Thousand Islands Regional Assessment

Draft Report Thousand Islands Regional Assessment

Towns of Hammond, Orleans and Alexandria, Town and Village of Cape Vincent, Town and Village of Clayton, and Village of Morristown

New York State Department of State Office of Planning and Development

February 12, 2015 Draft Report Thousand Islands Regional Assessment Towns of Hammond, Orleans and Alexandria, Town and Village of Cape Vincent, Town and Village of Clayton, and Village of Morristown

New York State Department of State, Office of Planning and Development Barbara L. Kendall, Coastal Resources Specialist

Town of Hammond Ron Bertram, Town Supervisor

Project Advisory Committee Valerie Johnson, Chair

Prepared by: Dodson & Flinker, Inc. Landscape Architects and Planners

February 12, 2015

This report was prepared for the New York State Department of State with funds provided under Title 11 of the Environmental Protection Fund Act. Project Stakeholders

Municipalities: Counties: Project Management: St Lawrence County Planning Office Town of Hammond Ron Bertram, Town of Hammond Supervisor Jefferson County Planning Office Town of Cape Vincent Valerie Johnson, Project Coordinator St Lawrence County Legislature Village of Cape Vincent Clif Schneider, Volunteer Coordinator Jefferson County Legislature Harry Dodson and Nate Burgess, Dodson & Flinker, Lead Consultants Town of Clayton Organizations: Beth Moeller, Interactive Media Consulting Village of Clayton Antique Boat Museum Jackie Hakes, MJ Engineering Village of Morristown Town and Village Chambers of Commerce

Hammond Business and Economic Committee Town of Alexandria Advisory Board Steering Committee North Country Chamber of Commerce Town of Orleans David Duff Save the River Depending on the municipality, participants may have included Del Hamilton Singer Castle Town Board members, Village Trustees, Town and Village Planning Mary Hamilton and Zoning Board Members, and Town and Village Historians St Lawrence County Chamber of Commerce Allan Newell NY State Bass Chapter Federation Robert Pandina Thousand Islands Land Trust Ronald Papke Thousand Islands Tourism Council Susan Wood Seaway Trail Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary 1 • Base Maps • Background of Views 9. Chippewa Creek • Field Work/Photography • Focal Points of Views 10. American Island II. Introduction 2 • Identification of Visual Districts • Other Factors Cited in the Legislation • Scenic Landscapes X. Appendices: • Identification of Visual Subunits • Variety • Promotion of Tourism and Marketing • Identification of Study Area Boundary • Unity A. Survey Results: Section One of the Region • Coastal Viewshed • Contrast • Identification and Promotion of Lesser B. Survey Results: Section Two Known Scenic Areas • Important Viewpoints • Uniqueness C. Survey Results: Section Three • Grants and Funding • Visually Prominent Structures • Public Value • Method • Photo Conditions D. Survey: Demographics, V. Visual Survey 8 Comments • Inventory • Summary VI. Landscape Assessment - Evaluating 14 • Evaluation Scenic Quality E. Modified Table of Scenic Components • Project Website • Scenic Areas of Statewide Significance • Refine Table of Scenic Components • The Survey F. Evaluation Table Designation and Implementation • Visual Assessment • Modification of the Table of Scenic • Recognition and Implementation of • Determining Scenic Areas G. Maps Scenic Areas at the Local Level Components based on the Survey VII. Scenic Areas of Statewide Significance 16 • Promotion • A Preference for Blended Natural/ Cultural Landscapes Designation and Implementation • Designation Process III. Background 3 • A Preference for Waterscapes • Regional Coordination • A Tradition of Conservation • Land Use • State Initiatives • Landform VIII. Recognition and Implementation of 17 • Federal Policy • Terrain and Geology Scenic Areas at the Local Level • Vegetation • Previous Studies IX. Potential Scenic Areas of Statewide 19 • Local Organization and Support • Discordant Features Significance Narratives • Cultural • Project Advisory Committee 1. Lake Ontario • Volunteers • Architecture 2. Carleton Island • Ephemeral Characteristics 3. Grindstone Island • State of Upkeep/Environmental 4. French Creek 5. Wellesley Island IV. Landscape Inventory 5 Quality 6. American Narrows • Research and Data Collection • Views 7. Chippewa/Goose Bay • Inventory • Composition of Views 8. Crooked Creek I. Executive Summary

Eight municipalities in the Thousand Islands region of northern New York State have partnered with the New York State Department of State’s Office of Planning and Development (DOS) to evaluate, promote and identify tools to protect the region’s unique scenic resources. The purpose of this two year project is to provide the background and justification to propose designation of eligible portions of the Thousand Islands region as “Scenic Areas of Statewide Significance” (SASS). The Thousand Islands region possesses unique, highly scenic landscapes that are accessible to the public and recognized for their scenic quality. The proposed SASS designation provides for an additional visual assessment of projects that require state or federal actions in the Coastal Zone, including direct actions, permits or funding. The SASS report also provides suggestions for local land use tools that municipalities could consider for review of actions in both state and local areas of scenic significance, and supports tourism development and marketing in the Thousand Islands region.

The eight towns and villages that participated in this project extend from Cape Vincent in Jefferson County to the Village of Morristown in St Lawrence County. Through coordination provided by the Town of Hammond, the municipalities organized a stakeholder team and retained a consultant to conduct the study. The consultant adapted New York State’s scenic evaluation methodology to local conditions incorporating natural and cultural factors, views and visual perception elements, and conducted a thorough visual inventory and assessment process. An on-line visual survey completed by more than 600 people helped the consultants interpret and adjust the state standards to reflect the ways that local residents and visitors value their scenic resources.

More than 52 miles of the Saint Lawrence River and 14 miles of tributary creeks were surveyed. Over 100 square miles of upland terrain were also assessed as part of the project. A total of 109 separate visual landscapes were inventoried and evaluated. Ten areas totaling 156 square miles were proposed for designation as Sce- nic Areas of Statewide Significance under New York State’s Coastal Management Program. Detailed descriptions of the potential SASS were prepared, along with an impact assessment and recommendations for reducing visual impacts in these areas.

An additional three areas with potential for designation as Scenic Areas of Local Significance were identified in the study. The eight participating municipalities have the option to consider oversight of Scenic Areas of Local Significance through local land use measures or regional initiatives. Recommendations for local and county employment of the scenic protection plan were also developed as part of the study. Calumet Island and the Village of Clayton

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 1 II. Introduction

Five towns, three villages, businesses and community groups in the Thousand Is- lands have partnered with the New York Department of State’s Department of Plan- ning and Development (DOS) to evaluate, promote and identify tools to protect the region’s unique scenic resources. The spectacular scenery of the Thousand Islands is central to the region’s quality of life, and to its economy. Guarding this resource for future generations and promoting the economy of the region is a central goal of the project, called the “Thousand Islands Regional Assessment”.

With technical support from the DOS and financial support from Title 11 of the Environmental Protection Fund, the eight partnering municipalities organized a public participation process, adapted State scenic evaluation methodology to local conditions and conducted a thorough visual inventory and assessment process. The inventory and assessment process is based on standards and criteria developed by the DOS. Landscapes of local, regional and State-wide significance are identified through a simple, straight-forward process based on local partici- Singer Island pation and State scenic assessment standards. Thousand Islands landscapes of castles on rocky islands, sweeping water views, Method: Dodson & Flinker, a firm of landscape architects and regional planners, Scenic Landscapes: One purpose for this project is to recognize and document and craggy, unspoiled shorelines shape the public perception of the region, many worked with the project team and local communities to inventory and assess what makes this region of New York State’s coastal area scenic and to use current- lesser known, less spectacular scenic areas have great potential for marketing and the region’s scenic landscapes. The inventory and assessment was done using ly available tools to ensure that future large scale development projects are locat- careful stewardship. These less well known scenic areas include portions of the a method developed by DOS for use in the State’s coastal areas and previously ed and designed in a way that minimizes damage to the region’s scenic character Saint Lawrence River with fewer islands, tributary streams and their associated implemented in the Hudson River Valley and in the Town of East Hampton on and its economy. If scenic views are ruined, if large towers and tall buildings are marshlands, bluffs and hills with distant views of the river, rolling woodlands Long Island. built in inappropriate places, if wildlife habitat is damaged and the environment dotted with small farms, sweeping expanses of open farmland extending inland is degraded, the region’s tourist-based economy will suffer. Tourists come to see from the river, and historic waterfront villages and boathouses with classic Thou- The visual assessment process emphasizes both natural and cultural factors in and visit historic castles and architecture; to boat and fish on the St. Lawrence sand Islands architecture. These areas have great potential to blend existing land the landscape. In historic coastal landscapes, such as the Thousand Islands, hu- River and its tributaries; and to bird watch, hike and hunt in natural areas. While uses with future tourist activities. man activities over the centuries have modified and often enhanced the scenic people can travel to other places in the world for these activities, the unique sce- character of the land. nic landscapes that combine historic, natural and recreational attributes are the Grants and Funding: The information generated by this project will also provide reason that people come to the Thousand Islands for their vacation time. The background and improve opportunities for grants. Designation as a Scenic Area The methodology includes local public participation in the visual assessment eight communities partnering in this project recognized that New York State’s of Statewide Significance greatly increases a region’s ability to obtain public grants process. Incorporating local residents’ perceptions of scenery in the evalua- Scenic Areas of Statewide Significance Program offers a means to address their and private foundation support for a range of projects. Grants including economic tion process is as important as meeting State-wide scenic assessment standards. concerns about overseeing potential impacts in their unique scenic landscapes. development, tourism promotion, land conservation, environmental restoration, Understanding and documenting historical and cultural traditions helps in as- historic preservation, downtown revitalization and sustainable transportation are sessing scenic character, especially in communities with a long tradition of art, Promotion of Tourism and Marketing of the Region: Another important pur- among the many potential sources of funding that will be enhanced by state-wide painting, photography, architecture, landscape architecture, and agriculture. pose for the project is the promotion of tourism and the marketing of the region recognition. Potential funding sources include the Federal Transportation En- And finally, developing a simple, straight-forward assessment method based to the rest of the state, the country and internationally. Identifying the Thousand hancement Program (TEP), the Northern Border Regional Commission, and ap- on solid data as well as on public participation ensures that the plan is practical, Islands as one of the most scenic coastal areas in New York State will more em- plicable categories in the New York State Consolidated Funding Application (CFA) comprehensible and usable by both experts and the general public. phatically put the region on the map, attracting visitors and boosting its tourist- such as the Local Waterfront Revitalization Program (DOS), NY Main St. (Office based economy. Promoting the region based on sustainable development prac- of Community Renewal), Market New York (Empire State Development), and Mu- The visual assessment process consists of five steps: tices will create a unique image for the Thousand Islands as a beautiful, carefully nicipal Parks (Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation). Private in- overseen area that values its scenery and environmental quality. vestment in residential and commercial real estate, businesses, and infrastructure 1. Inventory: With the help of local residents, divide the region into separate will also be encouraged by the fact that the region has been officially recognized as areas based on their visual characteristics. This step does not involve rating the Identification and Promotion of Lesser Known Scenic Areas: While the iconic a unique and valuable asset to the entire state. scenic quality of the areas. It is an objective process to inventory the different

Page 2 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan types of visual features that distinguish one area from another. III. Background to protect the Thousand Islands’ environment, scenic beauty and recreation, have resulted in the acquisition of areas of public park and conservation land. 2. Evaluation: After the inventory stage is complete, the region’s landscapes are A Tradition of Stewardship: The Thousand Islands have long been recognized evaluated for their level of scenic quality. The evaluation is based on state criteria as an area of exceptional scenic beauty. Appreciated for centuries by local res- New York State has long recognized the importance of scenic resources. The and on local opinion. The state criteria rate scenery based on natural features idents, the region began to attract vacationers as early as the mid-Nineteenth first broad based movement to recognize American scenic landscapes occurred such as terrain, water and vegetation; on cultural features such as villages, historic Century. These early visitors built spectacular homes and castles on the islands in the mid-century through the work of the Hudson River School of painters. sites, farms and estates; and on other criteria such as recognition, views, visibil- and along the shoreline of the river. The care and creativity used by these early The American Romantic Landscape Movement which expressed itself in the arts, ity and lack of discordant features. Local opinion is gauged by asking meeting visitors in locating and designing homes and structures that fit in with the land- music and literature developed in New York State before spreading to the rest of attendees and visitors to this web site to rank images of a variety of Thousand scape created a tradition of land stewardship and creative design that continues the nation. The Castles and stately homes of the Gilded Age that grace the Thou- Islands landscapes. The results of this poll are combined with the state criteria to today. The blending of nature and culture in the Thousand Islands is unique and sand Islands are an outgrowth of this movement that emphasized the harmoni- create a system to rank each landscape. The highest ranked landscapes are eligi- can be a guiding force as the region takes steps to promote and manage its scenic ous blending of nature and culture. ble for designation as “Scenic Areas of Statewide Significance” (SASS). The next landscapes in the future. Today people live, visit, and invest in the Thousand highest are eligible for designation as “Scenic Landscapes of Local Significance”. Islands, in part, because of the spectacular scenery. Our beautiful river and its The New York State Legislature summed up compelling reasons to address man- many islands are an important part of our quality of life and of our economy.. agement of scenic resources when they enacted New York State (NYS) Executive 3. Scenic Areas of Statewide Significance Designation and Implementation: Law 42 in 1981, and established the Division of Coastal Resources to “achieve a Proposed SASS areas are described in detail and submitted for review and ap- State Initiatives: These early traditions set a high standard for safeguarding and balance between economic development and preservation that will permit the proval at the local, regional and state levels. After public hearings and a final overseeing the aesthetic character of the landscape that has continued to return beneficial use of coastal resources while preventing the loss of living marine re- review at the state level, the SASS are officially designated under federal and state dividends over the years. Early efforts, motivated in significant part by a desire sources and wildlife, diminution of open space areas or public access to the wa- laws relating to management of the New York coastline. Projects requiring federal or state permits and/or federal or state funding will be required to determine whether there may be adverse impacts to scenic resources and to incorporate measures to avoid those impacts. Specific recommendations for avoiding scenic impacts are included in this SASS report.

4. Recognition and Implementation of Scenic Areas at the Local Level: Out- side of the Scenic Areas of Statewide Significance are areas which scored lower in the assessment process but still exhibit some important scenic characteristics, known as Scenic Areas of Local Significance. Through planning support provided by MJ Engineering, preliminary guidance was developed for local communities on optional local land use tools they can use to help sustain and promote both Local and Statewide Scenic Areas of Significance. These tools include revisions to local policies, local land use ordinances, infrastructure plans and voluntary conservation programs.

5. Promotion: For decades a central focus of promotional efforts in the Thou- sand Islands has been the region’s scenic beauty. Books, brochures, marketing campaigns and ads for businesses almost always feature striking photos of the area’s scenic vistas. If the Thousand Islands are designated one of the state’s top scenic destinations promotion of the region’s tourist trade and economy will be greatly enhanced. People and businesses will want to come to an area that has received a major scenic designation after a rigorous review and analysis process. The SASS designation should be cited in promotional materials and brochures. And visitors, investors, new businesses and new residents will be reassured to know that measures have been taken to conserve and enhance the scenery for future generations.

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 3 k Notable Views (from Spring 2014 workshop) Overview Map: Project Boundary Views & Visual Districts Coastal Area Boundary Viewsheds Subunit Boundaries Thousand Islands Digital Elevation Model k k Visual Assessment Value k American k k High Island Project k k Low k k Morristown Farm k k and Forest Land

k October 17, 2014 Chippewa/Goose k Bay k k Notable Views (from Spring 2014 workshop) Overview Map: Project Boundary Views & k Visual Districts k k Chippewa Coastal Area Boundary Viewsheds Creek Subunit Boundaries Thousand Islands k Digital Elevation Model k k k k Visual Assessment k k Value k k American k k American High Island Project k k k Narrows Low k k k k Morristown Farm k k k and Forest Land k k k k October 17, 2014 k k Chippewa/Goose k k k Bay k kk k Hammond Farm k k k k k Chippewa Wellesley Island k k k Creek k k and Forest Land kk k k k k k k American k k Narrows k k k k k k k k k k k k kk k k Hammond Farm k k Wellesley Island k k k k k k and Forest Land k k k k kk k k k k k k k kk kk k Grindstone Island k k Grindstone Island k k k k k k k k k k k Crooked k k k k k k Creek k k k Crooked k k k k k k Creek k k Carleton Island k k l e d Alexandria o k M k k Farm and n o k i t k k Forest Land va k k e k k l

E k Clayton/Orleans l k k a k t k i Farm and Forest Land g k k i k k D

f o k

t k n e k

xt E k k French k k Creek kk k Cape Vincent Farm and Forest Land k k Carleton Island kk k k k k l e Lake Ontario k d Alexandria k o k k k M k k Farm and n o k k i t k k Forest Land va k e k l

E k Clayton/Orleans l k a k t k i Farm and Forest Land g k k i k This map was prepared for D

f the New York State o k Department of State by t 0 2 4 8 n GIS data from Miles Dodson & Flinker, Inc. with e k Feet funds provided under xt ESRI and NY DOS o 0 10,000 20,000 40,000 Title 11 of the Environmental E k Protection Fund Act. k French k k Map of project area and visual subunits A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the project area was compiled by merging tiledCre ekDEM data obtained from the NY GIS Clearinghouse. The DEM was used to kk k Cape Vincent Farm and Forest Land map viewsheds in the project area. k kk k k k Lake Ontario terfront, shoreline erosion, impairment of scenic beauty, or permanent damage importance of aesthetic valuesk in managing coastal resources. The Federal Act torians, members of recreational clubs, artists, business owners, and others with an k k to ecological systems.” (Article 42, s. 912). The State Legislature included scenic States that it is national policy “tok encourage and assist the States to…achieve wise interest in enhancing life along the shores of the Thousand Islands. The Advisory character as a key coastal resource protected by law. The law’s Policy #24 en- use of the land and water resources of the coastal zone, giving full consideration to Committee met frequently during the course of the project to discuss task comple- k courages guarding of Scenic Areas of Statewide Significance and discourages the ecological, cultural, historic and aesthetic values….”. (16 U.S.C. s. 1452[2]) Federal tion, public participation, scenic assessment and future implementation. Advisory modification or destruction of geological forms, vegetation and structures that policy therefore compels the State to shelter and oversee scenic resources as a vital Committee members also volunteered their time to assist with field work, data col- contribute to the scenic quality of these areas. The policy also discourages the component of the nation’s coastal resources. The Federal Coastal Zone Manage- lection, historical research and public events. Numerous people and organizations location of inappropriate structures in scenic areas. Policy #25 encourages the ment agency has supported New York State’s work in this area. have lent their support and expertise to the project including, the municipalities, St. protection, enhancement or restoration of scenic areas outside of SASS that con- Lawrence and Jefferson County legislators and planning staff, local businesses and This map was prepared for tribute to local scenic character. Local Organization and Support played a critical role in the project. The proj- numerous non-profit organizations. the New York State ect was guided by a project advisory committee with contributions from dozens 0 2 4 8 Department of State by New York State has also helped local communities sustain and restore their of local volunteers. Volunteers: Many people signed up as volunteers on the project are GfullIS timedata resifrom- Miles Dodson & Flinker, Inc. with ESRI and NY DOS o Feet funds provided under coastal resources through the Local Waterfront Revitalization Program (LWRP) dents, seasonal residents, representatives from business, local and county officials, 0 10,000 20,000 40,000 Title 11 of the Environmental provisions of Article 42. LWRPs have helped dozens of waterfront communi- Project Advisory Committee: Initial discussions between local communities tourism groups and non-profit organizations. More than ten hours of aerial foot- Protection Fund Act. ties develop and implement revitalizations plans for their waterfronts, including and DOS resulted in the formation of a project advisory committee. The com- age of the region was donated by the Town of Hammond. In addition, volunteers consideration of scenic resources in local decision-making. This has resulted in mittee included representatives from a variety of backgrounds and interests in attended workshops and meetings, provided information on the area and assisted new improvements and investments in community waterfronts including parks, project decision-making. Led by Valerie Johnson, the committee has coordi- the consultant team in a number of ways. Volunteers also participated in a day- public access, interpretive centers and other steps that have attracted new invest- nated the project, reached out to involve others and has organized meetings and long workshop in May to record valuable information on the Thousand Islands on ments by businesses, tourism groups and municipal governments in New York special events to promote the work. Over 60 people serve on the Advisory Com- maps of the study area. Volunteers have also helped manage and organize the proj- State’s waterfront areas. For more information about LWRPs in the Thousand mittee and have played a critical role as project volunteers taking photos, provid- ect, providing important leadership and coordination. Volunteers will continue to Islands region see Section VII. ing historic information and advice on the project. play an important role as the project evolves in the future. Their work will include the promotion of the Thousand Islands and assistance with developing new lines of Federal Policy: The Federal Coastal Zone Management Act also recognizes the Advisory Committee members include elected officials, planning officials, local his- grant funding for capital projects and tourism marketing.

Page 4 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan IV. Landscape Inventory Field Work/Photography: In order to fully document the landscapes of the Thousand Islands, Dodson & Flinker conducted field work throughout the re- The goal of the landscape inventory phase of the project was to gather informa- gion in March, May and August of 2014. The purpose of the field trips was to tion on the location and objective characteristics of the Thousand Islands visual gather data and information about the visual characteristics of the landscape. environment. The visual inventory consists of observing and documenting the They were able to observe the area in winter, spring and summer. Area volun- relatively objective visual, physical and cultural characteristics of the landscape. teers provided additional photographs of the area during peak fall foliage. The These characteristics include physical character, cultural character, views, land- consultants took extensive field notes and photographs of their observations us- scape composition and public accessibility. ing the visual landscape categories described in the Table of Scenic Components and the Visual Evaluation Form. Field notes also identified the date, climatic Research and Data Collection: The Project Advisory Committee provided nu- conditions and other pertinent data relating to the field work. The following merous reports and data for the project including comprehensive plans, zoning methods were used for field data collection: and subdivision regulations and open space plans. St. Lawrence and Jefferson County Planning Offices and the Thousand Island Land Trust (TILT) provided •• Air Photos: The Town of Hammond provided funding for ten hours of high GIS information on resources, protected lands and sensitive habitats. The Local resolution digital video of the entire region, providing the consultant team with Waterfront Revitalization Programs, which address scenic resource issues, were an invaluable photographic archive of the region. A continuous series of photos also very useful. The Department of State provided information on its scenic as- of the shoreline as well as interior sections of the Towns and Villages were taken sessment process and copies of the 1993 Scenic Areas of Statewide Significance from an altitude of approximately 200‘ to 1,500’. Photos were overlapped to document for the Hudson River Valley. ensure a continuous photographic record of the landscape. The photos are available for use by the participating Towns and Villages in digital format. Dodson The consultants used recent (2010) ESRI world imagery ortho photos in project- & Flinker also made extensive use of on-line aerial photo sources such as Bing base maps. Digital versions of the 7.5 minute USGS topographic quad sheetsfor Maps and Google Maps which provide high resolution aerial oblique photo cov- Dodson & Flinker’s Research Vessel the Towns and Villages, and a Digital Elevation Model from the NYS GIS Clear- erage of the region. inghouse was also obtained for the project area. This allowed the planimetric data in the USGS quad sheets and Digital Elevation Model to be overlain and •• Car: The consultants traversed the entire coastal and interior areas of the re- Identification of Visual Districts: Based on the preliminary site visits, Advisory compared to the photographic data in the aerial ortho photos. Marine navigation gion by car, stopping as necessary to photograph specific sites. Roads leading to Committee meetings and research, the Thousand Islands landscape was inven- charts and land use data from various local programs was also obtained. the water as well as elevated areas providing views of the coast were carefully in- toried and divided into 15 Visual Districts, defined as large areas showing a con- vestigated and photographed. Major highways as well as minor local roads were sistent visual character. Some visual districts were based on prominent natural With the help of the Advisory Committee, the consultants compiled a library of traveled to gain a complete understanding and visual record of the landscape as features such as Chippewa Bay, Grindstone Island or Lake Ontario. Others were relevant publications, historic photographs, local guidebooks and histories. The seen from roadways. All of the major and most of the minor roads from Cape shaped by a blend of cultural and natural features such as areas of farm and for- Thousand Islands Trails Preservation Society prepared a report entitled “Scenic Vincent to Morristown were travelled and documented over the course of three est land. Creating large visual districts based on consistent character allowed the Views as Seen from the Thousand Islands Trails System” that provided excellent days of continuous driving. landscape to be divided into manageable areas for further field investigation and documentation on scenic quality in the more remote areas of Town accessible evaluation. The visual districts were identified on working field maps and in the only by foot. •• Boat: The consultant’s research vessel, the Wally D. was trailered to Thou- GIS data base. Adjustments to the districts were made as a result of additional sand Islands in May and August to conduct a visual survey of the coastline from field work and the comments of the Advisory Committee. Inventory: After extensive field work, research and data acquisition the visual the water. The entire coastline of the river was visited and photographed from inventory was completed in the office by identifying the scenic components pres- Cape Vincent to Morristown at a distance of one quarter to one half mile from The visual districts include the Following: ent in each scenic area subunit. shore. The Wally D. made two complete transits of the river and Lake Ontario shoreline with frequent side trips to visit clusters of islands and major river tribu- 1. Lake Ontario taries. Field evaluators took water level photographs of the coastline, including 2. Carleton Island Base Maps: The consultants developed digital base maps of the study area navigable bays and estuaries. 3. Cape Vincent Farm and Forest Land using both USGS topo quad sheets and aerial photographs. The coastal area 4. Grindstone Island boundary, and other important features such as parks, conservation areas, sce- •• Hiking: The evaluators covered certain areas on foot including state park 5. French Creek nic roads, historic districts and other features were identified on the maps. The and conservation lands, public hiking trails and accessible locations on some of 6. Clayton/Orleans Farm and Forest Land base maps were used for field work, presentations and the compilation of final the islands. Hiking provided a close-up view of the landscape not available from 7. Wellesley Island scenic assessment maps. the boat, car or aircraft. 8. American Narrows

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 5 Rock Island Lighthouse

9. Alexandria Farm and Forest Land Image Poll - Section 1 - Water Present? 10. Chippewa Bay 11. Crooked Creek 12. Hammond Farm and Forest Land 13. Chippewa Creek 14. American Island 15. Morristown Farm and Forest Land 100%50% 74%74% 50%100% Identification of Visual Subunits: The 15 visual districts were further subdivided into 109 Visual Subunits, which are smaller areas of consistent visual character. The process to determine subunits is similar to the process to determine visual districts, but occurs on a much smaller, more detailed scale. The landscape was surveyed from the air, the water, by car and on foot to identify areas sharing common visual Top 10 Overall Bottom 10 characteristics. No value judgments were used during this process - only the objective visual characteristics of each area were considered. The individual elements that make up the visual landscape, called scenic components, were identified and Yes No described in the inventory stage of work. These components include water, vegeta- Above are the top 10 and bottom 10 photos from section one of the image poll tion, topography, buildings and other natural and cultural features that shape the along with the average rank of each photo. At the top left of the page is the visual environment. The Table of Scenic Components developed by the DOS for number one image from this section. state-wide use was used as a basis for identifying scenic components in Thousand

Page 6 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Islands, but modified to address unique local conditions. views into major bays and tributaries. Image Poll Results - Section 2 Instructions: Rank the following landscape views from most scenic (3) to least scenic (1). • Inventory notes were compiled in Microsoft Excel. The districts and subunits • Analysis: Viewshed (no trees): Used “visibility” toolset with default settings WATER were mapped as shape files in ESRI’s ArcGIS, a geographic information system. unless otherwise noted above. The input DEM had x,y,z resolution in meters so FEATURES 1

Inventory notes and evaluation values, tabulated in Excel, were then joined to no multiplier was used to scale Z values. VEGETATION these shape files. 2 • STATE OF • Viewshed (100’ structure): Created a “height above” analysis map in parallel UPKEEP

Identification of the Study Area Boundary: The New York Coastal Manage- with creation of the viewshed (no trees) dataset. This maps the minimum height RANK ANTICIPATED 3 ment Program defines the coastal boundary for the entire New York State coast- that would need to be added to the elevation of a particular pixel for that pixel SHORELINE line. This boundary varies in width, depending on terrain, hydrology, land use to be viewed from the viewpoints input. Classified “height above” values with a LANDSCAPE CHARACTER and other jurisdiction factors. In the Thousand Islands the coastal boundary is breakpoint at 30 meters (approximately 100’). often located in close proximity to the river. This is due to the fact that much of LANDFORM the river’s shoreline consists of steep bluffs which limit views of inland areas. But Important Viewpoints: Four different types of viewpoints were identified: key because tall buildings or structures can be visible from considerable distances water views, minor water views, views from boats and views of upland areas. LAND USE from the shoreline, the study area boundary was moved further inland. The Viewpoints are frequently visited locations open to the public that provide ex- HISTORIC study area boundary was located from one to three miles inland from the shores ceptional, extensive views of the coastal region. Examples include parks, estates, CHARACTER COASTAL of the river and Lake Ontario for this reason. Adjustments to the official Coastal bridges and sections of roads skirting the coastline or providing views from high VIEWSHED Area Boundary map would be proposed during the SASS designation process to elevations. Viewpoints on water include areas covered by excursion boats and ARCHITECTURAL reflect the visual districts that result from the data collection and analysis. other areas accessible by smaller boats. Key viewpoints can either be specific CHARACTER points or linear segments of roads, paths and river channels. 1 2 3 Coastal Viewshed: The coastal viewshed is defined as the area of the coastline AVERAGE RANK visible from coastal water bodies such as the ocean, the sound, bays and estuaries. Key viewpoints were first identified with the help of local residents at a workshop Conversely, the coastal viewshed includes areas of the coastline from which coastal held in May 2014 in Clayton. The workshop provided excellent guidance to the water bodies are visible as well as the water bodies themselves. Viewsheds were evaluators conducting the inventory of view points in the field. Determining the calculated in ArcMap using the visibility tool, part of the ArcGIS 3-D Analyst Vis- location and extent of views involved ground level field work supplemented by ibility toolset. Two types of viewsheds were calculated: the primary viewshed and analysis of topographic maps and aerial photos. Additional field checking and the secondary viewshed. The primary viewshed map shows areas that are visible input from Advisory Committee members provided supplemental information. Image Poll Results - Section 2 (Shoreline Category) Instructions: Rank the following shorelines from most scenic (3) to least scenic (1). from the river and its major tributaries today, not taking into account vegetation Key viewpoints were added to the GIS database, including information on the and buildings. Vegetation and buildings can be removed which is why the views- direction, extent and character of the views. hed boundary does not include them. The secondary viewshed map shows areas in which tall structures over 100’ in height would be visible from the river. This sec- Visually Prominent Structures: Visually prominent structures include both 3 ondary viewshed extends in a number of areas well back from the shore of the river. structures and landscapes radically altered by human activity visible over a wide 2.9 area. They include tall buildings, transmission lines, wind turbines, bridges, As mentioned above, the principal program used to determine the coastal views- communications towers, large highways, road cuts and large areas transformed hed was ArcGIS 3D Analyst Visibility Toolset (Visibility Tool). The details of this by human activity, such as landfills and very large paved areas. Visually promi- procedure are below: nent features and landscapes were added to the GIS database, including informa- 2 1.8 tion on the extent and character of their prominence. The positive or negative •• Input (elevation data): Began with a digital elevation model smoothed to impacts of these features were not taken into consideration at this point in the

40x40 meter resolution. This coarser DEM increased computation time and cre- study: only their location and objective visual characteristics (height, color, ma- RANK ANTICIPATED ated a result that was meaningful at the relatively coarse scale of site analysis terial, form) were inventoried. 1 1.3 without adding unnecessary detail. Assumed viewer height of 1.7 meters. Input data spatial reference system: NAD 1927 UTM Zone 18N.

