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Universite Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen UNIVERSITE ABOU BEKR BELKAID TLEMCEN FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LA NATURE ET DE LA VIE ET SCIENCES DE LA TERRE ET DE L’UNIVERS Département d’Ecologie et Environnement Laboratoire de recherche : « Valorisation des actions de l’homme pour la protection de l’environnement et application en santé publique » Mémoire présenté en vue de l’obtention du diplôme de MASTER Filière : Hydrobiologie Marine et Continentale Spécialité : Sciences de la Mer Thème Contribution à l’étude des Mollusques Bivalves dans la Baie de Béni-Saf Par Abdelli Sarra Devant le jury composé de Soutenu le : 10/07/2016 Mr BENDIMERAD Mohammed El Amine MCA Président Université de Tlemcen Melle DAMERDJI Amina MCA Promotrice Université de Tlemcen Mme BENGUEDDA Wassila MCA Examinatrice Université de Tlemcen Dédicaces Je dédie ce modeste de travail à : A ma très chère mère à mon père pour leurs sacrifices, leur patience et leurs encouragements durant toutes mes études A mon mari pour son aide, ses encouragements aux moments difficiles et ses précieux conseils A mes frères et mes sœurs pour leur soutien A mes amies ainsi qu’à tous les étudiants de ma promotion A tous ce qui m’ont apporté leur aide de prés ou de loin Dans un premier temps, nous remercions notre Dieu, le clément, le miséricordieux qui nous a donné la patience, l’énergie et la volonté pour cet humble travail. Je témoigne, en premier lieu, mon énorme gratitude à Mlle DAMERDJI AMINA Maitre de conférences au Département d’Ecologie et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers, Université de Tlemcen ,pour avoir accepté de diriger mon travail, pour sa patience et surtout pour ses bons conseils qu’il m’a prodigués Mr BENDIMERED Mohammed El Amine, M.C.A au Département d’Ecologie et Environnement, Université de Tlemcen, , pour avoir accepté de présider le jury de soutenance Je remercie également J’exprime aussi ma gratitude à Mme BENGUEDDA Wassila, M.C.A au Département d’Ecologie et Environnement, Université de Tlemcen qui a bien voulu accepter d’examiner ce travail Sommaire INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………..1 Chapitre I : SYNTHESE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE I-1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………...3 I-2-1-Systématique …………………………………………………………………………..3 I-3-2-Organisation……………………………………………………………………………4 I-3-1-Morphologie…………………………………………………………………………....4 I-3-2-Anatomie……………………………………………………………………………….6 I-4-Biologie des Mollusques Bivalves……………………………………………………….7 I-4-1-Respiration……………………………………………………………………………..7 I-4-2-Alimentation……………………………………………………………………………8 I-4-2-1-Régime alimentaire…………………………………………………………………..8 I-4-2-2- Système digestif……………………………………………………………………...8 I-4-3 -Circulation……………………………………………………………………………..9 I-4-3-1-Système circulatoire…………………………………………………………………9 I-4-4-Système nerveux……………………………………………………………………...10 I-4-5- Locomotion…………………………………………………………………………....10 I-4-5-1- Reptation…………………………………………………………………………...10 I-4-5-2- Nage………………………………………………………………………………...10 I-4-5-3-Fixation……………………………………………………………………………...10 I-4-6- Reproduction…………………………………………………………………………11 I-5-Ecologie………………………………………………………………………………….12 I-5-1- Habitat………………………………………………………………………………..12 I-5-2- Prédateurs……………………………………………………………………………12 I-5-Répartition géographique des Mollusques Bivalves ………………………………...13 I-5-1-Répartition géographique de quelques Mollusques Bivalves dans le Monde…….13 I-5-2- Répartition des Mollusques Bivalves en Algérie………………………………….14 I-5-3- Répartition des Mollusques Bivalves dans le littoral ouest algérien……………..14 Chapitre II :ETUDE DU MILIEU II-1-Situation géographique………………………………………………………………..16 II-2-Hydrologie …………………………………………………………………………….16 II-3-Climatologie……………………………………………………………………………16 II-3-1-Précipitation…………………………………………………………………………17 II-3-2-Température…………………………………………………………………………18 II-3-3-Synthèse bioclimatique……………………………………………………………...18 II-3-3-1-Diagramme ombrothermique de Bagnouls et Gaussen (1953)…………………18 II-3-3-2-Quotient d’Emberger (1955)……………………………………………………...20 II-3-4- Evaporation………………………………………………………………………….21 II-3-5-Vents ………………………………………………………………………………....21 Chapitre III : MATERIEL ET METHODE III-1-Choix des sites de prélèvement………………………………………………………23 III-2-Travail du terrain……………………………………………………………………..24 III-3-Récupération et lavage des échantillons…………………………………………….26 III-4-Travail du laboratoire………………………………………………………………..26 III-4-1-Identification des espèces III-4-2-Traitement des données……………………………………………………………27 Chapitre IV : RESULTATS ET DISCUSSION IV-1.Inventaire des Mollusques Bivalves dans la baie de Béni Saf……………………..32 IV-2. Distribution des espèces de Bivalves selon les familles…………………………….35 IV-3. Distribution des espèces de Bivalves selon la