her coat of fuzzy feathers is getting the forest alone smaller.

01:11:44:11 Sue sees something and SUE may eventually have become a solitary animal, living and hunting alone. runs toward it

ACT 5 - UNCOVERING T. 01:11:55:17 REX SECRETS In the years since SUEs’ discovery, scientists continue to learn more about her, Bill wheels skull cast in from her bones. Complete casts of her skeleton, like this skull, are studied and basement exhibited around the world.

01:12:13:12 Closeup of skull Because SUE’s skull was so complete, researchers were anxious to look inside before the rock was removed. Packed in a protective crate, it was probed by an Skull is prepped w/foil imaging device that Boeing uses to examine space shuttle parts, called a CT Scanner.

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01:12:32:02 Stills of skull in CT The CT Scans gave scientists unique views inside SUE’s head, without damaging Scan any of the fossilized bone.

01:12:41:09 CT Scan movie Bill Simpson explains.

01:12:43:13 Bill Simpson at monitor Simpson: CT scanning is basically an x-ray process. But instead of the with CT scan imagery x-ray showing all of the bone at once, it’s as though you were taking a butter knife and slicing a stick of butter into slices and then the computer can put together all these x-ray slices into a three-dimensional object and it Bill on camera allows you to look inside the skull in three dimensions. What we’re looking at here. Here’s the right lower jaw. Look at all these CT scan of jaw huge teeth, very thick teeth. Bill on camera They can bite through not only soft tissue flesh, they can bite through bone, SUE skeleton which for me makes the tyrannosaur the most interesting of the carnivores – it could have bitten through anything it could find.

01:13:28:18 SUE skull SUE had a great sense of smell, and her large eyes, set far apart, enabled her to see at seven miles, what we can see at one. This combination of well developed senses and a big bite, made T. rex the top carnivore of its era.

01:13:48:05 Technician preps bone Some clues to SUE’s life can be found by looking inside her bones.

01:13:53:20 Cuts & polishes bone Paper-thin cross-sections of bone are cut, polished, and mounted on a microscope slide.

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01:14:01:15 Peter looks at Peter Makovicky, Curator of Dinosaurs, then examines the cellular structures microscope within SUE’s bone to determine how fast or slow she grew.

01:14:12:11 Close-up of monitor Makovicky: The most prominent feature that you see is growth lines in the bone.

01:14:16:13 So much like you’d see growth lines in a tree, SUE, other dinosaurs and many Peter on camera reptiles today actually have periods of the year where their growth stops and it leaves a ring or a line in the bone. And so if you look behind me, there’s a number of growth lines here. Peter points to growth So this marks Sue’s 15th year, this one is the 16th, 17th, 18th, here’s the 19th. And of lines on monitor the last 9 years between age 19 and 28, those are actually packed into this outer most layer of the bone. Peter on camera So this really tells us that at age 19 she had really reached her full size, she basically didn’t change in size over the last 9 years of her growth.

01:14:57:08 SUE skeleton The outside of SUE’s bones also tells us much about her life.

01:15:02:20 Makovicy: One of the great aspects of having a skeleton as complete as SUE is that you really get a picture of the life that this animal lived. And SUE it turns out has lived quite a hard life.

01:15:17:01 Pan to holes in jaw She was afflicted by a number of diseases that left marks on her skeleton. She has a number of holes in her lower jaw that are possibly due to an infection.

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01:15:30:10 Pan to damaged ribs A number of her ribs on both sides have been broken and re-healed.

01:15:38:17 Tilt from foot to tibia She has a large infected legion on one of her legs.

01:15:47:07 Pan to arthritis on And she’s also showing sings of aging in that a number of her tail vertebrae vertebrae show clear signs of arthritis.

01:15:54:15 The arthritis wasn’t fatal, and SUE’s bone damage appears to have healed, which tells us she did not die from these injuries.

01:16:10:11 ACT 6 - EATING From age 13 through 17 SUE is going through a massive growth spurt, like MACHINE (CGI) teenagers do. She is putting on up to 1,600 pounds per year and no doubt has an SUE walks along forest enormous appetite.