•• Input (viewpoints): Created a shape file with 87 points distributed through- 1 2 3 out the area of open river. Points were distributed for even coverage and to allow AVERAGE RANK

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 7 V. Visual Survey

Summary: A public participation process was organized to ensure that the Thousand Islands scenic assessment process was based on solid foundations. While a remarkable continuity of visual values exists from region to region, important local variations also exist and need to be incorporated in visual assessment methods. The public participation process consisted of a web-based visual survey as well as a day-long brainstorming session with stakeholders from most of the towns and villages in the study area.

The goal of the visual survey was to incorporate the preferences of local residents in the scenic assessment process. The results of the survey were analyzed to determine the specific visual elements that contribute to positive or negative perceptions of the landscape.

Project Web Site: A web site for the project was created by Interactive Media Consulting (IMC) of Saratoga Springs. IMC worked closely with the project advisory committee and Dodson & Flinker to create a web site that explains the goals of the project, describes the process of identifying and caring for scenic Above are two images from the landform category of the image poll. On the left is the image that we anticipated would be ranked as most scenic (“distinctive”), landscapes and invites visitors to the site to participate in the process. A visual based on the New York State Table of Scenic Components. On the right is the image that we anticipated would be ranked as second most scenic (“noteworthy”). preference poll was available on the web site allowing visitors to rate a variety of The survey results were consistent with our expectations. Thousand Island landscapes on line. The involvement of a large number of participants through an on-line poll allowed the project team to determine the types The web site also provides access to project data including aerial video footage, vegetation, water), cultural features (historic, landscape, architecture, discordant, of landscapes residents of the region view as scenic. air and ground level photographs, maps of visual districts, subunits, coastal view- ephemeral, settlement pattern and symbolism), views, landscape composition points and viewsheds. The web name and a logo for the project were developed and public value. Breaking the survey down into specific scenic components al- by Dodson & Flinker for use on the web site and other project materials. lowed the results of the survey to be incorporated into the final scenic evaluation.

Image Poll Results - Section 3 The Survey: Over 600 Thousand Islands residents participated in the web-based The second section of the survey included 10 sets of three images that partici- Best Images from Scenic Component Categories Ranked 10-1. visual preference survey in the summer of 2014. The results of the survey are one pants ranked 1 (least scenic) to 3 (most scenic). Together with comments so- of several factors used to determine which Thousand Islands landscapes will be licited after the poll, this section provided a more controlled and direct way of 1. Landform Landform rated as highly scenic. (Please see the Appendices for detailed information on comparing our interpretation of the state value system to respondents values. 2. Shoreline the survey and its results). For example, one item in the state Table of Scenic Components is shoreline. In Shoreline Coastal 3. Coastal Viewshed View the state system, more varied shoreline geometries are considered more distinc- Viewshed The survey was divided into three sections. In the first section participants rated tive, while simpler shoreline geometries are considered less distinctive. We se- Land 4. Land Use Use images of typical Thousand Islands landscapes on a scale of +3 to –3, registering lected three images of shorelines, taken from a similar distance from shore, on Historic 5. Historic Character their likes and dislikes. Images included a variety of landscape types ranging the same partly cloudy day with slight chop in the water. One image showed a Character from natural landscapes to historic sites to contemporary residential develop- highly varied shoreline: what we would consider a distinctive shoreline based on Water 6. Water Feature Features ment and to strip commercial development along highways. Participants voted the state system. Another image showed a shoreline with a little less variation: Architectural 7. Architectural Character their “gut reaction” to each image. Respondents also submitted written com- what we would consider a noteworthy shoreline. A final image showed a straight Character ments about their preferences and concerns which have been summarized in the shoreline: a common landscape. We found that though some people had differ- Landscape 8. Landscape Character

% OF TOTAL VOTES PER RANK Character Appendices of this report. ent opinions, the overwhelming majority of participants ranked the photos in a Vegetation 9. Vegetation manner consistent with the state system. State of Upkeep 10. State of Upkeep The results of the first section of the visual survey have been analyzed by breaking 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 each image down into its individual scenic components that are described in the The third section of the survey asked participants to rank the most scenic images LEAST SCENIC MOST SCENIC state-wide evaluation methodology. These include natural features (landform, from section two. This section provides an additional, more controlled process

Page 8 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan to support the kind of conclusions the consultant team drew from section one of farms, forests, working waterfronts and historic centers and neighborhoods. The ing the overall score of an image. the poll. Together with section one, the results of this section provide insight into state-wide table of scenic components was modified to reflect this unique re- what scenic components respondents feel play larger and smaller roles in scenic gional perception. Section two of the visual survey provided more detailed information about re- quality. spondent’s preferences for specific views of water, such as shoreline configuration Historic character of both landscapes and buildings had a strongly positive in- and coastal viewshed. In section two, respondents ranked an image of a varied Modification of the Table of Scenic Components Based on Visual Survey Re- fluence on the rating of the images. Elements such as historic farming, historic shoreline as most distinctive, an image of a less varied shoreline as noteworthy, sults: The Table of Scenic Components was modified based on the results of the parks and commons, historic landmarks, streets and neighborhoods featured and a relatively straight shoreline as common. These visual preferences were con- visual survey. As expected, the features present and visual preferences for these prominently in the highly rated images. sistent with the state table of scenic components. The distinctive image of shore- components in the Thousand Islands differed in some ways from other scenic line from section two was ranked as the second most distinctive image overall areas in the state. For example, residents in East Hampton rated recent devel- A Preference for Waterscapes: Natural features that factored in the survey in- in poll section three, suggesting that respondents were in agreement with the opment in rural areas at the bottom of the scale, whereas respondents in the clude, above all, water. Out of the top 20 images, all but two feature water land- state system of values. The three images of coastal viewsheds were also ranked Thousand Islands showed a greater tolerance for development in rural areas. In scapes. This is consistent with surveys conducted throughout the world, where by respondents in a manner consistent with the table of scenic components. As addition, the physical characteristics of the landscape vary from region to region, water is almost always the most highly-rated natural scenic factor. Humans usu- expected, respondents preferred open sweeping views of the river to more lim- requiring a modification of the Table of Scenic Components to match the features ally like views of water, our most basic life-sustaining element. The Thousand ited views. of a particular region. For example, on Long Island beaches and sand dunes play Islands region is no exception. Views of water - the River, Lake Ontario, the a major role in the visual landscape. In the Thousand Islands these features are tributary streams, marshes and lakes - predominated in the top-ranked images. Land Use: By an overwhelming margin, the preferred land use in the survey of minimal important or are non-existent. The top-ranked image is a view of the Rock Island Light House with water sur- consisted of small amounts of residential, especially historic residential develop- rounding the Canadian Shield rocks and shoals. The first image without water is ment carefully sited in unspoiled natural settings. This reflects a strong prefer- A Preference for Blended Natural/Cultural Landscapes: A striking feature of #14, a view of an historic limestone house with a towering American elm. The ence for blending natural landscapes with limited amounts of development as the survey results is the overwhelming preference for images that include both presence of extensive views of water is almost always an important factor in rais- long as the underlying scenic character of nature is preserved by the siting and natural and cultural landscapes. In other scenic areas across the state, natural landscapes have tended to outweigh cultural landscapes. The difference in the Thousand Islands may be due to the sensitive – even artistic way that buildings are integrated into the riverscape, as well as due to the very high, if at times, quirky character of the Gilded Age architecture that dominates the most scenic areas of the river.

The most highly ranked image of the Rock Island light house is typical of the region’s preference for combinations of nature and culture, artistically interwo- ven. Seven of the top ten images feature combinations of natural waterscapes with historic, carefully sited structures that respect rather than overwhelm their natural setting. Interestingly, none of the structures are contemporary and all hark from the Gilded Age era and before. The respondents clearly appreciate buildings carefully sited in the landscape which has interesting implications for the design guidelines and local implementation sections of this report.

Former grazing and pasture land, active farming, historic parks and greens, historic main streets, tree-lined residential streets, trails, swimming beaches, estate gardens all factored within the top 50 images. Clearly human alteration of the landscape can have a positive effect on scenery, especially in a community as rich in landscape history as the Thousand Islands. Cultural landscape factors include land use, historic character, architecture, landscape character, discordant features (“eyesores”), settlement patterns, ephemeral (temporary or transient) characteristics, and symbolic meaning. Respondents overwhelmingly preferred conservation, recreation or traditional land uses such as parks, preserved areas, Boldt Castle Alexandria Bay Waterfront

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 9 Landform: Survey respondents showed a strong preference for hilly, varied terrain with rounded islands and shoreline hills. Of the top ten images, eight include rolling terrain with moderate relief. Since the Thousand Islands region lacks dramatic topography, moderate terrain is proportionally more significant. Flat terrain, while occasionally included in highly-rated images, tended to predominate in the lower rankings. Of the bottom ten images, seven included flat terrain. The remaining three bottom-ranked images showed only low or moderately rolling relief. Similarly, in section two of the poll, the majority of participants ranked images of landform in a manner consistent with the statewide table of scenic components. The image ranked most distinctive included a steep shorefront bluff in an area with regionally high relief. The image ranked noteworthy showed a lower shorefront bluff. The common image showed a relatively flat shorefront underlain by limestone with limited bedrock outcrops. Because of the relatively modest landforms in the Thousand Islands, moderate hills and bluffs received higher rankings and greater importance in the region compared to areas such as the Hudson River. The state-wide table of scenic components was modified to reflect this unique regional perception.

Terrain and Geology: Respondents showed a strong preference for the hilly terrain characteristic of Canadian Shield geology, especially islands with pro- Shipping creates a striking and unique visual character throughout the Thousand Islands nounced relief as well as for bluffs along shorelines of the river and its tributaries. Hilly to rolling terrain created by Canadian Shield rock formations typified most design of structures. This type of land use and the siting and design principles of the highest rated images. Outcrops of the igneous and metamorphic Canadian that shape it could become a foundation of future development guidelines and Shield rocks also scored very high in section one of the poll. Areas underlain by standards in the region. Surprisingly, working waterfronts did not score as well, limestone tend to be flat to moderately rolling, resulting in lower scores in the the majority occurring in the bottom half of the ratings. The Thousand Islands’ image preference poll. working water-related industries are obviously an important economic and cultural element of the community, but are often not perceived as highly scenic with The foundation of the visual character of the Thousand Islands has been cre- the exception of some historic working waterfronts. ated by the interaction of Canadian Shield geography with the waters of the Saint Lawrence River. The Shield covers almost half of Canada, including almost all The lowest ranked images in section one feature contemporary automotive land- of Quebec and Nunavut, and most of Ontario and Manitoba. It is Pre-Cambrian scapes consisting of billboards and roadside commercial strips. Development cre- rock, some of the oldest geology in the world. Canadian Shield rock is typically ated by automobile oriented lifestyles is clearly the least scenic land use for survey rolling with a rounded profile and a thin coating of soil and pockets of vegeta- participants. It is interesting to note that advertisements for cars almost always tion. It’s only connection with the United States occurs in the Thousand Islands feature individual cars set in scenic landscapes and almost never feature groups of where it extends to form the Adirondacks, bringing the rugged, sculpted visual cars, especially cars stuck in traffic. The fact that the billboard/commercial strip character of the north to the sedimentary terrain of the region. This is why the photo was rated as a highly negative image may be due to the association with the Thousand Islands are geologically and visually unique. Perhaps it is no surprise, side effects of our vehicular lifestyle such as wide paved roads, parking lots, sprawl- then that respondents in section three of the poll overwhelmingly ranked their ing land use patterns, air pollution, road rage and accidents. The remaining 20 highest rated landform image as most scenic overall. The state-wide table of sce- lowest-ranked images consisted of mobile home parks on the waterfront, wind tur- nic components was modified to reflect this unique regional perception. bines, suburban sprawl in farmlands, boat storage, transmission towers and poorly The Canadian Shield, shown in red, extends into the United States through the maintained older structures. This wide range of uses was generally united by poor Vegetation: Vegetation featuring mature forests, open meadows or fields, Thousand Islands area. Source: William L. GRANT, "Geography", in W. Stewart site planning, poor architecture, excessive paving, lack of landscape planting and seashore vegetation and mature street trees was rated very highly by poll re- WALLACE, ed., The Encyclopedia of Canada , Vol. III, Toronto, University lack of relationship to the surroundings and historic context. The state-wide table spondents. Evergreen trees bent towards the east by the strong westerly winter Associates of Canada, 1948, 396p., pp. 17-22. of scenic components was modified to reflect this unique regional perception. winds sweeping off Lake Ontario were particularly highly rated. Open marshes

Page 10 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan along tributary streams scored very high as well. Low scrub vegetation, successional fields and areas of uniformly dense second growth vegetation scored lower in the poll results. Mixed mature deciduous/evergreen forests received very high scores. The highest-scoring vegetation in the survey featured islands or shorelines covered with dense, mature vegetation often with a preponder- ance of mature evergreen trees, including wend-swept pines. In section two of the survey, respondents preferred mature vegetation with prominent evergreen trees over younger, scrubbier vegetation--consistent with the state value system. Houses, castles or garden structures were often tucked into the forest with trees framing or partially screening the structures. Of the top ten images in section one, nine contain mature trees on islands or along the shoreline, six of which screen or frame buildings tucked into the woodland. This symbiosis of buildings and trees is a strong tradition in the Thousand Islands extending back to the Gilded Age era of design and construction. These historic design principles can be applied today and could become guiding principles for future development in the region. The visual survey results for vegetation in the Thousand Islands were consistent with results in other areas of the New York State coastline. The state-wide Table of Scenic Components did not have to be modified in this category.

The lowest-ranked images in section one of the poll are notable for their general lack of vegetation. Highways, parking lots, median strips, lawns and weedy shrubs are the predominant type of vegetation in these images. Of bottom ten images, five lack vegetation or have vegetation of a scrubby or scattered character. Where mature trees are present they are often partially obscured by development occurring in the foreground of the view.

Discordant Features: Discordant features are features which, due to siting, form, scale, materials or usage, visually interrupt the overall scenic quality of the landscape. This discordance was reflected in the ratings in the visual survey. Many of the man-made “visually prominent features” described above were rated very low in section one of the visual survey. The exceptions to this low ranking were Historic Limestone House and Scenic Farmland historic bridges, castles, passing ships and historic decorative towers and monu- ments. The lowest rated land uses were tall structures such as wind turbines or Cultural: As described above, cultural factors are strikingly present in the top extensive areas of pavement such as wide highways lined by strip commercial rated images. This is in marked contrast to the East Hampton SASS where they sand Islands. These influences have shaped development in the intervening years development. Of the bottom ten images, all but two contain visually prominent, were strikingly absent. Farming landscapes play an important role in the top rat- and continue in some new development today. In other areas these traditional man-made features such as wind turbines, industrial style boat storage build- ed images: pasture land, potato fields, hay fields, meadows and woodlots figure cultural influences have not been as influential, leading to clear cutting of veg- ings, billboards and highway commercial strips. Again, a unique aspect of visual prominently in the highest-ranked views. The role of history and traditional etation and the construction of high density development on small islands and character in the Thousand Islands is the fact that prominent, man-made features architectural and landscape principles figures prominently in the region’s high sensitive shorelines. The state-wide table of scenic components was modified to can either be viewed as eyesores (highway strips, billboards) or attractive accents esteem for cultural landscapes. Some of the positive influence of cultural land- reflect this unique regional perception. to the natural landscape (castles, historic bridges). The reason for this dramatic scapes is based on very old historic traditions such as the limestone houses, tra- contrast lies in the type of prominent feature and the siting and design of devel- ditional post-and-beam homes and the historic light houses that line the river Architecture: The top-ranked images in section one included buildings tucked opment and construction. Again, this offers lessons from the past that may be channels. A second and even more dominant influence was created by the archi- into the natural landscape. Some highly prominent buildings such as the Boldt useful in guiding development in the future. The state-wide table of scenic com- tects, landscape architects and their clients who brought a unique way of locating Castle which dominate the surrounding landscape were also highly rated. Re- ponents was modified to reflect this unique regional perception. and designing buildings in harmony with the dramatic landscape of the Thou- spondents in section one and two showed a very strong preference for traditional

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 11 Thousand Islands architecture and a moderate dislike of modern or contemporary substantial summer homes and early limestone cottages were all highly rated The first modern or contemporary building to be rated occurs in image #23, show- architecture. But Thousand Islands respondents showed a greater affinity for recent in the poll. The region’s famous limestone farm houses were especially highly ing a very carefully designed modern house tucked into a shoreline. Eight of the development than residents of other areas of New York State. This may be due to rated and frequently mentioned in workshops and meetings. Early to mid- bottom ten images featured buildings and structures built after World War II, in- the relatively low amount of development in the region compared to Long Island Nineteenth Century wood frame houses as well as stone waterfront warehouse cluding residences, industrial or storage buildings, roadway commercial buildings, or the Hudson River. All but two of the buildings included in the top-ranked 50 and commercial buildings also received high ratings. wind turbines and communication towers. This builds a case for some measure slides featured traditional Thousand Islands architecture. The two exceptions were of architectural siting and design guidance, especially in historic areas and visually a very carefully designed and sited modernist home and a recently built residence The iconic castles and large estate buildings typical of the Gilded Age in the late sensitive landscapes such as shorelines and open farmland. It also builds a strong above a boat house. In contrast, nine structures built within the last fifty years were Nineteenth and early Twentieth Centuries were the most highly rated as well as case for the review and modification of large utility, road or large scale industrial featured in the lowest ranked second half of the survey. the most visually prominent of all the architectural styles in the region. Less projects that fall within the jurisdiction of the SASS program. The visual survey re- imposing and less flamboyant and eccentric estates and large summer homes sults for architecture in the Thousand Islands were consistent with results in other Preferred architectural styles include residential, commercial and waterfront dating from the early Twentieth Century in Edwardian, Queen Anne, Edward- areas of the New York State coastline. The state-wide Table of Scenic Components structures dating from before the industrial revolution. The top-rated eight ian and Colonial Revival styles were also highly ranked, especially when set in did not have to be modified in this category. buildings are all designed in traditional architectural styles (Colonial, Victo- carefully designed landscapes. Architectural components of estate landscapes rian, Classical, Eclectic Castle or carefully designed Traditional Revival styles). including park buildings, follies, stairways and courtyards were also highly Ephemeral Characteristics: Ephemeral characteristics are transient features The architecture of the Gilded Age including castles, Edwardian era mansions, rated. or events in the landscape that are temporary, intermittent yet repetitive. These features have a direct impact on the perception of beauty in the landscape. The Thousand Islands are rich in ephemera due to the Saint Lawrence Seaway, extensive wildlife habitats, varied climate, the nearby presence of one of the Great Lakes, the presence of many farms and the extensive viewpoints created by the many islands and promontories in the river. The importance of ephemeral features was emphasized in meetings and workshops held in the region. Wildlife, sunsets and shipping were cited as important contributors to the region’s scenic quality. Shipping in particular was mentioned as a unique feature of the landscape, unique nationally and worldwide. It is highly unusual to have ocean going ships navigating such a narrow and scenic waterway. Sailors on the ships repeatedly mention how uniquely beautiful the Thousand Islands are compared to most waterways they navigate.

State of Upkeep/Environmental Quality: Run down, poorly maintained and shabby buildings and landscapes were rated poorly in the visual survey, especially if the poor condition of the structures also implied the presence of pollution or trash. On the other hand, ruins of historic architectural styles can have an element of the picturesque that can be viewed as a positive scenic element. Section two of the visual survey compared three degrees of upkeep and environmental quality. The results of the ratings for these upkeep images showed a clear preference for well maintained, environmentally clean landscapes and buildings as well as for picturesque ruins of historic buildings.

Views: A large majority of the top-scoring images consist of mid-range views over water towards islands and varied shorelines. Of the top ranked 25 views only three consist of long range views of open water or expansive areas of farmland. The remainder are mid-range views. This is in part due to the smaller visual scale in many parts of the region and in part due to the visual preferences of respondents. The Table of Scenic Components has been revised to reflect the regional preference for mid-range views with an emphasis on composition and variety over length Grindstone Island and breadth. Coastal views also predominate in the top-ranked images. Of the 25

Page 12 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan top-ranked images, all but 21 include views of water. Clearly, the presence of the Saint Lawrence River and its major tributaries are an important scenic element in Thousand Islands.

Composition of Views: The composition of views including framing, arrange- ment of visual elements and the juxtaposition of form, line, color and texture play an important role in the perception of scenery. The multitude of islands in the region creates numerous opportunities for a wide range of visual compositions to occur. Perhaps as a result composition played a very strong role in the visual survey results. Of the top ten images, eight showed strong composition with a variety of subjects in the near, middle and background areas of the image. Com- positional factors in the landscape can be enhanced or reduced through the skill of the photographer. This survey attempts to avoid excessively composed, highly artistic images but no photograph can be completely neutral. The focus of this analysis is on compositional elements such as vegetation, contrasting forms and lines, structures and other graphic elements that predominate in a given landscape, not in the lens of the photographer.

Background of Views: Background elements in a view have an important effect on the image’s overall rating. Positively ranked backgrounds include water bodies, woodlands, fields and meadows and historic structures. Negative background elements include many types of contemporary development, transmission towers, prominent structures, roads and billboards. In rating scenic quality, the presence of a nearby positive or negative background feature can play an important role. Important positive background elements in the Thousand Islands include the Interstate 81 Thousand Island Bridge, shoreline bluffs, wooded hills and Lake Ontario. Negative background elements include the Wolfe Island wind turbine complex, the Brockville high rise building, water containment and communications towers. Shipping Docks, Prescott, Ontario. Ogdensburg Bridge in the Background

Focal Points of Views: Focal points, while similar to background views, tend uniqueness also play an important role. Consideration of these factors is required cars and trucks, pavement and a single street tree. to be more prominent objects or objects located in a more focused position in in New York State’s coastal scenic area designation process. the landscape. The most highly rated focal points include prominent natural •• Unity refers to the visual cohesion and consistency of an image. A highly features such as small wooded islands, historic architecture, unique geology and •• Variety can be an important contributing factor to the creation of scenic unified image contains elements that fit well together as a scene. Unity exists major wind swept trees. Water frequently serves as a focal point, especially when quality. Images consisting of a wide range of positive visual elements will often both in form (unity of shapes, lines, colors, textures and composition) as well as framed or highlighted by other landscape features. Buildings and structures rate be perceived as more scenic than images with few components, though this is not in content (unity of land uses, cultural factors, lack of discordant features, man- highly in the survey almost on an equal footing with natural focal points. Promi- always the case. The highest-ranked image is an example of rich visual variety: it agement). Of the top 20 images, 12 are highly unified and eight are unified; none nent landmarks such as the historic lighthouses, the castles, bridges, notable includes water, sky, diverse vegetation, unique cultural and architectural features have low unity. Image #1 is highly unified both in form and in content. The mansions and estate grounds received consistently high rankings. Negative focal as well as a wide range of colors, lines, textures and patterns. Other high ranked shapes, textures and lines of its visual composition weave the varied elements points include utility lines, transmission towers, high-rise buildings, contempo- images have similar amounts of visual variety either in terms of subject matter or of the scene together in a cohesive visual scene. The content of the view is uni- rary buildings and shoreline development. visual variety. Of the top ten images, eight show a high degree of visual variety. fied because it is a completely undisturbed natural scene whose individual com- Variety in and of itself is not always positive: variety of negative visual elements ponents (sky, water, trees, wetlands) are compatible with each other and have a Other Factors Cited in the Legislation: Specific, tangible factors such as to- can create low scenic ratings. Image 48, for example, shows a high degree of vi- strong interrelationship. Of the lowest 20 images, 12 have low unity and 13 have pography, vegetation and architecture obviously have an important role in shap- sual variety but received a very low rating. This is due to the negative character of negative unity (strong discordant factors). Image #48 is a classic example of an ing scenic quality. But more abstract factors such as variety, unity, contrast and the varied elements of the image: industrial buildings, overhead utilities, parked image with low unity. The visual forms in the image conflict with each other,

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 13 producing a jarring pattern of forms, lines and textures. While the content of the image: a highway commercial strip, is unified as a work of engineering, it is Natural Features Cultural Features Views Complex Features highly fragmented from an environmental, architectural land use and landscape perspective. Landform Historic Character Coastal Viewshed Ephemeral Character •• Relative Relief Architecture View Length Symbolic Value •• Contrast, like variety, can be either beneficial or detrimental to visual quality, •• Geology Landscape Character View Width State of Upkeep depending on the nature of the contrasting elements. Positive contrast creates a •• Bluffs •• Settlement Pattern View Background Discordant Features strong visual dynamic in an image by creating a dynamic juxtaposition of forms, Vegetation •• Designed Landscapes View Composition Variety lines and colors. Negative contrast pits conflicting and incompatible elements Shoreline Configuration State of Upkeep View Focal Points Unity against each other to create visual discord. Of the top 20 images, 14 have high or Water Features Land Use Contrast very high positive contrast. Image #2 is a good example of strong positive con- •• Great Lakes •• Wilderness Uniqueness trast: the multiple small islands covered with dark evergreen trees contrast with •• Lakes & Sounds •• Forestry Public Recognition the light tones of the water and the sky. On the opposite end of the spectrum, •• Major Rivers •• Parks & Open Space Visibility image #37 shows a lack of contrast between the various elements of the scene: the •• Streams •• Farmland fields, woodlands and road merge together in a uniform scene. •• Ponds •• Estates •• Wetlands •• Exurban Development • •• Uniqueness refers to the relative scarcity or special qualities of a landscape • Recreational Resorts •• Suburbs or visual feature. Highly unique landscapes are rare with few similar examples •• Villages in the surrounding area. Uniqueness is usually a positive feature, but uniquely •• Town Centers negative images also exist. Of the top 20 images, 16 are unique or highly unique •• Cities based on the statewide table of scenic components. Of the lowest 20 images, 14 •• Industry show either low or moderate uniqueness (common) or negative uniqueness. Im- •• Mineral Extraction ages # 46 (wind turbine complex) and #42 (rural hamlet in disrepair) are good •• Transportation Networks examples of negative uniqueness: both images feature very unusual structures •• Bridges, Towers, Lighthouses and that received very low scenic ratings. Elevated Structures •• Harbors & Waterfronts Public Value: The extent to which a landscape is recognized by the public and the frequency with which it is viewed have important indirect impacts on scenic quality and on the preservation and management of scenic landscapes. Public recognition of landscapes was determined by analyzing historic records, travel sunrises, wildlife, people or cars also need to be taken into account in evaluating an VI. Landscape Assessment: Evaluating Scenic Quality and tourism publications and discussions with advisory committee members and image. Every attempt was made to take all photos for the survey under similar, pos- others. Visibility of landscapes was determined by the frequency of viewing: very itive conditions (sunny summer weather). Unfortunately, this was not always pos- The inventory phase of the project determined where specific types of scenery high for heavily traveled roads, high for other roads and frequently used pedes- sible. Compensation will be provided for overly enhancing or overly detracting are located and what they consist of. The public participation phase gaged how trian and marine areas, moderate for infrequently traveled roads, trails or marine environmental conditions. Most of the photos of the Thousand Islands were public perception of landscapes varied from statewide norms. And in the as- channels, and low for areas requiring extensive hiking, boating, off-road driving taken during clear, sunny conditions. Some were taken in hazy sunshine and sessment phase, this information was evaluated in order to rate the quality of or flight to view. Highly recognized, highly visible landscapes and landscape fea- a limited number were taken in overcast conditions. Photos of Cape Vincent various landscape types based on a system of scenic values. The methodology tures can receive higher levels of designation and protection than less recognized, were initially taken in hazy and overcast conditions resulting in unduly nega- is based on local public opinion, standards established by the DOS and profes- less visible landscapes. tive ratings. A third visit to the site at a later date benefited from clear, sunny sional visual assessment standards applied by the consultants. conditions revealing the hidden beauty of this portion of the Thousand Islands. Photo Conditions: Perception of a landscape can be influenced by the conditions Refine Table of Scenic Components: The results of the Thousand Islands vi- that exist at the time of viewing. The time of year, time of day, weather, aspect and The results of the survey show that photo conditions were not a major factor sual survey were analyzed and incorporated into the scenic landscape evalua- atmospheric conditions need to be taken into account in evaluating a given view. in the results. Of the top 25 images, 15 were taken in bright summer sunshine, tion method developed by the DOS for use in New York State’s coastal zone. A The most favorable conditions include clear, sunny mornings and afternoons in the six were taken in haze and four were taken in overcast weather. Of the lowest cornerstone of this method is the Table of Scenic Components, a description late spring, summer or early fall. Least favorable conditions include cloudy, hazy, ranked 25 images, 17 were taken in bright sunshine, five in haze and three in of scenic features (such as vegetation, terrain, land use, views, water, cultural rainy weather in flat (midday) or dark light. Ephemeral effects such as sunsets, overcast or cloudy weather. features, etc.) that together create the visual character of the landscape. Each

Page 14 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan of the scenic features is defined according to three levels of scenic quality: dis- Visual Assessment: With the completion of the inventory of the visual land- tinctive (scenery of national or statewide significance), noteworthy (scenery of scape and the determination of the public’s perception of scenic values, the actual regional or local significance) and common (not considered scenic). scenic assessment process begins. The process is based on statewide assessment criteria development by DOS as modified by the results of local perceptions as Developed by DOS for use on the entire New York coastline and tested in the expressed in the visual survey. Using the modified Table of Scenic Components, Hudson River Valley, the Table of Scenic Components is fine tuned to suit the evaluators filled out the Visual Evaluation Form. The Form consists of a spread unique conditions and perceptions of each region of the coast. In the Thou- sheet listing all the visual elements of the Table of Scenic Components. The Vi- sand Islands, the Table was modified based on the results of the visual survey. sual Evaluation Form includes categories for natural and cultural features as well The preferences expressed in the public opinion poll influenced the way that the as the visual criteria from the New York State SASS legislation. consultant applied the language of the table of scenic components to specific elements of the landscape. The scenic components identified in each subunit are rated based on the values described in the modified Table of Scenic components on a scale ranging from high- The DOS Table of Scenic Components was modified to reflect Thousand Islands est scenic quality (“Distinctive”), moderate scenic quality (“Noteworthy”) and low local preferences as follows: scenic quality (“Common”). A composite score for each subunit was determined by adding the individual scores for each scenic component found in the subunit. •• High scenic quality is often created by the interplay of natural and cultural The basic premise of the method is to base the scenic rating system on the results of features. the public participation process and the state-wide evaluation methodology. •• Ephemeral characteristics, especially wildlife habitats and seaway shipping Waterfront homes were seen as an important part of the visual experience. The assessment of the subunits was completed in ArcView, a geographic infor- •• Historic architecture is seen as especially important in enhancing the scen- mation system program that links data to maps and aerial photographs. A data ery. table for each of the 109 subunits was created in ArcView (see the Table of Scenic components were rated noteworthy. Visual subunits with more common com- •• Recent residential development along shorelines was found not as objection- Components in Appendix C). The scenic components in the table at left, de- ponents than noteworthy or distinctive components were rated common. able as in other regions in the state. scribed in detail in the Table of Scenic Components, were rated on a scale of +1 •• Landform and terrain is appreciated on a more subtle level than hilly regions to +3 in the data table. Determining Scenic Areas: After each subunit was evaluated and given a scenic such as the Hudson River Valley score, the results were mapped using ArcGIS. The highest-scoring subunits could •• Residents of the area are highly attuned to the scenic beauty of their region. The GIS data table for each subunit also includes a subunit identification number, be eligible as Scenic Areas of Statewide Significance (SASS) under the Coastal •• Water plays an even greater role in the perception of scenic quality in the a brief description of the landscape and information on the visual absorbtiveness Management Program. These subunits meet stringent New York State criteria region. and visual vulnerability of the subunit (see Appendix C). If a particular scenic for scenic quality in the coastal zone. The next level of scenic scores are ap- •• Not surprisingly, islands play a dominant role in the appreciation of scenery. component was not present in a given subunit, it received a neutral rating. This propriate for designation as scenic areas of local concern. These areas could be •• Playfulness in architecture and landscape is an important scenic feature as ensures that landscapes containing only a few, spectacular scenic features will not given a measure of recognition and protection through local action of the Village seen in the high ratings received by Gilded Age castles, whimsical towers and be overshadowed by landscapes containing many mediocre components. or Town (zoning, subdivision regulations, special districts or other measures) or garden follies. though County or other State and federal programs. •• A tolerance for recent waterfront development on islands and the mainland. Because water is such a major element in the visual landscape, both in the state- •• A preference for waterfront as opposed to inland farm and forest land- wide methodology as well as in the regional visual survey, a multiplier of 2 was From our maps of rated visual subunits overall patterns of scenic quality began to scapes. applied to subunit scores in areas where water dominates the visual environment emerge. While isolated pockets of scenery in individual subunits do exist, more •• An awareness of the stark geological contrasts that underlie the visual land- and where shoreline configuration is a factor. This includes the Saint Lawrence typically, larger scenic areas consisting of several subunits tend to become appar- scape. River and its major tributaries. ent. Areas that predominantly featured distinctive visual subunits or groupings •• A muted appreciation of the visual character of certain farm landscapes. of distinctive visual subunits were designated as SASS areas. Visual subunits out- •• A strong awareness of iconic landscape features such as seaway ships, light A data analysis was conducted on the completed ArcView Data Table to deter- side of these SASS areas were aggregated into Scenic Areas of Local Significance houses and limestone farm houses. mine the overall scenic rating (score) for each subunit. The frequency that each and named for the Visual District within which they are located. •• Wind turbines can have major visual impacts and were added to the list of rating was applied to the scenic components within a subunit was determined by potential discordant features. counting the number of “distinctive,” “noteworthy,” and “common” ratings within In deciding the ultimate boundaries of the SASS and local scenic areas, difficult each subunit. That is, visual subunits with more distinctive scenic components decisions need to be made concerning areas to include and exclude. A strict nu- than noteworthy or common components were rated distinctive overall. Visual meric interpretation is not undertaken because some less scenic areas may need Please see the Appendices for the revised Table of Scenic Components. subunits with more noteworthy components than distinctive or common scenic to be included within designated scenic districts to ensure contiguous boundar-

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 15 VII: Scenic Areas of Statewide Significance Designation and Implementation

Designation Process: This report is the very first step in the scenic areas assessment and designation process. The Thousand Islands Project Advisory Board Steering Committee will circulate the report to a wide audience through postings on local web sites. The Steering Committee with then hold a public meeting to allow local residents, public officials and stakeholders the opportunity to comment on the draft report. Revisions to the report will be made based on the input received at the public meeting or in writing to the Town of Hammond, the project lead. A final report will then be prepared. Once comments have been gathered from the public and the final report prepared, the Towns and villages in the project area will be asked to formally adopt the report and to request the scenic areas designation.

