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Communication Observations of occurrence and daily activity patterns of ungulates in the Endau Rompin Landscape, peninsular Malaysia
Win Sim Tan, Norazmi bin Amir Hamzah, Salman Saaban, Nurul Aida Zawakhir, Yugees Rao, Norolhuda Jamaluddin, Francis Cheong, Norhidayat bint Khalid, Nur Iadiah Mohd Saat, Eka Nadia bint Zaidee Ee, Azwan bin Hamdan, Mei Mei Chow, Chee Pheng Low, Mufeng Voon, Song Horng Liang, Martn Tyson & Melvin Gumal
26 February 2018 | Vol. 10 | No. 2 | Pages: 11245–11253 10.11609/jot.3519.10.2.11245-11253
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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2018 | 10(2): 11245–11253
Observations of occurrence and daily activity patterns of ungulates in the Endau Rompin Landscape, peninsular Communication
Malaysia ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Win Sim Tan1, Norazmi bin Amir Hamzah2, Salman Saaban3, Nurul Aida Zawakhir4, 5 6 7 8 Yugees Rao , Norolhuda Jamaluddin , Francis Cheong , Norhidayat bint Khalid , OPEN ACCESS Nur Iadiah Mohd Saat9, Eka Nadia bint Zaidee Ee10, Azwan bin Hamdan11, Mei Mei Chow12, Chee Pheng Low13, Mufeng Voon14, Song Horng Liang15, Martn Tyson16 & Melvin Gumal17
1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,17 Wildlife Conservaton Society - Malaysia Program, 7 Jalan Ridgeway, 93200 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia 2 Johor Natonal Parks Corporaton, Aras 1, Bangunan Dato’ Mohamad Saleh Perang, Kota Iskandar, 79576 Iskandar Puteri, Johor, Malaysia 3 Department of Wildlife and Natonal Parks of Peninsular Malaysia, Km 10, Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 12 Penang Green Council, Tingkat 46, KOMTAR, 10503 Penang, Malaysia 14 Sarawak Forestry Corporaton, Lot 218, Jalan Tapang, Kota Sentosa, 93250 Kuching Sarawak, Malaysia 15 Pertubuhan Pelindung Alam Malaysia, B-06-06 BLOK B, CGC, Jalan Casa Green, 43200 Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia 16 Wildlife Conservaton Society, 132 Bloomingdale Ave #2, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, United States of America. [email protected] (corresponding author), [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], 12 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: Camera trap data was used to study occurrence and daily actvity paterns in the Endau Rompin Landscape of peninsular Malaysia during 2011, 2013 and 2015 to estmate Malayan Tiger Panthera tgris jacksoni populaton densites. By-catch data were also collected for seven ungulate species: Barking Deer Muntacus muntjak, Bearded Pig Sus barbatus, Wild Boar Sus scrofa, Greater Mousedeer Tragulus napu, Lesser Mousedeer Tragulus kanchil, Malayan Tapir Tapirus indicus and Sambar Deer Rusa unicolor. Of these, Bayesian single-season occupancy analysis suggested that Barking Deer were the most widespread and Mousedeer spp. the least widespread during the study period. Bearded Pig, Malayan Tapir and Wild Boar were recorded in more than half of the camera trap area (Sambar Deer was excluded due to small sample size). Daily actvity paterns based on independent captures in 2015 suggest that Barking Deer, Bearded Pig and Wild Boar are mostly diurnal, mousedeer species are crepuscular and Malayan Tapir strongly nocturnal.
Keywords: Bayesian single-season occupancy, by-catch, camera trap, daily actvity patern, Endau Rompin Landscape, occurrence, peninsular Malaysia, ungulate.
DOI: htp://doi.org/10.11609/jot.3519.10.2.11245-11253 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F2D79DCF-2B2F-42AE-A70D-91AC7D844FAF
Editor: David Mallon, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK. Date of publicaton: 26 February 2018 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # 3519 | Received 27 May 2017 | Final received 15 January 2018 | Finally accepted 25 January 2018
Citaton: Tan, W.S., N.B.A. Hamzah, S. Saaban, N.A. Zawakhir, Y. Rao, N. Jamaluddin, F. Cheong, N.B. Khalid, N.L. Mohdsaat, E.N.B. Zaidee Ee, A.B. Hamdan, M.M. Chow, C.P. Low, M. Voon, S.H. Liang, M. Tyson, & M. Gumal. (2018). Observatons of occurrence and daily actvity paterns of ungulates in the Endau Rompin Landscape, peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(2): 11245–11253; htp://doi.org/10.11609/jot.3519.10.2.11245-11253
Copyright: © Tan et al. 2018. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this artcle in any medium, reproducton and distributon by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaton.