01:16:29:21 A group of Triceratops At nearly 30-feet long and weighing up to10-tons, Triceratops is a formidable grazes creature. But to Tyrannosaurus SUE, it’s just another meal.

01:16:41:04 Close-up of a Trike Triceratops’ large bony frill and horns probably evolved to attract mates and convey dominance, but could also be used in defence.

01:16:51:18 SUE stalks a Trike And though SUE is the fiercest predator in the neighborhood, a misstep could result in a fatal goring from Triceratop’s massive horns.

01:17:15:12 SUE charges. Trike SUE’s serrated teeth are like oversized steak knives. And like sharks, T. rex teeth butts SUE, she stumbles grew throughout their lives. & recovers.

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01:17:29:05 SUE bites Trike’s Rather than risk injury in a prolonged fight, after an initial attack SUE backs off to shoulder, then backs off. wait for her prey to die, like sharks are known to do.

01:17:41:05 SUE takes a bite from Without any chewing teeth SUE swallows flesh & bones whole - snatching up to her prey. 100 pounds in each giant bite.

01:17:54:09 ACT 7 – LIFE IN THE By age 19 SUE is fully-grown and weighs 7 tons. She limps a bit from her CRETACEOUS (CGI) infected leg, and arthritis has slowed her down - - but she’s still the king, or queen, SUE walks along the of beasts. edge of forest.

SUE approaches pack of 01:18:12:00 Troodons by a river, Sometimes SUE’s meals are accidental. feasting on a carcass. 01:18:15:04 A pack of hungry Troodons is feasting on a carcass. Troodon means “tooth that Troodons fight over wounds”, and these six-foot, 100-pound, bird-like raptors are aggressive meat- carcass eaters.

01:18:44:10 SUE charges, Troodons SUE moves in to claim this buffet as her own. try to outmanoeuvre her. 01:19:07:11 Driving them off, she She’s still an effective predator, but it takes less energy and less risk of injury to settles in to feast. scavenge for food instead of fighting for it.

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ACT 8 - DINOSAUR 01:19:31:23 DESTINY (CGI) For millions of years dinosaurs lived and died, usually leaving little evidence of Sunset how they perished.

01:19:43:11 Pan from forest to find We don’t know how SUE died at age 28, but she lived a full life, surviving both SUE dead on riverbank injury and disease.

01:19:57:22 Time-lapse clouds. Because so much of SUE’s skeleton was found intact, she was probably covered Swelling river buries by sediment soon after death - - keeping her remains from being scattered by SUE in mud. predators.

CGI - SUE’s carcass 01:20:13:02 decays, bones are Over time, the pores within SUE’s bones, and some of the bone itself, was fossilized underground. replaced by minerals, hardening them into fossils.

01:20:22:14 CGI of SUE’s skeleton Entombed in her mudstone grave over the ages, erosion finally freed her so she in mudstone cliff. could tell us her story.

01:20:37:13 Tilt down from ceiling This Tyrannosaurus rex named SUE, one of the true giants from the age of to SUE dinosaurs died 67 million years ago - - but has returned.

01:20:50:14 Bill pushes skull on cart Simpson v/o: SUE is like the Rosetta Stone for this species. SUE gets studied down hallway every year by visiting scientists, and millions of visitors have seen her at the Museum.

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01:21:03:00 Peter at microscope Makovicky v/o: With time, as new techniques for investigating specimens Laser scan of claw scientifically, new technology becomes available, we’re gonna learn a lot more.

01:21:12:20 T. rex peers around tree, T. rex was without a doubt, a superstar of the dinosaur kingdom. A creature tends nest, eats flesh that evolved to become perhaps, the greatest predator the Earth has ever known.

01:21:28:15 Bill w/kids at SUE That dinosaurs as awesome as T. rex once walked this planet will never cease to fascinate us.

01:21:36:17 That SUE’s bones continue to reveal new insights about her life is a gift for all time.

01:21:59:02 End Credits

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