Movimento Almóada: Uma Proposta Para O Século XII

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Movimento Almóada: Uma Proposta Para O Século XII UNIVERSIDADE DE ÉVORA ESCOLA DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS Movimento Almóada: uma proposta para o século XII Virgílio Luís de Castro e Almeida Orientação: Doutor Fernando Branco Correia Mestrado em História do Mediterrâneo Islâmico e Medieval Área de especialização: História Dissertação de Mestrado Évora, 2014 UNIVERSIDADE DE ÉVORA ESCOLA DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS Movimento Almóada: uma proposta para o século XII Virgílio Luís de Castro e Almeida Orientação: Doutor Fernando Branco Correia Mestrado em História do Mediterrâneo Islâmico e Medieval Área de especialização: História Dissertação de Mestrado Évora, 2014 2 E que surja de vós um grupo que recomende o bem, dite a retidão e proíba o ilícito. Este será (um grupo) bem-aventurado. (Alcorão, 3, 104) 3 Índice Introdução ..................................................................................................................................... 8 1. As Fontes ............................................................................................................................. 12 1.1. Historiografia: problemas e dimensões ...................................................................... 15 2. Contextos e Conceitos: ........................................................................................................ 21 2.1. Definição de berbere ................................................................................................... 21 2.2. Os almorávidas ............................................................................................................ 24 3. Ibn Tūmart ............................................................................................................................... 28 3. 1. genealogia ...................................................................................................................... 28 3.2. viagem ao Oriente ........................................................................................................... 32 3.3. o Mahdī ........................................................................................................................... 39 3.4. nascimento do mito ......................................................................................................... 43 4. As Ideias................................................................................................................................... 45 4.1. as escolas ......................................................................................................................... 46 4.2. a teoria do Mahdī ............................................................................................................ 53 4.3 ʻaqīda ................................................................................................................................ 58 4.4. al-amr bi-l-maʽrūf wa-l-nahy ʽan al-munkar ..................................................................... 61 5. Organização social e política ................................................................................................... 65 6. Morte e Sucessão ................................................................................................................... 72 6.1. ʽAbd al-Muʼmin, o primeiro califa ................................................................................... 77 7. Itinerários das primeiras conquistas ..................................................................................... 83 8. Movimento Almóada, a ideologia e a atualidade ................................................................... 89 Conclusão .................................................................................................................................... 95 ANEXOS ..................................................................................................................................... 100 Fontes ........................................................................................................................................ 115 Referências eletrónicas ............................................................................................................. 117 Bibliografia ................................................................................................................................ 