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Limoniastrum Monopetalum (L.) Boiss, a Candidate Plant for Use in Urban and Suburban Areas with Adverse Conditions

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Limoniastrum Monopetalum (L.) Boiss, a Candidate Plant for Use in Urban and Suburban Areas with Adverse Conditions HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY - SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss, a candidate plant for use in urban and suburban areas with adverse conditions. An anatomical and histochemical study. 1 1 2 Anastasia AKOUMIANAKI-IOANNIDOU* , R. P. SPENTZA C. FASSEAS 1 2 *)Laboratory of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture Laboratory of Electron Microscopy Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens Greece Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] BulletinUASVM Horticulture 72(2) / 2015 Print ISSN 1843-5254, Electronic ISSN 1843-5394 DOI:10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:11347 Abstract Limoniastrum monopetalum L. is an interesting small shrub native to Greece and otherL. monopetalum Mediterranean countries with an attractive foliage, and blooming in the summer with pink flowers. In this work an anatomical and hystochemical study of the species were carried out in order to investigate the suitability of the forL. monopetalumuse in urban and suburban areas as ornamental plant and its growth in hostile environments such as archeological sites, roof gardens, landscape restoration (e.g. quarries, roadsides, etc.). The results showed that the leaves of are amphistomatic bifacial with leaf blade approx. 170 μm thick. The epidermal cells is relatively thick approximately 20 μm and covered by a 2 μm thick cuticle. Furthermore both surfaces of the leaves are entirely covered by salt crystals secreted by the salt glands, as this is revealed from fresh unprocessed specimens observed with the SEM.The histochemical tests showed the presence of terpenoids in the cell walls of the epidermal cells and in the leaf vascular tissues, phenolics, nitrites and alkaloids, flavonoids L.in monopetalum the mesophyll cells, especially in the vacuoles, and lipids only in the cuticle. Both morphological anatomical and histochemical characteristics of the leaves indicate the xeromorphic character of the species which render a suitable plant for ornamental use in a wide spectrum of areas with adverse conditions Keywords: halophytes, salt glands, phenolics, flavonoids, landscape restoration. Introduction Aims and Objectives L. monopetalum L. monopetalum (L.) Boiss, (Plumbaginaceae) Due to the ornamental characteristics and is an evergreen shrub native to Greece and also properties of the anatomy and found in other Mediterranean countries with histochemistry of its leaves were investigated in dense foliage reaching a height of 0.3 – 1.0 m, order to assess the plant’s suitability as ornamental with many branching shoots. Its foliage is green- for urban and suburban areas and its growth in gray and it blooms in the summer which are problematic places such as archeological sites, L.initially monopetalum pink and turning violet at the end of the roof Materialsgardens etc. and Methods blooming season (Blamey & Grey-Wilson, 1993). is a typical halophyte using the strategy L.of monopetalum salt absorption and secretion through Light and scanning electronL. monopetalum microscopy specialized structures on their leaves, the salt (SEM) were used for the study of the morphology, glands. et al is also recommended for anatomy and histochemistry of use for phytoremediation of soils polluted with Cd leaves which were collected from naturally and Pb (Manousaki . 2014). Limoniastrum monopetalum 439 (L.) Boiss, a candidate plant for use in urban and suburban areas with adverse conditions grown plants from the Island of Milos. For of irregularly shaped astrosclereids appear in light microscopy and histochemistry (bright the mesophyll with their size varying between field and fluorescence), transverse sections of 50 - 100 μm in length (Fig. 2A). Both surfaces of approximately 25 μm thickness were cut with a the leaves are entirely covered by salt crystals cryotome and stained with Nadi reagent for the apparently secreted by the salt glands, as this detection of phenolics,et al. Sudan IV (Jensen, 1962) is revealed from fresh unprocessed specimens for lipids, Dragendorff reagent for alkaloids, and observed