Head

Scalp/Eyelid

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist 2 occipital bellies and 2 galea raises the occipitofrontalis facial nerve frontal bellies. aponeurotica eyebrows superior nuchal line of posterior the occipital bone galea occipitalis occipital artery auricular nerve mastoid part of the aponeurotica (facial nerve) temporal bone mastoid wrinkles frontalis galea aponeurotica ophthalmic artery facial nerve process eyebrow frontal bone; medial lateral ophthalmic, levator zygomatic closes orbicularis oculi palpebral ligament; palpebral zygomatico- palpebrae branch of facial eyelids lacrimal bone raphe orbital, angular superioris forehead corrugator wrinkles superciliary arches skin, near facial nerve supercilii forehead eyebrow medial Depresses depressor medial orbital rim aspect of facial nerve the supercilii bony orbit eyebrow

Extraocular muscles

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist levator orbicularis tarsal plate, upper oculomotor retracts//elevates palpebrae sphenoid bone ophthalmic artery oculi eyelid nerve eyelid superioris muscle underside of raise the superior superior tarsal plate sympathetic levator palpebrae upper tarsal of the eyelid nervous system superioris eyelid ophthalmic frontal bone, levator artery, orbicularis medial palpebral lateral palpebral facial palpebrae zygomatico- closes the eyelids oculi ligament, and raphe nerve superioris orbital artery, lacrimal bone muscle angular artery Rectus muscles annulus of Zinn elevates, adducts, 7.5 mm superior to oculomotor superior at the orbital and rotates medially the corneal limbus nerve apex the eye 6.5 mm inferior depression inferior branch of inferior to the corneal and oculomotor nerve limbus adduction

5.5 mm medial inferior division adducts the medial to the corneal of the oculomotor eyeball limbus nerve 7 mm temporal abducts the lateral to the corneal abducens nerve eyeball limbus Oblique muscles annulus of Zinn primary: intorsion. outer posterior lateral muscular at the orbital trochlear secondary:abduct superior quadrant of the branch of the apex, medial to nerve (laterally rotate) and eyeball ophthalmic artery optic canal depress the eyeball orbital surface of laterally onto the the maxilla, eyeball, deep to the oculomotor extorsion, elevation, inferior lateral to the lateral rectus, by a nerve abduction lacrimal groove short flat tendon

Intraocular

Ear

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist front of the helix, galeal auriculares cranial surface of facial nerve (Wiggle ears) aponeurosis the pinna auriculares temporoparietalis galea aponeurotica muscles control the amplitude stapedius neck of stapes facial nerve of sound waves to the inner ear superior medial pterygoid Eustachian handle of the tensing the tympanic tensor tympani tympanic nerve from tube malleus membrane artery mandibular nerve

Nose

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist Draws down the skin of the lower from fascia over the medial angle of the part of the buccal branch of procerus lower of the nasal eyebrow, giving forehead between the facial nerve bone expressions of the eyebrows frowning Compresses bridge, depresses tip of nasalis maxilla nasal bone nose, elevates corners of nostrils margin of the nasal skin near the dilatator notch of the maxilla, margin of the dilation of nostrils naris greater and lesser nostril alar cartilages nasal septum and depressor incisive fossa of the back part of the depression of nasal

septi nasi maxilla alar part of septum nasalis muscle levator dilates the nostril; labii superior nostril and upper elevates the upper superioris maxilla labial lip lip and wing of the alaeque artery nose nasi

Mouth

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist levator facial facial smile (elevates anguli oris maxilla modiolus of mouth artery nerve angle of mouth) (caninus) mandibular depressor facial branch of depresses angle of anguli oris tubercle of mandible modiolus of mouth artery facial mouth (triangularis) nerve buccal skin and muscle of the superior levator labii medial infra-orbital branch of Elevates the upper upper lip (labii labial superioris margin the facial lip superioris) artery nerve oblique line of the integument of the depressor inferior mandible, between the lower lip, orbicularis facial Depresses the labii labial symphysis and the oris fibers, its fellow of nerve lower lip inferioris artery mental foramen the opposite side mandibular elevates and branch of wrinkles skin of mentalis anterior mandible chin facial chin, protrudes nerve lower lip alveolar processes of the buccal compress the maxillary bone and in the fibres of the buccal branch of cheeks against the buccinator mandible, orbicularis oris artery the facial teeth (blowing), pterygomandibular raphe nerve mastication. orbicularis pucker the maxilla and mandible skin around the lips oris lips draw back facial risorius parotid fascia modiolus angle of artery mouth Zygomatic muscles buccal draws angle of anterior of zygomatic facial branch of major modiolus of mouth mouth upward and bone artery the facial laterally nerve facial nerve, elevates minor zygomatic bone skin of the upper lip buccal upper lip branch Mastication

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist elevation (as in coronoid closing of the zygomatic arch and process and masseteric platysma masseter masseteric nerve (V3) mouth) and maxilla ramus of artery muscle retraction of mandible mandible coronoid temporal lines on the third branch (mandibular elevation and process of deep temporalis parietal bone of the nerve) of the trigeminal retraction of the temporal skull nerve mandible mandible Pterygoid muscles pterygoid great wing of external pterygoid nerve condyle of branches of depresses lateral sphenoid and from the mandibular mandible maxillary mandible pterygoid plate nerve artery deep head: medial side of lateral pterygoid plate mandibular medial elevates mandible, behind the upper nerve via angle of closes jaw, helps lateral medial teeth nerve to the pterygoids in moving the superficial head: medial mandible jaw from side to side pyramidal process of pterygoid palatine bone and maxillary tuberosity