The Department of State will schedule a public hearing to present the final report. Public notice will be served through the required channels. If needed, revisions to the final report will then be made based on the input received at the public hearing. The final report and recommendations for SASS designations will then be submitted to DOS for review and approval by the Secretary of State. Upon ac- ies, continuity or unity of the scenic district. Likewise, small areas of scenic qual- ceptance the coastal area boundary will be amended to reflect the configuration Local Waterfront Revitalization Program areas within the project area are ity may not be included in designated scenic districts because of their isolation, of the SASS areas. Maps of the amended coastal area boundary will be filed with shown in blue. small size or local context. The following guidelines are used: each county clerk and the clerk of each town and village within whose jurisdic- tions the identified areas are located. •• Who does it: New York State Department of State (DOS). DOS issues deci- •• SASS need to be relatively large (generally greater than 1 square mile) areas sions on the consistency of a federal activity with the 44 coastal policies. of consistently high, but not necessarily uniform, scenic quality meeting state- Implementation of the SASS Program: The SASS designation does not add a wide criteria. new permit process. Instead, scenic resources are considered during the review •• Process: The NYS DOS conducts Federal “Consistency Review” and provides of projects in the coastal area that come before a federal, state, or local agency their findings to the applicant and the agency that is reviewing the permit ap- •• Boundaries need to be logical and consistent. for a permit, funding, or a direct action from their agency. In a community with plication (such as U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for a Federal wetland permit). a Local Waterfront Revitalization Program (LWRP), review of scenic resources •• The scale of visual analysis must be regional in nature and focus on larger in a SASS would take place as part of the required local consistency review pro- State Coastal Consistency Review: landscape districts, not specific individual views or scenic sites. Small areas of cess. In a community without an LWRP review of scenic resources at the local low scenic quality will, therefore, be included in larger scenic districts and small level is not required. When a permit or action is being considered, review of the •• Applies to: Activities in the coastal area involving a State permit, State fund- areas of high scenic quality may be left out of scenic districts. project for consistency with the 44 policies of the New York Coastal Management ing, or a direct action by a State agency (such as a NYS DOT highway project) Program is also required (this is the case even before SASS designation). SASS •• More detailed future studies should identify and include smaller scenic areas designation adds some additional review criteria for one of the policies, Policy 24 •• Who does it: The New York State agency with jurisdiction for the permit that or focus on a much more fine-grained scale of inquiry. (Prevent Impairment of Scenic Resources of Statewide Significance). Below is a applies to the project (such as NYS DEC for a state-regulated stream or wetland summary of the potential permit actions that could require an evaluation of the permit). A detailed description of each of the ten proposed SASS is included in the fol- scenic resources identified in the SASS: lowing chapter of the report. The descriptions detail the location, extent, char- •• Process: The NYS agency conducts a “Consistency Review” and provides acter and individual scenic components of each SASS. They also will allow Federal Coastal Consistency Review: their findings to the applicant and the DOS. the scenic resources data base to continue to grow and evolve over the years. As conditions change, new information comes available and future studies are •• Applies to: Activities in the coastal area involving a Federal permit, Fed- Projects that are in the coastal area, already subject to the review process above, conducted at greater levels of detail, this new information can be added to the eral funding, or a direct action by a Federal agency (such as a Federal highway AND are in a designated SASS area would be reviewed using criteria in Coastal existing data base. project) Policy 24 to determine whether the project could impair the scenic quality of the

Page 16 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan SASS. This report describes the character and scenic quality of each SASS, provid- tions for participating communities have been prepared as a part of this report Each community will need to determine which tools are most appropriate for ing guidance to the public and regulatory agencies as to which landscape elements based on meetings held by Jackie Hakes of MJ Engineering with community rep- their community. Some communities may already be utilizing these tools and should be protected and which actions could impair scenic quality. resentatives in November 2014. may consider an update to incorporate information gathered during this effort. Other communities may wish to evaluate these tools more closely prior to con- VIII. Recognition and Implementation of Scenic Areas at the Local Existing Land Use and Regulatory Tools by Community: The communities sidering implementation. Regardless, the implementation of land use tools would Level within the project study area are each unique and therefore each have different require a local municipal adoption process. levels of land use regulations in place. The following table indicates the land use Local Implementation: Local implementation measures can also be undertaken tools or regulations that currently exist within each community. In considering possible land use tools for implementation, a series of community by communities willing to explore this approach. Further implementation of lo- meetings were held in November 2014 with Planning Board and Town/Village cal protections could include the drafting of specific local land use policies and Potential Land Use Tools for Consideration: A variety of local land use tools Board representatives from each community within the study area. 1 regulations to ensure that development will not cause degradation of the scenic exist to consider scenic resources within a community, while still allowing for character that each community sees as important to their future. Recommenda- growth to occur in a manner that is respectful of existing community character. Following are the tools that garnered the most discussion and potential interest during those meetings:

Local •• Referencing the SASS and/or Scenic Areas of Local Significance (SALS) in Site Comprehensive Subdivision Site Plan Waterfront Plan Review Regulations: For communities with site plan review regulations, one Town/Village Zoning Additional Information Plan Regulations Review Revitalization implementation item could include incorporating the SASS or SALS by reference Plan (LWRP) in those regulations. This would assist to make the local Planning Board and appli- Comprehensive Plan Joint with cants aware of significant scenic resources when planning for future development. Communities with an adopted Local Waterfront Revitalization Plan (LWRP) have Town of Cape Vincent Village similar references to the LWRP already included in their site plan regulations. Comprehensive Plan Joint with Village of Cape Vincent Town Site Plan Review Comprehensive Plan Joint with Town Law §274-a Town of Clayton Village; LWRP Joint with Village Village Law §7-725-a Comprehensive Plan Joint with •• Design Guidelines: Design guidelines are intended to provide a clear and Village of Clayton Town; LWRP Joint with Town common understanding of a community’s expectations for the planning, design and review of development proposals. Design guidelines often address Town of Orleans site layout (parking, access, stormwater, buffers, etc.) as well as building related Comprehensive Plan Draft design aspects (building placement, scale and massing). Establishing design guidelines for can assist in creating context sensitive development that works Town of Alexandria Available in concert with the surrounding environment and community character. De- sign guidelines also create predictability for property owners, applicants and Village of Alexandria Bay the Planning Board. This is beneficial for all involved. It should be noted that Comprehensive Plan Joint with design guidelines are strictly guidelines and not standards. If a community Village;Joint Town/Village Site chooses, design standards (which would be required) could also be considered. During the course of community meetings, however, guidelines seemed to be Town of Hammond Plan the most appropriate approach at this time. Design guidelines can be a stand- alone document or can be included in site plan review regulations. Town of Morristown LWRP Joint with Village

Village of Morristown LWRP Joint with Town 1. Note: Due to unanticipated scheduling conflicts, representatives from the Town of Orleans were unable to attend the community meeting. Summary of Existing Land Use Regulations by Community

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 17 There are additional land use tools that may also be considered, as appropri- •• Cluster Subdivision: A cluster subdivision is a technique that concentrates Village Law §7-701 ate. Some communities may already be implementing a version of these ad- housing units into one area, leaving larger areas open and undisturbed. Cluster- ditional tools. ing allows for the same number of housing units as a conventional subdivision. •• Local Land Use Board Member Training: Providing opportunities for lo- This approach can reduce scenic impacts and reduce infrastructure costs, while cal land use board members to receive training specific to site planning and •• Comprehensive Plan: A comprehensive plan identifies a community’s vi- still allowing for growth to occur. Some communities offer density bonuses for context sensitive design of new development would be beneficial. This training sion for the future and outlines recommendations to achieve that vision. While public benefits incorporated into the development such as affordable housing or may also satisfy the New York State land use board member annual training many communities involved in this effort have adopted comprehensive plans, publically accessible open space. requirements. consideration may be given to amending the comprehensive plans to incorporate information gathered and resources identified through this effort. This Cluster Subdivision Local Waterfront Revitalization: Local Waterfront Revitalization Programs would assist Town and Village Boards as well as Planning Boards in ensuring Town Law §278 have been established or are in development in a number of Thousand Islands future actions are advancing the protection of significant community resources Village Law §7-738 communities including the Village of Cape Vincent, the Village and Town of and supporting the comprehensive community vision. Morristown, the Village and Town of Clayton and the Village of Alexandria Bay with the Town of Alexandria. Scenic preservation and promotion are impor- Comprehensive Plan tant elements of the LWRPs and have laid groundwork for the current study. Town Law §272-a •• Planning Initiatives: Management of scenic resources is done in several ways in communities with Village Law §7-722 an LWRP: Infrastructure Planning: The placement of public infrastructure can •• Zoning: Zoning regulates land uses, siting of development and also ad- also be considered in a way that avoids scenic impacts. As communities con- 1) Local resources of scenic significance are highlighted in the coastal policies in dresses the density of development. It is a common and extensively used tool sider expansion of or upgrades to infrastructure such as sewer, water, utili- Section III of the LWRPs. However, the LWRPs note that there are no statewide across New York State. In 2008, 71% of towns and 89% of villages in New York ties and roads, they could utilize this document to understand the most ap- scenic areas. The scenic policies in the LWRP could be amended to recognize had adopted zoning regulations. 2 Zoning is also where area and bulk standards propriate placement of infrastructure. Placement in a manner that focuses the SASS (if designated), making the justification for federal, state and local re- can be incorporated to guide the placement of development on each parcel. growth into activities centers can protect scenic areas, while also reducing view of projects for scenic value more meaningful. public costs associated with infrastructure maintenance. •• Area and Bulk Standards: Communities with zoning may consider evalu- 2) The LWRP is implemented through local laws and practices, which are men- ating existing area and bulks standards for areas with scenic resources. These Smart Growth Practices: Smart growth practices are generally reflective tioned in Sections II and V of the LWRP: standards may include but not be limited to setbacks, height restrictions and of historic growth patterns and forms. Smart growth approaches include minimum lot sizes. Many of these can be utilized to shape the form of devel- focusing growth and development into existing village or neighborhood cen- •• Local Coastal Consistency Law – the checklist for a proposed project asks opment in a manner compatible with adjacent parcels. For example, a local ters, often in a manner that is walkable. Such approaches typically include if there are scenic areas of statewide significance, if there are, the review board roadway identified as a scenic area could still accommodate growth, but larger a mix of uses including residential, retail, commercial and civic uses. This turns to the criteria in Policy 24 to review the project. setbacks from the road could serve to create a buffer along the roadway and approach creates a higher density center that may also make transit feasible preserve that viewshed. during the summer season. By focusing growth into already developed ar- •• Many communities discuss the deficiencies in their local laws in Section II eas, visual impacts on underdeveloped areas are minimized. and V of the LWRP and subsequently revise their zoning, site plan law, and/or •• Shoreline Overlay District: An overlay district is placed over an existing subdivision law to reflect the coastal policies. zoning district and often includes additional requirements intended to protect Open Space Planning Tools such as Transfer of Development Rights critical features or resources. A shoreline overlay district may include addition- (TDR): TDRs is a voluntary tool that involves coordination with the com- Regional Coordination: On-going coordination with local authorities and al setbacks to protect the physical integrity of the shoreline (prevent erosion of munity, property owners and a third party to hold the development rights. departments will ensure that scenic issues are taken into account on both lo- the shoreline) and also protect viewsheds from the water. Visual buffers and To implement a TDR program, communities must identify areas to protect cal and regional projects ranging from highway improvements to health codes partial clearing requirements may also be included. Communities that cur- (sending areas) and areas to focus growth (receiving areas) in their compre- to infrastructure improvements. One recommendation would be to convene rently have specific shoreline districts or shoreline regulations may consider hensive plan. This can be a complex tool, however, several communities in a group of stakeholders that would act as a sustainable advocate for the sce- evaluating those regulations to include additional protections. New York State are beginning to incorporate this tool as a way to protect ac- nic character of the region. Working with local and regional groups will also tive farmland and open space and focus growth into already developed areas. be important. The Thousand Islands Land Trust, Save the River, and Chip- 2. Creating the Community You Want: Municipal Options for Land Use Control, pewa Bay Fish and Game Club are some of the private, non-profit conservation James A Coon Local Government Technical Series. New York State Department TDRs groups that focus on preserving the scenic and environmental character of the of State. Revised 2009. Reprinted 2014. Town Law §261-a region. Preserving and overseeing the region’s visual quality is an important

Page 18 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan mission of these groups along with protection of the environment, wildlife hab- IX. Potential Scenic Areas of Statewide Significance Narratives itat and water quality. They can play a major role in the implementation and guidance of the SASS. 1. Lake Ontario Scenic Area of Statewide Significance The Seaway Trail is a regional organization that promotes one of America’s first recognized Scenic Byways. The Seaway Trail, consisting of Route 12 which par- I. Location allels the shoreline throughout the study area, promotes tourism, provides information and advocates for the preservation of the region’s scenic resources. The Lake Ontario Scenic Area of Statewide Significance (SASS) forms the west- Coordinating with the Seaway Trail and other regional tourism groups will be an ernmost edge of the Saint Lawrence Scenic Region. It consists of the Lake Ontar- important part of future SASS implementation efforts. Emphasizing the impor- io approaches to the Saint Lawrence River and the mainland shoreline of the lake tance of the stewardship of visual resources in the management of the trail will from Grenadier Island, Fox Island and Little Fox Creek in the south to Tibbetts be important to prevent roadside strip development and commercial sprawl from Point in the north. It features the open water of the lake and rolling farmland damaging the character and reputation of this unique Byway. Preservation of bordering the lake and the river’s shoreline. The SASS is approximately 9 miles pristine, undeveloped segments of the Trail such as the section between Alexan- in length and 8 miles in width. dria Bay and Morristown could be a joint effort of the Seaway Trail and the SASS program. The Seaway Trail is currently working on a Conservation Plan for the The western and southern boundaries of the SASS are formed by the Cape Vin- Byway which could play an important role in implementing the scenic manage- cent town boundary in Lake Ontario. The northern boundary consists of the ment goals of the SASS as well as the scenic areas of local significance. US/Canada border and the eastern boundary by Pleasant Valley Road. The Lake Ontario SASS is entirely located in the Town of Cape Vincent and includes the St. Lawrence River from the Village of Cape Vincent open water of the lake, the Charity Shoal lighthouse, Grenadier and Fox Islands; Mud, Wilson and Fuller Bays, the Tibbetts Point lighthouse and gradually slop- mainland shoreline of the SASS includes active and successional farmlands sloping farm and forest land extending from Pleasant Valley Road down to the shores ing down to a flat to gently rolling shoreline. The limestone geology of the main- of the lake and the upstream mouth of the river. land has shaped a gentle landscape with gradual slopes extending from Pleasant Valley Road to the lake and river inlet. The mainland landscape of rolling farm Consult the Area 1 Ratings map for detailed SASS boundaries. The Lake Ontario and forest land is bisected by three stream valleys created by Little Fox, Kents and SASS is located on the Cape Vincent and Cape Vincent South 7.5 minute US Wilson Creeks. These small valleys create the undulating terrain that character- Geological Survey maps. izes the mainland portions of the SASS. The creeks and associated marshes also provide unique nesting habitat for Black Terns and habitat for amphibians in II. Description the Blanding Turtle Sanctuary. Most of the mainland portions of the SASS are actively farmed. Some areas include recently abandoned farmland reverting to The SASS is comprised of subunits #19, #20 and #84. successional vegetation. Small pockets of woodlands dot the hillsides and cover extensive portions of the shoreline. The Lake Ontario SASS is dominated by the vast expanse of Lake Ontario and the upstream inlet of the Saint Lawrence River. It forms the dramatic western The Lake Ontario SASS is rich in cultural heritage including War of 1812 his- gateway to the Thousand Islands Scenic Area. The natural features of the SASS toric areas, the Charity Shoal and Tibbetts Point lighthouses, historic stone farm include Lake Ontario, the inlet of the Saint Lawrence River, Grenadier and Fox houses and estates and historic homes lining the river west of the Village of Cape Islands, the mouth of Kents Creek, the Wilson Bay marshlands and an undulat- Vincent. The highly unique presence of large ocean-going ships crossing the lake ing shoreline consisting of four points and four bays. The limestone geology of and entering the river in close proximity to the Tibbetts Point lighthouse is a dra- the SASS creates flat to gently sloping terrain. Grenadier Island features gently matic and reliable ephemeral feature of the SASS. Grenadier Island was known rolling terrain with a mix of open fields and dense woodlands. Many of the fields as Toniata by the native Missisauga Indians who farmed and fished for eels in the are in various stages of succession, creating a rich habitat for wildlife. Fox Island surrounding waters. is virtually flat and features large meadows, open wetlands and forested areas. Early European settlers established farms on the island and established a guard The unique geography, lake and river features, terrain, vegetation and history of post there during the War of 1812. The Charity Shoal and Tibbetts Point light- Tibbetts Point Lighthouse the SASS all contribute to the uniqueness and character of the landscape. The houses date from the era of sail and steamship traffic on Lake Ontario and the

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 19 Saint Lawrence. Most of the uplands in the SASS have been farmed for over 200 extensive areas of the SASS provide public access to vistas of the water and islands. Being a softer rock than the underlying Canadian Shield igneous and metamor- years beginning with early French settlers of the region. This historic land use The diversity of landscapes within the SASS creates a highly varied visual setting. phic geology, the limestone has been carved into soft, rolling hills by the action of continues today and creates the open landscapes with long vistas out over the The SASS has a unique abundance of water views as well as internal views of farm- the glaciers and erosion. This erosion has sculpted the bays and peninsulas that waters of the lake and the river. land, meadows and woodlands. have created a highly varied shoreline configuration throughout the SASS.

The Lake Ontario SASS contains a number of Significant Coastal Fish and Wild- While the SASS is especially rich in natural scenic character, cultural factors also The cultural diversity of the landscape is also unique. Farmland cultivated for life Habitats: enhance the visual character of the landscape. The rolling farmland and cultivated centuries creates a variety of pastoral landscapes providing expansive views out fields create an open, expansive landscape that creates sweeping views out over the over the waters of the lake and river. Focal points such as the Tibbetts Point and •• The Fox Island - Grenadier Island Shoals designated habitat is an extensive water punctuated by the major ships that ply these waters. Local roads run toward Charity Shoal lighthouses create variety and diversity in the landscape. Historic area of sheltered, shallow, open water with beds of submergent vegetation un- the lake and the river, providing linear views down the public right of way to the estates and stone farm buildings also add interest to this striking natural setting. usual in Lake Ontario. It is an important fish spawning and nursery area and water. Small forests and woodlots accent the open farm landscape creating con- supports one of the major concentrations for migrant and wintering waterfowl in trast and variety in the visual landscape. The natural landscape has been modi- 2. Unity the eastern Ontario Plain ecological subzone. fied over the centuries by farming, resulting in a unique and highly scenic cultural visual character. Key historic landmarks such as the stone farm houses, waterfront The SASS is a relatively unified landscape, thanks to its high state of natural pres- •• The Grenadier Island designated habitat is a large, isolated and undisturbed estates, lighthouses and scenic roads create focal points in the cultural landscape of ervation, its strong cultural landscape elements, the nearly constant presence of the island rare in the Great Lakes ecological region. The extensive open grasslands the SASS. lake and river and the strength of its geological features. Human alteration of the and limited human disturbance provide nesting habitat for a number of bird spe- SASS has usually served to enhance, rather than detract from, the visual character cies, including vulnerable northern harrier, short-eared owl, upland sandpiper, Thanks to recent preservation efforts, many of the natural and cultural resources of of the landscape. The cultural landscapes of the SASS such as its farmland, farm- vesper sparrow and grasshopper sparrow. It is also an important area for winter- the SASS have been protected and some areas are open to the public. Approximate- steads, historic hamlets and historic estates create a unifying visual character. The ing raptors including snowy owl and long-eared owl. ly one third of Grenadier Island is in conservation, as well as all of the Wilson Bay historic structures, open pastures, meadows and meandering historic roads blend marshlands and adjoining farm and forest land. Conservation of these remarkable with or provide a pleasing contrast to the natural scenery of the SASS. Discordant •• The Wilson Bay and Marsh designated habitat comprises one of the larg- areas will ensure the long-term presence of high scenic quality in the landscape. features such as residential or vacation home development and mobile home parks est, undisturbed, scrub-shrub and forested wetlands on Lake Ontario, rare in the do not significantly detract from the overall visual unity of the SASS. ecological region. The unusual habitat provides an important breeding area for A. Landscape Character a number of waterfowl species, including the largest black tern nesting colony On the other hand, the Wolfe Island wind turbine complex in Canada is a major in New York State. Vulnerable Blandings turtles reside in the area. The bay and 1. Variety discordant feature affecting northern portions of the SASS, lowering scenic char- marsh are an important fish spawning and nursery area, supporting significant acter in this area in spite of outstanding natural and cultural features. The wind populations of northern pike. The Lake Ontario SASS contains a diversity of landscapes. The wide expanses turbines disrupt the unity of the landscape in the areas where it is fully visible. of Lake Ontario, the narrowing inlet to the Saint Lawrence River, the highly in- The night time character and unity of the landscape is also affected by the night III. Aesthetic Significance dented shoreline, farmland sweeping down to the water and numerous historic lighting on the turbines. landmarks create an environment of exceptional visual variety. The Lake Ontario SASS is of statewide aesthetic significance by virtue of its excep- The relatively unified character of most portions of the visual landscape is en- tional landscape character, historic character, state of preservation, environmental Water is a predominant feature in the SASS. The diversity of water features hanced by the fact that large tracts of conservation land on Grenadier Island, character, uniqueness, public accessibility, ephemeral features and public recogni- includes the wide expanses of the lake, the narrower channel of the river, the Tibbetts Point and Wilson Bay ensure that these areas are not marred by future tion. It is one of the most scenic areas of the region’s coastline, providing dra- many bays and inlets, rivers, streams and sheltered waters between the islands development. The two historic lighthouses are also protected and well main- matic views of Lake Ontario, the inlet of the Saint Lawrence River, Grenadier Island and the mainland. Narrow winding streams such as Kents Creek lead to wide tained for future generations. Farms in the upland areas create a highly unified and a highly indented shoreline of points and bays. Images and descriptions of expanses of marshland harboring high quality habitat for black terns, turtles landscape of fields, pastures and woodlots providing sweeping views of the Saint the SASS, especially of Tibbetts Point and Charity Shoals lighthouses accented by and a wide range of waterfowl. Marshes and creeks drain into four major bays Lawrence River and Lake Ontario. nearby ocean-going ships are frequently featured in photographs, paintings, books, enclosed by peninsulas extending out into Lake Ontario. Rocky and sand travel brochures and other publications. Views of the sunset from the Tibbetts beaches line the varied shoreline, alternating from sand to cobbles to outcrops The fact that water extends throughout most of the SASS provides a great deal Point lighthouse are legendary. of the native limestone. The two islands create embayments with framed views of visual unity to the landscape. A wide variety of water features including the out into the open water landscapes of the lake. great lake, the river, streams, marshland and embayments are woven together in The wide expanses of lake, the islands and a varied coastline of the SASS create a a unified landscape of diverse water features. Views of unspoiled shorelines and dramatic coastal environment. Open farmland extending in a gradual slope down The underlying limestone geology has created a varied terrain of rolling hillsides, islands extend the unifying presence of water into interior portions of the land- to the shoreline provides sweeping views of the lake and river. Public roads along river valleys and gradually sloping terraces extending down to the water’s edge. scape as well. Given the important role of water in creating scenic quality, the

Page 20 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan prevalence of water within and around the SASS is a very strong unifying factor. The northern portions of the SASS have full views of an extensive wind turbine C. Public Accessibility complex on Wolfe Island on the Canadian side of the river. These tall struc- 3. Contrast tures with rotating blades and extensive night lighting have a major impact Thanks to the many local roads that parallel the river, lake and stream shore- on the visual landscape of the area. While opinions on wind turbines vary, lines, the Lake Ontario SASS is one of the most visually accessible areas in the The Lake Ontario SASS is replete with both natural and cultural landscape con- there is no question that these tall, moving, illuminated industrial structures Thousand Islands. The road from the Village of Cape Vincent to the Tibbetts trasts. The most dramatic natural contrast consists of the juxtaposition of the vast have a major visual presence in the landscape. As such, they represent very Point lighthouse is a highly scenic public road that runs along the shoreline, expanse of Lake Ontario with the more intimate landscapes of the Saint Lawrence significant discordant features that have a negative visual impact over a wide providing unimpeded views across the river to Wolfe Island. Fuller, Wilson River and the islands and bays of the coastline. The enormity of the lake creates area which includes northern portions of the SASS. The wind turbines are and Mud bays are likewise lined by small local roads that provide public visual an ocean-like visual landscape that envelopes the islands, bays and promontories especially visible from Tibbetts Point and the Saint Lawrence River sections of and physical access to the waterfront. of the shoreline. The gradual opening of the inlet to the Saint Lawrence River into the SASS. In spite of this major visual intrusion, the northern portion of the the great lake creates a dramatic contrast between the land and the freshwater sea. SASS retains a relatively high scenic quality due to the other outstanding visual Several upland roads such as Pleasant Valley Road provide views out to the features of the landscape. water as well as to the surrounding farm and forest land. Many smaller back Further contrasts are created by the two islands that extend into Lake Ontario. country roads lead down to the water, providing public views and visual ac- Grenadier and Fox Island interrupt the openness of the great lake, creating con- The decline of farmland in the SASS and throughout the region will affect the cess to the relatively undeveloped waterfront. The Tibbetts Point lighthouse trast between open water and the hills and vegetation of these low-lying islands. character of the visual landscape. In the Lake Ontario SASS farmland helps and the road approaching it provide sweeping, publically accessible views of Lake Ontario silhouetted by the trees on Fox Island creates an especially powerful create the dramatic views of the water from upland areas. The disappearance Lake Ontario, the islands and the Canadian shore. The river and Lake Ontario contrast between the tenuous landscape and the seemingly limitless open water. of fields will gradually reduce the open character of the land and the views it shorelines are visible by boat while the marshes and streams are only partially The varied shorelines of the islands and the moderate terrain of Grenadier Island provides. While successional farmland is not in itself a discordant feature, the visible to the public on local roads. Boat access to the lake is possible at Mud contrast starkly with the simple, flat expanse of Lake Ontario. loss of open areas and their views will negatively affect the visual landscape. Bay or from the Village of Cape Vincent.