118 4 agradecimentos: Agradeço ao Doutor Fernando Branco Correia. Sem o seu apoio, sugestões e conselhos, este trabalho, certamente, não teria sido possível. Para além dos profundos conhecimentos, que fez o favor de partilhar, agradeço a amizade de todas as horas. Agradeço à Doutora Filomena Barros, pelos constantes incentivos ao trabalho sobre esta temática, bem como todas as suas opiniões e conselhos. Sem a sua vontade, em 2007, em colocar em funcionamento a variante de estudos árabo-islâmicos – na Universidade de Évora-, talvez este meu interesse nunca tivesse concretização. Agradeço ao Dr. Alessandro Güntzel a amizade e toda a ajuda que prestou. Não esqueço que foi no já longínquo ano de 2008 que, em conjunto, ambos começámos a trabalhar sobre estas matérias. Agradeço à Dra Zakia Adli e à Dra Lalla Fátima-Zahra a imprescindível ajuda com as traduções do árabe. Agradeço à Dra Rita Bandeira de Melo e Paula Afonso Fernandes a excelente ajuda nas revisões de provas. Agradeço a Rahim Kara a sua paciência e ajuda que foram imprescindíveis na resolução dos insondáveis problemas da “formatação”. 5 Movimento Almóada: uma proposta para o séc. XII RESUMO O séc XII dC assiste à afirmação de um novo poder junto das tribos berberes da zona do Atlas que, posteriormente, se expande por todo o Magreb e pelo al-Andalus. O movimento almóada, fundado por Ibn Tūmart – ele próprio berbere – estabelece importantes cortes com as vivências religiosas, sociais e políticas de todas estas áreas. O movimento almóada, profundamente inovador em termos religiosos e doutrinários – com a perspectiva, recriada por Ibn Tūmart, de criação de uma comunidade semelhante à do próprio Profeta Muḥammad -, estabelece também uma organização política e social original. Todos estes são aspetos inovadores, revolucionários. Neste sentido, também, a tradução, feita por Ibn Tūmart do Alcorão para língua berbere, bem como tentativa de implementação de algumas ideias que a nível religioso e doutrinário se aproximam mais de tradições shīʼitas, constituem algumas das marcas, fatores de identificação e tentativas de inovação que marcam o discurso almóada, nos primeiros tempos. 6 Almohad movement: a proposal for the 12th cent. AD ABSTRACT The 12th cent. AD testifies the implementation of a new kind of power among the Berber tribes of the Atlas zone, which subsequently spreads throughout the Maghreb and the al-Andalus. The Almohad movement, founded by Ibn Tūmart - himself a Berber - makes important breaks in the religious experiences, in social life and in the politics of all these areas. The Almohad movement, recreated by Ibn Tūmart, is deeply innovative in religious and doctrinal areas – and with the aim, of creating a community similar to the one of the Prophet Muḥammad, establishes an original and unique political and social organization. All these aspects are innovative and revolutionary. In this sense, the translation of the Quran into the Berber language, by Ibn Tūmart, as well as trying to implement some ideas on religious and doctrinal traditions that are closer to the Shiites, are some of the imprints, identifying factors and attempts of innovation that characterise the Almohad speech in its early days. 7 Introdução Nos últimos anos temos assistido, por parte de investigadores e por parte da historiografia, a um renovado interesse pelos almóadas e pela figura de Ibn Tūmart. Muitos têm sido os novos estudos publicados em Marrocos, Espanha, França, Reino Unido e Estados Unidos, principalmente, sobre o assunto. Na realidade, desde que Ibn Tūmart realiza a sua viagem de regresso do Oriente para o Magreb – cerca de 1117/18 dC – até ao assassinato do último califa almóada Idris II, em 1269 dC, e a consequente substituição dos almóadas pelos merínidas, como novos senhores do norte de áfrica e de Marrakech, muitas são as questões e os problemas que os almóadas nos colocam1. Em primeiro lugar a figura de Ibn Tūmart. Quem era este Muḥammad Ibn Tūmart, de quem apenas temos referências a partir da tal viagem de regresso do Oriente, quando teria perto de 30 anos? Tendo em conta que morre, em 1130 dC, na sequência da batalha de al-Buḥayra, são pouco mais de 10 anos, o período que podemos analisar e, sobre o qual, dispomos de algumas referências. No entanto, parecem 10 anos fundamentais, nos quais se estrutura a organização de um novo movimento – político, militar e religioso -, e