Tongue

Extrinsic

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist Superior part of Dorsum of Complex - Inferior fibers protrude mental spine of tongue and Lingual hypoglossal the tongue, middle fibers depress genioglossus mandible body of artery nerve the tongue, and its superior fibers (symphysis hyoid draw the tip back and down menti) side of the hypoglossal hyoglossus hyoid depresses tongue tongue nerve intrinsic lesser cornu and depresses tongue (some consider muscular hypoglossal chondroglossus body of the this muscle to be part of fibers of nerve hyoid bone hyoglossus) the tongue inferior and Styloid process Hypoglossal middle styloglossus tongue elevates and retracts tongue of temporal bone nerve fibers of genioglossus vagus nerve palatine and cranial palatoglossus tongue raising the back part of the tongue aponeurosis accessory nerve

Intrinsic

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist shortens, turns tip superior close to the epiglottis, from edges of the hypoglossal upward, turns lateral longitudinal the median fibrous septum tongue nerve margins upward sides of the hypoglossal transversus median fibrous septum narrows and elongates tongue nerve inferior apex of the Hypoglossal shortens, retracts, pulls root of the tongue longitudinal tongue nerve tip downward inferior surface verticalis hypoglossal dorsum of tongue borders of flattens muscle nerve tongue

Soft palate

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist temporal Aids in levator veli bone, palatine swallowing by facial artery vagus nerve palatini Eustachian aponeurosis elevating the soft tube palate medial Aids in medial pterygoid swallowing by tensor veli pterygoid of plate of the controlling the palatini mandibular sphenoid tension of the soft nerve bone palate Moves and pharyngeal musculus uvulae hard palate changes shape of plexus the uvula Aids in vagus nerve and respiration by palatine palatoglossus tongue cranial accessory raising the back aponeurosis nerve part of the tongue Aids in palatine upper border of vagus nerve and respiration by aponeurosis thyroid cartilage palatopharyngeus facial artery cranial accessory pulling the and hard (blends with nerve pharynx and palate constrictor fibers) larynx

Pharynx

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist pharyngeal elevate the branches of larynx, temporal styloid thyroid cartilage glossopharyngeal stylopharyngeus ascending elevate the process (pharynx) nerve pharyngeal pharynx, artery swallowing posterior vagus nerve and cartilage of the fasciculus of the raise the salpingopharyngeus cranial accessory Eustachian tube pharyngopalatinus nasopharynx nerve muscle Pharyngeal muscles pharyngeal branches of external cricoid and thyroid inferior pharyngeal raphe ascending laryngeal branch Swallowing cartilage pharyngeal of the vagus artery middle hyoid bone pharyngeal raphe vagus nerve Swallowing medial pterygoid plate, pharyngeal raphe, superior pterygomandibular pharyngeal vagus nerve Swallowing raphé, alveolar tubercle process

Larynx

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist inferior cornu external anterior and and lamina of laryngeal tension and elongation of the vocal cricothyroid lateral cricoid the thyroid branch of folds (has minor adductory effect) cartilage cartilage the vagus recurrent arytenoid arytenoid laryngeal approximate the arytenoid arytenoid cartilage on cartilage on branch of cartilages (close rima glottidis) one side opposite side the vagus inner surface anterior recurrent thickens the vocal folds and of the thyroid surface of laryngeal decreases length; also helps to thyroarytenoid cartilage arytenoid branch of adduct the vocal folds during (anterior cartilage the vagus speech aspect) Cricoarytenoid muscles abducts and laterally rotates the muscular recurrent cartilage, pulling the vocal lateral posterior part process of the laryngeal posterior ligaments away from the midline cricoarytenoid of the cricoid arytenoid branch of and forward and so opening the muscle cartilage the vagus rima glottidis adduct and medially rotate the muscular recurrent lateral part of cartilage, pulling the vocal process of the laryngeal lateral the arch of the ligaments towards the midline and arytenoid branch of cricoid backwards and so closing off the cartilage the vagus rima glottidis Neck

Cervical

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist branches of Draws the corners of the mouth cervical inferior the inferiorly and widens it (as in branch of clavicle submental expressions of sadness and Masseter, platysma mandible the facial and fascia artery and fright). Also draws the skin of Temporalis nerve of chest suprascapular the neck superiorly when teeth (CN VII) artery are clenched Acting alone, tilts head to its mastoid motor: manubrium occipital own side and rotates it so the process of accessory sterni, artery and face is turned towards the the temporal nerve opposite side. sternocleidomastoid medial the superior bone, sensory: portion of thyroid superior cervical Acting together, flexes the neck, the clavicle artery nuchal line plexus raises the sternum and assists in forced inspiration. ||

Suprahyoid

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist anterior belly - anterior belly - mandibular Opens the jaw digastric fossa Intermediate division of the trigeminal when the (mandible); posterior tendon digastric (CN V) via the mylohyoid masseter and belly - mastoid (hyoid nerve; posterior belly - the temporalis process of temporal bone) facial nerve (CN VII) are relaxed. bone greater Elevate the styloid process stylohyoid cornu of facial nerve (CN VII) hyoid during (temporal) hyoid bone swallowing mylohyoid Raises oral branch of mylohyoid nerve, from cavity floor, Mylohyoid line Median mylohyoid inferior inferior alveolar branch of elevates hyoid, (mandible) raphé alveolar mandibular nerve [V3] depresses artery mandible carry hyoid bone and the geniohyoid Symphysis menti hyoid bone C1 via hypoglossal nerve tongue upward during deglutition