Funding: Liz Claiborne Art Ortenberg Foundaton (LCAOF); Panthera Corporaton; United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS).
Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.
For Author Details, Author Contributon and Acknowledgements see end of this artcle.
11245 Ungulates in Endau Rompin Landscape, Malaysia Tan et al.
INTRODUCTION occurrence and actvity paterns of ungulate species. To estmate species occurrence, Bayesian single-season Of the 11 species of ungulates reported from occupancy framework is used. Peninsular Malaysia (Francis 2008), 10 have been This paper will provide the frst published baseline reported in the southern Endau Rompin Landscape (ERL). data of occurrence and actvity paterns of ungulates Banteng Bos javanicus, Gaur Bos gaurus and Sumatran in the ERL. Bayesian statstcs ofer advantages over Rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis were recorded in the conventonal/Frequentst statstcs (Dennis 1996; the past century (Milton 1963; Davison & Kiew 1987; Ellison 1996; Wade 2001; Dorazio 2016), and have been Burhanuddin et al. 1995). The other recently reported regularly used in wildlife data analysis in recent years (see ungulate species are Barking Deer Muntacus muntjak, Royle & Dorazio 2008; Parent & Rivot 2012; Kery & Royle Bearded Pig Sus barbatus, Greater Mousedeer Tragulus 2015; Dorazio 2016). One of the advantages of Bayesian napu, Lesser Mousedeer Tragulus kanchil, Malayan Tapir statstcs is incorporatng pre-existng data (see Dennis Tapirus indicus, Sambar Deer Rusa unicolor and Wild Boar 1996) or prior knowledge into the analysis. The baseline Sus scrofa (Aihara et al. 2016; WCS - Malaysia Program data from this paper can therefore be incorporated unpub.). Conservaton of wildlife in peninsular Malaysia into Bayesian analysis in future ungulate occurrence or is regulated by the Wildlife Conservaton Act (2010), occupancy studies in the ERL. including harvestng for commercial purposes. Bearded Pig and Malayan Tapir are listed as Totally Protected, and Barking Deer, Greater Mousedeer, Lesser Mousedeer, MATERIAL AND METHODS Sambar Deer and Wild Boar as Protected under the Wildlife Conservaton Act (2010). Their status on the Study area IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2017) and Red The ~4,186km2 forested ERL (Fig. 1) is managed by List of Mammals for Peninsular Malaysia (DWNP 2010) three main agencies. Endau Rompin State Park Pahang, are shown in Table 1. (approximately 578km2) and Pahang Permanent Reserved These ungulates are likely the major prey base for the Forests (PRFs; approximately 624km2) are administered Critcally Endangered Malayan Tiger in peninsular Malaysia by the State Forestry Department of Pahang, while Johor (Kawanishi 2002; Goldthorpe & Neo 2011; Kawanishi et PRFs (approximately 2,506km2) are managed by the State al. 2013; Rayan & Linkie 2015). Karanth & Sunquist (1995) Forestry Department of Johor. Endau Rompin Johor found that larger carnivores selectvely hunt larger prey Natonal Park (approximately 478km²) is overseen by the when available. A decline in large ungulate prey has been Johor Natonal Parks Corporaton. The natonal park is reported to be linked to a decline in a tger populaton mainly lowland and hill dipterocarp forest while the PRFs (Ramakrishnan et al. 1999). Understanding the ecology are predominantly lowland dipterocarp forest (Gumal et of large ungulate prey is, therefore, important to predator al. 2014). conservaton. Collectng informaton about these The conservaton status of the seven species of ungulates can be useful to tger conservaton in the ERL. ungulates for the states of Johor and Pahang are diferent Camera trapping is an efectve non-invasive method (Table 1). In the former, due to the Sultan of Johor’s to study shy and reclusive wild animals (see O’Connell decree, there have been no approvals for permits for et al. 2011; Ancrenaz et al. 2012; Sunarto et al. 2013; huntng of protected ungulates since 2010, except in Trolliet et al. 2014). Detecton/non-detecton informaton cases where these animals have been shown to harm captured by camera traps can be used to study species humans or their property. In such instances, applicatons occurrence (O’Connell & Bailey 2011; Shannon et al. stll have to be approved by the Department of Wildlife 2014) and actvity patern (Ridout & Linkie 2009). There and Natonal Parks (DWNP). In Pahang, permits to hunt are, however, some limitatons on the use of these data are only extended to the Greater Mousedeer, Lesser as indicated by Liang (2015), including the fact that setng Mousedeer and Wild Boar. cameras at certain heights for large mammals sometmes misses smaller animals that pass by undetected. Data collecton In 2011, 2013 and 2015, Wildlife Conservaton Society The camera trapping exercise was carried out during (WCS) - Malaysia Program conducted intensive camera the years 2011, 2013 and 2015 in the ERL. For each camera trapping to estmate Malayan Tiger populaton densites trapping year, camera traps were set up from early June to in the ERL. By-catch data exist from the camera trapping December and each camera trap staton operated for an from those three years and is used to understand the average of 70 trap nights (Appendix 1). Average spacing
11246 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2018 | 10(2): 11245–11253 Ungulates in Endau Rompin Landscape, Malaysia Tan et al.