The highly varied shoreline configuration of the SASS provides further contrasts. B. Uniqueness D. Public Recognition The irregular pattern of bays and peninsulas created by erosion of the soft limestone bedrock creates a contrast of water and landscape forms. The steep valleys The SASS is highly unique as the upstream gateway to the Thousand Islands. The Tibbetts Point lighthouse is one of the most well-known landmarks in the cut into the limestone by the creeks contrast with the flat to rolling farmland that The confluence of the ocean-like landscape of Lake Ontario with the inlet to Thousand Islands. Famous for its historic architecture and expansive views predominates in upland areas. Woodlands and marshes stand out in contrast to the Saint Lawrence River creates an unusual contrast of water features unlike of both Lake Ontario and the Saint Lawrence River, the landmark is a major the open farmland that extends in many areas down to the shoreline of the lake. any other in the region. This dramatic natural contrast is heightened by the destination and the westernmost terminus of the Seaway Trail. Views of the presence of iconic cultural features such as the Tibbetts Point lighthouse that sunset over Lake Ontario are a well-known scenic feature in the region. The Cultural contrasts include the two historic lighthouses guarding the entrance to provide an unusual accent to dramatic natural phenomena. Sunsets at Tibbetts Charity Shoal lighthouse, while distant and inaccessible except by boat, is also the Saint Lawrence River and the historic stone farm houses set in rolling fields Point highlight this contrast in a unique way as the sun disappears into the a well-known historic landmark featured in brochures, postcards and web sites. and pastures. The many small local roadways that follow the shorelines or that seemingly endless waters of the great lake. traverse the uplands contrast with the natural landscapes that they traverse. The rest of the SASS is not well known and remains a relatively quiet and unde- Many of the upland roads lead straight down to the water, creating a dramatic The interplay of land and water in the SASS is also unusual within the region. veloped area off the beaten path of the Thousand Islands. While highly acces- contrast between farmland and the water of the lake and the river. The relative openness of the farming landscape and the fact that it slopes down sible due to a local road system located immediately adjacent to the shoreline, to the water in many places creates a unique interplay of land and waterscapes. most of the SASS is little known to the general public. Some in the area would 4. Freedom From Discordant Features Many of the local roads leading down to the water provide a distant vista of the like to keep it that way while others would like the high scenic quality at the tip lake and the surrounding islands visible from miles away. This interplay of wa- of the Thousand Islands to be more recognized. The central and southern sections of the SASS are relatively free of major dis- ter and landscape is heightened by the unusual bays and peninsulas that have cordant features, especially considering the extent, beauty and desirability of its been created by the erosion of the relatively soft limestone bedrock. IV. Impact Assessment coastline. In the past fifty years a number of vacation homes and year round residences have been built along the shoreline in portions of these shores that High westerly winds have shaped the landscape and especially the vegetation in Proposed actions within a SASS that are subject to coastal consistency review alter the visual character of the landscape. Mobile home parks and limited com- unique ways at this downwind headland. Many of the trees have been stunted under federal and State coastal acts must be assessed to determine whether the mercial development along sections of Pleasant Valley Road also create localized and blown into an easterly windswept position as a result of westerly winds, action could affect a scenic resource and whether the action would be likely to discordant effects in the landscape. Otherwise the central and southern portions ice and sleet blowing off of Lake Ontario. This weather is not unique in the impair the scenic beauty of the scenic resource. Some local government activi- of the SASS are relatively free of major discordant features. Grenadier and Fox Thousand Islands but it is especially apparent on this, the westernmost tip of ties in communities with federally-approved Local Waterfront Revitalization islands have little, if any, discordant features. land facing the great lake. Programs are also subject to local coastal consistency review.

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 21 Policy 24, “Prevent impairment of scenic resources of statewide significance,” facing Lake Ontario. Site plan review and open space development are valuable roads should not be impacted by large scale development. Views from and of the provides that when considering a proposed action, agencies shall first determine local land use tools that can achieve this goal. One example of site plan review bluffs, shorelines, islands and farmland should also be taken into consideration whether the action could affect a scenic resource of statewide significance. The criteria is preservation of shoreline vegetation to help new development blend in in locating new large scale development. Locating new large scale structures well determination would involve: with its surroundings. Another example of site plan review criteria is design back from shoreline farmland will protect the beauty of the coastal landscape guidelines to ensure that clustering and other siting techniques achieve scenic and, in the long run, will enhance property values in the area. (1) a review of the coastal area map to ascertain if it shows an identified sce- preservation goals. Future open space development clusters could be sited and nic resource which could be affected by the proposed action, and: designed to reflect the historic patterns of existing hamlets such as Rosiere. An- Incorporating sound existing structures (especially historic buildings) into other technique for maintaining the visual character of the SASS is acquisition of the overall development pattern; (2) a review of the types of activities proposed to determine if they would be vulnerable shoreline lands or conservation easements from willing landowners. likely to impair the scenic beauty of an identified resource. Comment: Many of the historic structures in the SASS such as the Tibbetts Probably the greatest threat to the future scenic character of the SASS is large Point lighthouse are currently conserved through public ownership and Historic Impairment includes: scale industrial and infrastructure development within or nearby district bound- District status. Others remain in private ownership. A few early Twentieth Cen- aries. Large-scale projects, such as tall buildings, transmission lines, wind tur- tury summer homes have historic architectural value and contribute to the visual (i) the irreversible modification of geologic forms; the destruction or re- bines, bridges, communications towers, should not be sited within the SASS dis- character of the landscape. Much of the existing architectural design for modern moval of vegetation; the modification, destruction or removal of structures, trict or within the district’s viewshed. Large scale industrial development should residential homes is valuable and wholly compatible with historic designs and the whenever the geologic forms, vegetation or structures are significant to the scenic be sited well back from the bluff tops, and shoreline to greatly reduce the visual natural setting of the Thousand Islands. quality of an identified resource; and: impacts. Modification of existing roadways, construction of new roadways, utility lines and other infrastructure often requires state or federal funding and/or Much of the beauty of the residential development within the SASS was accom- (ii) the addition of structures which because of siting or scale will reduce permits and thus can come under the purview of this policy. Locating public plished through the good taste of the homeowners and historic builders rather identified views or which because of scale, form, or materials will diminish the infrastructure that scars sensitive coastal areas and facilitates inappropriate bluff than by regulation and oversight by municipalities. Future preservation of these scenic quality of an identified resource. top or shoreline development could greatly impair future scenic shoreline areas homes, their grounds and their surrounding natural setting would help to pre- of the SASS. serve the visual character of the SASS. Radical alteration or demolition of these Policy 24 sets forth certain siting and facility-related guidelines to be used to homes or the large scale development of their grounds that is inconsistent with achieve the policy, recognizing that each large scale development situation is Clustering or orienting new large scale structures to retain existing views, the visual characteristics of the viewshed could submit this beautiful area to the unique and that the guidelines will have to be applied accordingly. The guidelines save open space and provide visual organization to a development; intensive shoreline development that has marred many other sections of the New are set forth below, together with comments regarding their particular applica- York State coastline. Thus, it is recommended that individual owners and towns bility to this Scenic Area of Statewide Significance. In applying these guidelines Comment: The majority of the SASS consists of open water, wooded shorelines, take these factors into account when renovating these historical and scenic re- to agricultural land it must be recognized that the overall scenic quality of the islands, farm fields, meadows, marshes, forests and old pastures. Historic ham- sources and when planning for future development in the surrounding environ- landscape is reliant on an active and viable agricultural industry. This requires lets, farmsteads, houses and traditional summer homes punctuate but do not ment. that farmers be allowed the flexibility to farm the land in an economically viable dominate the landscape except in a few heavily developed locations. A defi- fashion, incorporating modern techniques, changes in farm operation and resul- nite boundary usually remains between developed and undeveloped areas of the Removing deteriorated and/or degrading elements; tant changes in farm structures. Policy 24 guidelines include: SASS district. Large expanses of farmland extend in a gradual slope down to the water’s edge. If this edge becomes blurred as a result of sprawling, large Comment: The SASS is relatively free of deteriorated or degrading visual el- Siting large scale development such as highways, power lines, major subdivi- scale development, the visual character of the SASS could be damaged. Future ements. Few towers, very tall structures, derelict buildings or wide roads or sions and bill boards back from the shoreline or in other inconspicuous loca- large scale development should be clustered away from scenic resources such a parking lots detract from the scenic character of the landscape. Minor improve- tions to maintain the attractive quality of the shoreline and to retain views to Fox and Grenadier Islands, Tibbetts Point and the SASS’s open farmlands, leav- ments to roads and parking lots would enhance the scenic character of the SASS. and from the shore; ing most of the SASS in a more natural condition. The siting and design of new Signage and parking lots could be improved in certain areas. Overhead utilities large scale development can be achieved with local land use tools such as site plan could be buried, in possible, to improve views and visual character. Comment: One of the most unique features of the Lake Ontario SASS is its review, clustering and transfer of large scale development rights as described in abundance of undeveloped or sparsely developed shorelines. Keeping future the local implementation section of this document. Post-WWII shoreline development is the main degrading element in the SASS. large scale development away from these shorelines will be critical in maintain- Development along the shoreline and tributary streams represents one of the ma- ing the visual character of the SASS as well as the environmental health of the Views from public ways, water access sites, shorelines and waterways are espe- jor impacts on the scenic character of the SASS. Planting vegetation for screen- St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario. It is recommended that future develop- cially sensitive and should be protected from new large scale development, utility ing, fencing and other measures could help reduce the visual impacts of any large ment be clustered away from the shoreline and visually sensitive open fields and construction or signage whenever possible. The Lake Ontario SASS has some of scale development. Groins, bulkheads and erosion prevention structures along meadows, especially in the very open, windswept western portions of the SASS the best, unspoiled waterfront roads in the Thousand Islands. Views from these the shoreline reduce the scenic character of the area. These engineering struc-

Page 22 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan tures can be evaluated to determine if replacement with vegetation or bioengi- acter of the landscape. Maintaining meadows and fields will also preserve both waterfront views from public roadways. neering techniques would be appropriate. a scenic and an historic landscape resource. Future agricultural practices that recover abandoned, vacant land should be encouraged and supported. Locating very tall structures to avoid impacting scenic areas and views from Maintaining or restoring the original land form, except when changes screen scenic and historic coastal sites. unattractive elements and/or add appropriate interest; The variety of vegetation and the consequent variety of texture and color in the SASS districts make a significant contribution to their scenic quality. A variety Comment: Very tall structures such as wind turbines and exhaust stacks will Comment: The unique character of the SASS is relatively undisturbed and of vegetation, open fields and meadows and the dense forests of the interior all have major impacts on the scenic character of coastal landscapes. Over 600 Thou- should be protected in future construction, infrastructure and large scale devel- provide interest and contrast in the landscape. The wildlife supported by this sand Islands residents participated in the web-based visual preference survey in opment projects. The landform of the SASS is largely in an undisturbed state vegetation also adds interest and ephemeral character to the land. Vegetation the summer of 2014. The survey results showed that wind turbine complexes and is the one of the underlying factors in the scenic quality of the area. A gentle helps new structures blend into the predominantly natural landscape and plays a on the Canadian side of the river have significant negative visual impacts on the gradient of farmland extends from higher portions of the Lake Ontario SASS critical role in screening facilities and sites which would otherwise be discordant region. Turbine images ranked among the least scenic images in the survey. down to the water. The contrast in elevation and the juxtaposition of water and elements in the SASS. land contributes to the beauty of the SASS. Alteration of important landforms Consequently, massive industrial and infrastructure projects should not be built such as coastal bluffs, rock ledges, stone outcrops, marshes, and tributaries would Using appropriate materials, in addition to vegetation, to screen unattractive within the SASS district or within its surrounding viewshed. There are presently detract from the scenic character of the area. Use of berms to screen parking elements; no techniques to mitigate the visual impacts of these structures because they are lots and unsightly large scale development is an acceptable modification of ter- so tall, massive and frequently in motion. rain if carefully designed to blend with the natural contour of the land. Alteration Comment: The SASS districts contain relatively few discordant elements. Fenc- of natural terrain for large scale development and roads is of special concern. ing or screening could be used to screen parking lots, low utility structures and Using shielded lighting fixtures at appropriate levels of illumination to pre- Development should be located away from sensitive geological features such as buildings. Taller discordant features are too large to be effectively screened with serve the Thousand Islands’ nighttime visual character. bluffs, hilltops, ridgelines, islands, and other unique geological areas. fencing. Painting such tall towers in light sky tones might reduce their negative visual impact. It is recommended that new construction be encouraged to use The Thousand Island’s dark, unspoiled night sky with views of stars, the sea and Maintaining or adding vegetation to provide interest, encourage the presence appropriate historic or native building materials. New or renovated overhead wooded hills is a priceless visual resource. Due to its relatively low density of of wildlife, blend structures with the site, and obscure unattractive elements, utilities located in sensitive scenic areas should be located underground, when development, the region enjoys dark nighttime skies that could be affected by except when selective clearing removes unsightly, diseased or hazardous veg- possible, to eliminate their negative visual impact on the landscape. The failure poorly designed new large scale development. The Lake Ontario SASS has par- etation and when selective clearing, mowing, controlled burning or grazing to blend new structures into the natural setting, both within the SASS boundar- ticularly dark night skies due to the presence of the lake and the relative lack of creates or maintains views of coastal waters; ies and in the viewshed of the SASS would impair the scenic quality of the areas. development in the area. One exception to these dark skies are the flashing red beacons on the tops of the Wolfe Island turbine complex in Canada. Comment: The wooded shorelines, small islands and open fields and meadows Using appropriate scales, forms and materials to ensure that buildings and of the SASS are a vital component of its scenic character. The open farmland other structures are compatible with, and add interest to, the landscape. Light pollution from excessively bright, exposed lighting fixtures can block views on gradual slopes extending down to the lake or river is an important visual of the night sky, blind motorists and degrade the character of evening landscapes. feature of the SASS. These open fields with interspersed forests should be safe Comment: Most structures located in the SASS district are generally compat- Requiring exterior lighting on large scale developments to be shielded will ensure guarded and maintained whenever possible through tilling, grazing of livestock, ible with, and add interest to, the landscape because they are of a scale, design that adequate night lighting is provided without creating glare and light pollu- controlled burning or mowing. Keeping the fields and meadows open not only and material compatible with the historic landscape. Many of the structures are tion. The indirect lighting created by shielded fixtures also greatly enhances the benefits the scenic character of the area, but also plays an important role in main- historic in nature. Construction of new buildings incompatible with the cultural character of nighttime landscapes by removing the bright harshness of many ex- taining varied wildlife habitat and ecological diversity in the region. The current character of the SASS as represented in historic structures may impair the scenic terior light fixtures. Reducing the wattage of exterior lights is often possible with- agricultural practice of recovering vacant land for the production of field crops character of the area. Many of the older structures use native materials such as out compromising safety or functionality and results in less energy consumption. not only benefits farmers economically, but it also enhances the visual attractive- wood clapboards, shingles or stone construction. Most have pitched roofs, tra- Specifying color-corrected or color-balanced light sources for large scale devel- ness from the contrasting natural and agricultural landforms. Both scenic and ditional fenestration and are sited unobtrusively on the land, avoiding hilltops, opment will ensure that the color of nighttime lights matches the warm tones of environmental goals could be achieved by implementing a program to maintain bluff edges and other prominent locations. Though many of the shorefront struc- incandescent bulbs while providing the efficiency of high intensity discharge or open meadows and to reclaim some of the open grasslands recently lost to suc- tures are large, their apparent mass has been reduced by designing the structures metal halide light sources. cessional scrub and forest growth. as a series of smaller, attached architectural volumes as see at the Tibbetts Point lighthouse. This rambling, attached approach to residential design is typical of It is recommended that existing town-owned lights, such as street lights or lights Views from vista points in the SASS are disappearing due to the unrestrained traditional Thousand Island architecture and is a major factor in reducing the at public buildings and facilities, be gradually retrofitted to reduce glare and light growth of successional vegetation. Maintaining open meadows and clearings in visual impact of large, “mega-home” structures. Combined with sensitive site pollution, when feasible. Building codes can be modified to require shielded the vicinity of viewpoints along the highway will help maintain the scenic char- planning and design, the rambling, attached structures minimize obstruction of outdoor light fixtures as part of any new large scale development construction.

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 23 Large scale developments should avoid unshielded spotlights that cast direct light a mix of open agricultural fields, low density exurban development, and wood- onto neighboring properties or on the water. Large scale commercial facilities lands. should avoid unshielded spotlights to illuminate parking lots, storage facilities or outdoor areas. Adding a simple metal shield to an existing spotlight can greatly The physical landscape is characterized by rolling hills and limestone bluffs—the reduce light pollution and glare. Often a series of lower, shielded lights can re- surface expression of the limestone bedrock underlying the area. The mainland place a single glaring spotlight. The greater expense for large scale developments shoreline of the SASS includes active and successional farmlands sloping gently is offset by the creation of a superior nighttime environment. down to a flat to gently rolling shoreline in the western portion of the SASS, and nearly-vertical limestone cliffs known locally as the Palisades in the eastern portion of the area. Vegetation in the SASS is a mix of deciduous/evergreen mature 2. Carleton Island Scenic Area of Statewide Significance forest, lawn and street trees to east, varied residential streetscape in and around the Village of Cape Vincent and pasture/agriculture plantings on Carleton Island I. Location and visible from the SASS on the U.S. mainland and Wolfe Island.

The Carleton Island Scenic Area of Statewide Significance (SASS) is northeast of Land uses range from distinctive historic town center and estates on the river- the Lake Ontario SASS. It consists of the American section of the St. Lawrence front in and around Cape Vincent to more common exurban development in the River from the western tip of Canada’s Wolfe Island to the village of Cape Vincent eastern portion of the SASS, including some high density cottage/camp develop- and the inlet of the St. Lawrence from Lake Ontario. The scenic area includes ment on Cedar/Breeze Point. the open water of the St. Lawrence, Carleton Island, and the river’s shoreline and smaller islands in this area. The SASS is approximately 13 miles in length and 3 A distinctive range of cultural features--historic and symbolically meaningful miles in width. structures and sites--also exists in the Carleton Island SASS. On the mainland, Carleton Island Cape Vincent has a number of historic waterfront buildings and warehouses. The northern boundary consists of the US/Canada border. The southern border Historic stone houses, such as the Vincent LeRay House in Cape Vincent and the transitional space between the open water and limestone geology of the Lake consists of a line just south of NYS Route 12E. The western boundary of the SASS Alexander Bassau House—both on the National Historic Registry—are promi- Ontario shore and the Canadian Shield landscape of myriad small islands and is a line extending across the river channel that is approximately perpendicular nent structures in the cultural landscape from Cape Vincent eastward. Horne’s coves to the east. Here, as with the Lake Ontario SASS, strong winds from Lake to the shoreline and located between Tibbetts Point lighthouse and Cape Vincent Ferry, a privately owned ferry which runs from Cape Vincent to Wolfe Island, has Ontario have created the unique and startlingly beautiful form of eastward-swept Village’s historic center. The eastern boundary is an approximately shoreline- been operated by one family for more than two hundred years. Cape Vincent was pines along the shore and islands. perpendicular line extending across the river just east of the tip of Wolfe Island. one of many crossing points to Canada for fugitive slaves traveling as part of the under-ground railroad. Land uses in the SASS generally contribute positively to the area’s character. The Consult the Area 1 and 2 Ratings map for detailed SASS boundaries. The Car- Carleton Island and Canadian shorelines are notable for the large areas of relatively leton Island SASS is located on the St. Lawrence, Cape Vincent North and Cape On Carleton Island, one of the most prominent features is Carleton Villa ruins— undeveloped land and agricultural land uses. These land uses provide contrasting Vincent South 7.5 minute US Geological Survey maps. a privately owned 1894 structure that has been unoccupied for six decades and vegetation color and form, and a mix of enclosure and openness that creates a visu- currently exists in significant disrepair. The island was also a battlefield in the ally strong background from the U.S. shoreline and from the St. Lawrence. Wind War of 1812, when American forces took control of the island from the British. turbines on the Canadian shoreline and some areas of exurban development with II. Description Prior to European settlement, the island was held by the Iroquois tribe. A num- little or no vegetation screening provide discordant features that negatively impact ber of American Indian and European burial grounds exist on the island. the character of the landscape, but these areas are relatively isolated. The SASS is comprised of subunits #13, 15, 16, and 17. III. Aesthetic Significance The Carleton Island SASS benefits from its rich and celebrated history. This history The most prominent features of the Carleton Island SASS are the dramatic ag- manifests itself in a number of historic structures and sites that positively impact ricultural landscape of Carleton and Wolfe Islands, the historic center of Cape The Carleton SASS is of statewide aesthetic significance by virtue of its unique the visual landscape. These features include the stone houses and other historic Vincent, and the steep, straight shorefront bluffs known as the Palisades. The landscape character, important historic structures and sites, high public acces- residences in the Village of Cape Vincent and surrounds, the Gilded-age ruins at shoreline ranges from moderately varied in the west to unusually straight in the sibility and public recognition. Carleton Villa, the 200-year old Horne’s Ferry, and the historic Fort Haldimand. east. The more varied western portion of the shoreline includes many small bays and points, the most prominent of which are Millen Bay, Beadles Point and Ce- The landscape character of the Carleton Island SASS is heavily influenced by its And, as with other parts of the Thousand Islands Scenic Area, the SASS benefits dar Point. The limestone geology of the SASS creates flat to gently sloping terrain unique geography on the threshold between the St. Lawrence River and Lake from positive ephemera—most notably the passage of large ocean-going vessels through much of this area. Carleton Island features gently rolling terrain with Ontario. The rolling shoreline and sweeping coastal viewshed of the SASS is a in contrast to the agricultural landscape and channels of the river.

Page 24 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Public accessibility of the SASS is quite high and contributes to the aesthetic sig- shoreline is characterized by low to medium density exurban development with nificance of the area. Route 12 east and west of Cape Vincent provides nearly areas of higher density cottages and campgrounds on Cedar and Breeze Point. continuous, uninterrupted visual access to the St. Lawrence waterway in this area. Interspersed with these developed areas are state parks, such as Cedar Point and Public parks like Cedar Point Park also provide areas of visual access. Horne’s Burnham Point State Parks, open agricultural land, and undeveloped mature for- Ferry provides views from the river. Because of the high level of accessible and estland. The interior of Carleton Island and the Canadian shoreline on Wolfe scenic quality of the SASS, it is no surprise that the area is recognized by the Island are especially notable for their large swaths of undeveloped land and agri- public as a meaningful landscape with historic structures, important recreational cultural land uses. landscapes, scenic ephemera, and important scenic areas. 2. Unity The Carleton Island SASS includes two Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitats: Despite the variety of physical and cultural features in the Carleton SASS, many features are consistently found throughout the area. These features help to pro- The Carleton Island Featherbed Shoals designated habitat is one of the most ex- vide a strong sense of visual continuity in this area. tensive shoal habitat areas in the St. Lawrence River. The area exhibits rocky substrates and good water circulation leading to productive aquatic beds. These The most prominent unifying element in the SASS is the St. Lawrence River. Full qualities combined with minimal human disturbance provide highly favorable and screened views of the 6,000-15,000’ width river are consistent within the habitat conditions for a number of fish and wildlife species. subunits of the SASS. With the exception of the small area of extremely straight shoreline west of Cedar Point, shorelines in the SASS are similarly varied. The St. Lawrence River Shoreline Bays designated habitat is a series of shallow water shipping channel that passes through the SASS provides a unique daily experi- bays that support fish spawning and nursery areas, especially muskellunge. This ence of passing ocean-going container ships. SASS includes three of the bays: Peos, Millen, and Rose Bays. Carleton Villa The limestone bedrock underlying the subunit also contributes to the sense of A. Landscape Character continuity within the SASS. This limestone, whether in small outcrops to 80’ dark mass of storm-driven waves. In winter and spring, this edge is made even cliffs, provides a consistent palette of color and texture throughout the area. The more unusual in the state by the shifting and slowly moving mass of ice on the 1. Variety surface expression of this bedrock in the topography of the U.S. mainland, as well water’s surface. Whether viewed from historic village center, Route 12E, or from as Carleton and Wolfe Island, is responsible for the consistent pattern of rolling a wooded state park shoreline, the immensity and dynamism of the river in the The physical and cultural features of the Carleton Island SASS are quite diverse, hills throughout the SASS. Carleton Island SASS contrasts strongly against the subtly rolling topography of from old growth forests to historic agricultural land and village landscapes to the U.S. mainland and Carleton Island. Viewed from the water, the gently curving more recent exurban development. This diversity of features creates a degree of Culturally, the SASS and area visible from the SASS are unified by the patchwork shoreline and vegetation create a sharp division between water and sky. visual variety that affords numerous opportunities for unique, scenic views. of active and successional farm land, agricultural structures, and historic stone homes and estates. Embedded in this patchwork are similar stories of Ameri- The variety of vegetation and land-uses in the SASS also create moments of strik- Landform, vegetation, and land use are the most notably varied physical features can Indian empire building and life, European exploration and colonization, the ing contrast. The strongly defined edge between mature forest and open, rolling in this subunit. Shoreline relief and geology in the SASS range from 5-20’ gently American Revolution, the War of 1812, and the Gilded Age. agricultural land, punctuated with bright red and white agricultural structures sloping river banks with small low limestone outcrops in the area around Cape and stone farm houses, is a critical part of the visual character of Carleton and Vincent and the western half of Carleton Island to 20’ and 60-80’ limestone bluffs Not all cultural features in the SASS are positive. Discordant features such as Wolfe Island. The large wind turbine complex on Wolfe Island, while sleek, star- on the northern side of Carleton Island and the U.S. shoreline east of Cedar Point. wind turbines and some areas of exurban development with little or no vegeta- tling and dramatic, creates discordant contrasts with the pastoral and historic The interior of Carleton Island includes distinctive rolling hills. Vegetation is tion screening detract from the overall high degree of unity of the scenic land- village character of the Carleton Island SASS. The contrasts are most notable dur- most diverse in the western half of the SASS. This includes a variety of agri- scape. ing the spring and fall migration of waterfowl as they divert and avoid the Wolfe cultural plantings, open meadows and mature woodlands on Carleton Island, Island industrial wind project. and mature and well-maintained urban vegetation and street trees in the historic 3. Contrast Cape Vincent waterfront and the developed Rt. 12E corridor. Contrasts in culture exist throughout the SASS. For example, well-maintained The Carleton Island SASS has a number of physical and cultural features that historic residences and estates exist in juxtaposition to working farms and wa- Land use is quite diverse in the Carleton Island SASS. The village of Cape Vin- provide contrasting color, form, texture, and symbolism. As with other scenic terfronts, and more contemporary exurban development on the U.S. mainland cent and surrounding shoreline feature working waterfronts as well as profes- areas in the Thousand Islands, the most striking contrast is that of land and wa- and Carleton Island. The large ships navigating the St. Lawrence Seaway create sionally designed estate and vernacular exurban landscapes. To the east, the U.S. ter. In summer, the St. Lawrence becomes a mirrored reflection of the sky or a dramatic contrasts with the pastoral and historic village landscape of the SASS.

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 25 4. Freedom From Discordant Features end of the SASS, adorned with relatively carefully-sited homes and staircases tion could affect a scenic resource and whether the action would be likely to im- tumbling down to the river edge, are quite remarkable in the state. pair the scenic beauty of the scenic resource. Some local government activities in The eastern portion of the Carleton Island SASS is relatively free of discordant communities with federally-approved Local Waterfront Revitalization Programs features, except for the occasionally poorly sited cliff-side staircase or engineered C. Public Accessibility are also subject to local coastal consistency review. shoreline on the U.S. mainland. Exurban development through most of this area is tastefully designed, for the most part, though at times expressing itself in more Due to the proximity of local roads to the shore and private and public ferry Policy 24, “Prevent impairment of scenic resources of statewide significance,” discordant forms, such as densely developed campgrounds and cottage complex- service, the Carleton Island SASS is highly visually accessible to the general provides that when considering a proposed action, agencies shall first determine es with little or no vegetation screening. public. Public parks and historic sites, such as Cedar Point and Burham Point whether the action could affect a scenic resource of statewide significance. The State Parks, located in the western section of subunit 13, allows for publicly ac- determination would involve: As with the Lake Ontario SASS, the major discordant features in this subunit are cessible views of the St. Lawrence. the wind turbines on Wolfe Island, which are visible to some extent throughout the (1) a review of the coastal area map to ascertain if it shows an identified sce- western half of the SASS. To a lesser extent, marinas, power lines, and visible road- Workshop participants indicated scenic areas visible to the general public and nic resource which could be affected by the proposed action, and: ways are also discordant. Though these features do detract from the scenic quality well known scenic areas recognized by the public throughout the SASS. For ex- of the landscape, they are geographically isolated to discreet areas within the SASS. ample, the southern side of Carleton Island was indicated in workshop sessions (2) a review of the types of activities proposed to determine if they would be The strong variety, unity, and contrast of other SASS features compensate for the to have at least one well known scenic area recognized by the public, though ac- likely to impair the scenic beauty of an identified resource. negative influence of these discordant features in the visual landscape. cess to the island is limited to recreational boaters and views from Horne Ferry and other ferries and tour boats. Impairment includes: The Carleton Island landscape is the most free from discordant features in the SASS, with the exception of tall twin towers and some limited poorly sited development. In particular, the stretch of Rt. 12 from Cedar Point to Tibbetts Point lighthouse (i) the irreversible modification of geologic forms; the destruction or re- The ruins of the Carleton Villa Ruins are as unique and startlingly beautiful as they provides full, 180 degree views of the St. Lawrence along its length. These views moval of vegetation; the modification, destruction or removal of structures, are discordant. The island is relatively free from, and in many places, screened are made more dramatic in places by the relationship of the road and river. In whenever the geologic forms, vegetation or structures are significant to the scenic from view of, wind turbines, power infrastructure, and other discordant features. many places the road is placed directly adjacent to the shoreline. Residences quality of an identified resource; and: are located on the inland side of the road, with private water access provided B. Uniqueness in some cases by small docks and staircases on the river side of the road. This (ii) the addition of structures which because of siting or scale will reduce affords maximum views of the river from the roadway. identified views or which because of scale, form, or materials will diminish the The Town of Cape Vincent and Carleton Island are unique in the state for their scenic quality of an identified resource. dramatic and unusual geography at the inlet of the Great Lakes to the St. Lawrence D. Public Recognition River seaway on the “northern coast” of the United States. The lake-river interface Policy 24 sets forth certain siting and facility-related guidelines to be used to also provides one of the most spectacular bi-annual ephemeral activities, the spring The Village of Cape Vincent and Carleton Island are major destinations and achieve the policy, recognizing that each large scale development situation is and fall waterfowl migration along the river. vital cultural centers in the Thousand Islands region. The Carleton Island SASS unique and that the guidelines will have to be applied accordingly. The guidelines was noted on workshop maps for its historic structures and cultural sites, estate are set forth below, together with comments regarding their particular applica- This natural and geographical relationship strongly influences the history of the buildings, unique or unusual scenic areas, and well known scenic areas recog- bility to this Scenic Area of Statewide Significance. In applying these guidelines area, from the history of the Underground Railroad to the numerous historical nized by the public. to agricultural land it must be recognized that the overall scenic quality of the sites, including Fort Haldimand, associated with the Iroquois, France, Britain, and landscape is reliant on an active and viable agricultural industry. This requires the United States wrestling for power and territory. Later, this same geographical Some examples include Beadles Point, which was recognized in workshop exer- that farmers be allowed the flexibility to farm the land in an economically viable context was the attraction of business and commerce leaders of their time, such as cises as an important recreational landscape and a meaningful landscape. Ce- fashion, incorporating modern techniques, changes in farm operation and resul- William O. Wyckoff, who invested his money made from Remington Typewriters dar Point Park and the cliffs known as the palisades were noted as well known tant changes in farm structures. Policy 24 guidelines include: into construction of lavish vacation homes here on the northern edge of the Empire scenic areas recognized by the general public. The palisades were noted as a State. At Cape Vincent, the seaway provides the unique opportunity to watch sea- unique or unusual scenic area. The area west of Cape Vincent was mentioned Siting large scale development such as highways, power lines, major subdi- going vessels as they prepare to cross the threshold between the sheltering bays and for its historic association with the Underground Railroad. visions and bill boards back from the shoreline or in other inconspicuous channels of the islands and the open expanse of Lake Ontario. locations to maintain the attractive quality of the shoreline and to retain IV. Impact Assessment views to and from the shore; In terms of the physical landscape, as with the Lake Ontario SASS, westerly winds have sculpted trees into easterly-bending windswept forms. The nearly Proposed actions within a SASS that are subject to coastal consistency review un- Comment: Unique features of the SASS include the historic village of Cape perfectly linear limestone bluffs known locally as the “Palisades” on the eastern der federal and State coastal acts must be assessed to determine whether the ac- Vincent, Carleton Island and farmland extending down to a shoreline often