Infrahyoid/Strap

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist manubrium of hyoid ansa sternohyoid depress hyoid bone sternum bone cervicalis thyroid Ansa Elevates larynx, may slightly depress hyoid sternothyroid manubrium cartilage cervicalis bone first thyroid hyoid thyrohyoid cervical depress hyoid bone cartilage bone nerve Depresses the larynx and hyoid bone. Upper border Hyoid Ansa omohyoid Carries hyoid bone backward and to the of the scapula bone cervicalis side

Vertebrate

Anterior

Lateral

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist ascending cervical cervical artery scalene cervical first and nerves (C3, (branch of elevation of ribs I&II muscles vertebrae second ribs C4, C5, C6, inferior C7 thyroid artery) ascending cervical When the neck is fixed, elevates artery ventral the first rib to aid in breathing or anterior C3-C6 first rib (branch of ramus of C5, when the rib is fixed, bends the inferior C6 neck forward and sideways and thyroid rotates it to the opposite side artery) ascending cervical ventral rami artery of the third Elevate 1st rib, rotate the neck to medius C2-C6 first rib (branch of to eighth the opposite side inferior cervical thyroid spinal nerves artery) ascending cervical transverse artery, Elevate 2nd rib, tilt the neck to the posterior processes of 2nd rib C6, C7, C8 superficial same side C4 - C6 cervical artery cervical Posterior Superior part nerve (C3, tubercles of dorsal Elevates scapula and tilts its levator of medial C4) and transverse scapular glenoid cavity inferiorly by scapulae border of dorsal processes of artery rotating scapula scapula scapular C1 - C4 nerve (C5) upper under surface of surface of rectus the the jugular capitis transverse C1 process of lateralis process of the occipital the atlas bone (C1) lateral half obliquus lateral mass of the suboccipital capitis of atlas inferior nerve superior nuchal line spinous lateral mass suboccipital inferior process of of atlas nerve the axis

Posterior

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist the medial part of the a branch of the extends the head at rectus the tubercle on inferior nuchal line of the dorsal primary the neck, but is now capitis the posterior occipital bone and the division of the considered to be posterior arch of the atlas surface between it and the suboccipital more of a sensory minor (C1) foramen magnum nerve organ than a muscle rectus Dorsal ramus capitis spinous process inferior nucheal line of the of C1

posterior of the axis (C2) occipital bone (suboccipital major nerve) articular processes of occipital bone between semispinalis C4-C6; greater the superior and inferior Extension of the head capitis transverse occipital nerve nuchal lines processes of C7 and T1-T7 articular Laterally: Flex the processes of lateral posterior head and neck to the longissimus C4-C7; posterior margin of the sacral branch of same side. capitis transverse mastoid process artery spinal nerve Bilaterally: Extend processes ot T1- the vertebral column. T5 ligamentum splenius nuchae, spinous Extend, rotate, and Mastoid process C3, C4 capitis processes of laterally flex the head C7-T6

Torso

Back Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist both the spines of on the spines of the the most cranial lateral posterior extends the rectus erector spinae last four thoracic thoracic vertebrae sacral branch of vertebral abdominis vertebrae and the cervical artery spinal nerve column muscle vertebrae lateral iliocostalis sacral artery lateral posterior rectus longissimus transverse process transverse process sacral branch of abdominis artery spinal nerve muscle lateral posterior rectus spinalis spinous process spinous process sacral branch of abdominis artery spinal nerve muscle spinous processes of subscapular floor of pulls the thoracic T6-T12, artery, intertubercular thoracodorsal forelimb deltoid, latissimus dorsi thoracolumbar fascia, dorsal groove of the nerve dorsally and trapezius iliac crest and inferior scapular humerus caudally 3 or 4 ribs artery posterior transversospinales transverse process spinous process branches spinous processes transverse processes of of the upper four semispinalis the sixth to the tenth thoracic and lower dorsi thoracic vertebrae two cervical vertebrae transverse processes of cervical spinous semispinalis the upper five or six processes, from the cervicis thoracic vertebræ axis to the fifth transversal process of area between greater semispinalis lower cervical and Extends the superior and occipital capitis higher thoracal head inferior nuchal line nerve columna Stabilizes vertebrae in sacrum, erector spinae posterior local multifidus aponeurosis, PSIS, and spinous process branch of movements iliac crest spinal nerve of vertebral column posterior rotatores transverse process spinous process branch Extension, posterior flexion and interspinales spinous process spinous process rami of rotation of spinal nerves vertebral column. anterior rami Lateral transverse process intertransversarii transverse process of spinal flexion of above nerves trunk Splenius muscles Extend, ligamentum nuchae, Mastoid process of rotate, and capitis spinous process of C7- temporal and C3, C4 laterally flex T6 occipital bone the head spinous processes of transverse processes cervicis C5, C6 T3-T6 of C1, C2, C3

Chest

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist intercostal intercostales ribs 1-11 ribs 2-12 intercostal arteries nerves intercostal external intercostal arteries Inhalation internal nerves rib - superior intercostal hold ribs internal rib - inferior border intercostal arteries external border nerves steady intercostal innermost intercostal arteries nerves inner surface of inner surface of one the second or intercostal subcostales rib third rib above, nerves near its angle costal cartilages of transversus last 3-4 ribs, body of ribs/costal intercostal depresses intercostal arteries thoracis sternum, xiphoid cartilages 2-6 nerves ribs process superior surfaces dorsal rami - Assists in of the ribs transverse processes C8, T1, T2, elevation levatores immediately of C7 to T12 T3, T4, T5, of the costarum inferior to the vertebrae T6, T7, T8, thoracic rib preceding T9, T10, T11 cage vertebrae Serratus posterior muscles depress the the inferior intercostal lower ribs, inferior vertebrae T11 - L3 borders of the 9th intercostal arteries nerves aiding in through 12th ribs expiration nuchal ligament (or ligamentum nuchae) elevate the the upper borders 2nd through and the spinous ribs which superior of the 2nd intercostal arteries 5th intercostal processes of the aids in through 5th ribs nerves vertebrae C7 through inspiration T3 pericardiacophrenic phrenic and artery, lower diaphragm musculophrenic respiration intercostal artery, inferior nerves phrenic arteries