em que se sedimenta uma nova doutrina e ideologia religiosa. Em segundo lugar, os almóadas. Quem eram? Que marcas distintivas tão profundas são essas, que têm levado a numerosos estudos e a tão apaixonantes e diferentes – nalguns casos – análises? Que motivos podem ter conduzido a que tribos, normalmente rivais, se unissem num objetivo comum? Sendo certo, que estamos em presença de uma região – Anti-Atlas – que reunia todo um diferente número de tribos; que as disputas e rivalidades, em torno do acesso aos escassos recursos naturais, eram muito fortes e quase sempre sangrentas; que, na 1 Ver Maribel Fierro, Allen J. Fromherz ou Pascal Buresi, entre outros. Cf. Bibliografia p. 116 e seguintes 8 maior parte dos casos, estas tribos ainda se encontravam
Recommended publications
  • the LUXURY KINGDOM of MOROCCO
    - The LUXURY KINGDOM OF MOROCCO The kingdom of Morocco is surely one of the world’s most romantic travel destinations. Maybe it’s the sensuous mud-and-clay architecture of kasbahs, or the exotic ambiance of palace-filled medieval cities like Marrakesh and Fès, or the spell cast by the mystical landscapes of the Sahara. Whatever it is, we are charmed by this ancient land, and we think you will be, too. Morocco has long held a mystique for travelers. From ancient kasbahs to bustling open-air souqs, Morocco’s cultural history is riveting. But so is its natural history. Discover another side of Morocco on this nature-focused odyssey through the most biodiverse place in North Africa. From the Mediterranean to the Sahara, we find a remarkable array of geographic features: rocky coast and desert dunes, deep gorges and High Atlas peaks, argan forests and palm- fringed lagoons. Such varied ecosystems create diverse flora and fauna habitat that’s home to a host of unique and rare species. From endemic flowers to rich birdlife and threatened mammals like the Barbary macaque, Morocco’s natural treasures are a fitting complement to its cultural riches. Like the intricate design of a Berber rug, Morocco weaves a spell that lasts a lifetime! - TITLE I - GENERAL PRESENTATION Why Morocco? , Morocco Map………………………………………………………… II – BRANDED HOTELS IN MOROCCO Branded hotels in Morocco……………………………………………………… III. ARCHITECTURE IN MOROCCO Mosques in Morocco, What is a Riad , Medinas in Morocco, Hammams in Morocco…… IV MONUMENTS IN MOROCCO Closure of Monuments……………………………………………………………………………… V. TRAVEL INFORMATION Passport and Visa Information, Airlines & connections go to Morocco, Airport VIP Service, Airport Information, Driving distances ……………………………… VI.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Évora
    University of Évora ARCHMAT (ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER IN ARCHaeological MATerials Science) Mestrado em Arqueologia e Ambiente (Erasmus Mundus –ARCHMAT) Technological characterization of molded Islamic pottery from Iberian Peninsula by Milan Marković (m34320) Professor José Antonio Paulo Mirão (Supervisor – University of Évora) Doctor Susana Gomes (Co-Supervisor – Campo Arqueológico de Mértola) Évora, September 2016 A Tese não inclui as Criticas e sugestôes do Jur ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the people who have devoted their time to make this project successful. I would first like to thank my thesis supervisor professor José Mirão for the continuous support of my MA study and research, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. Besides my supervisor I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: Doctor Susana Gomez and Doctor Nick Schiavon for their encouragement, insightful comments and hard questions. I would like to extend my gratitude to the Hercules laboratory and its staff members Massimo Beltrame and Pedro Barrulas, for their unconditional support and valuable advices. My sincere thanks also goes to Dr. Thilo Rehren, Dr. Myrto Georgakopoulou, Dr. Jose Carvajal, PhD Jelena Živković and the rest of the UCL Qatar staff for offering me an opportunity to carry out a part of my research in their laboratories in Doha as a Visiting Researcher. I am also indebted to my fellow ARCHMAT colleagues: Leonor Costa, Francisco Centola, Drita Abazi, Whitney Jacobs, Diego Armando Badillo, Ivona Posedi, Aman Maldewo, Carla Soto, Indre Zalaite, Guilhem Mauran and Dauren Adilbekov, for the stimulating discussions, for the sleepless nights we were working together before deadlines, and for all the fun we have had in the last two years.