Figure 1. Locaton of the Endau Rompin forested landscape, occurrence and actvity patern study area in southern peninsular Malaysia.
Table 1. Conservaton status of ungulates in the Endau Rompin landscape, Peninsular Malaysia from various sources. Protecton of Wildlife Conservaton Red List of mammals for peninsular IUCN Red List of Common name Scientfc name Act 2010 Malaysia 2010 Threatened Species 2017 Protected, but moratorium on Barking Deer Muntacus muntjak Near Threatened Least Concern huntng them Bearded Pig Sus barbatus Totally Protected Near Threatened Vulnerable Protected but can be hunted with a Greater Mousedeer Tragulus napu - Least Concern permit in Pahang only Protected but can be hunted with a Lesser Mousedeer Tragulus kanchil - Least Concern permit in Pahang only Malayan Tapir Tapirus indicus Totally Protected Near Threatened Endangered Protected, but moratorium on Sambar Deer Rusa unicolor Vulnerable Vulnerable huntng them Protected but can be hunted with a Wild Boar Sus scrofa - Least Concern permit in Pahang only between camera trap statons, calculated based on the The camera traps used were Bushnell Trophy Cam distance of a camera trap staton to the nearest camera With Viewscreen, Bushnell Trophy Cam Aggressor Brown, trap staton, using the R package secr (Eford 2016), was Panthera V3, Panthera V4 and Panthera V5. Bushnell approximately 2–3 km (Appendix 1). camera traps were confgured to capture videos, while Camera traps were placed on animal trails and logging Panthera camera traps were confgured to capture roads to increase wildlife detecton probability (see photos. No diference in probability of detecton between Karanth et al. 2002; Karanth & Nichols 2002; Sunarto et camera modes was assumed because video footage and al. 2013). Two camera traps, positoned about 7m apart, stll-photography seem to share similar capture success were set up approximately 45cm above ground level at rates (Glen et al. 2013). At the end of deployment, all each staton (see Karanth et al. 2002; Karanth & Nichols the images and videos were reviewed and audited or 2002). counter-checked by WCS - Malaysia Program researchers.
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2018 | 10(2): 11245–11253 11247 Ungulates in Endau Rompin Landscape, Malaysia Tan et al.