Abdomen

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist inserts into the intercostal nerves T7, T8, compress the ribs pubic tubercle via T9, T10, T11, subcostal and viscera, transversus ribs and the the conjoint nerve (T12), providing abdominis iliac crest tendon, also known iliohypogastric nerve, thoracic and as the falx ilioinguinal nerve, pelvic stability inguinalis genitofemoral nerve costal cartilages of inferior segmentally by thoraco- flexion of rectus erector pubis ribs 5-7, xiphoid epigastric abdominal nerves (T7, trunk/lumbar abdominis spinae process of sternum artery T8, T9, T10, T11, T12) vertebrae pubic symphysis tensing the linea pyramidalis linea alba subcostal nerve (T12) and pubic alba crest inguinal cremasteric genital branch of raise and lower cremaster ligament artery genitofemoral nerve the scrotum Alone, lateral iliac crest last rib and lumbar flexion of quadratus and transverse arteries, anterior branches of T12, vertebral column;

lumborum iliolumbar processes of iliolumbar L1, L2, L3, L4 Together, ligament lumbar vertebrae artery depression of thoracic rib cage Oblique muscles Crista iliaca, intercostal nerves T5, T6, Lower 8 external ligamentum T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, Rotates torso costae inguinale subcostal nerve (T12) inguinal ligament, intercostal nerves T8, T9, Compresses linea alba, xyphoid iliac crest T10, T11, subcostal nerve abdomen and internal process and the and the (T12), iliohypogastric rotates vertebral inferior ribs. lumbodorsal nerve, ilioinguinal nerve column. fascia

Pelvis

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist closing in the sacral nerves: S4, back part of coccygeus sacrospinous ligament S5 or S3-S4 the outlet of the pelvis Levator ani levator ani nerve (S4) inferior rectal nerve ischial spine and from the coccyx and from supports the posterior part of the iliococcygeus anococcygeal pudendal viscera in tendinous arch of the raphe nerve (S3, pelvic cavity pelvic fascia S4) coccygeal plexus

back of the pubis and controls urine coccyx and pubococcygeus from the anterior part of flow and contracts sacrum the obturator fascia during orgasm lower part of the pubic S3, S4. levator ani inhibit puborectalis symphysis nerve defecation

Perineum

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist Scphincter ani S4 and twigs keep the anal from inferior canal and anus externus anal nerves closed, aids in the of pudendal expulsion of the nerve feces keep the anal canal and anus pudendal internus closed, aids in the nerve expulsion of the feces Superficial perineal pouch central transversus anterior part of ischial pudendal point of perinei superficialis tuberosity nerve perineum in males, empties perineal pudendal the urethra; in bulbospongiosus median raphé artery nerve females, clenches the vagina assists the perineal pudendal ischiocavernosus bulbospongiosus artery nerve muscle Deep perineal pouch its fellow transversus of the pudendal inferior rami of the ischium perinei profundus opposite nerve side perineal junction of the inferior rami its fellow sphincter branch of the Constricts urethra, of the pubis and ischium to of the urethrae pudendal maintain urinary the extent of 1.25–2 cm., and opposite membranaceae nerve (S2, continence from the neighboring fasciæ side S3, S4)

Upper limbs

Vertebral column

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist major nerve down the midline, from at the shoulders, supply is the the external occipital into the lateral cranial nerve XI. protuberance, the nuchal third of the transverse cervical nerves retraction and Serratus ligament, the medial part clavicle, the trapezius cervical C3 and C4 elevation of anterior of the superior nuchal acromion process artery receive scapula. muscle line, and the spinous and into the information processes of the vertebrae spine of the about pain in C7-T12 scapula this muscle spinous processes of subscapular floor of pulls the thoracic T6-T12, artery, latissimus intertubercular thoracodorsal forelimb deltoid, thoracolumbar fascia, dorsal dorsi groove of the nerve dorsally and trapezius iliac crest and inferior 3 scapular humerus caudally or 4 ribs artery Retracts the scapula and rotates it to nuchal ligaments, spinous dorsal dorsal scapular Serratus medial border of depress the rhomboids processes of C7-T5 scapular nerve (C4 and anterior the scapula glenoid cavity. vertebrae artery C5) muscle fixes the scapula to the thoracic wall. Retracts the scapula and medial border of rotates it to the scapula, dorsal dorsal scapular depress the Serratus rhomboid spinous processes of the inferior to the scapular nerve (C4 and glenoid cavity. anterior major T2 to T5 vertebrae insertion of artery C5) It also fixes muscle rhomboid minor the scapula to muscle the thoracic wall. Retracts the scapula and medial border of rotates it to the scapula, nuchal ligaments and dorsal dorsal scapular depress the Serratus rhomboid superior to the spinous processes of C7- scapular nerve (C4 and glenoid cavity. anterior minor insertion of to T1 vertebrae artery C5) It also fixes muscle rhomboid major the scapula to muscle the thoracic wall. Elevates scapula and cervical nerve posterior tubercles of superior part of dorsal tilts its glenoid levator (C3, C4) and transverse processes of medial border of scapular cavity scapulae dorsal scapular C1 - C4 vertebrae scapula artery inferiorly by nerve (C5) rotating scapula

