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“Fritz West, himself a methodological master of comparative liturgical study, has provided all of us with a great service in the publication of his excellent translation of Anton Baumstark’s work. Together with Baumstark’s classic Comparative Liturgy, which set the methodological agenda for most of con- temporary historical-liturgical study, English scholars and students now have another significant Baumstark work on method at their disposal. Not to be overlooked are the fine contextual introduction by West and the preface by the great Eastern liturgiologist in the Baumstark school, Fr. Robert Taft, SJ. This book demonstrates beyond a shadow of a doubt that Baumstark’s founda- tional methods of , also known as ‘comparative liturgy,’ have a bright future indeed if we are to say anything at all about the history of liturgy. Thank you for doing this, Fritz.” —Maxwell E. Johnson University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana On the Historical Development of the Liturgy Anton Baumstark Introduction, Translation, and Annotation by Fritz West Foreword by Robert F. Taft A PUEBLO BOOK Liturgical Press Collegeville, Minnesota www.litpress.org A Pueblo Book published by Liturgical Press Cover design by David Manahan, OSB. Illustration provided by Arca Artium/ Vivarium of Saint John’s University. Etching and engraving, 1816, La messe de St. Martin, after a painting in the Louvre Museum. Scripture texts in this work are taken from the New Revised Standard Version Bible © 1989, Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved. © 2011 by Order of Saint Benedict, Collegeville, Minnesota. All rights re- served. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, micro- film, microfiche, mechanical recording, photocopying, translation, or by any other means, known or yet unknown, for any purpose except brief quotations in reviews, without the previous written permission of Liturgical Press, Saint John’s Abbey, PO Box 7500, Collegeville, Minnesota 56321-7500. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Baumstark, Anton, 1872–1948. [Vom geschichtlichen Werden der Liturgie. English] On the historical development of the liturgy / Anton Baumstark ; introduction, translation, and annotation by Fritz West ; foreword by Robert F. Taft. p. cm. “A Pueblo book.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8146-6096-6 (alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8146-6259-5 (e-book : alk. paper) 1. Liturgics. I. West, Fritz. II. Title. BV176.3.B3813 2011 264.009—dc23 2011038855 To his eminence the Most Right Reverend Karl Joseph CARDINAL SCHULTE Archbishop of Cologne Anton Baumstark (1872–1948) Contents List of Abbreviations ix Foreword xv Robert F. Taft Introduction 1 Fritz West Preface 39 Anton Baumstark 1. The Problem and Its Solution 43 2. Domestic and Congregational Celebrations 53 3. The Legacy of the Synagogue 62 4. The Impact of Hellenism 74 5. Variety and Uniformity 89 6. Regional Definition and Influential Centers 98 7. Transferal and Blending 115 8. Liturgy and Politics 128 9. Cathedral and Monastery 140 10. The Work of the Individual 149 11. Language and Nation 162 12. Development, Persistence, Hardening 178 13. Liturgical Language and the Vernacular Priest and Deacon 189 14. The Ivy of Poetry 199 15. The Demands of Personal Piety 217 16. Reform and Standardization 230 17. The Limits of What We Can Know 244 Short Biographies 249 Index of Subjects 291 Index of Historical Figures 301 Index of Authors, Compilers, Editors, and Translators 307 viii Abbreviations AHMA Analecta hymnica medii aevi. Edited by Clemens Blume and Guido Maria Dreves. 55 vols. Leipzig: Altenburg, 1886–1922; ibid., Register, 3 vols. ed. M. Lutolf, Bern and München [Munich]: Francke Verlag, 1978. ANF Ante-Nicene Fathers: The Writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325. Edited by Alan Menzies. 10 vols. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1994. Available online at http://www.ccel.org/ fathers.html and http://www.tertullian.org/ fathers2/. ARW Archiv für Religionswissenschaft. Vols. 1–37. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1898–1941/42. Batiffol (Fr. ed.) Batiffol, Pierre. Histoire du bréviaire romain. 3rd ed. Paris: A. Picard, 1911. 1st ed. (1893). Avail- able through Google Books. Batiffol (Eng. ed.) Batiffol, Pierre. History of the Roman Breviary. Translated by Atwell Marvin Yates Baylay. 3rd ed. London, New York: Longmans, Green, 1912. Available through Google Books. Bäumer Bäumer, Suitbert. Geschichte des Breviers. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1895. Available through Google Books. Baumstark, Literatur Baumstark, Anton. Geschichte der syrischen Litera- tur mit Ausschluß der christlich-palästinensischen Texte. Bonn: Marcus & Weber, 1922. Available through Google Books. Baumstark, Messe Baumstark, Anton. Die Messe im Morgenland. Kempten & München [Munich]: Josef Kösel, 1906. Available through Google Books. ix Baumstark, Baumstark, Anton. Nichtevangelische syrische Perikopenordnungen Perikopenordnungen des ersten Jahrtausends im Sinne vergleichender Liturgiegeschichte. LF 3. Münster: Aschendorff, 1921. BKV Bibliothek der Kirchenväter. Eine Auswahl patris- tischer Werke in deutscher Übersetzung. Edited by Franz Xavier Reithmayr and Valentin Thalhofer. 