Page 26 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan transformed by residential development. Keeping future large scale develop- as described in the local implementation section of this document. ment away from the shoreline, the village and Carleton Island will be critical in maintaining the visual character of the SASS as well as the environmental Views from public ways, water access sites, shorelines and waterways are espe- health of the St. Lawrence River. It is recommended that future large scale cially sensitive and should be protected from new large scale development, utility development be clustered away from the shoreline and visually sensitive open construction or signage whenever possible. Views from and of the shorelines, fields and meadows. Site plan review and open space development are valu- islands and farmland should also be taken into consideration in locating new able local land use tools that can achieve this goal. One example of a site large scale development. Locating new large scale structures well back from bluff plan review criterion is the preservation of shoreline vegetation to help new tops and shoreline areas will protect the beauty of the coastal landscape and, in development blend in with its surroundings. Another example of a site plan the long run, will enhance property values in the area. review criterion is design guidelines to ensure that clustering and other siting techniques achieve scenic preservation goals. Future open space development Incorporating sound existing structures (especially historic buildings) into clusters could be sited and designed to reflect the historic patterns of existing the overall development pattern; villages and hamlets. Another technique for maintaining the visual character of the SASS is acquisition of vulnerable shoreline lands or conservation ease- Comment: Many of the historic structures in the SASS are currently con- ments from willing landowners. served through public ownership and Historic District status. The historic village of Cape Vincent is well preserved and well cared for. Future preservation Probably the greatest threat to the future scenic character of the SASS is large of these villages, homes, their grounds and their surrounding natural setting Wolfe Island Wind Turbines scale industrial and infrastructure development within or nearby district bound- would help to preserve the visual character of the SASS. Radical alteration or aries. Large-scale projects, such as tall buildings, transmission lines, wind tur- demolition of these homes or the large scale development of their grounds that Maintaining or restoring the original land form, except when changes screen bines, bridges, communications towers, should not be sited within the SASS dis- is inconsistent with the visual characteristics of the viewshed could submit this unattractive elements and/or add appropriate interest; trict or within the district’s viewshed. Large scale industrial development should beautiful area to the intensive shoreline development that has marred many be sited well back from the bluff tops, and shoreline to greatly reduce the visual other sections of the New York State coastline. Thus, it is recommended that Comment: The SASS has a variety of land forms ranging from the rolling hills impacts. Modification of existing roadways, construction of new roadways, util- individual owners and towns take these factors into account when renovating of Carleton Island to the flat to gradually sloping gradients of the Village of ity lines and other infrastructure often requires state or federal funding and/or these historical and scenic resources and when planning for future develop- Cape Vincent and the mainland shoreline. Both areas should be protected in permits and thus can come under the purview of this policy. Locating public ment in the surrounding environment. Large scale development inappropriate future construction, infrastructure and large scale development projects. Car- infrastructure that scars sensitive coastal areas and facilitates inappropriate bluff for historic villages, farmed islands or wooded shorelines should be located leton Island in particular has unique terrain that should be protected from top or shoreline development could greatly impair future scenic shoreline areas away from these visual resources. large scale development projects. The landform of the SASS is largely in an un- of the SASS. disturbed state and is the one of the underlying factors in the scenic quality of Removing deteriorated and/or degrading elements; the area. The contrast in elevation on Carleton Island and the juxtaposition of Clustering or orienting new large scale structures to retain existing views, water and land contribute to the beauty of the SASS. Alteration of important save open space and provide visual organization to a development; Comment: The SASS is relatively free of deteriorated or degrading visual ele- landforms such as the rolling hills of Carleton Island and the gentle mainland ments. Few towers, very tall structures, derelict buildings or wide roads or parking shoreline would detract from the scenic character of the area. The use of berms lots detract from the scenic character of the landscape. Some recent industrial and to screen parking lots and unsightly large scale development is an acceptable Comment: The majority of the SASS consists of open water, developed shore- storage buildings along portions of the shoreline could be removed or rehabilitated. modification of terrain if carefully designed to blend with the natural contour lines, a large island, an historic village, farm fields, meadows, marshes, forests Minor improvements to roads and parking lots would enhance the scenic character of the land. Alteration of natural terrain for large scale development and roads and old pastures. Historic hamlets, farmsteads, houses and traditional summer of the SASS. Signage and parking lots could be improved in certain areas. Over- is of special concern. Development should be located away from sensitive homes punctuate but do not dominate the landscape except in a few heavily de- head utilities could be buried to improved views and visual character. geological features such as bluffs, hilltops, ridgelines, islands, and other unique veloped locations. Shoreline residential sprawl occurs along many areas of the geological areas. river’s edge. A definite boundary usually remains between developed and un- Development along the shoreline represents one of the major impacts on the developed areas of the SASS districts. If this edge becomes blurred as a result scenic character of the SASS. Planting vegetation for screening, fencing and Maintaining or adding vegetation to provide interest, encourage the pres- of sprawling large scale development, the visual character of the SASS could be other measures could help reduce the visual impacts of any large scale develop- ence of wildlife, blend structures with the site, and obscure unattractive ele- damaged. Future large scale development should be clustered away from scenic ment. Bulkheads and erosion prevention structures along the shoreline reduce ments, except when selective clearing removes unsightly, diseased or haz- resources, leaving most of the SASS in a more natural condition. The siting and the scenic character of the area. These engineering structures can be evaluated to ardous vegetation and when selective clearing, mowing, controlled burning design of new large scale development can be achieved with local land use tools determine if replacement with vegetation or bioengineering techniques would be or grazing creates or maintains views of coastal waters; such as site plan review, clustering and transfer of large scale development rights appropriate.

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 27 Comment: The farmland, wood lots, shorelines and open fields and meadows native building materials. New or renovated overhead utilities located in sensi- The Thousand Island’s dark, unspoiled night sky with views of stars, the sea of the SASS are a vital component of its scenic character. Maintaining the open tive scenic areas could be located underground, when possible, to eliminate their and wooded hills is a priceless visual resource. Due to its relatively low density farm land, particularly on Carleton Island should be a high priority to preserve negative visual impact on the landscape. The failure to blend new structures into of development, the region enjoys dark nighttime skies that could be affected the scenic quality of the SASS. Open farm land should be safe guarded and the natural setting, both within the SASS boundaries and in the viewshed of the by poorly designed new large scale development. Light pollution from exces- maintained whenever possible through tilling, grazing of livestock, controlled SASS would impair the scenic quality of the areas. Screening of the few unsightly sively bright, exposed lighting fixtures can block views of the night sky, blind burning or mowing. Keeping the fields and meadows open not only benefits structures in the Village of Cape Vincent could be effective. motorists and degrade the character of evening landscapes. Requiring exterior the scenic character of the area, but also plays an important role in maintaining lighting on large scale developments to be shielded will ensure that adequate varied wildlife habitat and ecological diversity in the region. The current agri- Using appropriate scales, forms and materials to ensure that buildings and night lighting is provided without creating glare and light pollution. The indi- cultural practice of recovering vacant land for the production of field crops not other structures are compatible with, and add interest to, the landscape. rect lighting created by shielded fixtures also greatly enhances the character of only benefits farmers economically, but it also enhances the visual attractive- nighttime landscapes by removing the bright harshness of many exterior light ness from the contrasting natural and agricultural landforms. Both scenic and Comment: Many structures located in the SASS and especially on Carleton Is- fixtures. Reducing the wattage of exterior lights is often possible without com- environmental goals could be achieved by implementing a program to mainland are generally compatible with, and add interest to, the landscape because they promising safety or functionality and results in less energy consumption. Spec- tain open meadows and to reclaim some of the open grasslands recently lost to are of a scale, design and material compatible with the historic landscape. Many of ifying color-corrected or color-balanced light sources such as energy efficient, successional scrub and forest growth. the structures in the Village of Cape Vincent are historic in nature. Construction shielded LED lighting for large scale development will ensure that the color of of new buildings incompatible with the cultural character of the SASS as repre- nighttime lights matches the warm tones of incandescent bulbs while providing Views from vista points in the SASS are disappearing due to the unrestrained sented in historic structures may impair the scenic character of the area. Many of the efficiency of high intensity discharge or metal halide light sources. growth of successional vegetation. Maintaining open meadows and clearings the older structures use native materials such as wood clapboards, shingles or stone in the vicinity of viewpoints along the highway will help maintain the scenic construction. Most have pitched roofs, traditional fenestration and are sited unob- It is recommended that existing town-owned lights, such as street lights or character of the parkway. Maintaining lawns, meadows and fields will also trusively on the land, avoiding hilltops, bluff edges and other prominent locations. lights at public buildings and facilities, be gradually retrofitted to reduce glare preserve both a scenic and an historic landscape resource. Future agricultural Though many of the shorefront developments are extensive, their negative visual and light pollution, when feasible. Building codes can be modified to require practices that recover abandoned, vacant land should be encouraged and sup- impact is localized due to the low height and small size of the camps and mobile shielded outdoor light fixtures as part of any new large scale development con- ported. The Village of Cape Vincent could consider maintaining and replacing homes. On Carleton Island and the Village, the rambling, attached approach to struction. Large scale developments should avoid unshielded spotlights that street trees if removed for health or safety reasons. residential design is typical of traditional Thousand Island architecture. It greatly cast direct light onto neighboring properties or on the water. Large scale com- helps reduce the visual impact of large, “mega-home” structures, especially when mercial facilities should avoid unshielded spotlights to illuminate parking lots, The variety of vegetation and the consequent variety of texture and color in combined with sensitive site planning and design and at the same time it minimizes storage facilities or outdoor areas. Adding a simple metal shield to an existing the SASS districts make a significant contribution to their scenic quality. A obstruction of waterfront views from public roadways. spotlight can greatly reduce light pollution and glare. Often a series of lower, variety of vegetation, open fields and meadows and the smaller wooded areas shielded lights can replace a single glaring spotlight. The greater expense for all provide interest and contrast in the landscape. The wildlife supported by Locating very tall structures to avoid impacting scenic areas and views from large scale developments is offset by the creation of a superior nighttime envi- this vegetation also adds interest and ephemeral character to the land. Vegeta- scenic and historic coastal sites. ronment. tion helps new structures blend into the predominantly natural landscape and plays a critical role in screening facilities and sites which would otherwise be Comment: Very tall structures such as wind turbines and exhaust stacks will discordant elements in the SASS. Planting of new screening vegetation in the have major impacts on the scenic character of coastal landscapes. Over 600 3. Grindstone Island Scenic Area of Statewide Significance camps and mobile home parks lining portions of the mainland shoreline could Thousand Islands residents participated in the web-based visual preference reduce negative visual impacts. survey in the summer of 2014. The survey results showed that wind turbine I. Location complexes on the Canadian side of the river have significant negative visual Using appropriate materials, in addition to vegetation, to screen unattractive impacts on the region. Turbine images ranked among the least scenic images The Grindstone Island Scenic Area of Statewide Significance (SASS) is located elements; in the survey. in the western central section of the Saint Lawrence Scenic Region. It consists of Grindstone Island and surrounding islands, the Village of Clayton and adja- Comment: Carleton Island has very few unattractive elements but the main- Consequently, massive industrial and infrastructure projects should not be cent islands, the mainland shoreline from the Palisades to Reed Point and the land shoreline has a significant number of very dense mobile homes and small built within the SASS district or within its surrounding viewshed. There are river from the southeast of Wolfe Island to the west entrance to the American camps may impact the scenic quality of the SASS. Fencing or screening could presently no techniques to mitigate the visual impacts of these structures be- Narrows. It also includes Thousand Islands Park and the west shoreline of be used to screen parking lots, low utility structures and buildings. Taller discor- cause they are so tall, massive and frequently in motion. Wellesley Island. dant features are too large to be effectively screened with fencing. Painting such tall towers in light sky tones might reduce their negative visual impact. It is rec- Using shielded lighting fixtures at appropriate levels of illumination to pre- The southern boundary of the SASS consists of the mainland shoreline of the ommended that new construction be encouraged to use appropriate historic or serve the Thousand Islands’ nighttime visual character. St. Lawrence River including the Village of Clayton, Bartlett Point and the lime-

Page 28 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan stone bluffs known as the Palisades to the southeast of the tip of Wolfe Island. The SASS’s western boundary extends across the river in a north/south orientation east of Wolfe Island. The northern boundary consists of the US/Canada border north of Grindstone Island. The eastern border of the SASS is located several hundred feet inland of the western shoreline of Wellesley Island as well as a wider section that includes the hamlet of Thousand Island Park.

Consult the Area 2 and 3 Ratings maps for detailed SASS boundaries. The Grindstone Island SASS is located on the Gananoque, Thousand Island Park, Saint Lawrence and Clayton 7.5 minute US Geological Survey maps.

II. Description

The SASS is comprised of subunits #9, 7, 11, 12, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 107.

The Grindstone Island SASS is dominated by Grindstone Island, Clayton and Thousand Island Park and the surrounding river and islands. It is a highly scenic and varied blend of islands of various sizes as well as the main channel of the river and two historic villages. The natural features of the SASS include the Saint Lawrence River, the highly indented shoreline of Grindstone Island and the western end of Wellesley Island, the woodlands and meadows in central portions of the island, the smaller islands that dot the SASS and the western Village of Clayton shores of Wellesley Island. The unique geography, lake and river features, terrain, vegetation and history of the SASS all contribute to the uniqueness and ley and Murray Island shorelines are forested with some of the tallest, steepest rence River for diving ducks during migration and provides common loon character of the landscape. bedrock outcrops in the Thousand Islands. With the exception of Thousand nesting habitat. Island Park, the vast majority of the Wellesley Island shoreline in the SASS is Grindstone Island features a highly varied shoreline configuration with many protected by state or local non-profit conservation organizations. Grandview The Grindstone Island Wetlands designated habitat consists of four large, shal- coves, bays, peninsulas and wetlands. Interior portions of the island feature a Park on Wellesley Island mirrors Canoe Point State Park on Grindstone Island. low, wetland and bay ecosystems on the St. Lawrence River. The wetlands experi- patchwork of mixed deciduous/evergreen woodlands interspersed with rolling The rocky hills of the Wellesley Island shoreline are dotted with windswept sen- ence minimal disturbance, a rarity in New York State. The island provides habitat meadows and pastureland extending down to the shoreline. This creates an tinel pines, creating ideal habitat for Ospreys, Eagles and other raptors. for many wildlife species, including nesting areas for the vulnerable northern exceptionally scenic landscape rich in wildlife habitat. The northern shoreline, harrier. The wetlands provide spawning and nursery areas for many fish species, particularly Delaney Bay contains numerous loon nesting sites. The island Unlike many other areas of the Thousand Islands, the smaller islands surround- and the adjacent shoals are habitat of state-wide significance for muskellunge includes four creeks with extensive scenic wetlands at their mouths containing ing Grindstone are relatively sparsely developed, enhancing the scenic and en- reproduction. excellent habitat for waterfowl as well as aquatic mammals and amphibians. vironmental character of the landscape. The smaller islands consist of Cana- Numerous outcrops of Canadian Shield bedrock occur in forested areas of the dian Shield bedrock capped with dense, mixed deciduous/evergreen forests, The Thousand Island Tern Colonies designated habitat consists of vulnerable island and along the shoreline, creating a rugged, hilly landscape. Small ponds creating both wildlife habitat and classic Thousand Islands scenery. common tern nesting areas. Nesting sites in this SASS include the Eagle Wing dot the landscape in the eastern sections of the island. Potters Beach is one of group of islands, Gull Island, Tidd Island, and Navigation Light Northeast 16. the few naturally occurring sand beaches in the Thousand Islands. Almost half The diverse landscape in this SASS supports a number of Significant Coastal While these island tern colonies are isolated from mammalian predators and hu- of the island is protected by state and local non-profit conservation organiza- Fish and Wildlife Habitats: man disturbance, predation by great horned owls and competition from ring- tions. Canoe Point State Park provides access for the public to this uniquely necked gulls has reduced populations. beautiful and environmentally rich island. The Eel Bay designated habitat is an extensive, undisturbed, shallow bay with beds of submergent vegetation unusual in the St. Lawrence ecological subzone. St. Lawrence River Shoreline Bays designated habitat is a series of shallow wa- The Wellesley Island shoreline mirrors Grindstone Island’s rocky, indented Eel Bay is an important fish spawning and nursery area, supporting northern ter bays that support fish spawning and nursery areas, especially muskellunge. shoreline featuring bays, headlands, shoreline marshes and exposed hillocks pike as well as vulnerable species such as the pugnose shiner and black shiner. This SASS includes one of these shallow water areas, Carrier Bay. of Canadian Shield bedrock. Unlike Grindstone, the majority of the Welles- This habitat supports one of about five major concentrations in the St. Law-

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 29 Natural features located in the developed portions of the SASS including the expansive landscape that creates sweeping views out over the water. Local roads 2. Unity Village of Clayton, the hamlet of Thousand Island Park and the developed run toward the lake and the river, providing linear views down the public right of mainland shoreline are less unique and environmentally significant. Howev- way to the water. Small forests and woodlots accent the open farm landscape cre- The SASS is a relatively unified landscape, thanks to its high state of natural er, the outlet of French Creek at the western edge of the Village of Clayton is ating contrast and variety in the visual landscape. Key historic landmarks such as preservation, its strong cultural landscape elements, the nearly constant pres- an important environmental feature. Bartlett Point and the limestone bluffs the stone farm houses, waterfront estates, lighthouses and scenic roads create focal ence of the river and the predominance of its geological features. Human al- known as the palisades at the western end of the mainland portion of the SASS points in the cultural landscape of the SASS. teration of the SASS has usually served to enhance, rather than detract from, that are relatively sparsely developed provide a respite from the more devel- the visual character of the landscape. The cultural landscapes of the SASS oped portions of the mainland shoreline in the subunit. The palisades form a Thanks to recent preservation efforts, many of the natural and cultural resources such as its farmland, farmsteads, historic villages and hamlets and historic es- nearly vertical 30’ high limestone cliff along the waterfront. of the SASS have been protected and some areas are open to the public. Ap- tates create a unifying visual character. The historic structures, open pastures, proximately one third of Grindstone Island is in conservation. Protection of meadows and meandering historic roads blend with or provide a pleasing con- The extensive cultural landscape of the Grindstone Island SASS includes the these unique areas will ensure the long-term presence of high scenic quality in trast to the natural scenery of the SASS. The Village of Clayton and especially Village of Clayton, the historic Victorian summer colony of Thousand Island the landscape. Thousand Island Park are well preserved and managed historic settlements in Park, late 19th and early 20th Century summer homes on the islands and the a good state of upkeep and historic preservation. Discordant features such as farmland and open meadows of Grindstone Island. Cultural features also in- A. Landscape Character intensive residential development, boat storage warehouses and towers do not clude more recent, dense shoreline development in and around Clayton and on significantly detract from the overall visual unity of the SASS. Round Island. 1. Variety The relatively unified character of most portions of the visual landscape is en- III. Aesthetic Significance The Grindstone Island SASS contains a diversity of landscapes ranging from hanced by the fact that there are large tracts of conservation land on Grind- town and hamlet centers to the meadows and farm fields of Grindstone Island stone Island and the Eel Bay shoreline. Farms in the upland areas create a The Grindstone Island SASS is of statewide aesthetic significance by virtue of its and to the wild shoreline of Eel Bay. The highly varied shoreline configurations highly unified landscape of fields, pastures and woodlots providing sweeping exceptional landscape character, historic character, state of preservation, envi- of the SASS, especially on Grindstone Island, create a high degree of variety views of the river and Grindstone Island. The periodic, but reliable, passage of ronmental character, uniqueness, public accessibility and public recognition. It along the waterfront. The patchwork quilt of fields, meadows, marshes and ocean going ships along the Seaway creates an ephemeral unifying feature to is one of the most scenic areas of the region’s coastline, with remarkable scenery mixed hardwood/deciduous forests on Grindstone Island is shaped by a wide the landscape. on Grindstone Island, the main river channel, the many smaller islands and the variety of vegetation types and configurations. The geology of the SASS is also highly indented shoreline of points and bays. Images and descriptions of the quite varied, ranging from bedrock hillocks on Grindstone to the limestone The fact that water extends throughout most of the SASS provides a great deal SASS, especially the Village of Cape Vincent, Grindstone Island and Thousand palisades in the southwestern corner of the SASS. of visual unity to the landscape. A wide variety of water features including the Island Park are frequently featured in photographs, paintings, books, travel bro- river, streams, marshland and embayments are woven together in a unified land- chures and other publications. Views of the sunset from the Potters Beach on The Village of Clayton is a highly varied town center environment featuring scape of diverse water features. Views of unspoiled shorelines and islands extend Grindstone and Eel Bay on Wellesley Island are well known. attractive streets, a variety of stores and businesses, a major new hotel and the unifying presence of water into interior portions of the landscape as well. pleasant residential areas. Public access to the waterfront is excellent, allow- Given the important role of water in creating scenic quality, the prevalence of The wide expanses of main river channel, the islands and a varied coastline of ing residents and visitors the opportunity to experience varied views of and water within and around the SASS is a very strong unifying factor. the SASS create a dramatic coastal environment. Open farmland on Grindstone access to the river. The hamlet of Thousand Island Park has a great variety of Island extending to the shoreline provides sweeping views of the river. Public historic Victorian architecture in carefully maintained condition. The layout 3. Contrast roads on Grindstone Island and along the mainland shoreline provide public ac- of the hamlet creates a wide range of streetscapes and house locations focused cess to vistas of the water and islands. The diversity of landscapes within the on a central green or common. A number of historic estates are located in the The Grindstone Island SASS is replete with both natural and cultural landscape SASS creates a highly varied visual setting. The SASS has a unique abundance SASS including a dramatic Gilded Era estate and tower on Calumet Islands as contrasts. The most dramatic natural contrast consists of the juxtaposition of of water views as well as internal views of farmland, meadows and woodlands. well as historic homes on Round Island and the smaller islands that abound in Grindstone Island with the islands and bays of the highly indented shoreline. Outcrops of Canadian Shield bedrock create small hills and valleys that produce the area. Contrasting vegetation on Grindstone Island, including expansive meadows bor- a scenic, rolling landform. In contrast to Carleton Island, Grindstone is shaped dered by dense forests, enhances the striking beautiful visual character of the by hard, ancient bedrock as opposed to softer limestone. Water bodies range from the open waters of the main shipping channel, to the island. The highly varied and indented shoreline of the island creates dramatic many bays and coves created by the Shield bedrock, creating a diversity of water contrasts between the land and the sea. While the SASS is especially rich in natural scenic character, cultural factors also environments. A number of small streams on Grindstone Island create highly enhance the visual character of the landscape. The natural landscape has been scenic valleys with extensive open marshlands at the mouths of the streams. The highly varied shoreline configuration of the SASS provides further contrasts. modified over the centuries by farming, resulting in a unique and highly scenic The main shipping channel bisects the SASS and features a wide variety of The irregular pattern of bays and peninsulas created by the hard Canadian Shield cultural visual character. The rolling farmland and cultivated fields create an open, ocean-going ships passing by in close proximity to the shorelines. bedrock creates a contrast of water and landscape forms. Woodlands and marsh-

Page 30 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan es stand out in contrast to the open farmland that extends in many areas down to the shoreline of the river. Bedrock plunging into the deep waters of the river creates a contrast between rock and water that is striking.

Cultural contrasts feature the juxtaposition of two densely populated villages with the extensive natural areas on Grindstone, the Eel Bay shoreline and many of the smaller islands. The edges of these settlements are quite distinct, heighten- ing the sense of contrast between the villages and the surrounding natural areas. The contrast of large ships navigating through narrow rocky channels is surprising and unusual, a key visual symbol of the Thousand Islands.

4. Freedom From Discordant Features

Taken as a whole, the SASS is relatively free of discordant features. While commercial boating facilities and winter storage buildings in Clayton as well as dense recent development along the mainland shoreline are discordant, these features do not detract from the highly scenic character that typifies most of the SASS. Grindstone Island is a remarkably well preserved remnant of the farm and forest landscapes that once typified the Thousand Islands. Most of the smaller islands in the SASS are relatively sparsely developed with the exception of Round Island.

The historic features of the Village of Clayton are relatively well preserved and free of major discordant features with the exception of some commercial waterfront structures. Most of the major discordant features of the village are located outside of the SASS along Route 12. Thousand Island Park is highly historic and remarkably free of discordant features with the exception of some recent development along the shoreline to the east of the historic center. Canadian Shield Outcrop

The SASS is free of major discordant features such as wind turbines, transmis- and woodlands on rocky knolls is unique, as is its high state of preservation The Village of Clayton is unique as an historic commercial and recreational sion lines, major highways and commercial strips. Intense recreational boat- and stewardship. The four creeks with extensive marshes at their mouths are center. While the town contains a few discordant features, its general level of ing activity in the warm months can cause intermittent discordant features as unusual for such a relatively small watershed. They are formed in large part by historic character and preservation is unusual for a village of this size. Unusual the waters become crowded with recreational craft. Portions of the mainland the bedrock geology of the island. The very complex shoreline configuration is landmarks such as the Wooden Boat Museum and the Opera House typify the shoreline in the eastern portions of the SASS are heavily developed with sum- unique in the Thousand Islands, creating a very long shoreline with high visual unique character of the village. mer cottages and year-round residences, most built in the past 60 years. These quality. Potters Beach is one of the few naturally occurring sand beaches in the developments typically occurred on farmland that once extended down to the Thousand Islands. An island of the considerable size of Grindstone with rela- High westerly winds have shaped the landscape and especially the vegetation in shoreline of the river. They rated very low in the image survey and are discor- tively little development and a traditional farm and forest landscape is unusual unique ways. Many of the trees have been stunted and blown into an easterly dant features in the landscape. But other than these relatively minor elements, in the Thousand Islands and the New York coastline in general. windswept position as a result of westerly winds, ice and sleet blowing off of Lake the SASS is relatively free of discordant features. Ontario. This phenomenon is not unique in the Thousand Islands but it is wide- The Village of Clayton, and especially the hamlet of Thousand Island Park, are spread in the SASS. B. Uniqueness distinctive settlements with strong historic character and attractive village architecture, streets and public spaces. Thousand Island Park is a unique Victori- C. Public Accessibility The SASS is highly unique as one of the best known and most scenic sections an summer colony with outstanding architecture in a high state of upkeep and of the Thousand Islands. Grindstone Island in particular is an exceptionally preservation. Sitting on a wooded bluff, the hamlet is surrounded by wooded Public Accessibility in the SASS is excellent due to roadways that parallel the beautiful landscape with many of the traditional scenic elements which have conservation land, creating an unusual contrast between relatively dense de- coastline, a number of state and local parks as well as extensive tour boat and been developed or abandoned in other areas. The complex pattern of fields velopment and extensive tracts of woodlands and undeveloped waterfronts. water taxi services available in Clayton. Grindstone Island, while a relatively

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 31 isolated and sparsely developed island, has a network of public roads and is (1) a review of the coastal area map to ascertain if it shows an identified sce- and designed large scale development. accessible by boats and a public dock. Many tour boats that are based in Clay- nic resource which could be affected by the proposed action, and: ton take thousands of visitors around much of the SASS in the warm months, Site plan review and open space development are valuable local land use tools providing visual access to most of the SASS, including the network of smaller (2) a review of the types of activities proposed to determine if they would be that can achieve this goal. One example of a site plan review criterion is the pres- islands that surround Grindstone. likely to impair the scenic beauty of an identified resource. ervation of shoreline vegetation to help new development blend in with its surroundings. Another example of a site plan review criterion is design guidelines Route 12 along the mainland shoreline offers intermittent views of the river. A Impairment includes: to ensure that clustering and other siting techniques achieve scenic preservation network of smaller roads extends down to the river from Route 12 including goals. Future open space development clusters could be sited and designed to Farm Road, Shore Drive, Lyellton Drive and Kehoe Road. Streets in the Vil- (i) the irreversible modification of geologic forms; the destruction or re- reflect the historic patterns of existing hamlets. Another technique for maintain- lage of Clayton provide both visual and physical access to the shoreline, many moval of vegetation; the modification, destruction or removal of structures, ing the visual character of the SASS is acquisition of vulnerable shoreline lands or terminating directly at the shoreline. Pedestrian access to the riverfront in whenever the geologic forms, vegetation or structures are significant to the scenic conservation easements from willing landowners, Clayton is especially well planned, thanks to town and village leadership and quality of an identified resource; and: the Local Waterfront Revitalization Program. Boats for hire provide access Probably the greatest threat to the future scenic character of the SASS is large to Grindstone Island and many of the smaller islands in the SASS. Thousand (ii) the addition of structures which because of siting or scale will reduce scale industrial and infrastructure development within or nearby district bound- Islands Park is accessible by car along Thousand Island Park Road which con- identified views or which because of scale, form, or materials will diminish the aries. Large-scale projects, such as tall buildings, transmission lines, wind tur- nects with Interstate 81. scenic quality of an identified resource. bines, bridges, communications towers, should not be sited within the SASS district or within the district’s viewshed. Large scale industrial development should D. Public Recognition Policy 24 sets forth certain siting and facility-related guidelines to be used to be sited well back from the bluff tops, and shoreline to greatly reduce the visual achieve the policy, recognizing that each large scale development situation is impacts. Modification of existing roadways, construction of new roadways, util- The Village of Clayton is a major landmark and one of the best known scenic unique and that the guidelines will have to be applied accordingly. The guidelines ity lines and other infrastructure often requires state or federal funding and/or villages in the Thousand Islands. A major hub for water access to the river, are set forth below, together with comments regarding their particular applica- permits and thus can come under the purview of this policy. Locating public Clayton is a well-recognized recreational and commercial center for the region. bility to this Scenic Area of Statewide Significance. In applying these guidelines infrastructure that scars sensitive coastal areas and facilitates inappropriate bluff Many sightseeing boats are based in Clayton and are well known to residents to agricultural land it must be recognized that the overall scenic quality of the top or shoreline development could greatly impair future scenic shoreline areas of and visitors to the area. The village is featured in promotional brochures, landscape is reliant on an active and viable agricultural industry. This requires of the SASS. post cards, web sites and calendars featuring the Thousand Islands. Thousand that farmers be allowed the flexibility to farm the land in an economically viable Island Park, while less well known than Clayton, is also a recognized landmark fashion, incorporating modern techniques, changes in farm operation and resul- Clustering or orienting new large scale structures to retain existing views, in the region. Its well preserved Victorian Architecture and attractive village tant changes in farm structures. Policy 24 guidelines include: save open space and provide visual organization to a development; green are well known landmarks in the region and beyond. Grindstone Island, while accessible to the public, is less well known in spite of the fact that it is Siting large scale development such as highways, power lines, major subdivi- Comment: The SASS is diverse, consisting of open water, wooded shorelines, is- an extremely beautiful and varied island with a unique natural and cultural sions and bill boards back from the shoreline or in other inconspicuous loca- lands, farm fields, meadows, an historic village, marshes, forests and old pastures. landscape. tions to maintain the attractive quality of the shoreline and to retain views to The Village of Clayton as well as hamlets, farmsteads, houses and traditional and from the shore; summer homes punctuate but do not dominate the landscape except in a few IV. Impact Assessment heavily developed locations. A definite boundary usually remains between devel- Comment: The Grindstone Island SASS is a diverse visual landscape ranging oped and undeveloped areas of the SASS. If this edge becomes blurred as a result Proposed actions within a SASS that are subject to coastal consistency review un- from open fields to dense forests to the historic Village of Clayton to the steep of sprawling large scale development, the visual character of the SASS could be der federal and State coastal acts must be assessed to determine whether the ac- bluffs of the mainland shoreline. Most areas of the SASS are very vulnerable to damaged. Future large scale development should be clustered away from scenic tion could affect a scenic resource and whether the action would be likely to im- poorly sited and designed large scale development. Keeping future large scale resources, leaving most of the SASS in a more natural condition. The siting and pair the scenic beauty of the scenic resource. Some local government activities in development away from the shoreline will be critical in maintaining the visual design of new large scale development can be achieved with local land use tools communities with federally-approved Local Waterfront Revitalization Programs character of the SASS as well as the environmental health of the St. Lawrence such as site plan review, clustering and transfer of large scale development rights are also subject to local coastal consistency review. River. It is recommended that future development be clustered away from the as described in the local implementation section of this document. Smaller scale shoreline and visually sensitive open fields and meadows. Grindstone Island and residential development could be encouraged to locate within existing centers Policy 24, “Prevent impairment of scenic resources of statewide significance,” the smaller islands of the SASS are so unique and sensitive that large scale devel- such as the Village of Clayton. provides that when considering a proposed action, agencies shall first determine opment should not be located on these fragile visual landscapes. The Village of whether the action could affect a scenic resource of statewide significance. The Clayton and some of the developed portions of the mainland shoreline are more Views from public ways, water access sites, shorelines and waterways are espe- determination would involve: resilient to new development, but even these areas are vulnerable to poorly sited cially sensitive and should be protected from new large scale development, utility