Thoracic walls

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist lateral Clavicular head: anterior surface of pectoral nerve flexes the humerus the medial half of and medial Sternocostal head: the clavicle. pectoral branch pectoral nerve extends the humerus Sternocostal intertubercular pectoralis of the Clavicular As a whole, adducts head: anterior groove of the major thoracoacromial head: C5 and and medially rotates surface of the humerus trunk C6 the humerus. It also sternum, the Sternocostal draws the scapula superior six costal head: C7, C8 anteriorly and cartilages and T1 inferiorly. medial border Pectoral branch Medial stabilizes the scapula 3rd to 5th ribs, and superior pectoralis of the pectoral by drawing it inferiorly near their costal surface of the minor thoracoacromial nerves (C8, and anteriorly against cartilages coracoid process trunk T1) the thoracic wall of the scapula thoracoacromial subclavian artery, nerve to subclavius first rib groove of Depresses the clavicle clavicular subclavius clavicle branch lateral thoracic long thoracic Rhomboid fleshy slips from artery (upper nerve (from costal aspect of protract and stabilize major, serratus the outer surface part), roots of medial margin scapula, assists in Rhomboid anterior of upper 8 or 9 thoracodorsal brachial of the scapula upward rotation minor, ribs artery (lower plexus C5, Trapezius part) C6, C7)

Shoulder

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist clavicle, shoulder deltoid primarily posterior acromion, abduction, deltoid tuberosity of circumflex Axillary nerve Latissimus dorsi spine of the flexion and humerus humeral artery scapula extension Lower posterior medial lip of subscapular aspect of the the Subscapular and nerve Internal rotation teres major inferior angle intertubercular circumflex (segmental of the humerus of the sulcus of the scapular arteries levels C5 and scapula humerus C6) Rotator cuff infraspinatus, superior facet supraspinous abduction of arm teres minor, of greater suprascapular suprascapular supraspinatus fossa of and stabilizes pectoralis major, tubercle of artery nerve scapula humerus and latissimus humerus dorsi Lateral rotation middle facet subscapularis, infraspinous suprascapular and of arm & of greater suprascapular pectoralis major, infraspinatus fossa of the circumflex Adduction of arm tubercle of the nerve and latissimus scapula scapular arteries and stabilizes humerus dorsi humerus posterior inferior facet subscapularis, lateral border circumflex laterally rotates of greater pectoralis major, teres minor of the humeral artery and axillary nerve and adducts the tubercle of the and latissimus scapula the circumflex arm humerus dorsi scapular artery upper rotates medially subscapular subscapular lesser tubercle humerus; infraspinatus and subscapularis subscapular artery nerve, lower fossa of humerus stabilizes teres minor subscapular shoulder nerve (C5, C6)

Arm

Anterior compartment

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist flexes at coracoid process of brachial musculocutaneous coracobrachialis medial humerus shoulder scapula artery nerve joint short head: coracoid flexes Musculocutaneous Triceps process of the scapula. brachial elbow and biceps brachii radial tuberosity nerve (Lateral brachii long head: supraglenoid artery supinates cord: C5, C6, C7) muscle tubercle forearm coronoid anterior surface of the radial process and the musculocutaneous flexion at brachialis humerus, particularly the recurrent tuberosity of the nerve elbow joint distal half of this bone artery ulna

Posterior compartment

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist long head:Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula lateral head: Biceps triceps posterior humerus olecranon process Profunda radial extends forearm, caput longum brachii brachii - above radial of ulna brachii nerve adducts shoulder muscle grove medial head: posterior humerus-under radial groove radial lateral surface of Profunda partly blended in with the nerve Lateral the olecranon brachii, triceps, which it assists in (C7, anconeus epicondyle of the process and the recurrent extension of the forearm. C8, humerus superior part of the interosseous Stabilises the elbow and abducts and posterior ulna artery the ulna during pronation. T1)

Forearm

Anterior compartment

Superficial

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist humeral head: medial ulnar epicondyle of humerus radius artery pronation of pronator median (common flexor tendon) pronator and forearm, flexes Supinator muscle teres nerve ulnar head: coronoid tuberosity radial elbow process of the ulna artery Bases of Extensor carpi radialis medial epicondyle of second and Flexion and flexor carpi ulnar Median brevis muscle, Extensor humerus (common flexor third abduction at radialis artery nerve carpi radialis longus tendon) metacarpal wrist muscle bones Extensor carpi radialis medial epicondyle of palmaris palmar ulnar median brevis, Extensor carpi humerus (common flexor wrist flexor longus aponeurosis artery nerve radialis longus, tendon) Extensor carpi ulnaris muscular medial epicondyle of the flexion and flexor carpi ulnar branches Extensor carpi ulnaris humerus (common flexor pisiform adduction of ulnaris artery of ulnar muscle tendon) wrist nerve flexor of fingers medial epicondyle of the flexor (primarily at humerus (common flexor phalanges ulnar median Extensor digitorum digitorum proximal tendon), as well as parts of II-IV artery nerve muscle superficialis interphalangeal the radius and ulna. joints)

Deep

uscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist lateral, median nerve anterior pronator anterior (anterior pronates the Supinator medial, anterior surface of the ulna interosseous quadratus surface of interosseous forearm muscle artery the radius nerve) median (anterior flexor anterior flex hand, Extensor distal interosseous), digitorum ulna interosseous interphalangeal digitorum phalanges muscular profundus artery joints muscle branches of ulnar Extensor Anterior pollicis The middle 2/4 of the volar surface The base interosseous longus flexor of the radius and the adjacent of the Anterior nerve (branch Flexion of the muscle, pollicis interosseus membrane. (Also distal interosseous of median thumb Extensor longus occasionally a small origin slightly on phalanx of artery nerve) (C8, pollicis the medial epicondyle of the ulna.) the thumb T1) brevis muscle