    [Show full text]
  • Sahara Camel Trek, Morocco
    Sahara Camel Trek, Morocco Immerse yourself in the dunes and oases of the Southern Morocco desert, enjoy desert sunsets and nights under the stars, and wander the souks of Marrakesh. Group departures See overleaf for departure dates Holiday overview Style Trek Accommodation Riad, Hotel, Camping Grade Moderate Duration 9 days from London to London Trekking / Walking days On trek: 6 days Min/Max group size 4 / 12. Guaranteed to run for 4 Trip Leader Local Leader Morocco Land only Joining in Marrakesh, Morocco Private Departures & Tailor Made itineraries available Watch related videos online: Sahara Camel Trek tel: +44 (0)1453 844400 fax: +44 (0)1453 844422 [email protected] www.mountainkingdoms.com Mountain Kingdoms Ltd, 20 Long Street, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire GL12 7BT UK Managing Director: Steven Berry. Registered in England No. 2118433. VAT No. 496 6511 08 Last updated: 23 March 2021 Departures Group departures 2021 Dates: Sat 06 Feb - Sun 14 Feb Sat 06 Nov - Sun 14 Nov 2022 Dates: Sat 05 Feb - Sun 13 Feb Sat 05 Nov - Sun 13 Nov 2023 Dates: Sat 04 Feb – Sun 12 Feb Sat 04 Nov – Sun 12 Nov Will the trip run? This trip is guaranteed to run for 4 people and for a maximum of 12. In the rare event that we cancel a holiday, we will refund you in full and give you at least 6 weeks warning. Many trips do fill up quickly – we advise you to book early if you want to secure a place(s) on the dates of your choice. Group prices and optional supplements Please contact us on +44 (0)1453 844400 or visit our website for our land only and flight inclusive prices and single supplement options.
    [Show full text]
  • |||GET||| the Almoravid and Almohad Empires 1St Edition
    THE ALMORAVID AND ALMOHAD EMPIRES 1ST EDITION DOWNLOAD FREE Amira Bennison | 9780748646807 | | | | | traduire de I would go so far as to say that they are not the same brand of so-called fundamentalism either — a term problematic for its anachronistic connotations. Many of the conversions were superficial. Part of Landmarks in Linguistic Thought series, vol. Abu Yaqub Yusuf I 2. Boggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words 3 letters or more as The Almoravid and Almohad Empires 1st edition can in a grid of 16 letters. Ibn Tumart organized the Almohads as a commune, with a minutely detailed structure. It was a disaster. A history of empires. After the debate, the scholars concluded that Ibn Tumart's views were blasphemous and the man dangerous, and urged him to be put to death or imprisoned. They laid siege to Marrakesh for forty days until, in April or Maythe Almoravids sallied from the city and crushed the Almohads in the bloody Battle of al-Buhayra named after a large garden east of the The Almoravid and Almohad Empires 1st edition. Abd al-Mu'min himself. The leaders of this dynasty came from the Moroccan deep south. But the Almoravid emir decided to merely expel from the city. You can also try the grid of 16 letters. Abdallah ibn Yassin imposed very strict discipline measures on his forces for every breach of his laws. Yahya ibn Umar was killed in a battle in[17] but Abdullah ibn Yasin, whose influence as a religious teacher was paramount, named his brother Abu Bakr ibn Umar as chief.
    [Show full text]
  • IN MOROCCO Fr Om a Photograph from the Service Des Beaux-Arts Au
    IN MOROCCO Fr om a photograph from the Service des Beaux-Arts au Maroc Fez Elbali from the ramparts EDITH WHARTON ILLUSTRATED NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1920 Copyright, 1919, 1920, by CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS Published October, 1920 THE SCRIBNER PRESS TO GENERAL LYAUTEY RESIDENT GENERAL OF FRANCE IN MOROCCO AND TO MADAME LYAUTEY, THANKS TO WHOSE KINDNESS THE JOURNEY I HAD SO LONG DREAMED OF SURPASSED WHAT I HAD DREAMED PREFACE I Having begun my book with the statement that Morocco still lacks a guide-book, I should have wished to take a first step toward remedying that deficiency. But the conditions in which I travelled, though full of unexpected and picturesque opportunities, were not suited to leisurely study of the places visited. The time was limited by the approach of the rainy season, which puts an end to motoring over the treacherous trails of the Spanish zone. In 1918, owing to the watchfulness of German submarines in the Straits and along the northwest coast of Africa, the trip by sea from Marseilles to Casablanca, ordinarily so easy, was not to be made without much discomfort and loss of time. Once on board the steamer, passengers were often kept in port (without leave to land) for six or eight days; therefore for any one bound by a time-limit, as most war- workers were, it was necessary to travel across country, and to be back at Tangier before the November rains. This left me only one month in which to visit Morocco from the Mediterranean to the High Atlas, and from the Atlantic to Fez, and even had there been a Djinn's carpet to carry me, the multiplicity of impressions received would have made precise observation difficult.