Wildlife images of uncertain identfcaton, partcularly of not wish to mislead readers to biased estmates. Bearded Pig and Wild Boar, were sent to Daniel Kong who is experienced in wildlife identfcaton for review. Images Daily actvity patern analysis that could not be positvely identfed were excluded from A total of 238 camera trap statons in the ~3,454km2 the analyses. Due to difculty in distnguishing Greater study area (Fig. 1) in 2015 produced a total of 18,254 trap Mousedeer from Lesser Mousedeer from camera trap nights. Each camera trap staton operated for an average photos, the two species were grouped as Mousedeer spp. of 76.7 trap nights. Camera trap data from the year 2015 was used for this analysis because of potental variaton in Occupancy analysis actvity paterns from one year to another (McDonough To estmate species occurrence, detecton and non- & Loughry 1997; Blake et al. 2012). Actvity paterns detecton data of ungulates from years 2011, 2013 and of terrestrial animals may change in response to food 2015 from the ~2,471km2 occurrence study area (Fig. availability (Schnurr et al. 2004), huntng (Kitchen et al. 1) were analysed for Bayesian single-season occupancy. 2000; Gray & Phan 2011), habitat conversion (Presley et Camera trap statons set up in the study area increased al. 2009) and habitat fragmentaton (Norris et al. 2010). from 131 camera trap statons in 2011 to 138 camera trap To ensure independence, detectons of a species that statons in 2013 and to 155 camera trap statons in 2015 were captured within 30 minutes of previous triggers of the (Appendix 1). same species at the same locaton were excluded (Ridout A sampling occasion was defned as a 24-hour period & Linkie 2009; Linkie & Ridout 2011). Afer conversion of (Shannon et al. 2014). A species was recorded as detected capture tmes into radians, density Plot functon of the R (1) or not detected (0) on each occasion for each camera package overlap (Meredith & Ridout 2016) was used to ft a trap staton, generatng a species-specifc detecton kernel density functon to the radian data (see Fernández- history. Periods that were less than 24 hours, for example Durán 2004) and plot a probability density distributon when camera traps were inactve or malfunctoning of a photo or video being captured within any partcular were recorded as not available (NA). Stolen camera trap interval of the day, also known as daily actvity patern statons that yielded no data were excluded. (Linkie & Ridout 2011). In the ERL, from July to December “BoccSS” functon of the R package wiqid (Meredith 2015, sunrise and sunset tmes were approximately 07:00 2016) was used to estmate the detecton and occupancy and 19:00 hours respectvely (Time and Date AS 2015). probabilites (see MacKenzie et al. 2002; 2006) for each From this analysis, camera-trapped species are classed as species for a season in a Bayesian framework based diurnal (actve during daytme), nocturnal (actve during on species-specifc detecton histories. Uninformatve night), crepuscular (actve during twilight and dawn) and priors were used because there was no recent published cathemeral (irregular actve hours). occupancy papers or occupancy study in the landscape to provide such informaton. To ensure convergence, a total of 45,000 iteratons were used afer a discarded burn-in RESULTS of 1,000 iteratons. Each camera trap staton represented a sampling Occupancy point (Eford & Dawson 2012) instead of a fxed-size plot, With an average occurrence of 85% (Table 2), Barking allowing estmaton of the true “proporton of area used/ Deer appeared to be the most widespread ungulate in the occupied” by a species (MacKenzie & Royle 2005; Eford camera trap area. Bearded Pig, Malayan Tapir and Wild & Dawson 2012). The conventonal occupancy defniton Boar, on the other hand, with an average occurrence of is not applicable in this paper because the animals do not 59%, 67% and 67% (Table 2) respectvely, were found in remain in front of the camera traps all the tme as opposed more than half of the study area. Mousedeer spp., with to the Eford & Dawson (2012) defniton that the animal an average occurrence of 67% (Table 2), was the least uses or is always found in the occupied area. Therefore, widespread ungulate in the camera trap area. instead of occupancy, the authors opted to use the term occurrence to represent the probability of a camera trap Actvity patern staton used by at least one individual. Due to the by-catch This study provided insights into the daily actvity nature of the data, however, modelling with site-specifc patern of ungulates on old logging roads and animal variables is not explored in this paper. This is because trails (Images 1–6). Barking Deer (81.7% of observatons the original study is not designed to investgate how site- between 07:00 and 19:00 hours), Bearded Pig (69.6% specifc variables will afect occurrence. The authors do of observatons between 07:00 and 19:00 hours) and
11248 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2018 | 10(2): 11245–11253 Ungulates in Endau Rompin Landscape, Malaysia Tan et al.
Table 2. Bayesian single-season occupancy estmates of each ungulate species for each camera trapping year, with 95% highest density intervals in parentheses. Number of camera trap statons (n) for each year was also included. Sambar Deer was excluded because of small sample size.