Page 32 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan construction or signage whenever possible. Views from and of the bluffs, shore- Comment: The unique landform of Grindstone and the smaller islands is rela- The variety of vegetation and the consequent variety of texture and color in the lines, islands and farmland should also be taken into consideration in locating tively undisturbed and should be protected in future construction, infrastructure SASS make a significant contribution to their scenic quality. A variety of vegeta- new large scale development. Locating new large scale structures well back from and large scale development projects. The landform of the Village of Clayton has tion, open fields and meadows and the dense forests of the interior all provide bluff tops and shoreline areas will protect the beauty of the coastal landscape and, been altered over the centuries into a more urban landscape. Landform is one of interest and contrast in the landscape. The wildlife supported by this vegetation in the long run, will enhance property values in the area. Because of its unique- the underlying factors in the scenic quality of the area. The contrast in elevation also adds interest and ephemeral character to the land. Vegetation helps new ness, sensitivity and very high scenic quality, large scale new developments such and the juxtaposition of water and land, especially on Grindstone and the smaller structures blend into the predominantly natural landscape and plays a critical as wind turbines and tall towers should not be located on Grindstone Island. islands contributes to the beauty of the SASS. Alteration of important landforms role in screening facilities and sites which would otherwise be discordant ele- such as coastal bluffs, rock ledges, stone outcrops, marshes, and tributaries would ments in the SASS. Incorporating sound existing structures (especially historic buildings) into detract from the scenic character of the area. Landform preservation is less of a the overall development pattern; concern in the Village of Clayton. There the use of berms to screen parking lots Using appropriate materials, in addition to vegetation, to screen unattractive and unsightly large scale development is an acceptable modification of terrain if elements; Comment: Some of the historic structures in the SASS are currently conserved carefully designed to blend with the contour of the village landscape. Alteration through public ownership and Historic District status. The village of Clay- of natural terrain for large scale development and roads is of special concern. Comment: Grindstone and the smaller islands contain relatively few discor- ton contains many historic buildings that could be incorporated in small scale Development should be located away from sensitive geological features such as dant elements. Some discordant features exist in the Village of Clayton and new development in existing centers. Future preservation of these homes, their bluffs, hilltops, ridgelines, islands, and other unique geological areas. adjacent areas. Fencing or screening could be used to screen parking lots, low grounds and their surrounding natural setting would help to preserve the vi- utility structures and buildings. Taller discordant features are too large to be ef- sual character of the SASS. Radical alteration or demolition of these homes or Maintaining or adding vegetation to provide interest, encourage the presence fectively screened with fencing. Painting such tall towers in light sky tones might the large scale development of their grounds that is inconsistent with the visual of wildlife, blend structures with the site, and obscure unattractive elements, reduce their negative visual impact. It is recommended that new construction characteristics of the viewshed could submit this beautiful area to the intensive except when selective clearing removes unsightly, diseased or hazardous veg- be encouraged to use appropriate historic or native building materials. New or shoreline development that has marred many other sections of the New York etation and when selective clearing, mowing, controlled burning or grazing renovated overhead utilities located in sensitive scenic areas could be located un- State coastline. Thus, it is recommended that individual owners and towns take creates or maintains views of coastal waters; derground, when possible, to eliminate their negative visual impact on the land- these factors into account when renovating these historical and scenic resources scape. The failure to blend new structures into the natural setting, both within and when planning for future development in the surrounding environment. Comment: The wooded shorelines, small islands and open fields and meadows the SASS boundaries and in the viewshed of the SASS would impair the scenic of the Grindstone and the smaller islands are a vital component of the scenic quality of the area. Removing deteriorated and/or degrading elements; character of the SASS. They should be safe guarded and maintained whenever possible through tilling, grazing of livestock, controlled burning or mowing. Using appropriate scales, forms and materials to ensure that buildings and Comment: The SASS is relatively free of deteriorated or degrading visual el- Keeping the fields and meadows open not only benefits the scenic character of other structures are compatible with, and add interest to, the landscape. ements. Few towers, very tall structures, derelict buildings or wide roads or the area, but also plays an important role in maintaining varied wildlife habitat parking lots detract from the scenic character of the landscape. Minor improve- and ecological diversity in the region. The current agricultural practice of re- Comment: Most structures located on Grindstone and the smaller islands are ments to roads and parking lots would enhance the scenic character of the SASS. covering vacant land for the production of field crops not only benefits farmers generally compatible with, and add interest to, the landscape because they are of Signage and parking lots could be improved in certain areas. Overhead utilities economically, but it also enhances the visual attractiveness from the contrasting a scale, design and material compatible with the historic landscape. Many of the could be buried to improved views and visual character. Some commercial and natural and agricultural landforms. Both scenic and environmental goals could structures are historic in nature. Construction of new buildings incompatible industrial structures in the Village of Clayton and the surrounding area could be be achieved by implementing a program to maintain open meadows and to re- with the cultural character of the SASS as represented in historic structures could rehabilitated or removed to improve the visual quality of the area. claim some of the open grasslands recently lost to successional scrub and forest impair the scenic character of the area. Many of the older structures use native growth. Preservation of forests and woodlands on Grindstone and the smaller is- materials such as wood clapboards, shingles or stone construction. Most have Post-WWII development is the main degrading element in the SASS. Devel- lands is also important. Preserving street trees and planting new trees and other pitched roofs, traditional fenestration and are sited unobtrusively on the land, opment along the shoreline represents one of the major impacts on the scenic vegetation in the Village of Clayton can provide shade, variety and natural beauty avoiding hilltops, bluff edges and other prominent locations. character of the district. Planting vegetation for screening, fencing and other to the village landscape. measures could help reduce the visual impacts of any large scale development. The scale of structures in the Village of Clayton is larger and more compact than Old, deteriorating bulkheads piers along the shoreline reduce the scenic char- Views from vista points in the SASS are disappearing due to the unrestrained buildings in the rural sections of the SASS. Though some of the shorefront build- acter of the area. These engineering structures can be evaluated to determine if growth of successional vegetation. Maintaining open meadows and clearings in ings are large, their apparent mass has been reduced by designing the structures replacement with vegetation or bioengineering techniques would be appropriate. the vicinity of viewpoints along the highway will help maintain the scenic char- as a series of smaller, attached architectural volumes. This rambling, attached ap- acter of the parkway. Maintaining lawns, meadows and fields will also preserve proach to residential design is typical of traditional Thousand Island architecture Maintaining or restoring the original land form, except when changes screen both a scenic and an historic landscape resource. Future agricultural practices and is a major factor in reducing the visual impact of large, “mega-home” struc- unattractive elements and/or add appropriate interest; that recover abandoned, vacant land should be encouraged and supported. tures. Combined with sensitive site planning and design, the rambling, attached

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 33 structures minimize obstruction of waterfront views from public roadways. onto neighboring properties or on the water. Large scale commercial facilities running through extensive marshland. The banks of the stream in this middle should avoid unshielded spotlights to illuminate parking lots, storage facilities or section consist of gently rolling pastureland and farm fields interspersed with Locating very tall structures to avoid impacting scenic areas and views from outdoor areas. Adding a simple metal shield to an existing spotlight can greatly woodlands. The lower section of the creek meanders through narrow marsh- scenic and historic coastal sites. reduce light pollution and glare. Often a series of lower, shielded lights can re- lands and steep wooded limestone bluffs. place a single glaring spotlight. The greater expense for large scale developments Comment: Very tall structures such as wind turbines and exhaust stacks will is offset by the creation of a superior nighttime environment. The French Creek SASS consists of the valley of French Creek. The SASS con- have major impacts on the scenic character of coastal landscapes. Over 600 sists of a the meandering waters of the creek, extensive marshlands, dense forests Thousand Islands residents participated in the web-based visual preference and meadows and farm fields extending down to the edge of the creek and its survey in the summer of 2014. The survey results showed that wind turbine 4. French Creek Scenic Area of Statewide Significance marshes. A pronounced, steep limestone escarpment approximately 120 feet in complexes on the Canadian side of the river have significant negative visual height forms the southeastern edge of the river valley. The escarpment provides impacts on the region. Turbine images ranked among the least scenic images I. Location a distinct visual boundary to the valley of the creek. in the survey. The French Creek Scenic Area of Statewide Significance (SASS) is named for a The valley of French Creek is primarily a sparsely developed natural environ- Consequently, massive industrial and infrastructure projects should not be major tributary stream extending from its source approximately a half mile east ment influenced by cultural factors such as the meadows and farm fields that line built within the SASS district or within its surrounding viewshed. There are of St. Lawrence Road in the Town of Clayton to its outlet at French Creek Bay portions of the creek and marshlands. Natural features include a wide variety of presently no techniques to mitigate the visual impacts of these structures be- in the Village of Clayton. The stream flows from southwest to northeast. The vegetation types including open marshlands, shrub swamps, early and late suc- cause they are so tall, massive and frequently in motion. SASS consists of the creek itself, extensive bordering marshlands and shore- cessional forests and meadows. The northern forest consists of a mix of eastern lines consisting of a patchwork of dense forests, open meadows and farm fields. white pine, spruce and deciduous species such as red oak, white oak, green ash, Using shielded lighting fixtures at appropriate levels of illumination to pre- The SASS is approximately one mile wide and four miles long. hickory, red maple and sugar maple. Eastern white pines line many sections of serve the Thousand Islands’ nighttime visual character. the stream banks creating a striking visual effect along the water. These tall pines The borders of the SASS are shown on the SASS maps located in the appendices also serve as nesting habitat for ospreys, eagles and kingfishers that feed on fish The Thousand Island’s dark, unspoiled night sky with views of stars, the sea of this report. Starting at French Creek Bay at the creek’s mouth in Clayton, from the creek. and wooded hills is a priceless visual resource. Due to its relatively low density its northwestern border is formed by Route 12 and Crystal Springs Road. Its of development, the SASS generally enjoys dark nighttime skies that could be southwestern border follows the upstream tributaries of the creek about one The French Creek Marsh Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat is one of affected by poorly designed new large scale development. Some glare and light half mile east of St. Lawrence Road. The SASS’s southeastern border parallels the four largest, undeveloped, coastal streamside wetlands on the St. Lawrence pollution exists in the Village of Clayton and surrounding developed shore- French Creek Road for approximately 2,000 feet and then follows the top of a River, rare in this ecological subzone. The combination of open water, wetland lines. Light pollution from excessively bright, exposed lighting fixtures can steep escarpment along Commode Road which it follows for approximately vegetation, and uplands provides habitat for many fish and wildlife species. The block views of the night sky, blind motorists and degrade the character of eve- 2,000 feet. It then resumes its northeasterly course along fence lines paralleling marsh supports nesting areas for northern harrier and least bittern, feeding areas ning landscapes. Requiring exterior lighting on large scale developments to be Deferno Road for approximately 3.5 miles. The SASS boundary then merges for common tern, and Blandings turtle habitat. The extensive beds of wetland shielded will ensure that adequate night lighting is provided without creating with Deferno Road which it follows for approximately two miles at which point vegetation support one of the most productive fisheries on the St. Lawrence Riv- glare and light pollution. The indirect lighting created by shielded fixtures also it heads north around the east side of Barrett Creek, ending at the point of er, including northern pike and pan fish. greatly enhances the character of nighttime landscapes by removing the bright beginning at French Creek Bay. Several roads traverse the SASS including harshness of many exterior light fixtures. Reducing the wattage of exterior French Creek Road and Bevins Road. Cultural features consist primarily of the active and abandoned farmland that lights is often possible without compromising safety or functionality and results lines many portions of the creek. The area has been farmed for centuries and this in less energy consumption. Specifying color-corrected or color-balanced light Consult the Area 2 Ratings map for detailed delineations of the SASS bound- human activity has strongly influenced the banks of the river and the surround- sources such as energy efficient, shielded LED lighting for large scale develop- aries. The French Creek SASS is located on the St. Lawrence and Clayton 7.5 ing valley. Farm features include hayfields, pasture and cultivated fields. Zenda ment will ensure that the color of nighttime lights matches the warm tones of minute US Geological Survey maps. Farm, a property managed by the Thousand Islands Land Trust (TILT) is located incandescent bulbs while providing the efficiency of high intensity discharge or in the northern portions of the SASS metal halide light sources. II. Description Considerable portions of early and late successional forest were once farm fields It is recommended that existing village-owned lights, such as street lights or lights The SASS is comprised of subunit #74. that have been abandoned and allowed to revert to forest. A small number of at public buildings and facilities, be gradually retrofitted to reduce glare and light structures are located in the SASS along Route 12E. They consist primarily of pollution, when feasible. Building codes can be modified to require shielded Its upper reaches consist of several small brooks meandering through steep, post war suburban residences. Several older farm houses including Zenda Farm outdoor light fixtures as part of any new large scale development construction. densely wooded ravines cut by the brook into the soft underlying limestone bed- buildings are located along Crystal Springs Road. These structures are a very Large scale developments should avoid unshielded spotlights that cast direct light rock. The middle section of the creek consists of a gently meandering stream minor visual component of the SASS.

Page 34 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan III. Aesthetic Significance

The French Creek SASS is of statewide aesthetic significance by virtue of its exceptional landscape character, cultural landscape character, state of preservation, environmental quality, uniqueness, public accessibility and public recognition. It is one of the most scenic tributaries of the St. Lawrence River. The SASS is almost entirely free of development. The natural features of the river valley are comple- mented with extensive man-made fields, meadows and pastures, creating a highly scenic pastoral setting. The linear layout of the fields and hedgerows accentuates the natural patterns of the creek. The gently rolling terrain of the SASS is framed by a steep hill on the north and an abrupt escarpment on the south, creating a spa- cious but enclosed valley with dramatic backdrops of steep terrain. The underlying limestone bedrock creates a gentle landscape.

The SASS is aesthetically significant because of its blend of open and forested landscapes, its gently rolling terrain, the steep hills and escarpments that frame it and its pastoral character. The mix of open landscapes such as meadows and fields as well as dense forests creates a high degree of visual variety. Many highly scenic views are created by the open character of the land punctuated with woodlands. The open portions of the landscape are quite varied, creating many scenic views out over the creek, the marshes and the farm fields. The variety of open and densely forested landscapes creates many opportunities for well composed views over a wide array of landscapes. The fact that the creek is bordered by open marshland creates long vistas up and down the stream framed by evergreen and specimen deciduous trees. French Creek

The SASS is rich in wildlife habitat which adds ephemeral interest and activity, of farmland types ranging from large, rectilinear hay fields to smaller riverside stands of Eastern White Pine, to mixed deciduous/evergreen northern forestland enhancing the scenic quality of the landscape. Raptors, waterfowl and amphibians pastures to successional vegetation growing in abandoned farmland. Distinct to successional fields, marshes and farmland. Natural ephemeral features such as frequent the creek and are especially active during dawn and dusk. Cattle from hedgerows frame many of the fields adding geometric variety to the landscape. ospreys, eagles and waterfowl add varied activity to the landscape. nearby farms periodically graze in the meadows lining the creek’s marshes, creat- Farm animals and farming activity add ephemeral variety to the landscape. Sev- ing the pastoral character that typifies the SASS. Small curvilinear ponds dot the eral small farm houses and outbuildings add a degree of cultural variety to the 2. Unity marshland, adding to the visual variety and composition of the visual environment. landscape. The SASS’s network of small roads extends into and through the landscape, creating additional cultural interest and variety. The SASS is a highly unified landscape, thanks to its high state of natural pres- Thanks to past land conservation and preservation efforts, most of the natural and ervation, its geological features, its vegetation and its agricultural land use. It is cultural resources of the SASS have been protected and some areas are open to The natural features of the landscape are extremely varied. While all of the val- a visually self contained area: a small river valley framed by limestone bluffs and the public. Approximately 90% of land along French Creek is in conservation. ley is underlain by limestone, the formations of limestone are varied, ranging hills. Human alteration of the SASS has served to enhance, rather than detract Conservation of this unique watershed will ensure the long-term presence of high from gently rolling terrain in the valley and steep escarpments and hills framing from the visual character of the landscape. The cultural landscapes of the SASS, scenic quality in the landscape. Public access and education provided by Zenda the edges of the SASS. The river meanders throughout its length, creating con- principally its farmland and farmsteads, create a unifying visual character. Farm also enhances the scenic character of the landscape. stantly changing visual environments and views. Oxbow meanders cut into the marshland have created numerous curvilinear oxbow ponds which add variety The relatively unified character of most portions of the visual landscape is en- A. Landscape Character to the extensive marshes lining either side of the river. The edges of the marshes hanced by the fact that large tracts of conservation land on French Creek have have an extremely varied configuration created by numerous inlets, coves and been preserved. Virtually the entire SASS consists of conservation land which 1. Variety peninsulas. assures continuing preservation of the landscape, enhancing its visual unity. Farms in the upland areas create a highly unified landscape of fields, pastures and The French Creek SASS has exceptional natural and cultivated landscape variety. The vegetation of the SASS is also highly varied, greatly enhancing its visual qual- woodlots providing sweeping views of French Creek. The lack of development Existing and former agricultural activity in the valley have created a wide range ity. The wide variety of vegetation types, heights, and densities consists of mature and the interplay of the meandering river, the marshlands and the upland mo-

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 35 saic of dense woodlands and open meadows and pastures create a highly unified Other than the Route 12E development the SASS is almost entirely free of dis- land, especially at their crossings of the creek. The bridge crossing French Creek in landscape. cordant features such as wind turbines, transmission lines, major highways and the Village of Clayton provides views of the mouth of the creek. commercial strips. A quarry is located on a hill just north of Fish Pond Road The fact that water extends throughout most of the SASS provides a great deal but is not highly visible from most parts of the SASS. The creek, marshlands, Because of the open nature of much of the SASS, large portions of French Creek of visual unity to the landscape. A wide variety of water features including the meadows and forests of the SASS create an unbroken, unspoiled landscape. Hu- are visible from adjacent roads. Hayfields, pastures and meadows provide visual river, streams, marshland and embayments are woven together in a unified land- man activity along French Creek has actually enhanced the visual quality of the access into the center of the SASS and to the water and marshlands of the creek. scape of diverse water features. Views of unspoiled shorelines and islands extend landscape through farming practices that create fields, hedgerows, meadows and Path systems at Zenda farm allow visitors to walk through the scenic landscapes the unifying presence of water into interior portions of the landscape as well. pastures that intermingle with the woodlands that line the banks of the stream. of the river valley. Given the important role of water in creating scenic quality, the prevalence of water within and around the SASS is a very strong unifying factor. B. Uniqueness D. Public Recognition

3. Contrast The unique beauty of French Creek makes it one of the most scenic tributaries of French Creek is not a well known Thousand Islands landmark but is recognized the St. Lawrence River. The mosaic of meadows and forests, the near total lack of by local residents and naturalists as a uniquely beautiful and ecologically rich The French Creek SASS contains extensive natural and cultural visual contrasts. development, the enclosed character of the valley and the meandering configura- environment. Zenda Farm in particular is a popular gateway to the beauty of The dark waters of the creek contrast dramatically with the light marsh grasses sur- tion of the creek and its oxbow ponds creates an unusually serene visual setting. French Creek. The educational activities sponsored by TILT have increased the rounding the water. This is a contrast of both color and texture in the landscape. The French Creek valley is a pastoral landscape blending grazing animals with public’s recognition and understanding of the SASS. French Creek is also well The meandering form of the creek also enhances visual contrast. The dark pine open farm fields and dense mixed woodlands. In many cases the fields and mead- known for the diversity of its wildlife habitats known for birding, environmental trees lining the banks of the river and marshes create a strong contrast of visual ows extend down to the edge of the creek and marshes, creating a unique visual education, fishing and hunting. Scenic vistas of the SASS from Bevins Road and tones. And the alternating patterns of dense woodlands and open fields create con- blending of land and water. French Creek Road are well known to visitors and residents of the region. trasting forms and light character in the landscape. The edges and shoreline of the creek and its many dendritic tributaries and oxbow ponds enhances contrasts The range of successional vegetation is also unusual. Existing and abandoned IV. Impact Assessment within the SASS. The varying widths of the creek ranging from narrow stream to farmland ranges from hay fields to pasture to meadows. Various stages of succes- wider embayments also create contrast in the water landscape. sion typify the wooded landscapes of the SASS, ranging from areas of shrubs to Proposed actions within a SASS that are subject to coastal consistency review un- saplings to more mature second growth forests. The successional vegetation fol- der federal and State coastal acts must be assessed to determine whether the ac- Cultural contrast consists primarily of the open farm fields and hedgerows that are lows the patchwork pattern of the former farm fields. Hedgerows accentuate this tion could affect a scenic resource and whether the action would be likely to im- interspersed with forest lands throughout the SASS. A significant aspect of the geometric pattern in the landscape. pair the scenic beauty of the scenic resource. Some local government activities in SASS’s visual quality is the fact that much of the land is open, allowing distant views communities with federally-approved Local Waterfront Revitalization Programs out over the creek and the surrounding landscape. Part of this openness is due to The geology of the SASS is unusual. A steep limestone bluff forms the southern are also subject to local coastal consistency review. the presence of many small fields, pastures and meadows leading up to the edge of edge of the SASS, transitioning to the rolling bottomlands of the stream valley. To the creek and its marshes. The irregular pattern of the fields creates contrasts as it the north, Hogsback Hill is a heavily wooded glacial sand and gravel deposit that Policy 24, “Prevent impairment of scenic resources of statewide significance,” abuts the adjacent forest land. The linear borders of the fields and hedgerows in encloses the valley. These very different, contrasting landforms and geological fea- provides that when considering a proposed action, agencies shall first determine certain areas also create a contrast between the linear geometry of the fields and the tures are in unusual proximity creating contrasting enclosures to the stream valley. whether the action could affect a scenic resource of statewide significance. The irregular geometry of the creek and the surrounding woodlands. determination would involve: The fact that almost all of the SASS is in conservation is also unique. Zenda Farm 4. Freedom From Discordant Features and other conservation holdings ensure that the SASS will be well protected from (1) a review of the coastal area map to ascertain if it shows an identified sce- development. The public access and conservation education provided by TILT at nic resource which could be affected by the proposed action, and: The SASS is relatively free of discordant features and is almost entirely preserved Zenda Farm is also unusual. in conservation. The few discordant features consist of recent residential and (2) a review of the types of activities proposed to determine if they would be commercial boating facilities at the mouth of the creek next to the Village of C. Public Accessibility likely to impair the scenic beauty of an identified resource. Clayton. The residential and commercial development occurs on the south side of Route 12E for approximately one mile west of the Village of Clayton. The The SASS has excellent public accessibility both from a visual and a physical stand- Impairment includes: development includes suburban houses, docks and commercial boating storage point. Zenda Farm is visible from Route 12E and Fish Pond Road. The farm is houses extending down to the creek’s shoreline. Another discordant feature con- accessible to the general public for hiking, nature study and educational activities (i) the irreversible modification of geologic forms; the destruction or resists of the algae blooms that occur in the creek in the warm months, covering organized by TILT. A number of smaller roads such as French Creek Road and moval of vegetation; the modification, destruction or removal of structures, much of the water with a green film. Bevins road provide extensive views of French Creek and surround farm and forest whenever the geologic forms, vegetation or structures are significant to the scenic

Page 36 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan quality of an identified resource; and: boundaries. Large-scale projects, such as tall buildings, transmission lines, ing lots detract from the scenic character of the landscape. Minor improvements wind turbines, bridges, communications towers, should not be sited within the to roads and parking lots would enhance the scenic character of the SASS. Over- (ii) the addition of structures which because of siting or scale will reduce SASS district or within the district’s viewshed. Large scale industrial develop- head utilities could be buried to improved views and visual character. identified views or which because of scale, form, or materials will diminish the ment should be sited well back from the bluff tops, and shoreline to greatly scenic quality of an identified resource. reduce the visual impacts. Modification of existing roadways, construction of new roadways, utility lines and other infrastructure often requires state or A handful of recent residential structures are the main discordant element in the Policy 24 sets forth certain siting and facility-related guidelines to be used to federal funding and/or permits and thus can come under the purview of this SASS. Planting vegetation for screening, fencing and other measures could help achieve the policy, recognizing that each large scale development situation is policy. Locating public infrastructure that scars sensitive coastal areas and fa- reduce the visual impacts of any future development. unique and that the guidelines will have to be applied accordingly. The guide- cilitates inappropriate bluff top or shoreline development could greatly impair lines are set forth below, together with comments regarding their particular future scenic shoreline areas of the SASS. Maintaining or restoring the original land form, except when changes screen applicability to this Scenic Area of Statewide Significance. In applying these unattractive elements and/or add appropriate interest; guidelines to agricultural land it must be recognized that the overall scenic qual- Clustering or orienting new large scale structures to retain existing views, save ity of the landscape is reliant on an active and viable agricultural industry. This open space and provide visual organization to a development; Comment: The unique character of the SASS is relatively undisturbed and requires that farmers be allowed the flexibility to farm the land in an economi- should be protected in future construction, infrastructure and large scale devel- cally viable fashion, incorporating modern techniques, changes in farm opera- Comment: The majority of the SASS consists of open water, marshlands, farm opment projects. The landform of the SASS is largely in an undisturbed state and tion and resultant changes in farm structures. Policy 24 guidelines include: fields, meadows, forests and old pastures. Future large scale development is inap- is the one of the underlying factors in the scenic quality of the area. The contrast propriate in this SASS. Small scale development on the few unprotected parcels in elevation and the juxtaposition of water and land contributes to the beauty of Siting large scale development such as highways, power lines, major subdivi- should be clustered away from scenic resources, leaving most of the SASS in a more the SASS. Alteration of important landforms such as bluffs, rock ledges, stone sions and bill boards back from the shoreline or in other inconspicuous loca- natural condition. The siting and design of new large scale development can be outcrops, marshes, and tributaries would detract from the scenic character of tions to maintain the attractive quality of the shoreline and to retain views to achieved with local land use tools such as site plan review, clustering and transfer the area. Use of berms to screen parking lots and unsightly development is an and from the shore; of large scale development rights as described in the local implementation section acceptable modification of terrain if carefully designed to blend with the natural of this document. contour of the land. Alteration of natural terrain for large scale development and Comment: The French Creek SASS is so undeveloped, environmentally di- roads is of special concern. Development should be located away from sensitive verse and scenic that large scale development would be inappropriate in the Views from public ways, water access sites, shorelines and waterways are especially geological features such as bluffs, hilltops, ridgelines, islands, and other unique area. Since most of the SASS in protected in conservation, future large scale sensitive and should be protected from new large scale development, utility con- geological areas. development of the few unprotected portions of the SASS would be inappropri- struction or signage whenever possible. Views from and of the bluffs, shorelines, ate. One of the most unique features of the SASS is the abundance of undevel- islands and farmland should also be taken into consideration in locating new large Maintaining or adding vegetation to provide interest, encourage the presence oped or sparsely developed shorelines. Keeping future small scale development scale development. Locating new large scale structures well back from bluff tops of wildlife, blend structures with the site, and obscure unattractive elements, away from the shoreline will be critical in maintaining the visual character of the and shoreline areas will protect the beauty of the coastal landscape and, in the long except when selective clearing removes unsightly, diseased or hazardous veg- SASS as well as the environmental health of the St. Lawrence River. run, will enhance property values in the area. etation and when selective clearing, mowing, controlled burning or grazing creates or maintains views of coastal waters; It is recommended that future development on the few remaining unprotected por- Incorporating sound existing structures (especially historic buildings) into the tions of the SASS be clustered away from the shoreline and visually sensitive open overall development pattern; fields and meadows. Site plan review and open space development are valuable Comment: The wooded shorelines, small islands and open fields and meadows local land use tools that can achieve this goal. One example of a site plan review Comment: Very few structures or homes exist within this largely undeveloped of the SASS are a vital component of its scenic character. They should be safe criterion is the preservation of shoreline vegetation to help new development blend SASS. A few residences, some of them historic are located along roadways that guarded and maintained whenever possible through tilling, grazing of livestock, in with its surroundings. Another example of a site plan review criterion is de- traverse the SASS. The historic Zenda Farm buildings are unique and complement controlled burning or mowing. Keeping the fields and meadows open not only sign guidelines to ensure that clustering and other siting techniques achieve scenic the natural beauty of the SASS. These buildings are preserved by the Thousand benefits the scenic character of the area, but also plays an important role in main- preservation goals. Future open space development clusters could be sited and Islands Land Trust. The structures on the few remaining undeveloped portions of taining varied wildlife habitat and ecological diversity in the region. The current designed to reflect the historic patterns of existing hamlets. Another technique for the SASS should be incorporated into any future small scale development patterns. agricultural practice of recovering vacant land for the production of field crops maintaining the visual character of the SASS is acquisition of vulnerable shoreline not only benefits farmers economically, but it also enhances the visual attractive- lands or conservation easements from willing landowners. Removing deteriorated and/or degrading elements; ness from the contrasting natural and agricultural landforms. Both scenic and environmental goals could be achieved by implementing a program to maintain Probably the greatest threat to the future scenic character of the SASS is large Comment: The SASS is relatively free of deteriorated or degrading visual ele- open meadows and to reclaim some of the open grasslands recently lost to suc- scale industrial and infrastructure development within or nearby district ments. No towers, very tall structures, derelict buildings or wide roads or park- cessional scrub and forest growth.