    [Show full text]
  • The Meanings and Aesthetic Development of Almohad Friday Mosques
    MONUMENTAL AUSTERITY: THE MEANINGS AND AESTHETIC DEVELOPMENT OF ALMOHAD FRIDAY MOSQUES A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Jessica Renee Streit August 2013 © 2013 Jessica Renee Streit MONUMENTAL AUSTERITY: THE MEANINGS AND AESTHETIC DEVELOPMENT OF ALMOHAD FRIDAY MOSQUES Jessica Renee Streit, Ph.D. Cornell University 2013 This dissertation examines four twelfth-century Almohad congregational mosques located in centers of spiritual or political power. Previous analyses of Almohad religious architecture are overwhelmingly stylistic and tend to simply attribute the buildings’ markedly austere aesthetic to the Almohads’ so-called fundamentalist doctrine. Ironically, the thorough compendium of the buildings’ physical characteristics produced by this approach belies such a monolithic interpretation; indeed, variations in the mosques’ ornamental programs challenge the idea that Almohad aesthetics were a static response to an unchanging ideology. This study demonstrates that Almohad architecture is a dynamic and complex response to both the difficulties involved in maintaining an empire and the spiritual inclinations of its patrons. As such, it argues that each successive building underwent revisions that were tailored to its religious and political environment. In this way, it constitutes the fully contextualized interpretation of both individual Almohad mosques and Almohad aesthetics. After its introduction, this dissertation’s second chapter argues that the two mosques sponsored by the first Almohad caliph sent a message of political and religious authority to their rivals. The two buildings’ spare, abstract ornamental system emphasized the basic dogma upon which Almohad political legitimacy was predicated, even as it distinguished Almohad mosques from the ornate sanctuaries of the Almoravids.
    [Show full text]
  • Moroccan Edition 2014 Edition Tours Dear Traveler, Thanks for Visiting Us at Journey Beyond Travel
    Personally Designed Moroccan Edition 2014 Edition Tours Dear Traveler, Thanks for visiting us at Journey Beyond Travel. We've knowledge is unsurpassed. Our team has grown to nearly put together this brochure so that you can have some twenty persons strong, both in our Moroccan ofce and of the highlights of our website in an easy-to-read and in various places around the country, to ensure you are in colorful magazine. Inside, you'll be able to meet some of the best care no matter where you choose to visit. our team members, fip through our itineraries, and learn Over the last few years, many of the trips we do are a little bit more about Morocco. word-of-mouth excursions thanks to past travelers Our team is made up of American and local Moroccan recommending us to their friends and families. This has staf who have been working on the ground for more truly inspired us since it means we are doing things right, than ten years to become one of Morocco's most with innovation, with fexibility, and always with the goals respected travel companies. Many attempt to mimic what of continually bettering what we do. we do (and new companies seem to be popping up daily), We look forward to helping you arrange your trip. Contact but our background, local connections, and combined our team and prepare to go beyond the destination! Thomas Hollowell Founder Journey Beyond Travel Contents “I had two of the best vacations of Page 4 • Introduction my life thanks to their planning and Page 5 • Meet the Team excellent guides and drivers” Page 8 • Itineraries Page 24 • Why Travel with JBT “Unrivaled local knowledge and Page 26 • Causes we support impeccable customer service” Page 28 • A little local knowledge Comments from our listing on TripAdvisor Journey Beyond Travel - Morocco Travel Specialists Ofce: Avenue Lalla Amina, Residence Affa Apt.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Landscapes & Gardens of Morocco
