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Travel to Work in Nottingham: an Analysis of Environmental Impacts and Mitigating Policies

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Travel to Work in Nottingham: an Analysis of Environmental Impacts and Mitigating Policies This is a repository copy of Travel to Work in Nottingham: An Analysis of Environmental Impacts and Mitigating Policies. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/4489/ Monograph: Leith, A.L. (2007) Travel to Work in Nottingham: An Analysis of Environmental Impacts and Mitigating Policies. Working Paper. The School of Geography, The University of Leeds School of Geography Working Paper 07/7 Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ (Working Paper 07/07) Travel to Work in Nottingham: An Analysis of Environmental Impacts and Mitigating Policies Allan Leith Version 1.0 November 2007 All rights reserved School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom This Working Paper is an online publication and may be revised. The Author’s full contact details are: Mail address: School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT United Kingdom Email: [email protected] Acknowledgements The Census data used in this paper are Crown Copyright and are produced by the Office of National Statistics (ONS). All of the Census data was accessed through CASWEB online, provided by the Census Dissemination Unit (CDU) through the Manchester Information and Associated Services (MIMAS), supported by Manchester Computing, University of Manchester. Data concerning the geodemographic segmentation system Mosaic was sourced from Experian, along with mapping data showing road and rail networks. ii Abstract This study uses Census data to look at travel to work patterns in Nottingham. Spatial trends are identified by analysing how number of journeys to work, distance travelled, commuter flows, method of travel, type of job and type of neighbourhood vary across the study area. Affluent commuters working in managerial and professional roles travelling long distances by car from the rural hinterland to the city centre contrast with people with routine jobs travelling short distances to work from deprived urban neighbourhoods using public transport. Temporal trends are revealed through the comparison of 1991 and 2001 Census data. The number of journeys to work is increasing, whilst flow patterns are becoming more complex. The environmental impact of travel to work in Nottingham is quantified through the application of a simple model that estimates the carbon dioxide emissions produced by commuting in each area. The Nottingham Express Transit tram network has been introduced in the city with the aim of reducing congestion and reliance on the car through the provision of an environmentally friendly alternative. The possible environmental benefits of this solution are highlighted by exploring several what-if scenarios. It is concluded that the tram network has the potential to significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Top left photo: Nottingham park and ride bus. Source: Nottingham City Transport. Top right photo: Traffic congestion. Source: Google Images. Bottom left photo: Nottingham Express Transit tram in central Nottingham. Source: Nottingham Express Transit. iii Contents Section Page 1 Introduction 1 2 Background 3 4 3 Data and methods 4 Analysis 5 4.1 Study area 5 4.2 Number of journeys 7 4.3 Distance travelled 9 4.4 Commuting flows 10 4.5 Method of travel 12 4.6 Type of job 15 4.7 Environmental impact 17 4.8 Tram network 21 5 Discussion and conclusion 25 References 27 iv List of tables Table Title Page 1 Summary of data used in each analysis section 4 2 Total number of journeys to work 2001 and 1991 7 3 Comparing mode of transport used in the study area to the UK as a whole 12 4 Changes in mode of transport between 1991 and 2001 14 5 Total km travelled by each method 2001 and 1991 14 6 Correlation between type of job and method of travel to work 16 7 Carbon dioxide emissions for different methods of travel to work 17 8 Weighting of car carbon dioxide emissions according to Mosaic Automotive 17 group 9 Example of emissions calculation 18 10 Change in emissions per journey over time 19 11 Emissions produced by each method of travel 2001 and 1991 19 12 Summary of Nottingham Express Transit tram network 21 13 Nottingham Express Transit passenger statistics 23 14 Tram scenarios 23 15 Impact of each scenario on carbon dioxide emissions 24 List of figures Figure Title Page 1 Aims of study 1 2 Objectives of study 1 3 Roadmap of sections 2 4 Percentage of resident working population who commute to Nottingham UA 5 5 The study area 6 6 Number of journeys to work 2001 and 1991 7 7 Change in the number of journeys to work 1991-2001 8 8 Average commuting distance 9 9 Commuting flows 2001 and 1991 11 10 Percentage of commuters using each main method of travel to work 13 11 Spatial distribution of higher managerial occupations and routine occupations 15 12 Dominant Mosaic UK group 16 13 Carbon dioxide emissions 2001 and 1991 18 14 Change in emissions between 1991 and 2001 19 15 A Nottingham Express Transit tram 21 16 Nottingham Express Transit tram network 22 17 The relationship between emissions and near tram variable 23 18 Impact of scenario three on carbon dioxide emissions 24 19 Summary of the results of the analysis 25 20 An example of improved bus services in Nottingham 26 v 1 Introduction This report looks at travel to work in Nottingham. The main issues relating to commuting are traffic congestion and the associated adverse environmental impact. Government policy aims to reduce dependency on the car by providing viable public transport alternatives. There are many facets of travel to work in Nottingham that can be explored. Figure 1 presents the aims of this study in the form of a series of questions that the analysis intends to answer. • Has the number of journeys to work in Nottingham increased over time and how does this vary across the city? • Has the distance travelled to work in Nottingham increased over time and how does this vary across the city? • Which areas of Nottingham do people commute from and to and how has this changed over time? • How do people in Nottingham travel to work? What is the spatial pattern of each method of travel and how has this changed over time? • Is there a link in Nottingham between type of job and method of travel of travel to work? • What is the environmental impact of commuting in Nottingham? What are the spatial patterns of this and how has it changed over time? • Does the new tram network in Nottingham have the potential to reduce the environmental impact of travel to work? • How does this analysis compare to previous academic study on travel to work? • What are the implications for government policy? Figure 1: Aims of study. Figure 2 outlines the objectives of this project, which will enable the aims to be successfully achieved. • Define a suitable level of geography at which to analyse data. • Define a suitable study area. • Measure the total number of journeys to work within the study area for both 2001 and 1991 and calculate this for each zone of the study area. • Calculate average distance travelled for each zone of the study area for both 2001 and 1991. • Look at commuting flows within the study area for both 2001 and 1991 and calculate change in each zone. • Calculate the number of people in each zone travelling to work by each mode of transport. Do this for both 2001 and 1991. • Look at the spatial distribution of different types of jobs within the study area. See if there is a statistically significant link between this and method of travel. • Calculate total emissions of carbon dioxide for each zone in the study area for both 2001 and 1991 and look at changes over time. • Analyse the existing and proposed routes of the new tram network in Nottingham. Implement various ‘what if’ scenarios to look at the possible environmental benefits of the tram. • Undertake a literature review of academic studies regarding travel to work and compare the results of the analysis to these. • Summarise the problems facing travel to work in Nottingham and the government policies put in place to deal with them. Figure 2: Objectives of study. The paper structure is as follows. Section 2 provides the background to the report through a literature review of academic studies on the subject of travel to work. This is followed by Section 3 which outlines the data used in each analysis 1 section, and discusses the accuracy and time context of this data. Next comes Section 4 which is the largest part of the report. It presents the results of the analysis that has been undertaken using tables, maps and graphs, and outlines the methodologies that have been employed. It is divided into eight sub-parts, each of which seeks to achieve one of the objectives outlined in Figure 2, and thus answer the questions posed in Figure 1.
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