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 37 Views from vista points in the SASS are disappearing due to the unrestrained structures minimize obstruction of waterfront views from public roadways. reduce light pollution and glare. Often a series of lower, shielded lights can re- growth of successional vegetation. Maintaining open meadows and clearings in place a single glaring spotlight. The greater expense for large scale developments the vicinity of viewpoints along the highway will help maintain the scenic char- Locating very tall structures to avoid impacting scenic areas and views from is offset by the creation of a superior nighttime environment. acter of the parkway. Maintaining lawns, meadows and fields will also preserve scenic and historic coastal sites. both a scenic and an historic landscape resource. Future agricultural practices that recover abandoned, vacant land should be encouraged and supported. Comment: Very tall structures such as wind turbines and exhaust stacks will 5. Wellesley Island Scenic Area of Statewide Significance have major impacts on the scenic character of coastal landscapes. Over 600 Thou- The variety of vegetation and the consequent variety of texture and color in the sand Islands residents participated in the web-based visual preference survey in I. Location SASS make a significant contribution to their scenic quality. A variety of vegeta- the summer of 2014. The survey results showed that wind turbine complexes tion, open fields and meadows and the dense forests of the interior all provide on the Canadian side of the river have significant negative visual impacts on the The Wellesley Island Scenic Area of Statewide Significance (SASS) is an area at the interest and contrast in the landscape. The wildlife supported by this vegetation region. Turbine images ranked among the least scenic images in the survey. heart of the Thousand Islands Scenic Area. It consists of the interior of Wellesley also adds interest and ephemeral character to the land. Vegetation helps new Island, the elliptical bay known as Lake of the Isles and its tributaries, the steep, structures blend into the predominantly natural landscape and plays a critical Consequently, massive industrial and infrastructure projects should not be built narrow river channel under the I-81 bridge, the small islands on the north side of role in screening facilities and sites which would otherwise be discordant ele- within the SASS district or within its surrounding viewshed. There are presently Wellesley Island, and the parkway-like stretch of interstate 81 from the Thousand ments in the SASS. no techniques to mitigate the visual impacts of these structures because they are Islands Bridge to the U.S./Canadian Border. The SASS is approximately 7 miles so tall, massive and frequently in motion. east to west and 3 miles north to south. Using appropriate materials, in addition to vegetation, to screen unattractive elements; Using shielded lighting fixtures at appropriate levels of illumination to pre- The northern boundary of the SASS is the U.S./Canadian border from Grand- serve the Thousand Islands’ nighttime visual character. view Park through the area known as the International Rift to Westminster Park. Comment: The SASS contains relatively few discordant elements. Fencing or The western, southern, and eastern boundary of the SASS is a line located ap- screening could be used to screen parking lots, and newer structures. It is rec- The Thousand Island’s dark, unspoiled night sky with views of stars, the sea and proximately ¼ to ½ mile inland from the shoreline of Wellesley Island, represent- ommended that new construction be encouraged to use appropriate historic or wooded hills is a priceless visual resource. Due to its relatively low density of ing the viewshed of the St. Lawrence River in this area. The SASS exists within the native building materials. New or renovated overhead utilities located in sensi- development, the region enjoys dark nighttime skies that could be affected by Town of Orleans and the Town of Alexandria Bay. tive scenic areas could be located underground, when possible, to eliminate their poorly designed new large scale development. Light pollution from excessively negative visual impact on the landscape. The failure to blend new structures into bright, exposed lighting fixtures can block views of the night sky, blind motorists Consult the Area 2 and 3 Ratings maps for detailed SASS boundaries. The Welles- the natural setting, both within the SASS boundaries and in the viewshed of the and degrade the character of evening landscapes. Requiring exterior lighting on ley Island SASS is located on the Alexandria Bay and Thousand Island Park 7.5 SASS would impair the scenic quality of the areas. large scale developments to be shielded will ensure that adequate night lighting is minute US Geological Survey maps. provided without creating glare and light pollution. The indirect lighting created Using appropriate scales, forms and materials to ensure that buildings and by shielded fixtures also greatly enhances the character of nighttime landscapes II. Description other structures are compatible with, and add interest to, the landscape. by removing the bright harshness of many exterior light fixtures. Reducing the wattage of exterior lights is often possible without compromising safety or func- The SASS is comprised of subunits #38, 39, 40, 41, 107, and 109. Comment: Most structures located in the SASS are generally compatible with, tionality and results in less energy consumption. Specifying color-corrected or and add interest to, the landscape because they are of a scale, design and material color-balanced light sources such as energy efficient, shielded LED lighting for The most notable features of the Wellesley Island SASS are Lake of the Isles and compatible with the historic landscape. Some of the structures are historic in large scale development will ensure that the color of nighttime lights matches the the International Rift waterway, as well as the park and farm land at the core of nature. Construction of new buildings incompatible with the cultural character warm tones of incandescent bulbs while providing the efficiency of high intensity Wellesley Island. The natural features of the SASS include the St. Lawrence River, of the SASS as represented in historic structures may impair the scenic character discharge or metal halide light sources. the highly indented shoreline of the northern end of Wellesley Island and Lake of of the area. Many of the older structures use native materials such as wood the Isles, the woodlands and meadows in central portions of the island, and the clapboards, shingles or stone construction. Most have pitched roofs, traditional It is recommended that existing town-owned lights, such as street lights or lights small islands on the northern shore of Wellesley Island. The geography, lake and fenestration and are sited unobtrusively on the land, avoiding hilltops, bluff edges at public buildings and facilities, be gradually retrofitted to reduce glare and light river features, terrain, land use, upkeep, and vegetation of the SASS all contribute and other prominent locations. Though many of the shorefront developments pollution, when feasible. Building codes can be modified to require shielded to the uniqueness and character of the landscape. are large, their apparent mass has been reduced by designing the structures as outdoor light fixtures as part of any new large scale development construction. a series of smaller, attached architectural volumes. This rambling, attached ap- Large scale developments should avoid unshielded spotlights that cast direct light The Wellesley Island shoreline mirrors Grindstone Island’s rocky, indented shore- proach to residential design is typical of traditional Thousand Island architecture onto neighboring properties or on the water. Large scale commercial facilities line featuring bays, headlands, shoreline marshes and exposed hillocks of Cana- and is a major factor in reducing the visual impact of large, “mega-home” struc- should avoid unshielded spotlights to illuminate parking lots, storage facilities or dian Shield bedrock. The majority of the northern Wellesley Island shoreline is tures. Combined with sensitive site planning and design, the rambling, attached outdoor areas. Adding a simple metal shield to an existing spotlight can greatly forested and features some of the tallest, steepest bedrock outcrops in the Thou-

Page 38 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan sand Islands, reaching approximately 90’ vertical in some locations. The rocky bluffs in some place straddled by even taller windswept pines and hardwoods. Wellesley Island shoreline is punctuated by windswept sentinel pines, creating This muscular landscape gives way to a more subtle collage of marsh-fringed ideal habitat for Ospreys, Eagles and other raptors. The steep, rocky relief of the creeks and gracefully sloping shorelines within the Lake of the Isles. northern shoreline of Wellesley Island and Hill Island funnels the St. Lawrence into the steep, fjord-like International Rift—a narrow channel in the vicinity of The narrow channel of the International Rift west of Interstate 81 is one of the the U.S. and Canadian border in this area. most distinctive passages on the St. Lawrence River, and likely also represents one of the more unusual, and beautiful, national borders. The narrow, steep valley is The interior of Wellesley Island consists of large open meadows and fields sur- in places less than 10’ shore to shore. The shadowy, intimate space of the channel rounded by steep, wooded hills. The island is bisected by Interstate 81, which has is made all the more unusual by its depth and strong current—evidence of the been carefully sited and maintained so that it possesses some of the elegance of immensity and power of the St. Lawrence as it makes its way through this small a scenic parkway as it crosses the island. I-81 affords views of the island interior, and geopolitically significant space. highway outcrops, and Lake of the Isles. North and west of I-81, the landscape is primarily protected park land. This includes Wellesley Island State Park and In addition to the unique geographic context on the U.S./Canadian border, the Golf Course. Wellesley Island State Park manages several historic barns that were Wellesley Island SASS also benefits from land uses that have preserved many once part of the Bradley Estate. acres of mature forest land, open meadows, and historic farm land. This is particularly true north and west of Interstate 81, which features the carefully de- South and east of I-81, land uses also include low-density exurban development signed and maintained landscapes of Grandview and Waterson Point Park. The and the golf courses and marina structures associated with the Islands Country Hill Island shoreline of Lake of the Isles is also protected from development as Club. Boldt or Back Farm, on the eastern side of Wellesley Island, is one of the part of St. Lawrence Islands National Park. more prominent protected historic farms in the Thousand Islands region.

Lake of the Isles manages to remain a relatively tranquil water body, despite its proximity to a major international border crossing and highway. The shoreline has been lightly developed closer to I-81. On the south shore, a small marsh- fringed creek flowing into Lake of the Isles creates a visual focal point and an important habitat in the SASS.

Lake of the Isles is a designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat, one of the largest shallow bay and wetland ecosystems in the St. Lawrence River ecological zone. The sheltered, protected environment supports a significant concentration of many fish and wildlife species due to the limited connection to the St. Lawrence River. The extensive wetlands and undisturbed shorelines support Blandings turtles and are productive feeding and nesting grounds for waterfowl and marsh birds. The extensive, sheltered, aquatic vegetation supports many warm water fish species and is one of five major spring habitat areas for diving ducks.

III. Aesthetic Significance

The Wellesley Island SASS is of statewide significance by virtue of its exceptional landscape character, uniqueness, state of preservation and upkeep, public accessibility and public recognition.

The landform and vegetation of the SASS are among the most remarkable in the Thousand Islands Scenic area in variety and scale, with 60-90’ Canadian Shield Wellesley Island Rift

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 39 Culturally, the area is as notable for its large area of protected and curated wilder- of the Isles, the ever-present current and the glint of open water between islands ness uses as it is for its historic structures. provide cues linking these spaces to the broad sweep of a mighty river.

Landform and shoreline are distinctively varied throughout the area. Steep, 40- The Canadian Shield geology throughout the Wellesley Island SASS gives a sense 90’ bluffs delineate the highly indented northern edge of Wellesley Island and the of continuity between the dramatic bluffs to the north of the island and the more small, rocky islands along its shoreline. These bluffs funnel the St. Lawrence into subtle shoreline outcrops in the island’s interior and Lake of the Isles. The patch- a dramatic gorge north of Route 81 on the Canadian border. The interior of the work of mixed deciduous and evergreen forest links the protected northern and island features 10-40’ hills with rock outcrops, interspersed with low-lying marsh western island landscape to areas that are more developed to the east. and meadows. Throughout, the form of the landscape is markedly shaped by the Canadian Shield igneous and metamorphic lithology prevalent here, as with Several large and continuous land uses add continuity to the SASS. To the west, other areas in the central area of the Thousand Islands Scenic Area. Wellesley Island State Park, one of the largest state parks in the region, provides a continuous approach and level of maintenance to the landscapes of the island. The Vegetation is also highly varied. In the northern and western sections of the is- Interstate 81 corridor also unifies the island’s landscape in terms of visual access. land, mature mixed deciduous and evergreen forests border open meadows and This important public artery provides access by car to many of the culturally and agricultural fields. On the small islands along the northern shore, windswept physically distinctive landscapes of the island. pines predominate. East and south of Interstate 81, around the edge of Lake of the Isles, marsh grasses line several small winding creeks and soften the lines of 3. Contrast protruding Canadian Shield bedrock. The Country Club and exurban development in the far eastern portion of Wellesley Island includes professionally de- The Wellesley Island SASS is replete with landscape features that inject contrast- signed and maintained golf-course lawns and specimen trees. ing textures, colors, and forms into the visual landscape.

The landscape also includes structures and sites with a variety of important cul- First and foremost, the varied boundary of water and land on the northern edge tural and symbolic meaning. The neo-gothic architecture of Densmore Church of the island and in the Lake of the Isles provides dramatic juxtapositions of light is the physical expression of the Gilded Age architectural milieu that produced and shadow, texture, and even temperature. Many well-known scenic areas on the region’s iconic Boldt and Singer Castles to the east, and less known Wyckoff Wellesley Island are made memorable, in part, from the drama of emerging from Villa on Carleton Island to the west. Thousand Islands Country Club is also sym- the shady wooded landscape of Grandview Park or Waterson State Park to en- bolically connected to the culture of leisure-class recreation that created many of counter the brilliant reflection of a blue sky on the St. Lawrence far below your U.S./Canadian Border Tower the region’s iconic structures and landscapes, and that persists as a critical part of feet. the Thousand Island’s tourist economy today. Significant historic structures on Wellesley Island noted by workshop partici- The Canadian Shield igneous and metamorphic rocks protruding through the pants include the neo-gothic Densmore Church, built in 1902. Cultural features Other culturally significant sites include the carefully managed wilderness areas forest, marshland, and meadows of Wellesley Island also inject sharp contrasts such as the state of upkeep, the unusually well-designed and maintained inter- in Grandview, Waterson Point, and Wellesley Island State Park. These areas pre- of color and form into the landscape. The smooth, solid mass and gray color of state landscape, and the varied patchwork of preserved farm and park land also serve the landscape that predated Gilded Age and even European settlement and the Canadian Shield bedrock strikingly contrasts with the fine texture and light contribute significantly to the unique beauty of the area. Perhaps the most no- development of the region. They also provide important recreational opportuni- yellow color of the marsh vegetation on the edge of Lake of the Isles. table historic farm on Wellesley Island is Boldt Farm, built by George Boldt on ties for summer and year-round residents of the Thousand Islands. the site of Wagoner Farm on Wellesley Island. In this SASS where much of the landscape is preserved or protected as park land, 2. Unity architectural forms also tend to provide a stronger contrast against their context. A. Landscape Character Whether historic neo-gothic structures like Densmore Church, or more modest The Wellesley Island SASS is also unified by some cultural and physical continuities and newer exurban development on the edge of Lake of the Isles, the surrounding 1. Variety within the visual landscape. woodland and meadows tend to frame the few structures in this SASS as figures and focal points in the landscape. The Wellesley Island SASS is a diverse landscape, featuring a unique variety of As with other areas in the Thousand Islands Scenic Area, the major unifying feature physical and cultural scenic features. The physical landscapes of the SASS range of the SASS is the St. Lawrence River. From larger hills and bluffs within the island’s 4. Freedom From Discordant Features from rolling, to open meadows to dramatic, rocky, wooded bluffs to marsh- interior and park land, screened to full views of the sweeping St. Lawrence are pos- fringed creeks and shorelines. sible. In the more intimate waterways of the Intercontinental Rift and the Lake Overall, the Wellesley Island SASS benefits from a visual landscape with few dis-

Page 40 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan cordant features. This is largely the result of the large percentage of the SASS of publicly owned landscapes, from Grandview Park to Waterson Point Park. mine whether the action could affect a scenic resource of statewide signifi- that is formally protected as state parks and carefully preserved historic sites. The interstate and the Thousand Islands Bridge to the south both provide broad cance. The determination would involve: However, the few discordant features that exist are quite large and visible from views of the St. Lawrence, the Lake of the Isles, and the interior of Wellesley multiple areas in the SASS. Island. (1) a review of the coastal area map to ascertain if it shows an identified scenic resource which could be affected by the proposed action, and: The Thousand Islands Country Club on the eastern side of the Wellesley Island, The most significant discordant feature in the Wellesley Island SASS is the tall as a public resort with memberships available, provides access to the public. (2) a review of the types of activities proposed to determine if they would be concrete guard tower at the U.S. and Canadian border. The heavy material pal- The small islands north of Wellesley Island and the channel of the International likely to impair the scenic beauty of an identified resource. ette and unusual spiral geometry of the tower make it a strong focal point in areas Rift are also visually less accessible, making access to private vessels necessary where it is visible. This includes much of the Lake of the Isles, most of Interstate to experience these landscapes. Wellesley Island State Park Golf Course also Impairment includes: 81 on the island, and the narrower passage through the area known as the Inter- offers a publicly accessible golf landscape. national Rift. (i) the irreversible modification of geologic forms; the destruction or re- Perhaps most unique to this SASS, as a location adjacent to a major national moval of vegetation; the modification, destruction or removal of structures, Interstate 81 is surprising for its lack of unsightly, sprawling development that border, some areas of Wellesley Island are visually accessible by Canadians as whenever the geologic forms, vegetation or structures are significant to the scenic usually accompanies major thresholds and border crossings on interstate high- well as U.S. citizens. The I-81 border crossing means that the landscape of quality of an identified resource; and: ways. However, there are some transportation infrastructure, such as road sig- Wellesley Island is essentially a national gateway landscape, providing visiting nage, guard rails, road cuts into bedrock and clear cut/median vegetation that Canadians with a first view of U.S. territory. (ii) the addition of structures which because of siting or scale will reduce contrasts with the largely undeveloped landscape of the northern and western identified views or which because of scale, form, or materials will diminish the half of Wellesley Island. D. Public Recognition scenic quality of an identified resource.

B. Uniqueness The Wellesley SASS is a well-recognized scenic landscape locally, regionally Policy 24 sets forth certain siting and facility-related guidelines to be used to and internationally. achieve the policy, recognizing that each large scale development situation is The geographic context of the Wellesley Island SASS, the high level of conser- unique and that the guidelines will have to be applied accordingly. The guidelines vation, and the distinctive variety and unity of its physical and cultural features Lake of the Isles was identified by local workshop participants as a scenic area, are set forth below, together with comments regarding their particular applica- all make the Wellesley Island an unusually scenic landscape in the state of New view or location that is unusual, eccentric or unique within the region. Many bility to this Scenic Area of Statewide Significance. In applying these guidelines York. areas within the SASS were noted for their positive scenic character by work- to agricultural land it must be recognized that the overall scenic quality of the shop participants, including the area of small islands north of Wellesley Island, landscape is reliant on an active and viable agricultural industry. This requires As mentioned earlier, the fjord-like landscape of the International Rift, and its the International Rift, the shore of Lake of the Isles, and multiple areas on the that farmers be allowed the flexibility to farm the land in an economically viable role as an international border, make it extremely unique—locally, nationally, west and northern side of the island in Grandview, Waterson Point Park. fashion, incorporating modern techniques, changes in farm operation and resul- and internationally. The area around the Lake of the Isles is also quite unique tant changes in farm structures. Policy 24 guidelines include: aesthetically as well as ecologically. Several workshop participants identified The state parks on Wellesley Island attest to the statewide interest in this land- this place as a unique or unusual scenic area in the region. Canada has also scape. The Lake of the Isles is formally distinguished in Canada as well through Siting large scale development such as highways, power lines, major subdivi- noted these unique qualities—protecting the northern shore of this water body the National Park status of Hill Island. sions and bill boards back from the shoreline or in other inconspicuous loca- as St. Lawrence Islands National Park. tions to maintain the attractive quality of the shoreline and to retain views to IV. Impact Assessment and from the shore; The landscape of Interstate 81 is also unique for its elegantly curving alignment, its careful siting through the interior of the island, and the lack of unsightly de- Proposed actions within a SASS that are subject to coastal consistency review Comment: The Wellesley Island SASS has a diverse range of landscapes includ- velopment marring views from the highway. In this respect, I-81 bears a closer under federal and State coastal acts must be assessed to determine whether the ing wooded shorelines, open fields, marshlands, golf courses, waterfront homes similarity to New York’s historic scenic parkways than to post-WWI highways. action could affect a scenic resource and whether the action would be likely to and estates as well as a limited access highway leading to the Canadian border. impair the scenic beauty of the scenic resource. Some local government activi- Keeping future large scale development away from the shoreline and other sen- C. Public Accessibility ties in communities with federally-approved Local Waterfront Revitalization sitive features will be critical in maintaining the visual character of the SASS as Programs are also subject to local coastal consistency review. well as the environmental health of the St. Lawrence River. It is recommended The interior of the Wellesley Island SASS is highly accessible due to the pres- that future development be clustered away from the shoreline and visually sen- ence of I-81, which, as a major public artery, allows easy access to the network Policy 24, “Prevent impairment of scenic resources of statewide significance,” sitive open fields and meadows. Site plan review and open space development of smaller roads criss-crossing the island. These roads take visitors to a number provides that when considering a proposed action, agencies shall first deter- are valuable local land use tools that can achieve this goal. One example of a

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 41 site plan review criterion is the preservation of shoreline vegetation to help new Incorporating sound existing structures (especially historic buildings) into the Route 81 corridor which has cut through the granite bedrock in places. The development blend in with its surroundings. Another example of a site plan the overall development pattern; remainder of the landform in the SASS should be protected in future construc- review criterion is design guidelines to ensure that clustering and other siting tion, infrastructure and large scale development projects. Except for the Route techniques achieve scenic preservation goals. Future open space development Comment: Most of the structures in the SASS are either waterfront homes or 81 corridor the landform of the SASS is largely in an undisturbed state and is clusters could be sited and designed to reflect the historic patterns of existing buildings associated with the Canadian border crossing. A few early Twentieth the one of the underlying factors in the scenic quality of the area. The contrast hamlets. Another technique for maintaining the visual character of the SASS is Century summer homes have historic architectural value and contribute to the in elevation and the juxtaposition of water and land contributes to the beauty of acquisition of vulnerable shoreline lands or conservation easements from willing visual character of the landscape. Much of the existing architectural design for the SASS. Alteration of important landforms such as coastal bluffs, rock ledges, landowners. modern residential homes is valuable and wholly compatible with historic de- stone outcrops, marshes, and tributaries would detract from the scenic character signs and the natural setting of the Thousand Islands. Much of the beauty of the of the area. Use of berms in the Route 81 corridor to screen parking lots and Probably the greatest threat to the future scenic character of the SASS is large residential development within the SASS was accomplished through the good unsightly large scale development is an acceptable modification of terrain if care- scale industrial and infrastructure development within or nearby district bound- taste of the homeowners rather than regulation and oversight by municipalities. fully designed to blend with the natural contour of the land. Alteration of natural aries. Large-scale projects, such as tall buildings, transmission lines, wind tur- Future preservation of these homes, their grounds and their surrounding natural terrain for large scale development and roads is of special concern. Develop- bines, bridges, communications towers, should not be sited within the SASS dis- setting would help to preserve the visual character of the SASS. Radical altera- ment should be located away from sensitive geological features such as bluffs, trict or within the district’s viewshed. Large scale industrial development should tion or demolition of these homes or the large scale development of their grounds hilltops, ridgelines, islands, and other unique geological areas. be sited well back from the bluff tops, and shoreline to greatly reduce the visual that is inconsistent with the visual characteristics of the viewshed could submit impacts. Modification of existing roadways, construction of new roadways, util- this beautiful area to the intensive shoreline development that has marred many Maintaining or adding vegetation to provide interest, encourage the presence ity lines and other infrastructure often requires state or federal funding and/or other sections of the New York State coastline. Thus, it is recommended that of wildlife, blend structures with the site, and obscure unattractive elements, permits and thus can come under the purview of this policy. Locating public individual owners and towns take these factors into account when renovating except when selective clearing removes unsightly, diseased or hazardous veg- infrastructure that scars sensitive coastal areas and facilitates inappropriate bluff these historical and scenic resources and when planning for future development etation and when selective clearing, mowing, controlled burning or grazing top or shoreline development could greatly impair future scenic shoreline areas in the surrounding environment. Future expansion of the border crossing could creates or maintains views of coastal waters; of the SASS. incorporate existing buildings and roadways. Comment: The wooded shorelines, small islands and open fields and meadows Clustering or orienting new large scale structures to retain existing views, Removing deteriorated and/or degrading elements; of the SASS are a vital component of its scenic character. They should be safe save open space and provide visual organization to a development; guarded and maintained whenever possible through tilling, grazing of livestock, Comment: The SASS is relatively free of deteriorated or degrading visual ele- controlled burning or mowing. Keeping the fields and meadows open not only Comment: The majority of the SASS consists of open water, wooded shorelines, ments. Few derelict buildings, parking lots detract from the scenic character of the benefits the scenic character of the area, but also plays an important role in main- islands, farm fields, meadows, marshes, golf courses, forests and an interstate landscape. A partially demolished former building complex and abandoned park- taining varied wildlife habitat and ecological diversity in the region. The current highway designed as a parkway. Houses and traditional summer homes punctu- ing lot east of the Route 81 parkway is a deteriorated element that could be removed agricultural practice of recovering vacant land for the production of field crops ate but do not dominate the landscape except in a few heavily developed loca- and either rebuilt or restored to a natural condition. Minor improvements to roads not only benefits farmers economically, but it also enhances the visual attractive- tions. A definite boundary usually remains between developed and undeveloped and parking lots would enhance the scenic character of the SASS. Signage and ness from the contrasting natural and agricultural landforms. Both scenic and areas of the SASS. If this edge becomes blurred as a result of sprawling large scale parking lots could be improved in certain areas. Overhead utilities could be buried environmental goals could be achieved by implementing a program to maintain development, the visual character of the SASS could be damaged. Future large to improved views and visual character. open meadows and to reclaim some of the open grasslands recently lost to suc- scale development should be clustered away from scenic resources, leaving most cessional scrub and forest growth. Preservation of the SASS’s extensive wood- of the SASS in a more natural condition. The siting and design of new large scale Post-WWII large scale development is another degrading element in the SASS. lands and wooded shorelines is also a high priority. development can be achieved with local land use tools such as site plan review, Development along the shoreline represents one of the major impacts on the sce- clustering and transfer of large scale development rights as described in the local nic character of the SASS. Planting vegetation for screening, fencing and other Views from vista points in the SASS are disappearing due to the unrestrained implementation section of this document. measures could help reduce the visual impacts of any large scale development. growth of successional vegetation. Maintaining open meadows and clearings in Bulkheads and erosion prevention structures along the shoreline reduce the scenic the vicinity of viewpoints along the highway will help maintain the scenic char- Views from the parkway, water access sites, shorelines and waterways are espe- character of the area. These engineering structures can be evaluated to determine acter of the parkway. Maintaining lawns, meadows and fields will also preserve cially sensitive and should be protected from new large scale development, utility if replacement with vegetation or bioengineering techniques would be appropriate. both a scenic and an historic landscape resource. Future agricultural practices construction or signage whenever possible. Views from and of the bluffs, shore- that recover abandoned, vacant land should be encouraged and supported. lines, islands and farmland should also be taken into consideration in locating Maintaining or restoring the original land form, except when changes screen new large scale development. Locating new large scale structures well back from unattractive elements and/or add appropriate interest; The variety of vegetation and the consequent variety of texture and color in the bluff tops and shoreline areas will protect the beauty of the coastal landscape and, SASS make a significant contribution to their scenic quality. The wide range in the long run, will enhance property values in the area. Comment: The unique character of the SASS is relatively undisturbed except for of vegetation, open fields and meadows and the dense forests of the interior all

Page 42 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan provide interest and contrast in the landscape. The wildlife supported by this Locating very tall structures to avoid impacting scenic areas and views from vegetation also adds interest and ephemeral character to the land. Vegetation scenic and historic coastal sites. helps new structures blend into the predominantly natural landscape and plays a critical role in screening facilities and sites which would otherwise be discordant Comment: Very tall structures such as wind turbines and exhaust stacks will elements in the SASS. Additional vegetation could be planted along the Route have major impacts on the scenic character of coastal landscapes. Over 600 81 corridor to screen out discordant features and add interest to the landscape. Thousand Islands residents participated in the web-based visual preference Future plantings should not obscure scenic views. survey in the summer of 2014. The survey results showed that wind turbine complexes on the Canadian side of the river have significant negative visual Using appropriate materials, in addition to vegetation, to screen unattractive impacts on the region. Turbine images ranked among the least scenic images elements; in the survey.

Comment: The SASS contain relatively few discordant elements. Fencing Consequently, massive industrial and infrastructure projects should not be built or screening could be used to screen parking lots, low utility structures and within the SASS district or within its surrounding viewshed. There are presently buildings. At the border crossing security concerns limit the ability to screen no techniques to mitigate the visual impacts of these structures because they are unattractive elements. Taller discordant features are too large to be effectively so tall, massive and frequently in motion. Tall towers and structures that may be screened with fencing. Painting such tall towers in light sky tones might re- required at the border crossing could, if feasible, be sited and designed to reduce duce their negative visual impact. It is recommended that new construction visual impacts on the surrounding areas. Obviously security and proper func- be encouraged to use appropriate historic or native building materials. New or tioning of the border crossing are of the highest priority. renovated overhead utilities located in sensitive scenic areas could be located underground, when possible, to eliminate their negative visual impact on the Using shielded lighting fixtures at appropriate levels of illumination to pre- landscape. The failure to blend new structures into the natural setting, both serve the Thousand Islands’ nighttime visual character. within the SASS boundaries and in the viewshed of the SASS would impair the scenic quality of the areas. The Thousand Island’s dark, unspoiled night sky with views of stars, the sea and Rock Island Lighthouse and the Thousand Islands Bridge Using appropriate scales, forms and materials to ensure that buildings and wooded hills is a priceless visual resource. Due to its relatively low density of other structures are compatible with, and add interest to, the landscape. development, the region enjoys dark nighttime skies that could be affected by onto neighboring properties or on the water. Large scale commercial facilities poorly designed new large scale development. Light pollution from excessively should avoid unshielded spotlights to illuminate parking lots, storage facilities or Comment: Most structures located in the SASS are generally compatible bright, exposed lighting fixtures can block views of the night sky, blind motorists outdoor areas. Adding a simple metal shield to an existing spotlight can greatly with, and add interest to, the landscape because they are of a scale, design and and degrade the character of evening landscapes. Requiring exterior lighting on reduce light pollution and glare. Often a series of lower, shielded lights can re- material compatible with the historic landscape. Some of the structures are large scale developments to be shielded will ensure that adequate night lighting is place a single glaring spotlight. The greater expense for large scale developments historic in nature. Construction of new buildings incompatible with the cul- provided without creating glare and light pollution. The indirect lighting created is offset by the creation of a superior nighttime environment. tural character of the SASS as represented in historic structures may impair the by shielded fixtures also greatly enhances the character of nighttime landscapes scenic character of the area. Many of the older structures use native materials by removing the bright harshness of many exterior light fixtures. Reducing the such as wood clapboards, shingles or stone construction. Most have pitched wattage of exterior lights is often possible without compromising safety or func- 6. American Narrows Scenic Area of Statewide Significance roofs, traditional fenestration and are sited unobtrusively on the land, avoid- tionality and results in less energy consumption. Specifying color-corrected or ing hilltops, bluff edges and other prominent locations. Though many of the color-balanced light sources such as energy efficient, shielded LED lighting for I. Location shorefront developments are large, their apparent mass has been reduced by large scale development will ensure that the color of nighttime lights matches the designing the structures as a series of smaller, attached architectural volumes. warm tones of incandescent bulbs while providing the efficiency of high intensity The American Narrows Scenic Area of Statewide Significance (SASS) is located This rambling, attached approach to residential design is typical of traditional discharge or metal halide light sources. in the central section of the Saint Lawrence Scenic Region. It consists of the Rock Thousand Island architecture and is a major factor in reducing the visual im- Island lighthouse and surrounding islands, the Thousand Islands Bridge area, the pact of large, “mega-home” structures. Combined with sensitive site planning It is recommended that existing town-owned lights, such as street lights or lights American Narrows, the Village of Alexandria Bay and surrounding islands, Boldt and design, the rambling, attached structures minimize obstruction of water- at public buildings and facilities, be gradually retrofitted to reduce glare and light Castle and the Manhattan, Deer, Summerland and Excelsior Island Groups. front views from public roadways. While security and operational require- pollution, when feasible. Building codes can be modified to require shielded ments are the highest priority at the border crossing, future structures and tow- outdoor light fixtures as part of any new large scale development construction. The western boundary of the SASS begins at Wellesley Island State Park, near the ers could be located and designed to respect the scenic character of the area. Large scale developments should avoid unshielded spotlights that cast direct light eastern edge of Thousand Islands Park, and extends across the St. Lawrence River

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 43 to the Rock Island lighthouse and Reed Point at Fisher’s Landing. The boundary then heads east following the edge of the river’s viewshed to the Thousand Island Bridge. It then continues running east following the edge of the river’s viewshed to the Village of Alexandria Bay. It continues running eastward along the edge of the river’s viewshed to a point opposite Birch Island near the entrance to Goose Bay. At Birch Island, the boundary crosses the river in a northerly direction to the Canadian Border just east of Summerland Island. The boundary then heads west along the Canadian border to a narrow channel about ¾ mile west of Westminster Park. It then follows the edge of the river’s Wellesley Island viewshed heading back east, around the eastern tip of Wellesley Island. The boundary then runs westward along the river’s Wellesley Island viewshed to the Thousand Islands Bridge and the point of beginning at Wellesley Island State Park at the eastern edge of Thousand Island Park.