    Natural Landscapes & Gardens of Morocco 18 APR – 9 MAY 2017 Code: 21704 Tour Leaders Sabrina Hahn Physical Ratings Explore Morocco’s rich culture in gardening and landscape design, art, architecture & craft in medieval cities with old palaces & souqs, on high mountain ranges & in pre-Saharan desert fortresses. Overview Tour Highlights This tour, led by Sabrina Hahn, horticulturalist, garden designer and expert gardening commentator on ABC 720 Perth, is a feast of splendid gardens, great monuments and natural landscapes of Morocco. In Tangier, with the assistance of François Gilles, the UK's most respected importer of Moroccan carpets, we spend two days visiting a variety of private gardens and learn about the world of Moroccan interiors. François' work has been featured in many publications such as World of Interiors, House & Garden, Sunday Telegraph, and many more. While based in a charming dar in Taroudant for 6 days, join renowned French landscape designers Arnaud Maurières and Éric Ossart exploring their garden projects designed for a dry climate. Explore the work of American landscape architect, Madison Cox, with a visit to Pierre Bergé's Villa Léon L’Africain in Tangier. View the stunning garden of Umberto Pasti, a well-known Italian novelist and horticulturalist, whose garden is a "magical labyrinth of narrow paths, alleyways and walled enclosures." Enjoy lunch at the private residence of Christopher Gibbs, a British antique dealer and collector who was also an influential figure in men’s fashion and interior design in 1960s London. His gorgeous cliff- side compound is set in 14 acres of plush gardens. In Marrakesh we visit Jardin Majorelle and Bergé's private gardens at Villa Oasis, the palmeraie Jnane Tamsna, and take afternoon tea in the gardens of La Mamounia – one of the most famous hotels in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Ascus, Causing Great Turbulence
    Timeline / 1000 to 1800 / ALL COUNTRIES Date Country | Description 969 - 1076 A.D. Syria The Fatimids of Cairo take control of Damascus, causing great turbulence. The Byzantines control northwestern Syria (999–1001). Thus Syria is pressured by expansionists on both sides. 1002 A.D. Italy The reign of Henry II (1002–24) sees the establishment of a feudal system, particularly in Northern Italy, which will leave a lasting mark on Italy’s social and economic make-up. 1007 A.D. Algeria Hammad ibn Buluggin ibn Ziri founds the Qal’at Bani Hammad. His mosque and palaces were to inspire the architects of the Giralda in Seville and the Cuba in Palermo. 1007 A.D. Tunisia Foundation of the Qal’at Bani Hammad (Algeria). 1009 A.D. Palestine* The Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amrillah (r. 996–1021) orders the destruction of the Holy Sepulchre Church. Ten years later he would order its rebuilding. 1009 A.D. Italy The first Normans arrive in Southern Italy. 1013 A.D. Portugal Appearance of the first taifa kingdoms in al-Andalus. 1015 A.D. Tunisia The Zirid princes share out the kingdom of Ifriqiya and the fortress of the Bani Hammad. 1016 - 1062 A.D. Tunisia Foundation of the kingdom of al-Mu‘izz ibn Badis, which splits from the Fatimid Caliphate of Cairo. 1023 - 1079 A.D. Syria The Mirdasid dynasty takes control of Aleppo amidst numerous rivalling emirates, thanks to its skilful diplomacy, particularly with the court of Badr al-Din Lu’lu’ in Mosul. Date Country | Description 1026 A.D. Sweden At the Battle of Helge å the Danish King Canute, who has already conquered England, wins a victory and gains control also of Sweden.
