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The Key Drivers Behind the Process of Neighbourhood Improvement

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The Key Drivers Behind the Process of Neighbourhood Improvement The key drivers behind the process of neighbourhood improvement A study of the process of neighbourhood improvement in Nuevo Pachacútec, Municipality of Ventanilla, province of Callao, metropolis of Lima, Peru Wybren Klaver Master thesis Utrecht University The key drivers behind the process of neighbourhood improvement A study of the process of neighbourhood improvement in Nuevo Pachacútec, Municipality of Ventanilla, province of Callao, metropolis of Lima, Peru Cover photo by W.I. Klaver, Community meeting of residents of neighbourhood A2 about the food relief programme in Nuevo Pachacútec January 2011 Author: Wybren Klaver Student no. 0425524 International Development Studies Utrecht University Supervisor: Dr. P. van Lindert Department of Human Geography Utrecht University Heidelberglaan 2, Utrecht Postbus 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht 1 Preface My first visit to Latin America was in 2007. With a group of young people I was part of a relief program for the local population organised by the non-profit institution 4you2. Thus during three weeks I got acquainted with the customs of the Quecha community of Pulungi in Ecuador. This experience got me interested in the traditional culture of the Latin-American continent. In 2008 I returned. This time I was alone and visited Peru and Bolivia. In Cusco I attended a Spanish language school to improve my knowledge of the written and spoken language. I met a Peruvian girl: Dayana. Since then we are married and lived together in Lima with our beautiful daughter. In August 2010 I decided to go back once again to the Netherlands in the hope for a better future because I had some difficulties with finding a job in Lima. The increasing connectedness – intellectual and emotional – with Latin-America made me decide to do my research for the Master International Development Studies in Peru. Many Latin-American cities are expanding fast, hence my choice of research of (one aspect of) urban development of the metropole of Lima, especially the characteristics which influence this process. In consultation with Dr Jan Bredenoord (expert urban development Latin-America, faculty Geoscience, University of Utrecht) I chose as my subject the so-called “self-help settlements” of Nuevo Pachacútec, municipality Ventanilla, province of Callao, part of the city of Lima. Dr. Bredenoord did some research there himself in 2002. Nuevo Pachacútec is a relatively new urban extension and its development tells the story of people trying to build a new life here, hoping for better circumstances than in the places they came from. The development of Nuevo Pachacútec commenced in 2000 when only the provisional basic requirements were present. Their ‘houses’ were built with the materials they came across. Today this has changed, the reason why I have chosen to do research of the process of neighbourhood- improvement, especially the part played herein by the residents, neighbourhood organizations and others, as well as the most important key drivers behind this improvement. I gathered my information through contact with the people of Nuevo Pachacútec, which took the form of a household enquiry, as well as from interviews with representatives of various organizations and from more or less official documents. Many people have helped me with my research. I want to thank: - the people of the neighbourhoods of Nuevo Pachacútec taking part, for their valuable information about their present and past situation, the way they earn their living and their neighbourhoods’ development; - Fidel Fernandez Basurto, president of the resident’s board of the housing project Nuevo Pachacútec, also neighbourhood leader in neighbourhood A2, Rosa Diaz Flores, Rosa Mendoza Valquez, Hector la Chira and Guillermo Boreto, neighbourhood leaders in respectively “neighbourhoods B4, E1 in Nuevo Pachacútec and 2 and 3 of Mirador”. When talking with them not only did I gain insight in the life of the residents of the self-help settlements, I also learned about the social and political decision-making on a local level, the way in which neighbourhood organizations function and do or do not cooperateand their activities. - The representative of the municipality of Ventanilla in the overall social political organisation of Nueva Pachacútec, also involved in a number of women’s organizations in Ventanilla and leader of neighbourhood C3 in Nuevo Pachacútec, for her reflections on the living circumstances of the people of Nuevo Pachacútec and the social reality of the self-help settlements. - The leader and valuer of COVAAP 9 and 10 for the information on the water problems in Nuevo Pachacútec, the water-works, the water management and the functioning of the various authorities concerned. - Mag. Fray Masias Cruz Reyes Director de la Escuela Academico Professional de Geografía Universidad Nacional de Mayor de San Marcos, who was my supervisor in Lima. I - Dr Jan Bredenoord, mentioned before for his inspiring contribution to the choice of my project. - Prof. Annelies Zoomers