2011 2013 2015 Mean occurrence Species (n = 131) (n = 138) (n = 155) Barking Deer 0.83 (0.76–0.90) 0.82 (0.75–0.88) 0.89 (0.84–0.93) 0.85
Bearded Pig 0.56 (0.46–0.66) 0.65 (0.56–0.72) 0.57 (0.50–0.63) 0.59
Malayan Tapir 0.73 (0.63–0.83) 0.71 (0.62–0.80) 0.57 (0.49–0.64) 0.67
Mousedeer spp. 0.45 (0.36–0.54) 0.41 (0.33–0.49) 0.28 (0.23–0.34) 0.38
Wild Boar 0.69 (0.61–0.78) 0.75 (0.67–0.83) 0.50 (0.42–0.59) 0.67
Wild Boar (78.7% of observatons between 07:00 and Table 3. Number of independent captures, and percentage of 19:00 hours) were mostly diurnal (Table 3). Malayan captures from sunrise (07:00 hours) to sunset (19:00 hours), for each ungulate species. Tapir (15.9% of observatons between 0700 and 1900 Percentage of Number of hours) was strongly nocturnal (Table 3). Mousedeer spp. Species captures from 07:00– independent captures (51.0% of observatons between 07:00 and 19:00 hours) 19:00 hours (%) appeared to be crepuscular (Fig. 2) and Sambar Deer Barking Deer 1393 81.7 (58.1% of observatons between 07:00 and 19:00 hours) Bearded Pig 714 69.6 appeared to be cathemeral (Fig. 2). Through simulatons, Malayan Tapir 361 15.9 Rowclife et al. (2014) found that with a sample size of Mousedeer spp. 387 51.0 20, the kernel model described by Ridout & Linkie (2009) Sambar Deer 15 58.1 consistently produced <20% median bias. Due to the Wild Boar 222 78.7 small sample size of Sambar Deer (n = 15), we made no conclusion about its actvity patern.
availability, which in turn afect Bearded Pig and Wild DISCUSSION Boar occurrence along forest-plantaton edge habitats. And it is difcult to analyse this problem via an occupancy Occupancy design or camera trap by-catch data. Proxy of vegetaton cover using normalized diference A second reason for the difculty to analyse is vegetaton index, measure of terrain ruggedness using the three management systems in the landscape, i.e. digital elevaton models, distance to closest roads as a protecton and law enforcement efort is diferent proxy of human disturbance and habitat classifcaton between the natonal parks and PRFs. Johor Natonal based on high-resoluton satellite images are a few of Parks Corporaton maintains a 24-hour presence at the the site-specifc variables which can be incorporated natonal park entrances of Peta and Selai. Patrols are into the occupancy analysis. Modelling with site-specifc conducted in the natonal park sporadically. The state variables, however, is not encouraged due to the by-catch forestry department of Johor mainly maintains daytme nature of the data. A diferent sampling strategy and monitoring of PRFs where there is ongoing logging actvity. greater sampling eforts to include data on variables will Logging road gates are placed at most of the PRF entrances be required to study the correlaton between site-specifc to deny unauthorized vehicle access but not intruders on variables and occurrence. foot or by motorbikes. Finally, the DWNP is supposed Bearded Pig and Wild Boar are known to forage in oil to be patrolling both areas as they have jurisdicton. It palm plantatons that lie adjacent to forests (Hone 1995; is not clear how these odd diferences in protecton and Maddox et al. 2007; Luskin et al. 2013). Considered as enforcement efort can afect ungulate occupancy in agricultural pests, they can be eradicated (with permits) the landscape as the study area is a contguous forested under the Wildlife Conservaton Act 2010. The efect of habitat that allows unimpeded wildlife movement. huntng pressure along forest-plantaton edge habitats on the occurrence of bearded pig and wild boar is unknown. Actvity patern This is because data is not easily available for frearms Mostly diurnal, the Barking Deer, Bearded Pig and and frequency of huntng incidents, and terrain and food Wild Boar exhibited two actvity peaks, in the morning
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2018 | 10(2): 11245–11253 11249 Ungulates in Endau Rompin Landscape, Malaysia Tan et al.