densité……………………………...39. IV-4. Distribution des espèces de Bivalves selon les 3 sites et les différents mois de prospection………………………………………………………………………………….40 IV-5-Indice de diversité de Shannon-Weaver et équitabilité…………………………….41 IV-6- Indice de similitude entre les Trois sites et les différents mois (Indice de Jaccard)…………………………………………………………………………………...4 3 IV-7-Analyse factorielle des correspondances(AFC)…………………………………….44 IV-10-Discussion……………………………………………………………………………47 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….54 Références bibliographiques………………………………………………………………55 Annexes Liste des figures Fig.1 -Coquille et orientation……………………………………………………………….4 Fig.2 -Position des valves…………………………………………………………………..5 Fig.3 -Dissection de la moule………………………………………………………………6 Fig.4-Cycle de vie des Bivalves……………………………………………………….......13 Fig.5 -Localisation de Béni Saf……………………………………………………….......15 Fig.6-Variations annuelles moyennes des précipitations………………………………….17 Fig.7 -Variation mensuelles des température maximales et minimales…………………...18 Fig.8- Climagramme pluviothermique d’Emberger ……………..……………………….19 . Fig.9- Diagramme ombrothermique de Bagnouls et Gaussen (1953) de la période (2001-2012) (O.N.M de Beni Saf)……………………………………………………….20 Fig.10 -Localisationdes 2 premiers sites(Rechgoun et Syphax)………………………….23 Fig.11 -Localisation du troisième site(Plage de puit)………………………………….....24 Fig.12-Illustrations des différentes espèces rencontrées dans la baie de Béni Saf…….....31 Fig.13- Richesse des familles de Bivalves récoltées en Mars……………………………35 Fig.14- Abondance relative des différentes familles de Bivalves récoltées en Mars……35 Fig.15- Richesse des familles de Bivalves récoltées en Avril…………………………36 Fig.16- Abondance relative des différentes familles de Bivalves récoltées en Avril….....36 Fig.17-Richesse des familles de Bivalves récoltées en Mai…………………………….37 Fig.18- Abondance relative des différentes familles de Bivalves récoltées en Mai……..37 Fig. 19-Richesse des familles de Bivalves récoltées en Juin…………………………….38 Fig.20- Abondancerelative des différentes familles de Bivalves récoltées en Juin……...38 Fig.21 -Espèces recensées au niveau des trois sites pendant le mois de Mars…………...40 Fig.22-Espèces recensées au niveau des trois sites pendant le mois d’ Avril……………40 Fig. 23-Espèces recensées au niveau des trois sites pendant le mois de Mai………….....41 Fig.24-Espèces recensées au niveau des trois sites pendant le mois de Juin……………..41 Fig. 25-Représentations des groupements de Mollusques Bivalves sur le plan factoriel F1×F2…………………………………………………………………………...46 Liste des tableaux Tableau 1-Précipitations annuelles durant la période (2001-2002) dans la région………….17 Tableau 2-Températures mensuelles minimales et maximales durant la période……….......17 Tableau 3-Synthèse des données climatiques de la région de Béni saf……………………...19 Tableau 4- Calendrier des sorties……………………………………………………………26 Tableau 5 -Liste systématique des Bivalves récoltés entre Mars et Juin 2016 dans la baie de Béni Saf…………………………………………………………………………………………………….32 Tableau 6 -Densités moyennes dans les sites d’étude entre les mois de Mars et Juin 2016….39 Tableau 7- Analyse et interprétation des résultats des indices au niveau des trois sites…….42 Tableau 8-Valeurs du coefficient de similitude de JACCARD(mois de Mars)……………..43 Tableau 9-Valeurs du coefficient de similitude de JACCARD(mois d’Avril)………….......43 Tableau 10-Valeurs du coefficient de similitude de JACCARD(mois de Mai)…………….44 Tableau 11-Valeurs du coefficient de similitude de JACCARD (mois de Juin)……………44 Tableau 12-Tableau comparative montrant les differences entre 3 zone étudiées(Baie de Béni Saf,plage de Terga et plage de Mersa ben Mhidi……………………………………………49 Tableau 13-Tableau montrant la présence-absence des différentes familles recensées dans la baie de Béni Saf, la plage de Terga, et la plage de Mersa ben Mhidi……………………….50 Tableau 14-Tableau montrant la présence-absence des différentes espèces recensées dans la baie de Béni Saf, la plage de Terga, et la plage de Mersa ben Mhidi……………………….51 Liste des photos Photo 1 -Plage de Rachgoun(ABDELLI, 2016)…………………………………………23 Photo 2- de syphax(ABDELLI, 2016)…………………………………………………..23 Photo 3 -Plage de puit(ABDELLI, 2016)……………………………………………….24 Photos 4-Espèces photographiées dans le site 1(ABDELLI, 2016)…………………..….26 Photo 5-Espèces photographiées dans le site 2(ABDELLI, 2016)………………………26 Photo 6-Espèces photographiées dans le site 3(ABDELLI, 2016)……………………….27 Photo 7 -Echantillon après lavage(ABDELLI, 2016)…………………………………….27 Photo 8-Collection des espèces malacologiques recensées(ABDELLI, 2016)…………...31 Liste des abréviations ° C : degré Celsius Min : minimum Max : maximum T:Temperature P : Précipitations % : pourcentage J : Indice de Similitudes ou Indice de Jaccard AFC :Analyse factorielle des correspondances Mm : Millimètre Site1 :Rechgoun
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