Posterior compartment

Superficial

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist Flexor digitorum lateral posterior extension superficialis extensor epicondyle interosseous of hand muscle, 2nd-4th phalange digitorum (common nerve (C7, and Flexor extensor tendon) C8) fingers digitorum profundus muscle the anterior extensor posterior interosseous portion of the expansion, located artery which originates posterior extends Flexor lateral extensor digiti at the base of the from the common interosseous the little digiti epicondyle of minimi proximal phalanx interosseous artery and nerve (C7, finger at minimi the humerus of the finger on more proximally, the C8) all joints brevis (common the dorsal side ulnar artery extensor tendon) Common posterior extends extensor tendon extensor carpi interosseous and Flexor carpi (lateral 5th metacarpal ulnar artery ulnaris nerve (C7, adducts ulnaris epicondyle), C8) the wrist ulna Mobile wad Lateral Distal radius Flexion supracondylar brachioradialis (Radial styloid radial recurrent artery radial nerve of ridge of the process) forearm humerus extensor at the wrist lateral Flexor carpi extensor carpi joint, supracondylar 2nd metacarpal radial artery radial nerve radialis radialis longus abducts ridge muscle the hand at the wrist extensor humerus at the and anterior of posterior abductor Flexor carpi extensor carpi lateral base of the 3rd radial artery interosseus of the radialis radialis brevis epicondyle metacarpal nerve hand at muscle (common the wrist extensor tendon) joint

Deep

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist Lateral epicondyle of the Lateral posterior Pronator radial humerus, supinator crest of proximal interosseus teres, supinator recurrent supinates forearm ulna, radial collateral radial nerve (C7, Pronator artery ligament, annular ligament shaft C8) quadratus index posterior extensor finger interosseous extends index finger, ulna indicis (extensor nerve (C7, wrist hood) C8) Anatomical snuff box posterior Adductor abductor first interosseous abduction, extension ulna, radial styloid process pollicis pollicis longus metacarpal nerve (C7, of thumb muscle C8) Flexor pollicis posterior longus thumb, posterior extension of thumb at extensor interosseous muscle, radius proximal interosseous metacarpophalangeal pollicis brevis nerve (C7, Flexor phalanx artery joint C8) pollicis brevis muscle Flexor pollicis posterior extension of the longus thumb, extensor interosseous thumb muscle, ulna distal pollicis longus nerve (C7, (metacarpophalangeal Flexor phalanx C8) and interphalangeal) pollicis brevis muscle

Hand

Lateral volar

Thenar Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist opponens trapezium and transverse metacarpal bone of the Opposition of median nerve pollicis carpal ligament thumb on its radial side the thumb Extensor pollicis median longus flexor nerve, deep thumb, proximal Flexes the muscle, pollicis trapezoid, flexor retinaculum branch of phalanx thumb Extensor brevis ulnar nerve pollicis (medial head) brevis muscle Radial base of abductor Adductor Transverse carpal ligament, proximal phalanx of Abducts the pollicis Median nerve pollicis the scaphoid and trapezium thumb and the thumb thumb brevis muscle extensors Abductor Transverse head: anterior pollicis body of the third metacarpal medial side of the base adducts the longus deep branch adductor Oblique head: bases of the of the proximal thumb at the muscle, of ulnar pollicis second and the third phalanx of the thumb carpometacarpal Abductor nerve (T1) metacarpals and the adjacent and the ulnar sesamoid joint pollicis trapezoid and capitate bones brevis muscle

Medial volar

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist flexor retinaculum superficial palmaris (medial), palm branch of wrinkle skin of palm brevis palmar ulnar nerve aponeurosis Hypothenar base of the proximal abductor deep phalanx of the 5th ulnar digiti pisiform branch of Abduction of little finger digit on the ulnar or artery minimi ulnar nerve medial side flexor extensor deep digiti ulnar digiti hamate bone little finger branch of flexes little finger minimi artery minimi ulnar nerve brevis muscle deep Hook of Draws 5th metacarpal opponens branch of hamate and Medial border of 5th ulnar anteriorly and rotates it, digiti ulnar nerve flexor metacarpal artery bringing little finger (5th digit) minimi (C8 and retinaculum into opposition with thumb T1)

Intermediate

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist superficial palmar arch, deep branch flex flexor extensor common palmar digital arteries, of ulnar metacarpophalangeal lumbrical digitorum expansion deep palmar arch, dorsal digital nerve, median joints, extend profundus artery nerve interphalangeal joints Palmar dorsal proximal Dorsal metacarpal artery and deep branch metacarpals abduct finger interossei interossei phalanges palmar metacarpal artery of ulnar nerve muscles palmar proximal deep branch metacarpals adduction interossei phalange of ulnar nerve

Lower limb

Iliac region

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist iliac fossa (iliacus), medial flexion of hip femur—lesser trochanter femoral Gluteus sacrum (iliacus), spine femoral (psoas (psoas major/minor), shaft nerve, maximus, (T12, L1, L2, L3, L4, circumflex major/minor, iliopsoas below lesser trochanter Lumbar posterior L5) & intervertebral artery, iliacus), spine (iliacus), tendon of psoas nerves L1, compartment discs (psoas major, iliolumbar rotation (psoas major & femur (iliacus) L2 of thigh psoas minor) artery major/minor) Lumbar plexus via transverse processes, flexes and psoas in the lesser trochanter of Iliolumbar anterior Gluteus bodies and discs of T12- rotates laterally major the femur artery branches maximus L5 thigh of L1, L2, L3 psoas Side of T12+L1 and IV Pectineal line and Weak trunk Gluteus L1 minor Disc between iliopectineal eminence flexor maximus medial femoral femoral circumflex Gluteus iliacus iliac fossa lesser trochanter of femur nerve (L2, flexes hip artery, maximus L3) Iliolumbar artery