with the SEM (Fig.2 1B). The salt glands AlCl3 (Guerin , 1971) for the enhancement were approximately 6/mm , with a diameter of of fluorescence of flavonoids. The samles were 100 – 300 μm. These anatomical features are observed and photographed with an Olympus characteristic of a xerophytic halophyte using the BX40 light microscope, equipped with an Olympus strategy of salt absorption and secretion through DP21 digital camera. For SEM observations small specialized structures on their leaves, the salt pieces of leaves (5X5 mm) were fixed in 3% glands. The presence of large astrosclereids, the glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH thick outer cell wall of the epidermal cells and the 7.2, washed in buffer, dehydrated in a series of presence of salt on their surfaces protects them acetone, critical point dried and sputter coated from the herbivores (Fahn, 1990). with gold. Samples were observed with a Jeol The histochemical tests showed the presence 6063 SEM. Some samples were examined fresh of, terpenoids in the cell walls of the epidermal without any prior treatment. The thickness of the cells and in the leaf vascular tissues, phenolics, leaves, epidermis and cuticle were measured, as nitrites and alkaloids, flavonoids in the mesophyll calculated.well as the number of stomata was counted from cells, especially in the vacuoles, and lipids only in ten different photographs and mean values were the cuticle (Fig. A-D). The etpresence al.,l of phenolics Results and Discussion in this plant has also been verified by chemical L. monopetalum are analysis methods (Trabelsi 2010). All these secondary metabolites contribute to the chemical The leaves of defenseConclusions against biotic and abiotic factors. amphistomatic and bifacial with a single layer of epidermal cells. The leaf blade is approx. 170 μm thick (Fig. 2A,B); on both sides the outer cell seemAll to renderthese L. monopetalumstructural and chemical wall of epidermal cells is relatively thick, approx. incharacteristics almost extreme providing environmental defense conditionsand protection such 20 μm and covered by a 2 μm thick cuticle (Fig. suitable for use 2C). Stomata are of the anamocytic type and their number is the same2 on both sides of the as drought, high salinity, high light intensity, and leaf which is 97±2 st/mm (Fig. 1A,B). A number high temperatures as well as protection from Figure 1. L. monopetalum. A B SEM from the leaf surface of sg . processedst: stoma. sample. Due to the processing the salt deposits have been rinsed off. fresh, unprocessed sample where the leaf surface is covered with salt, secreted by the salt glands. : salt gland, Bulletin UASVM Horticulture 72(2) / 2015 440 et al AKOUMIANAKI Figure 2. L. monopetalum (A B Transverse sections of C leaves as observed with fluorescence microscopy D), yellow green and blue fluorescence is emitted by flavonoids; stained with Dragendorffad reagent ( ) reddish-orangeab colour indicates alkaloids;asc Sudan IV (sg) stains red lipids,ep in this case the cuticle andcu Nadi: cuticle. reagent ( ) stains purple terpenoid substances (epidermal cell walls and vascular tissue). : adaxial side of leaf, : abaxial side of leaf, : astrosclereid, : salt gland, : cell wall of epidermal cells, use in modern urban and suburban areas such as de pigments flavoniques. Application a quelques herbivores and therefore suitable for ornamental Phanerogrammes. B Soc Bot Fr 118: 29-36. 4. Jensen WA (1962). Botanical Histochemistry_Principles archeological sites, restoration of quarries, roof and Practice. 1rst Edition.W.H. Freeman and Company. gardens,REFERENCES and other disturbed areas. 5. LimoniastrumManousaki E, Galanaki monopetalum K, Papadimitriou L and Kalogerakis N (2014). Metal Phytoremediation by the Halophyte (L.) Boiss: Two Contrasting 1. Blamey Μ and Grey-Wilson C (1993). Mediterranean Wild Ecotypes. Int J Phytoremediation 16:755–769. Flowers. Mandarin offset. 6. Trabelsi N, Megdiche W, Ksouri R, Falleh H, Oueslati 2. Fahn, A (1990). Plant Anatomy. Pergamon Press, New S, SoumayaLimoniastrum B, Hajlaoui monopetalumH, Abdelly C (2010). Solvent York. effects phenolic contents and biological activities of the 3. Guerin HP, Delaveau PG and Paris RR (1971). Localisations halophyte leaves. LWT-Food histochimiques. II Procedes simples de localization Sci. Techn., 43: 632-639. Bulletin UASVM Horticulture 72(2) / 2015.
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