Figure 2. Density estmates of the daily actvity paterns of each ungulate species. Number of independent captures (n) for each species was also included. The kernel-density estmates are indicated by the solid lines, tmes of individual photographs are indicated by the short vertcal lines above the X-axis and approximate tme of sunrise and sunset are represented by the grey dashed vertcal lines.
afer sunrise and in the late afernoon around sunset Daily actvity patern can also be potentally used as (Fig. 2). There appears to be a reducton in actvity in the a proxy to monitor the status of ungulates in the ERL. afernoon. In the tropical rainforest, primates and fying Actvity paterns of mammals were afected by human foxes have long been observed with twin actvity peaks disturbance and huntng (Gray & Phan 2011). In the (Chivers 1980; Bennet & Caldecot 1989; Gumal 2004) Kaeng Krachan Natonal Park, Ngoprasert et al. (2017) when they were observed using scan sampling. The lull in found that leopards became more diurnal in the absence actvity tended to be around mid-day when the sun was of tourist actvity. Several studies further noted that strongest. During these periods, these guilds of animals poached species became more nocturnal in response to were ofen seen restng and in the case of fying foxes, high huntng pressure (Di Bitet et al. 2008; Ohashi et al. fanning to cool their dark bodies (Gumal 2004). The lull 2013; van Doormaal et al. 2015). A change in daily actvity for the ungulates could be driven by a similar biological patern, partcularly an increase in nocturnal actvity, requirement to cool their bodies during the hotest therefore, can serve as a potental indicator of human part of the day, thus restng in shade or reducing their disturbance and huntng. If such a change is observed foraging actvity. The lull could also be exaggerated as the in conservaton area, we recommend that immediate camera traps tended to be set up at old logging roads and studies be undertaken to investgate the cause. animal trails where shade was limited. Harsh sunlight in the afernoon could have deterred ungulates from using the roads or trails. In conjuncton with actvity patern REFERENCES analysis, a forest canopy cover study (see Korhonen et al. 2006) should reveal if ungulate avoidance of logging roads Aihara, Y., T. Hosaka, M. Yasuda, M. Hashim & S. Numata (2016). Mammalian wildlife tourism in South-East Asian tropical rainforests: and animal trails depends on the amount of sunlight in The case of Endau Rompin Natonal Park, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical the afernoon. Forest Science 28(2): 167–181.
11250 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2018 | 10(2): 11245–11253 Ungulates in Endau Rompin Landscape, Malaysia Tan et al.
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Rowclife, J.M., R. Kays, B. Kranstauber, C. Carbone & P.A. Jansen Time and Date AS (2015). Johor Bahru, Malaysia - Sunrise, Sunset, and (2014). Quantfying levels of animal actvity using camera trap Daylength. June to December 2015.
Appendix 1. Camera trapping details and eforts.
Average spacing between Total camera trap statons Average trap nights per Year Total trap nights camera trap statons (km) for occupancy analysis camera trap 2011 3.2 131 9401 71.8
2013 3.2 138 10160 73.6
2015 2.5 155 11399 73.5
Acknowledgements: The permission to conduct this research was granted by the State Government of Johor through the memorandum of understanding signed with the Johor Natonal Parks Corporaton for the Johor Wildlife Conservaton Project. The Malaysian Department of Wildlife and Natonal Parks, State Forestry Department of Johor and State Forestry Department of Pahang are partners to the project. The authors thank the Liz Claiborne Art Ortenberg Foundaton, Panthera Corporaton, and United States Fish and Wildlife Service for funding this work. In additon, the authors thank Johor Natonal Parks Corporaton for their assistance with our camera trapping works, Mike Meredith and Ngumbang Juat of Biodiversity Conservaton Society Sarawak for their advice with the data analysis and Daniel Kong and Sylvia Ng of Wildlife Conservaton Society - Malaysia Program for their help with the data audit. The feld surveys would have been impossible without the hard work from all members of the feld team who spent tme out in the rain and sun, and also in the ofce, poring over the images, creatng maps and analyzing these data.