Gluteal

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist primarily lateral circumflex Superior Thigh - flexion, medial tensor fascia iliac crest iliotibial tract femoral gluteal nerve rotation. Trunk latae artery, (L4, L5) stabilization. Superior gluteal artery Gluteal muscles Gluteal surface external rotation and Iliacus, of ilium, Gluteal superior and inferior extension of the hip joint, gluteus Psoas lumbar fascia, tuberosity of the inferior gluteal nerve supports the extended knee maximus major, sacrum, femur, iliotibial gluteal (L5, S1, S2 through the iliotibial tract, muscle Psoas sacrotuberous tract arteries nerve roots) chief antigravity muscle in minor ligament sitting Gluteal surface superior abduction of the hip; gluteus Greater lateral of ilium, under superior gluteal nerve preventing adduction of the medius trochanter of rotator gluteus gluteal artery (L4, L5, S1 hip. Medial rotation of muscle the femur group maximus nerve roots) thigh. Works in concert with superior Gluteal surface Greater gluteus medius: abduction lateral superior gluteal nerve minimus of ilium, under trochanter of of the hip; preventing rotator gluteal artery (L4, L5, S1 gluteus medius. the femur adduction of the hip. group nerve roots) Medial rotation of thigh. Inferior Obturator Gluteus gluteal nerve, nerve on or near the minimus lateral at or below the artery, to the greater muscle, rotator acetabulum of Lateral sacral Piriformis, lateral rotation of hip trochanter of Gluteus group the ilium artery, nerve to the femur medius Superior quadratus muscle gluteal artery femoris Inferior gluteal nerve to the artery, greater Piriformis laterally rotate (outward) piriformis sacrum Lateral sacral trochanter (S1 and S2 the thigh artery, nerve roots) Superior gluteal artery posterior obturator medial aspect of branch of obturator foramen and greater obturator adduct thigh, rotate obturator externus obturatory trochanter of artery laterally thigh nerve (L3, membrane femur L4) Ischiopubic Nerve to medial aspect of Abducts & rotates laterally obturator ramus & obturator the Greater thigh, and stabiliser of the internus obturator internus (L5, trochanter hip during walking membrane S1, S2) Nerve to inferior Ischial Obturator Quadratus Rotates laterally thigh gemellus tuberosity internus tendon femoris (L4, L5, S1) superior spine of the Obturator Sacral plexus Rotates laterally thigh gemellus ischium internus tendon (S1, S2, S3) nerve to quadratus ischial intertrochanteric inferior quadratus lateral rotation of thigh femoris tuberosity crest gluteal artery femoris (L4, L5, -S1)

Thigh anterior compartment

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist Pulling the articularis suprapatellar femoral femoral suprapatellar bursa femur genu bursa artery nerve during extension of the knee. flexion, lateral medial side of rotation and superior to the anterior superior femoral femoral sartorius the upper tibia in abduction of thigh; iliac spine artery nerve the pes anserinus flexion and medial rotation of leg Patella and Knee extension; Hip quadriceps combined rectus femoris and Tibial tuberosity femoral Femoral flexion (R.Fem. Hamstring femoris vastus muscles via the Patellar artery nerve only) ligament anterior inferior iliac spine and the Patella and rectus exterior surface of the bony ridge Tibial tuberosity femoral femoral knee extension; hip Hamstring femoris which forms the iliac portion of via the Patellar artery nerve flexion the acetabulum ligament patella and tibial Greater trochanter, vastus tuberosity via femoral femoral Extends and Intertrochanteric line, and Linea hamstring lateralis the patellar artery nerve stabilizes knee aspera of the femur ligament patella and tibial vastus tuberosity via femoral femoral antero/ lateral femur extends knee Hamstring intermedius the patellar artery nerve ligament patella and tibial vastus tuberosity via femoral femoral femur extends knee hamstring medialis the patellar artery nerve ligament posterior compartment/hamstring

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist inferior long head: the head of the long head: medial flexes knee joint, gluteal tuberosity of fibula which (tibial) part of laterally rotates leg artery, the ischium, articulates with sciatic nerve, short at knee (when knee Quadriceps biceps femoris perforating short head: the back of the head: lateral is flexed), extends muscle arteries, linea aspera, lateral tibial (common fibular) hip joint (long head popliteal femur condyle part of sciatic nerve only) artery inferior flexes knee, gluteal tuberosity of sciatic (tibial, L5, extends hip joint, Quadriceps semitendinosus pes anserinus artery, the ischium S1, S2) medially rotates leg muscle perforating at knee arteries profunda flexes knee, tuberosity of Medial surface femoris, extends hip joint, Quadriceps semimembranosus sciatic nerve the ischium of tibia gluteal medially rotates leg muscle artery at knee medial compartment