1st ed. 80 vols. Leipzig: Engelmann-Verlag; Kempten & München [Munich]: Josef Kösel, 1869–88; 2nd ed., 81 vols. in 2 ser. Edited by Otto Bardenhewer, Theodor Schermann, and Karl Weyman. Kempten & München [Munich]: Josef Kösel, 1911–38. Being made available online as of this writing at http://www.unifr.ch/bkv/. Brightman Brightman, Frank Edward. Liturgies Eastern and Western. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1896. Reprint, 1967. Available through Google Books. Brock Brock, Sebastian P. A Brief Outline of Syriac Literature. Mörän ‘Eth’ö 9. Baker Hill, Kottayam, Kerala: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Insti- tute, 1997. Reprint of 2nd ed. (2009) forth- coming from Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. BZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift. Vols. 1–. München [Munich]: C. H. Beck’sche Verlagbuchhand- lung, 1892–present. CE The Catholic Encyclopedia. Edited by G. Herber- mann et al. 15 vols. and index. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, 1907–14. Crusostomika Crusostomika [Chrysostomika]:Studi e ricerche [Chrysostomika] intorno a s. Giovanni Crisostomo, a cura del comi- tato per il XV centenario della sua morte, 407–1908. 2 vols. Roma [Rome]: Libreria Pustet, 1908. DACL Cabrol, Fernand and Henri Leclerq. Diction- naire d’archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie. 15 vols. Paris: Létouzey et Ané, 1907–53. Duchesne, Origines Duchesne, Louis Marie Olivier. Origines du culte chrétien: étude sur la liturgie latine avant x Charlemagne. Paris: Thorin, 1889. 4th Fr. ed. (1908). Available through Google Books. Duchesne, Worship Duchesne, Louis Marie Olivier. Christian Wor- ship: Its Origin and Evolution. Translation of the 5th ed. of Duchesne, Origines, by M. L. McClure. London: SPCK, 1956. Available through Google Books. EB Encyclopedia Britannica. 29 vols. and index (2 vols.). 15th ed. Chicago et al.: Encyclopedia Britannica, 2005. EEC Encyclopedia of the Early Church. 2 vols. Edited by Angelo di Berardino and translated by Adrian Walford. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. ER The Encyclopedia of Religion. Edited by Lindsay Jones. 15 vols. 2nd ed. Detroit et al.: Thomson Gale, 2005. ERE Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Edited by James Hastings. 12 vols. and an index. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1908–27. Funk, Didascalia Didascalia et Constitutiones Apostolorum. Edited by Franciscus Xaverius Funk. 2 vols. Paderbor- nae [Paderborn]: in libraria Ferdinandi Schoe- ningh, 1905. Reprinted as a single volume. Torino: Bottega d’Erasmo, 1970. JLW Jahrbuch für Liturgiewissenschaft. Vols. 1–15. Münster in Westfalen: Verein zur Pflege der Liturgiewissenschaft, 1921–41. Johnson, Worship Johnson, Lawrence. Worship in the Early Church: An Anthology of Historical Sources. 4 vols. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2009. Jungmann Jungmann, Josef A. The Mass of the Roman Rite. Translation of the 2nd German ed. (1949) by Francis A. Brunner. 2 vols. New York: Benziger Bros., 1951–55. KlT Kleine Texte für Vorlesungen und Übungen. Edited by Hans Lietzmann and Kurt Aland. 192 xi vols. Bonn: A. Marcus und E. Weber, 1902–26. Published as Kleine Texte für theologischen und philologischen Vorlesungen und Übungen. Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1927–78. LF Liturgiegeschichtlichen Forschungen. Edited by Franz Dölger and Kunibert Mohlberg. 10 vols. Münster in Westfalen: Aschendorff; Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1918–27. LTK Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche. 11 vols. 3rd ed. Freiburg et al.: Herder, 1993–2001. Mansi Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collec- tio. Edited by Joannes Dominicus Mansi et al. 54 vols. Florentiae [Florence]: expensis Antonii Zatta Veneti, 1759–98. Reprint, Paris: H. Welter, 1900–27, and Graz: Akademische Druck-und Verlagsanstalt, 1960–61. Available online at http://www.documentacatholicaomnia .eu/01_50_1692-1769-_Mansi_JD.html. MEL Monumenta Ecclesiae Liturgica. Edited by Ferdi- nand Cabrol and Henri Leclercq. 6 vols. Paris: Firmin Didot, 1900–12. NPNF A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Ser. 1 (14 vols.) and ser. 2 (14 vols.). Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2004. Available on- line at http://www.ccel.org/fathers.html and http://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/. OC Oriens Christianus. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrasow- itz Verlag, 1st ser.,
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