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophers, Sufis, and Caliphs Ali Humayun Akhtar Frontmatter More Information I
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18201-1 — Philosophers, Sufis, and Caliphs Ali Humayun Akhtar Frontmatter More Information i Philosophers, Sui s, and Caliphs What was the relationship between government and religion in Middle Eastern and North African history? In a world of caliphs, sultans, and judges, who exercised political and religious authority? In this book, Ali Humayun Akhtar investigates debates about leadership that involved ruling circles and scholars of jurisprudence and theology. At the heart of this story is a medieval rivalry between three caliphates: the Umayyads of Cordoba, the Fatimids of Cairo, and the Abbasids of Baghdad. In a fascinating revival of Late Antique Hellenism, Aristotelian and Platonic notions of wisdom became a key component of how these caliphs debated their authority as political leaders. By tracing how these political debates impacted the theological and jurisprudential scholars ( ʿ ulama ̄ʾ ) and their own conception of communal guidance, Akhtar offers a new picture of premodern political authority and the connections between Western and Islamic civilizations. It will be of use to students and spe- cialists of the premodern and modern Middle East and North Africa. Ali Humayun Akhtar is an Assistant Professor at Bates College. He is also the Robert M. Kingdon Fellow at the Institute for Research in the Humanities at the University of Wisconsin- Madison. He holds a PhD in History and Middle Eastern Studies from New York University. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
    [Show full text]
  • Crossing the Strait from Morocco to the United States: the Transnational Gendering of the Atlantic World Before 1830
    CROSSING THE STRAIT FROM MOROCCO TO THE UNITED STATES: THE TRANSNATIONAL GENDERING OF THE ATLANTIC WORLD BEFORE 1830 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Marsha R. Robinson, MA ®®®®® The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Claire Robertson, Advisor Professor Ahmad Sikainga _________________________ Professor Stephen Hall Advisor History Graduate Program Copyright by Marsha Renee Robinson 2006 ABSTRACT This world women’s history is a comparative legal study tracing two thousand years of cultural contact through 1830 between the Saharan-based, gynecentric, Berian culture foundational to the Maliki Islam of the Berbers, Southern Arabs and Iberians, and the Mesopotamian and eastern Mediterranean patriarchy foundational to West Asiatic Islam and Western Christianity. The work explores the female-friendly Berian values common to the Saharan salt marsh diaspora and Almoravid Andalusia and North Africa, correcting patriarchal Sassanid influences upon Abbasid and Almohad omissions of female politicians from their imperial histories of the Maghrib. The European patriarchal bias began during Isabel I’s Reconquista Spain when the Spanish Inquisition attempted a purge of Berian matriliny. It continued with British harem envy, hyper-virility and political jealousy as Anglo-Americans engaged Barbary states. Western Christian philosophers, Freemasons, politicians and ministers used misperceptions of the harem to limit Western women’s economic and legal rights. In the U.S., this resulted in the simultaneous rise of domesticity, left-handed marriages, and de facto American polygyny. The Berber cultural influence on the U.S. occurred in the 1833 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Classes and Their Impact on the Social Aspect of the Almohad State (668 Ah - 1269 Ad) Pjaee, 18(8) (2021)
    POLITICAL CLASSES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE SOCIAL ASPECT OF THE ALMOHAD STATE (668 AH - 1269 AD) PJAEE, 18(8) (2021) POLITICAL CLASSES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE SOCIAL ASPECT OF THE ALMOHAD STATE (668 AH - 1269 AD) Ahmed Hill Sakheel Al- Anbari , Prof. Dr. Hashim Nasser Hussein Al-Kaabi University of Karbala - Faculty of Education - Department of History. Ahmed Hill Sakheel Al- Anbari , Prof. Dr. Hashim Nasser Hussein Al-Kaabi Political Classes And Their Impact On The Social Aspect Of The Almohad State (668 Ah - 1269 Ad) , Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology 18(8), 4597-4609. ISSN 1567-214x. Research Summary The issue of the social aspects of the Almohad state is one of the topics worthy of attention by specialists to study the social history of the Islamic Maghreb.In this search , we dealt with everything related to the social aspects of the Almohad state. The most important topics we discussed in this research were social groups, customs and social traditions. We also touched on the urban aspect ,and caring for women in Moroccan society, where women had an important and effective role in the Almohad society, and they contributed to the formation of society in the Almohad state, in addition to the presence of elements and groups of the Andalusian society and other dhimmis, Jews and Christians. Introduction: The subject of the social aspects of the Almohad state is one of the important topics because of its importance to Moroccan society, as it contributed to clarifying the most important social customs and traditions. The Almohad community was divided into classes,each class had tasks and duties, and each of them set his eyes on the other, and informed him of everything small and great, and every stray contained.Each class has a rank that no one else can transcencend, and this had a great impact on the various aspects of life, especially the social ones.
    [Show full text]