for her valuable ideas and advice during my internship. - Dr. Paul van Lindert, my supervisor at the University of Utrecht, for his critical vision, clarifying advice and extraordinary interest shown in my often laborious work. - Dr. Kees Offereins for his contextual adjustments on my thesis - Mrs. Loes van der Houwen who was my helping hand by translating the Dutch version of my thesis in this final version - Dayanara Aguirre Canales, my wife and in this case “the helping hand” at organising and carrying out the enquiries and interviews as well as the visits to my research area Nuevo Pachacútec. Utrecht, January 27th, 2011 Wybren Ibrahim Klaver II Executive summary During the sixties of the last century Lima, capital of Peru experienced a fast growth, caused by an enormous migration stream from the “country” - the rural areas and the Peruvian plateaus to the urban environment of Lima. The migrants were attracted by the strong industrialisation process taking place in the capital. The consequences for the city’s development were considerable. Important questions that arose were: “where will those newcomers live, how will they obtain houses and how will the housing problem be dealt with by the local authorities?” Nuevo Pachacútec is such an urban area where migrants settled. It is one of the most recent expansions of Lima and a so-called “self-help settlement”. It owes its existence in 2000 to the decision of the regional governments of Lima and Callao to transfer a large housing problem for new migrants to the (local government of) the municipality of Ventanilla, assuming that the problem would be solved sooner. The migrants involved were mainly individuals and families (households of one or more persons), who till then had lived in the south of Lima and there illegally seized a piece of privately owned agricultural land with the purpose to realise a new future for themselves. Another part of the newcomers had before rented a place elsewhere in the city or else lived with their parents. When the local authorities tried to put a stop to the illegal occupation the national government decided to intervene and to relocate those households in the north of Lima. Offering them a piece of land with – in future- the prospect of official ownership was thought to be a satisfactory solution for the housing problem. A problem that arises in most development countries. This research deals with an important aspect of this solution, namely the possibilities of the residents of the new urban extensions to develop their own neighbourhood and the factors important for this process. A research of the process of neighbourhood improvement should envisage the way in which people try to build their own environment from scratch and how these “self-help settlements’ of Nuevo Pachacútec slowly develop into a new urban expansion of Lima. The central question to which this research tries to find an answer is: What are the key drives behind the process of neighbourhood improvement in the self-help settlements of Nuevo Pachacútec and what are the roles of the residents and other stakeholders in this process? In order to gather the necessary empiric information various research methods have been used. Firstly a household enquiry amongst 124 households in a number of selected neighbourhoods in Nuevo Pachacútec, to get a concrete picture of the self-help settlements and their residents, such as: - The demographic and social economical characteristics of the population: who are the people of Nuevo Pachacútec - Their history of migration to clarify the origin of the settlements and a possible shift of the migration streams from the traditional move from country to city to moving within urban area - the (architectural) condition of and the provisions for the self-help houses and the state of affairs with regard to the (formalisation of ) ownership rights of the plots. In order to avoid a biased vision of the way in which the process of neighbourhood development in the self-help settlements of Nuevo Pachacútec takes place, four neighbourhoods have been selected for this research. A comparison has been made between these four with regard to their general characteristics and the presence of basic and/or other facilities. A second research method is that of interviews with neighbourhood leaders in the four surveyed neighbourhoods in order to get insight how the communal organizations in their neighbourhood function, if they cooperate with each other, what kind of activities take place in aid of neighbourhood improvement and what is their contribution to the objects in view. A third research method is the study of policy documents of the local government of Ventanilla and the regional government of Callao, to discover the effort of governments in the process of neighbourhood improvement: its activities in benefit of neighbourhood improvement and cooperation with other stakeholders in the process of neighbourhood improvement. III One of the important key drivers behind the development of Nuevo Pachacútec and thus also for the neighbourhood improvement, is the decision of the national government in 2000 on social-political grounds to meet the needs and wishes of a group of residents.
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