Author Details: Win Sim Tan is a senior researcher for WCS - Malaysia Program. He has an honours degree in Wildlife Ecology from University of Wisconsin – Madison. He has been involved in a tger conservaton project in the Endau Rompin landscape of Johor and Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia since 2013. Norazmi bin Amir Hamzah is currently the director of Johor Natonal Parks Corporaton. Salman Saaban is currently the director of the Enforcement Division for the Department of Wildlife and Natonal Parks of Peninsular Malaysia. Nurul Aida completed a degree in Ecology and Biodiversity at University of Malaya, Malaysia. She is now an Assistant Coordinator managing the Pahang Endau-Rompin Landscape tger team. She was previously involved in the wildlife monitoring surveys including camera trapping of tgers for populaton estmaton. Yugees Anandarao is currently one of the three Assistant Coordinators working on a tger conservaton project in the Endau Rompin landscape of Johor and Pahang, Malaysia. She has been working for WCS - Malaysia since 2012. Norolhuda Jamaluddin has a degree in Biology from University of Technology Mara, Malaysia. She has been working with WCS - Malaysia in a tger project which focusing on research and law enforcement to save the precious animal and its environment since 2010. Francis Cheong is currently the assistant director for WCS – Malaysia Program, managing a tger and elephant conservaton project in the Endau Rompin landscape of Johor and Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Norhidayati binti Khalid is currently one of the senior researchers for WCS – Malaysia Program, working on an elephant conservaton project in the Endau Rompin landscape of Johor and Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Nur Iadiah completed her degree in Conservaton and Management of Biodiversity in 2010. She joined WCS Malaysia as an intern and subsequently a researcher to work on a human-elephant confict and mitgaton project in 2012. She is currently a senior researcher, working on a tger conservaton project in the Endau Rompin landscape of Johor and Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Eka Nadia has a degree in Zoology from the faculty of Science and Technology, Universit Kebangsaan Malaysia. She worked on a turtle conservaton project for WWF-Malaysia for six months before joining WCS - Malaysia as a tger researcher project in the Endau Rompin landscape. She is familiar with camera trapping to estmate tger populaton and monitor tger hotspots. Azwan Hamdan is a senior researcher at WCS – Malaysia Program, involved in camera trapping, wildlife surveys, threat monitoring and human-wildlife confict data collecton. He is an administrator for SMART (Spatal Monitoring and Reportng Tools) database for a tger research project in the Endau Rompin Landscape of Johor and Pahang, Malaysia. Mei Mei Chow is an environmental research assistant at Penang Green Council based in Penang, Malaysia. She was previously a wildlife researcher for WCS-Malaysia Program, involved in wildlife surveys and patrol data management. Low Chee Pheng is the project coordinator of the tger program for Wildlife Conservaton Society - Malaysia Program. She coordinates the research program to monitor the Tiger and prey populaton in the Endau-Rompin Landscape in Malaysia. Voon Mufeng was with the Wildlife Conservaton Society as a senior researcher for four years handling the tger conservaton projects in Rompin, Pahang. Currently she works with the Sarawak Forestry Corporaton (SFC) as an Executve in the GeoDrone Unit, managing the geospatal informaton for fve main core functons of SFC. She holds a MSc in Conservaton Biology from University of Kent, United Kingdom. Song Horng Liang has been working in wildlife conservaton for 15 years; and is currently the executve director of a local Malaysian NGO, Pelindung Alam Malaysia, working on large scale wildlife surveys that cover from elephants, tgers to gibbons and hornbills. He previously managed the elephant and tger units of Wildlife Conservaton Society Malaysia for about 8 years; worked for TRAFFIC Southeast Asia on undercover wildlife trade investgaton on Saiga antelopes, tgers and their prey in Malaysia and Singapore for 2 years; and assisted the Rainforest Wolf Project of Raincoast Conservaton Foundaton in western Canada for 2 years. He received degrees from University of Victoria, Canada (Bachelor) and Natonal University of Singapore (MSc). Martin Tyson is currently a technical advisor for Asian elephants at the Wildlife Conservaton Society. He has worked in several SE Asian countries, focusing on elephant populaton survey, mitgaton of human–elephant confict, and assistng range states in developing elephant conservaton plans. Melvin Gumal is the Country Director for Wildlife Conservaton Society Malaysia. He has been in conservaton science since 1988 and studied in the universites of Melbourne and Cambridge. He currently works with colleagues on conservaton of tgers and their prey, elephants, orang-utans, sharks, rays and their habitats. Author Contributon: Win Sim Tan and Melvin Terry Gumal conceived the original idea and drafed the manuscript with inputs from all authors. Win Sim Tan analyzed the data. Norazmi bin Amir Hamzah, Salman Saaban, Francis Cheong, Martn Tyson, Song Horng Liang, Mufeng Voon, Chee Pheng Low and Azwan Hamdan provided critcal feedback and helped to shape the manuscript. Francis Cheong, Song Horng Liang, Mufeng Voon, Chee Pheng Low, Azwan Hamdan, Nurul Aida Zawakhir, Yugees Rao, Norolhuda Jamaluddin, Norhidayat bint Khalid, Nur Iadiah Mohd Saat, Eka Nadia bint Zaidee Ee, Mei Mei Chow and Win Sim Tan contributed to data collecton. Melvin Terry Gumal supervised the project.
Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2018 | 10(2): 11245–11253 11253 OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use of artcles in any medium, reproducton, and distributon by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaton.
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
February 2018 | Vol. 10 | No. 2 | Pages: 11245–11360 Date of Publicaton: 26 February 2018 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2018.10.2.11245-11360
Communicatons A taxonomic study on trachypenaeid prawns with special reference to Indian records Observatons of occurrence and daily actvity paterns of ungulates -- Angsuman Chanda, Pp. 11332–11338 in the Endau Rompin Landscape, peninsular Malaysia -- Win Sim Tan, Norazmi bin Amir Hamzah, Salman Saaban, Nurul Pollinaton ecology of Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f. Aida Zawakhir, Yugees Rao, Norolhuda Jamaluddin, Francis Cheong, (Convolvulaceae) Norhidayat bint Khalid, Nur Iadiah Mohd Saat, Eka Nadia bint -- G. Lakshminarayana & A.J. Solomon Raju, Pp. 11339–11347 Zaidee Ee, Azwan bin Hamdan, Mei Mei Chow, Chee Pheng Low, Mufeng Voon, Song Horng Liang, Martn Tyson & Melvin Gumal, Pp. 11245–11253 Notes
Records of the Indian Pangolin (Mammalia: Pholidota: Manidae: A record of Blue Posy Drupadia scaeva cyara (Hewitson, 1878) Manis crassicaudata) from Mansehra District, Pakistan (Lycaenidae: Theclinae: Theclini) from Dibang Valley, Arunachal -- Tariq Mahmood, Konish Kanwal & Ifikhar-Uz- Zaman, Pp. 11254– Pradesh, India 11261 -- Gaurab Nandi Das, Subrata Gayen & Rohit Kumar Jaiswal, Pp. 11348–11350 Rapid assessment of sacred groves: a biodiversity assessment tool for ground level practtoners Conserving the newly recorded Hill Arecanut Palm Bentnckia -- Shivam Trivedi, Erach Bharucha & Rahul Mungikar, Pp. 11262– condapanna Berry ex Roxb (Arecaceae) populaton outside the 11270 natural forest as wildlife corridor -- M. Divin Murukesh & Ajith Ashokan, Pp. 11351–11353 Vascular plant assemblage of clifs in northern Western Ghats, India -- Mandar N. Datar & Aparna V. Watve, Pp. 11271–11284 First report of rust fungi Puccinia duthiae on Dichanthium foveolatum from India -- S.D. Pawar, S.V. Thite, A.S. Kadam & B.A. Kore, Pp. 11354–11355 Short Communicatons
Hunted species and huntng equipment used by rainforest poachers Response & Reply in Ghana -- Edward Debrah Wiafe, Pp. 11285–11289 Non-Inverse J - shaped populaton distributon: Peculiarity of Red Sanders forests Status and conservaton issues of wetland birds in Komaranahalli -- S. Suresh Ramanan & T.K. Kunhamu, Pp. 11356–11357 Lake, Davanagere District, Karnataka, India -- M.N. Harisha & B.B. Hoset, Pp. 11290–11294 Reply to Response: Non-Inverse J - shaped populaton distributon -- Chenchu Ankalaiah, Thondaladinne Mastan & Mullangi Sridhar An annotated checklist of the herpetofauna of the Reddy, Pp. 11357–11358 Rashtrapat Bhawan Estates, New Delhi, India -- Vishal Kumar Prasad, Anjali Verma & Ghazala Shahabuddin, Pp. 11295–11302 Book Review
Records of new larval host plants of some common buterfies of Additon to the Documentaton of Lepidoptera Fauna of Himalaya Bangladesh - -- Tahsinur Rahman Shihan, Pp. 11303–11311 A Book review of “Buterfies of Utarakhand” -- K.A. Subramanian, Pp. 11359–11360 Two new reports of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from India -- R.R. Rachana & R. Varatharajan, Pp. 11312–11315 Miscellaneous A preliminary study on the dung beetles of the northern Western Ghats, Maharashtra, India Natonal Biodiversity Authority -- Aparna Sureshchandra Kalawate, Pp. 11316–11331
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