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Effects of Chronic Bottom Trawling on Benthic Macrofaunal Communities

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Effects of Chronic Bottom Trawling on Benthic Macrofaunal Communities Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 08, 2021 Effects of chronic bottom trawling on benthic macrofaunal communities McLaverty, Ciarán Publication date: 2020 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): McLaverty, C. (2020). Effects of chronic bottom trawling on benthic macrofaunal communities. DTU Aqua. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Section for Ecosystem Based Marine Management & Danish Shellfish Centre Effects of chronic bottom trawling on benthic macrofaunal communities Ciarán McLaverty PhD thesis December 2019 Supervisor: Ole Ritzau Eigaard Co-supervisors: Grete Elisabeth Dinesen & Jens Kjerulf Petersen Preface This thesis was submitted as part of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) at the Technical University of Denmark. The research presented in this thesis was carried out at the National Institute for Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua) under the supervision of Senior Researcher Ole Ritzau Eigaard, Senior Consultant Grete Elisabeth Dinesen (both Section for Ecosystem Based Marine Management), and Professor Jens Kjerulf Petersen (Danish Shellfish Centre). An external research stay was undertaken at the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), in association with the University of Tromsø (Norway), hosted by UNIS Adjunct Professor Paul Renaud. Funding for this PhD project was provided by the European Marine Fisheries Fund, the Danish Ministry of Environment and Food, and DTU Aqua, through the projects “Udvikling af bæredygtig forvaltning af følsomme habitater og arter i Kattegat” and “Påvirkning af økosystemkomponenten bundfauna i N2000 områder ved fiskeri med skrabende redskaber”. Travel and participation in international conferences, workshops, and research stays were partly supported by additional funding from the Otto Mønsted Fund and a scholarship from the Anglo-Danish Society. Acknowledgements I would like to firstly thank my supervisors, Ole Ritzau Eigaard, Grete Elisabeth Dinesen, and Jens Kjerulf Petersen. You have all provided me with a great deal of support, encouragement, and guidance over the past years. I am particularly thankful for the trust placed in me, and I look forward to working with you again in the future. I would also like to pay a very special thanks to Henrik Gislason, who has been a kind, funny, and knowledgeable mentor. A very big thank you to the crew of the RV Havfisken; Aage, Rene, Søren and Jens, and to the crew of the RV Egon P; Lars, Finn, and Kasper. I would like to thank Louise, Stine, Annegrete for help in the lab, and the many (many) students who have sorted samples; Andreas, Irene, Liv, Miguel, Kat, Mendelos, Virginia, Aurelia, Alondra, Paula, Romy, and Xiaoyu. The work contained in the thesis would not have been possible without you guys. Also thanks to Lis, Linda, Chris, and Leif for helping me along way with countless little tasks. A big thanks also to Pernille, Camille, Alex, and Mollie for chats and guidance along the way. To my office mates, Elliot, Gildas, Marie, Esther, Aurore, Daniel, Neil, Tim (x2), it’s been fun! To Sieme, Tobi and Jon – you’ve been great friends throughout the PhD. A very special mention to Katrina who has been there every step of the way over the past year – I owe you a lot and look forward to paying it back. To Aidan – congrats on your graduation this year – your work ethic and enthusiasm is (and I’m not joking) inspiring. To Mum and Dad – you have unquestionably supported my meandering wanderings every step of the way, always with love and support, and I am forever grateful. Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................................... i Resume .................................................................................................................................................................. iii 1. General Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1. The benthos of marine sediments ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. Bottom trawling ................................................................................................................................................ 9 1.3. Ecological effects of bottom trawling ............................................................................................................. 12 1.4. Challenges to the assessment of trawling effects ........................................................................................... 14 1.5. Assessing trawling effects in Danish waters.................................................................................................... 16 1.6. Aims of the thesis ............................................................................................................................................ 20 References .................................................................................................................................................................... 21 2. Synopsis ........................................................................................................................................................ 28 2.1. Local and regional effects of bivalve dredging in a eutrophic estuarine system ............................................. 28 2.2. Large benthic macrofauna as benthic indicators of trawling disturbance ...................................................... 29 2.3. The sensitivity of benthic life history traits to trawling ................................................................................... 30 References .................................................................................................................................................................... 32 3. General discussion ......................................................................................................................................... 33 3.1. Size-based indicators ....................................................................................................................................... 33 3.2. Response of taxonomic and functional indicators ........................................................................................... 35 3.3. Reference areas ............................................................................................................................................... 39 References .................................................................................................................................................................... 42 4. Local and regional effects of bivalve dredging on benthic macrofauna in a eutrophic estuarine system .......... 49 4.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 51 4.2. Materials and methods ................................................................................................................................... 54 4.3. Results ............................................................................................................................................................. 62 4.4. Discussion ........................................................................................................................................................ 69 References .................................................................................................................................................................... 76 5. Using large benthic macrofauna to refine and improve ecological indicators of bottom trawling disturbance . 87 5.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 90 5.2. Materials and methods ................................................................................................................................... 92 5.4. Results ........................................................................................................................................................... 100 5.5. Discussion ...................................................................................................................................................... 108 References .................................................................................................................................................................. 114 6. The sensitivity of benthic life history traits to chronic trawling disturbance
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