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist adductor muscles of pubis femur, tibia obturator nerve adduction of hip the hip adduction of hip, inferior pubic tibia (pes obturator anterior branch of flexion of hip, gracilis ramus anserinus) artery obturator nerve medial rotation of knee femoral nerve, superior pubic lesser trochanter, Obturator flexion & pectineus sometimes obturator ramus linea aspera artery adduction of hip nerve the lesser anterior surface adductor trochanter and obturator anterior branch of of the inferior adduction of hip brevis linea aspera of artery obturator nerve pubic ramus the femur pubic body just adduction & adductor middle third of obturator anterior branch of below the medial rotation of longus linea aspera artery obturator nerve pubic crest hip posterior branch of femur and adductor tuberosity of obturator obturator nerve adductor tubercle adduction of hip magnus the ischium artery (adductor) and tibial part of femur of sciatic nerve

Leg anterior compartment

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist medial Deep Fibularis longus, cuneiform and anterior tibialis Fibular dorsiflex and invert the Gastrocnemius, body of tibia first metatarsal tibial anterior (peroneal) foot Soleus, Plantaris, bones of the artery nerve Tibialis posterior foot middle portion of the dorsal side of Deep Extends the big toe and extensor anterior Flexor hallucis fibula on the anterior the base of the Fibular assists in dorsiflexion of hallucis tibial longus, Flexor surface and the distal phalanx (peroneal) the foot at the ankle. longus artery hallucis brevis interosseous membrane of the Hallux nerve Also is a weak invertor Middle and Deep extensor Lateral Condyle of tibia anterior Flexor digitorum Distal phalanges Fibular extension of toes and digitorum and superior ¾ of tibial longus, Flexor of lateral four (peroneal) ankle longus interosseous membrane artery digitorum brevis digits nerve Deep anterior fibularis distal anterior surface dorsal surface Fibular dorsi flexes and everts tibial tertius of the fibula of metatarsal 5 (peroneal) foot artery nerve posterior compartment

Superficial

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist posterior achilles tendon, triceps surae tibial tibial nerve plantarflexion calcaneus artery tibial nerve from the sciatic, plantarflexion, Tibialis femur(medial and sural gastrocnemius calcaneus specifically, flexion of anterior lateral condyles) arteries nerve roots S1, knee (minor) muscle S2 tibial nerve, tibialis fibula, medial border sural specifically, soleus tendo calcaneus plantarflexion anterior of tibia (soleal line) arteries nerve roots L5– muscle S2 lateral supracondylar tendo calcaneus Plantar flexes Tibialis ridge of femur above (medial side, deep sural plantaris tibial nerve foot and anterior lateral head of to gastrocnemius arteries flexes knee muscle gastrocnemius tendon)

Deep

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist middle facet of the posterior lateral surface of the tibia under tibial Medial rotation and popliteus popliteal artery lateral femoral the tibial nerve flexion of knee condyle condyles tarsal tunnel tibial base of Peroneal artery flexes all joints of flexor nerve, fibula, posterior distal (peroneal branch of the Hallux, plantar Extensor hallucis hallucis S1, S2 aspect of upper 1/3 phalanx of the posterior tibial flexion of the ankle longus muscle longus nerve hallux artery joint roots distal Extensor flexor phalanges of posterior tibial Tibial Primary action is digitorum longus, digitorum medial tibia lateral four artery nerve Flex digits Extensor longus digits digitorum brevis inversion of the navicular, tibialis posterior tibial tibial foot, plantar flexion Tibialis anterior tibia, fibula medial posterior artery nerve of the foot at the muscle cuneiform ankle lateral compartment fibularis muscles:

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist fibular first metatarsal, medial superficial fibular plantarflexion, Tibialis anterior longus fibula (peroneal) cuneiform (peroneal) nerve eversion muscle artery fibular superficial fibular plantarflexion, brevis fibula fifth metatarsal (peroneal) (peroneal) nerve eversion artery

Foot

Dorsal

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist deep extensor extends digits Flexor digitorum longus, calcaneus toes peroneal digitorum brevis 2, 3, and 4 Flexor digitorum brevis nerve deep extensor base of proximal Extension of calcaneus peroneal Flexor hallucis brevis muscle hallucis brevis phalanx of hallux hallux nerve

Plantar

1st layer

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist medial process of medial side of base medial abductor calcaneus, flexor abducts Adductor hallucis of proximal phalanx plantar hallucis retinaculum, plantar hallux muscle of first digit nerve aponeurosis medial process of flexor medial flexes Extensor digitorum calcaneus, plantar middle phalanges of digitorum plantar lateral four longus, Extensor aponeurosis, intermuscular digits 2-5 brevis nerve toes digitorum brevis septa lateral abductor lateral flex and Fifth toe or plantar Flexor digiti minimi digiti Plantar aponeurosis plantar abduct the Phalanges nerve (S1, brevis muscle minimi artery fifth toe S2)

2nd layer

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist Assists Flexor Digitorum quadratus Tendons of Flexor lateral plantar nerve Calcaneus Longus in plantae Digitorum Longus (S1, S2) flexion of DIP joints medial aspect of lateral plantar lateral plantar nerve maintain tendons extensor expansion artery and plantar (lateral three extension of lumbrical of flexor of proximal arch, and four lumbricals) and medial digits at muscle digitorum phalanges of lateral plantar metatarsal plantar nerve (first interphalangeal longus four digits arteries lumbrical) joints

3rd layer

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist flexor hallucis Extensor hallucis medial plantar nerve flex hallux brevis longus muscle adductor Abductor hallucis Plantar nerve adducts hallux hallucis muscle fifth flexor digiti phalanx of lateral plantar nerve extend and adduct Abductor digiti metatarsal minimi brevis the fifth toe (superficial branch) the fifth toe minimi muscle bone

4th layer

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist dorsal interossei plantar nerve abduct toes Plantar interossei muscles plantar interossei metatarsals proximal phalanges plantar nerve adduct toes Dorsal interossei of the foot

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Original source : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_muscles_of_the_human_body