Consult the Area 2 and 3 Ratings maps for detailed SASS boundaries. The Amer- ican Narrows SASS is located on the Thousand Island Park, Alexandria Bay, Red- wood and Chippewa Bay 7.5 minute US Geological Survey maps.

II. Description

The SASS is comprised of subunits #1, 2, 4, 6, 26 and 37.

The American Narrows SASS is dominated by the Thousand Islands Bridge, the American Narrows, Alexandria Bay, Boldt Castle and the many island chains east Boldt Castle Keewaydin State Park of Alexandria Bay. It is a highly scenic and varied blend of islands of various sizes as well as the main shipping channel of the river, a historic village, lighthouses, a Reflecting this diverse shoreline configuration, the SASS contains several Signifi- plexes in New York State. The habitat supports vulnerable Blandings turtles, castle and numerous islands. The natural features of the SASS include the Saint cant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitats: northern harrier and least bittern nesting areas. Lawrence River, the highly indented shoreline of American Narrows and the eastern end of Wellesley Island. Mixed hardwood/evergreen forests line much A portion of the Thousand Islands Tern Colonies designated habitat is in this Numerous outcrops of Canadian Shield bedrock occur on both sides of the river of the shoreline of both the mainland and the islands, especially areas inland SASS, consisting of vulnerable common tern nesting areas on the Southeast Isle as well as in forested areas of the island and along portions of the shoreline, creat- from the residential shoreline development. Meadows and old agricultural fields of Pines. These island tern colonies have been successful due to their isolation ing a rugged, rolling landscape. Relatively little state or local conservation land are interspersed with the woodlands on both Wellesley Island and the mainland. from predators and human disturbance. or easements are located within the SASS though the many state parks provide a These features are also located back from the forests and residential development measure of conservation protection in conjunction with their recreational func- that line the shore in many places. A number of small creeks and associated Wellesley Island Pools designated habitat is an area with relatively large open tions. Natural features in the developed portions of the SASS including the Vil- marshlands occur on both shores, leading into a wide variety of bays enclosed by water pools during the winter ice-in season. These pools support relatively large lage of Alexandria Bay and the developed mainland shoreline are less unique and promontories. numbers of migratory birds during the winter months including bald eagles. environmentally significant.

The American Narrows SASS features a highly varied shoreline configuration The St. Lawrence River Shoreline Bays designated habitat is a series of shallow Cultural features of the SASS include the historic Boldt Castle, the Village of on both the mainland and the islands with many coves, bays, peninsulas and water bays that support fish spawning and nursery areas, especially muskellunge. Alexandria Bay, elegant summer homes and estates, historic light houses, golf wetlands. Interior portions of the island feature a patchwork of mixed decidu- This SASS includes four of the bays that form an almost continuous three and a courses, scenic rural roads and more recent shoreline residential development. ous/evergreen woodlands interspersed with rolling meadows and pastureland half mile habitat area: Grass Point, Cobb Shoal (or Moore Landing Marsh), Swan Boldt Castle on Heart Island and associated buildings is one of the principal icons extending down to the shoreline. This creates a scenic landscape rich in wildlife Bay, and Point Vivian Marsh. of the Thousand Islands. The castle has a major visual presence as seen from Al- habitat. The SASS includes eight small creeks with extensive scenic wetlands at exandria Bay, Wellesley Island and the river proper. The two historic lighthouses their mouths containing excellent habitat for waterfowl as well as aquatic mam- Also located in this SASS is a small portion of the Goose Bay/Cranberry Creek located at either end of the SASS, Rock Island and Sunken Rock, frame either end mals and amphibians. designated habitat, one of the most important coastal freshwater wetland com- of the SASS. These two lighthouses are also well known iconic structures.

Page 44 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Many state parks are located in the SASS. These include Keewadin, Wellesley and scenic. The diversity of landscapes within the SASS creates a highly varied varied and diverse, ranging from gilded age castles to large, historic waterfront Island, Grass Point and Mary Island State Parks. Golf courses such as the two visual setting. The SASS has a unique abundance of water views as well as in- estates, to the village architecture of Alexandria Bay and more recent shoreline courses at the Thousand Islands Country Club are located on Wellesley Island. ternal views of farmland, meadows, golf courses and woodlands. Outcrops of residential development. The high quality of the architectural design of the his- Canadian Shield bedrock create small hills and valleys that produce a scenic, toric castles and historic waterfront estates is particularly varied with a wide III. Aesthetic Significance rolling landform. range of whimsical architectural styles beautifully integrated in the scenic, rocky landscapes. The buildings of the SASS epitomize the character of the Thousand The American Narrows SASS is of statewide aesthetic significance by virtue of its Thanks to recent preservation efforts, many of the cultural resources of the SASS Islands and the diversity of styles and sensitive approaches to the landscape that rich, diverse and unique cultural features as well as its landscape character. The have been protected and some areas are open to the public. Fewer natural por- are iconic to the region. SASS contains the greatest amount and highest quality of gilded age architecture tions of the SASS are protected in conservation. Future increased conservation in the Thousand Islands. Its special historic architecture, state of preservation, of these unique natural areas will ensure the long-term presence of high scenic Variety in the natural landscape is created by the highly varied configuration of environmental qualities, public accessibility and public recognition are amongst quality in the landscape. the shorelines with many bays, promontories, stream outlets and harbors. The the most significant in the Thousand Islands. The SASS’s rugged geography, many small islands that dot the river in the subunit create a high degree of visual small creeks, terrain and vegetation create a scenic backdrop to the area’s unique A. Landscape Character diversity and embody the name “Thousand Islands”. The mix of dense wood- cultural features. lands with open farmland, meadows and golf courses, especially on Wellesley 1. Variety Island, creates a varied pattern of vegetation that enhances the area’s scenic qual- The SASS is one of the most scenic areas of the region’s coastline, with remark- ity. The geology of the SASS is also varied with most of the islands and Wellesley able scenery on the American Narrows, the main river channel, the many smaller The American Narrows SASS features a highly varied cultural landscape set in Island consisting of Canadian Shield/Frontenac Arch granites and portions of the islands and the highly indented shoreline of points and bays. Cultural features in a rugged, forested setting. The range of architecture in the SASS is extremely mainland shoreline underlain by limestone. the SASS including castles, elegant summer estates villages, lighthouses and hamlets are among the most beautiful and unique architectural features of the Thou- sand Islands. The shipping channel bisects the SASS bringing majestic ocean going vessels within close proximity of the SASS’s historic features and icons.

Keewaydin State Park In addition to the SASS’s iconic architectural features, many less well known but very significant gilded age estates and large summer homes dot the river’s edge, especially the reach between the Thousand Islands Bridge and the Village of Al- exandria Bay. These homes built in the late Nineteenth and the first half of the Twentieth Centuries feature beautifully designed residential architecture sensi- tively integrated with the rugged, wooded granite landscapes of the landscape. This greatly enhances the uniqueness and scenic quality of this section of the SASS.

Images and descriptions of the SASS, especially the Village of Cape Vincent, the American Narrows and Thousand Island Park are frequently featured in photographs, paintings, books, travel brochures and other publications. Views of the SASS’s landscapes and cultural features adorn postcards, promotional literature, web sites and books about the Thousand Islands. Images of Boldt Castle, the lighthouses and large ships in the channel are usually featured in publications and web sites about the area.

The narrow character of the main river channel, the many islands and the varied coastline of the SASS create a dramatic and visually accessible coastal environment. Public roads on Wellesley Island and along the mainland shoreline provide public access to vistas of the water and islands. Views from the Thousand Islands Bridge and the Alexandria Bay waterfront are particularly memorable Thousand Islands Bridge

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 45 Cultural landscape variety creates very high scenic quality in this SASS. The The fact that water extends throughout most of the SASS provides a great deal of mercial and boat storage structures along the Alexandria Bay waterfront, water range of architecture extends from large stone castles from the gilded age to more visual unity to the landscape. A wide variety of water features including the river, towers and relatively low communication towers and areas of more recent resi- recent shoreline residential development. Beautifully designed and sited sum- streams, marshland and embayments are woven together in a unified landscape dential development along certain sections of the shoreline. But these features mer homes built from the gilded age to the Great Depression are highly varied of diverse water features. Views of unspoiled shorelines and islands extend the are counter balanced by the scenic quality of the natural and cultural environ- in their design and relationship to their landscapes. The village waterfront of unifying presence of water into interior portions of the landscape as well. Given ment of the river including Boldt Castle, the gilded age summer homes, the many Alexandria Bay contrasts with the surrounding forests and Boldt Castle. Passing the important role of water in creating scenic quality, the prevalence of water islands, the historic lighthouses, the nearby presence of large ships, the highly ships in the narrow channel enhance the visual variety of the subunit. within and around the SASS is a very strong unifying factor. variegated shoreline configuration and a number of other positive visual features.

The wide variety of water bodies ranges from the open waters of the main ship- 3. Contrast Some residential development in the vicinity of the Thousand Island Bridge is ping channel, to the many bays and coves, to the island chains, creating a diversi- discordant due to its density, its proximity to the river and the design of its build- ty of water environments. A number of small streams on both the mainland and Contrasts in the SASS are the most dramatic and unusual in the Thousand Is- ings and landscapes. These issues also occur along other specific sections of the Wellesley Island create small, scenic estuaries with extensive open marshlands lands. The juxtaposition of Boldt Castle, the Sunken Rock lighthouse, passing river near Alexandria Bay and in portions of Wellesley Island. Public infrastruc- at the mouths of the streams. The main shipping channel bisects the SASS and ships and the Village of Alexandria Bay are amongst the most striking in the state. ture in Alexandria Bay including water supply, communications and wastewater features a wide variety of ocean-going ships passing by in close proximity to the The unique blend of architecture, engineering and navigation with a beautiful treatment impact the visual quality in places. High levels of recreational boat shorelines. and generally respected natural landscape creates surprising yet pleasing con- and jet ski traffic at times causing nautical congestion in the summer months can trasts between natural and built environments. also disrupt the serenity of the river. But the boat traffic does create a lively and 2. Unity dynamic boating environment enjoyed by many. Boat docks and boat storage The view from the small Village of Alexandria Bay to the massive, European-style warehouses can create discordant features due to their size and bulk along the The American Narrows SASS is a unified landscape due to the consistently high Boldt Castle creates a striking contrast of styles, land uses and construction costs. waterfront. Recent development in the Manhattan Island chain contrasts with quality and originality of its cultural features, the narrow character of the river The contrast is heightened when an enormous ocean-going freighter passes by, the undeveloped character of adjacent Deer Island and Mary Island State Park. and the consistent beauty of its landscapes. Some discordant features interrupt its engines sending out vibrations felt in nearby buildings and landscapes. The the overall high scenic character of the SASS but on balance are outweighed by Thousand Islands Bridge also creates a dramatic contrast to the river and the B. Uniqueness the beauty of the architecture and landscapes. surrounding landscapes. While the large bridge dominates the river scenery for over a mile on either side, its beautiful design creates a pleasing and awe- The SASS is a totally unique visual landscape. Very few places in the region or The SASS contains the most and the best gilded age architecture in the Thousand inspiring contrast to the area. The historic lighthouses at either end of the SASS the state have a similar range of scenic visual features. It is fitting that the cover Islands which adds a strong element of unity to this diverse landscape. Except for contrast with the passing ships and the many groups of small islands that punctu- of this report features a large ship navigating past Boldt Castle with wooded is- some of the shoreline development built in the last 50 years, the architecture of ate the riverscape. The small islands create contrasts in size, vegetation and island lands and the Sunken Rock lighthouse in the distance. the SASS, especially from the Gilded Age is of the highest quality. The architects’ architecture. and owners’ respect for and creative use of the landscape as a design element is The uniqueness of the SASS is based on a wide range of whimsically designed, his- consistent throughout the older reaches of the river, especially just upstream of The highly varied shorelines contrast with the straight, narrow character of toric cultural features set in a superb natural setting of islands, narrow channels Alexandria Bay. While highly diverse, ranging from large castles to major bridges the American Narrows. Granite outcroppings along the river’s shore, often and rocky, indented shorelines. The contrast of these features with the dynamic to smaller estates, whimsical outbuildings and garden pavilions, the consistently the location of beautiful, historic summer homes, contrast sharply with the and at times discordant aspects of Alexandria Bay is also highly unusual. And in high levels of siting and design unify these disparate structures. The Thousand deep, quiet waters of the river. The blend of dense forests and open farm fields, western portions of the SASS the beautifully engineered Thousand Islands Bridge Islands Bridge is a beautiful work of engineering dating from the 1930’s which meadows, golf courses and estate grounds also creates striking contrasts of veg- built in 1937 and inaugurated by President Roosevelt creates a unique gateway establishes the major visual theme that unifies the western portion of the SASS. etation. to the area.

Natural features also unify the SASS, providing a beautiful setting for architec- Some negative contrasts are created by commercial development in Alexandria The extreme narrowness of the shipping channel in the American Narrows sec- tural creativity. The very narrow dimensions of the main river channel in the Bay and recent shoreline development along the river shorelines. However, these tion of the SASS is very unusual, especially when large ships navigate within sev- American Narrows SASS create a very self-contained, unified visual landscape. negative contrasts are outweighed by the strength of the scenic contrasts that eral hundred feet of the steep, rocky shoreline. Framed by the bridge and the While recent residential development in some sections of the SASS somewhat predominate in the SASS. rocky shores, the passing ships are an awe-inspiring sight. Other areas where diminish the area’s unity, the narrowness of the shipping channel with large ships ships pass in close proximity to the land occur at Boldt Castle and along some of gliding very close to the rocky shorelines creates a unified visual experience. The 4. Freedom From Discordant Features the islands in eastern sections of the SASS. highly indented shoreline of points, coves and creeks also shapes the visual landscape into a unified visual district. The area has several discordant features but their impact is offset by the excep- While not totally unique, the many islands of the SASS, grouped into distinct tional overall visual quality of the SASS. The discordant features include com- chains, create a unique visual environment. It is unusual for this number of dis-

Page 46 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan tinct groupings of islands to occur in a relatively narrow river with higher densi- tion could affect a scenic resource and whether the action would be likely to im- of the mainland and Wellesley Island and numerous groups of islands. Keeping fu- ties of shoreline development. The Rock Island, American Narrows, Manhattan, pair the scenic beauty of the scenic resource. Some local government activities in ture large scale development away from the shoreline will be critical in maintaining Deer and Summerland Island groups are exceptional chains of small islands, some communities with federally-approved Local Waterfront Revitalization Programs the visual character of the SASS as well as the environmental health of the St. Law- with unusual architectural features and others relatively undeveloped. Like the are also subject to local coastal consistency review. rence River. It is recommended that future development be clustered away from shorelines, most of these islands have highly varied, rocky shorelines with dense the shoreline and visually sensitive woodlands, islands, estates, summer homes and stands of mature woodlands that most development has blended with. Policy 24, “Prevent impairment of scenic resources of statewide significance,” cottages. Site plan review and open space development are valuable local land use provides that when considering a proposed action, agencies shall first determine tools that can achieve this goal. One example of a site plan review criterion is the C. Public Accessibility whether the action could affect a scenic resource of statewide significance. The preservation of shoreline vegetation to help new development blend in with its sur- determination would involve: roundings. Another example of a site plan review criterion is design guidelines Public Accessibility in the SASS is excellent due the visual access provided by to ensure that clustering and other siting techniques achieve scenic preservation the Thousand Islands Bridge and the Village of Alexandria Bay. Motorists cross- (1) a review of the coastal area map to ascertain if it shows an identified sce- goals. Future open space development clusters could be sited and designed to ing the bridge and pedestrians strolling along the shoreline of the village have nic resource which could be affected by the proposed action, and: reflect the historic patterns of existing hamlets. Another technique for maintain- unprecedented views of some of the most spectacular features of the Thousand ing the visual character of the SASS is acquisition of vulnerable shoreline lands or Islands. Physical access to the area is provided by numerous charter and tour (2) a review of the types of activities proposed to determine if they would be conservation easements from willing landowners, boats docked in Alexandria Bay. Regular shuttles service Boldt Island. Thousand likely to impair the scenic beauty of an identified resource. Island Park Road and a number of other local byways provide visual access to Probably the greatest threat to the future scenic character of the SASS is large scale the scenery of the river for motorists, cyclists and pedestrians. The many state Impairment includes: industrial and infrastructure development within or nearby district boundar- parks in the SASS provide both visual and physical access to the water in some of ies. Large-scale projects, such as tall buildings, transmission lines, wind turbines, the most scenic sections of the St. Lawrence. According to an experienced river (i) the irreversible modification of geologic forms; the destruction or re- bridges, communications towers, should not be sited within the SASS district or pilot, sailors on ocean-going ships from many lands comment on the remarkable moval of vegetation; the modification, destruction or removal of structures, within the district’s viewshed. Large scale industrial development should be sited scenery of the Thousand Islands, especially as they pass through the dramatic, whenever the geologic forms, vegetation or structures are significant to the scenic well back from the bluff tops, and shoreline to greatly reduce the visual impacts. challenging American Narrows section of the river. quality of an identified resource; and: Modification of existing roadways, construction of new roadways, utility lines and other infrastructure often requires state or federal funding and/or permits and thus D. Public Recognition (ii) the addition of structures which because of siting or scale will reduce can come under the purview of this policy. Locating public infrastructure that identified views or which because of scale, form, or materials will diminish the scars sensitive coastal areas and facilitates inappropriate bluff top or shoreline de- The American Narrows SASS is by far the most recognized section of the Thou- scenic quality of an identified resource. velopment could greatly impair future scenic shoreline areas of the SASS. sand Islands. In addition to the cover of this report it has appeared on count- less travel brochures, postcards, web sites and YouTube postings. Boldt Castle is Policy 24 sets forth certain siting and facility-related guidelines to be used to Clustering or orienting new large scale structures to retain existing views, the prime destination of many visitors to the Thousand Islands and probably the achieve the policy, recognizing that each large scale development situation is save open space and provide visual organization to a development; most photographed feature of the region. This is due to the fact that it is such a unique and that the guidelines will have to be applied accordingly. The guidelines unique structure visually accessible to such a large number of people on the Alex- are set forth below, together with comments regarding their particular applica- andria Bay shoreline and the many tour boats that ply the waters during the sum- bility to this Scenic Area of Statewide Significance. In applying these guidelines Comment: The majority of the SASS consists of open water, wooded shorelines, mer months. These boats also transport thousands of people a day during peak to agricultural land it must be recognized that the overall scenic quality of the islands and shoreline homes, many of them historic estates from the Gilded Age. times of the year, greatly enhancing public recognition of the SASS’s architecture, landscape is reliant on an active and viable agricultural industry. This requires Historic houses and traditional summer homes punctuate but do not dominate islands, shipping and natural features. that farmers be allowed the flexibility to farm the land in an economically viable the wooded waterfront landscape except in a few heavily developed locations. fashion, incorporating modern techniques, changes in farm operation and resul- Clustering new development away from historic and environmentally sensitive The Thousand Islands Bridge, crossed by thousands of motorists every day, is also tant changes in farm structures. Policy 24 guidelines include: areas will help ensure that future large scale development does not impact his- a highly recognized landmark that serves as a gateway to the region while provid- toric structures and environmentally sensitive landscapes. The siting and design ing spectacular views of the river. This is enhanced by the fact that it serves as a Siting large scale development such as highways, power lines, major subdivi- of new large scale development can be achieved with local land use tools such gateway to and from Canada, giving the region international recognition. sions and bill boards back from the shoreline or in other inconspicuous loca- as site plan review, clustering and transfer of large scale development rights as tions to maintain the attractive quality of the shoreline and to retain views to described in the local implementation section of this document. IV. Impact Assessment and from the shore; Views from public ways, water access sites, shorelines and waterways are espe- Proposed actions within a SASS that are subject to coastal consistency review un- Comment: The American Narrows SASS is one of the most diverse in the study cially sensitive and should be protected from new large scale development, util- der federal and State coastal acts must be assessed to determine whether the ac- area. It includes the Village of Alexandria Bay, the Boldt Castle complex, the shores ity construction or signage whenever possible. Views from the Thousand Is-

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 47 lands Bridge, Alexandria Bay and the Boldt Castle are extensive and vulnerable the scenic character of the area. These engineering structures can be evaluated to Using appropriate materials, in addition to vegetation, to screen unattractive to degradation from poorly sited and designed major new developments. Views determine if replacement with vegetation or bioengineering techniques would be elements; from and of the bluffs, shorelines, islands and farmland should also be taken appropriate. into consideration in locating new large scale development. Locating major new Comment: The SASS contains some discordant elements in Alexandria Bay. structures well back from bluff tops and shoreline areas will protect the beauty of Maintaining or restoring the original land form, except when changes screen Fencing or screening could be used to screen parking lots, low utility structures the coastal landscape and, in the long run, will enhance property values and the unattractive elements and/or add appropriate interest; and buildings. Taller discordant features are too large to be effectively screened tourism industry in the area. with fencing. Painting such tall towers in light sky tones might reduce their Comment: Except in Alexandria Bay, the unique character of the SASS is rela- negative visual impact. It is recommended that new construction be encour- Incorporating sound existing structures (especially historic buildings) into tively undisturbed and should be protected in future construction, infrastruc- aged to use appropriate historic or native building materials. New or renovated the overall development pattern; ture and large scale development projects. The granite landforms of the SASS overhead utilities located in sensitive scenic areas could be located underground, is largely in an undisturbed state and is the one of the underlying factors in the when possible, to eliminate their negative visual impact on the landscape. The Comment: Some of the historic structures in the SASS are currently conserved scenic quality of the area. Historic castles and gilded age summer homes fit into failure to blend new structures into the natural setting, both within the SASS through public ownership and Historic District status. Many remain in private and complement the rugged character of the landscape. The contrast in elevation boundaries and in the viewshed of the SASS would impair the scenic quality of ownership. The region’s best collection of late Nineteenth and early Twentieth and the juxtaposition of water and land contributes to the beauty of the SASS. the areas. Century summer homes have major historic architectural value and contribute Alteration of important landforms such as rocky islands, ledges, steep wooded significantly to the visual character of the landscape. Much of the existing ar- shorelines and bluffs would detract from the scenic character of the area. In de- Using appropriate scales, forms and materials to ensure that buildings and chitectural design for modern residential homes is valuable and wholly compat- veloped area the use of berms to screen parking lots and unsightly large scale de- other structures are compatible with, and add interest to, the landscape. ible with historic designs and the natural setting of the Thousand Islands. Much velopment is an acceptable modification of terrain if carefully designed to blend of the beauty of the residential development within the SASS was accomplished with the natural contour of the land. Alteration of natural terrain for large scale through the good taste of the homeowners rather than regulation and oversight development and roads is of special concern. Development should be located Comment: Most structures located in the SASS are generally compatible with, by municipalities. Future preservation of these homes, their grounds and their away from sensitive geological features such as bluffs, hilltops, ridgelines, islands, and add interest to, the landscape because they are of a scale, design and mate- surrounding natural setting would help to preserve the visual character of the and other unique geological areas. rial compatible with the historic landscape. Many of the SASS’s structures are SASS. Radical alteration or demolition of these homes or the large scale devel- historic in nature. Construction of new buildings incompatible with the cul- opment of their grounds that is inconsistent with the visual characteristics of the Maintaining or adding vegetation to provide interest, encourage the presence tural character of the SASS as represented in historic structures may impair the viewshed could submit this beautiful area to the intensive shoreline development of wildlife, blend structures with the site, and obscure unattractive elements, scenic character of the area. Many of the older Gilded Age estates use native that has marred many other sections of the New York State coastline. Thus, it is except when selective clearing removes unsightly, diseased or hazardous veg- materials such as wood clapboards, shingles or stone construction. Most have recommended that individual owners and towns take these factors into account etation and when selective clearing, mowing, controlled burning or grazing pitched roofs, traditional fenestration and are sited unobtrusively on the land, when renovating these historical and scenic resources and when planning for creates or maintains views of coastal waters; avoiding hilltops, bluff edges and other prominent locations. Though many of future development in the surrounding environment. the shorefront structures such are large, their apparent mass has been reduced by designing the structures as a series of smaller, attached architectural volumes. Removing deteriorated and/or degrading elements; Comment: The wooded shorelines, small islands and residential buildings of the This rambling, attached approach to residential design is typical of traditional SASS are a vital component of its scenic character. Most of them are carefully Thousand Island architecture and is a major factor in reducing the visual impact Comment: The SASS has some deteriorated or degrading visual elements. tucked into the existing forest vegetation. Preserving and enhancing these resi- of large, “mega-home” structures. Combined with sensitive site planning and Other than in portions of Alexandria Bay, few towers, very tall structures, der- dential landscapes is an important aspect of preserving the SASS’s scenic char- design, the rambling, attached structures minimize obstruction of waterfront elict buildings or wide roads or parking lots detract from the scenic character of acter. Encouraging new residential development to fit in with and preserve the views from public roadways. the landscape. Minor improvements to roads and parking lots would enhance area’s shorefront woodlands and to avoid clear cutting the existing wooded shore- the scenic character of the SASS. Signage and parking lots could be improved in lines of the SASS is also important. Locating very tall structures to avoid impacting scenic areas and views from certain areas. Overhead utilities could be buried to improved views and visual scenic and historic coastal sites. character. The variety of vegetation and the consequent variety of texture and color in the SASS make a significant contribution to its scenic quality. A variety of vegeta- Comment: Very tall structures such as wind turbines and exhaust stacks will Post-WWII large scale development is the main degrading element in the SASS. tion, estate grounds and meadows and the dense forests of the interior all provide have major impacts on the scenic character of coastal landscapes. Over 600 Thou- Development along the shoreline represents one of the major impacts on the sce- interest and contrast in the landscape. The wildlife supported by this vegetation sand Islands residents participated in the web-based visual preference survey in nic character of the SASS. Planting vegetation for screening, fencing and other also adds interest and ephemeral character to the land. Vegetation helps new the summer of 2014. The survey results showed that wind turbine complexes measures could help reduce the visual impacts of any future large scale develop- structures blend into the natural landscape and plays a critical role in screening on the Canadian side of the river have significant negative visual impacts on the ment. Bulkheads and erosion prevention structures along the shoreline reduce facilities and sites which would otherwise be discordant elements in the SASS. region. Turbine images ranked among the least scenic images in the survey.

Page 48 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Consequently, massive industrial and infrastructure projects should not be built within the SASS district or within its surrounding viewshed. There are presently no techniques to mitigate the visual impacts of these structures because they are so tall, massive and frequently in motion.

Using shielded lighting fixtures at appropriate levels of illumination to preserve the Thousand Islands’ nighttime visual character.

The Thousand Island’s dark, unspoiled night sky with views of stars, the sea and wooded hills is a priceless visual resource. Due to its relatively low density of development, the region enjoys dark nighttime skies that could be affected by poorly designed new large scale development. Light pollution from excessively bright, exposed lighting fixtures can block views of the night sky, blind motorists and degrade the character of evening landscapes. Requiring exterior lighting on large scale developments to be shielded will ensure that adequate night lighting is provided without creating glare and light pollution. The indirect lighting created by shielded fixtures also greatly enhances the character of nighttime landscapes by removing the bright harshness of many exterior light fixtures. Reducing the wattage of exterior lights is often possible without compromising safety or functionality and results in less energy consumption. Specifying color-corrected or color-balanced light sources such as energy efficient, shielded LED lighting for large scale development will ensure that the color of nighttime lights matches the warm tones of incandescent bulbs while providing the efficiency of high intensity discharge or metal halide light sources.

It is recommended that existing town-owned lights, such as street lights or lights at public buildings and facilities, be gradually retrofitted to reduce glare and light Chippewa Bay pollution, when feasible. Building codes can be modified to require shielded outdoor light fixtures as part of any new large scale development construction. It consists of the elliptical Goose Bay, the large, open Chippewa Bay to the north- St. Lawrence River in the SASS. The SASS exists within the towns of Hammond Large scale developments should avoid unshielded spotlights that cast direct light west, and the broad expanse of the St. Lawrence near Grenadier Island, along and Alexandria. onto neighboring properties or on the water. Large scale commercial facilities with a number of small to medium-sized islands including Hemlock, Ironsides, should avoid unshielded spotlights to illuminate parking lots, storage facilities or Cedar and Dark Island. The SASS is approximately 11 miles east to west and 3 Consult the Area 2 and 3 Ratings maps for detailed SASS boundaries. The Chip- outdoor areas. Adding a simple metal shield to an existing spotlight can greatly miles north to south. pewa/Goose Bay SASS is located on the Redwood and Chippewa Bay 7.5 minute reduce light pollution and glare. Often a series of lower, shielded lights can re- US Geological Survey maps. place a single glaring spotlight. The greater expense for large scale developments The northern boundary of the SASS is the U.S./Canadian border from the west- is offset by the creation of a superior nighttime environment. ern side of Grenadier Island (Canada)—near the area currently occupied by the II. Description Grenadier Island Country Club—to just east of the Bilberry Island (U.S.). The western boundary of the SASS begins as a line perpendicular to shore, extend- The Chippewa/Goose Bay SASS is comprised of subunits #29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34. 7. Chippewa/Goose Bay Scenic Area of Statewide Significance ing across the St. Lawrence just west of Goose Bay near Birch Island (U.S.). The western boundary continues to the south and west along the marsh-fringed The SASS is dominated by the two of the most visually significant bays in the I. Location Cranberry Creek. The eastern boundary of the SASS is a line perpendicular Thousand Islands Scenic Area: Goose Bay and Chippewa Bay. The physical fea- to shore just east of Chippewa Bay in the vicinity of Conger Road on the U.S. tures of the SASS also include the broad stretch of the St. Lawrence that is visible The Chippewa/Goose Bay Scenic Area of Statewide Significance (SASS) is an area mainland. The southern boundary is a line extending along the length of U.S. and accessible from these two bays, along with a number of smaller islands, in- to the east of the American Narrows SASS in the Thousand Islands Scenic Area. shoreline ¼ to ½ mile inland, representing the approximate viewshed from the lets, small bays, peninsulas, and creeks including Cranberry Creek, Kring Point,

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 49 Chippewa Point, Cedar Island, Hemlock, Ironsides, and Dark Island. Cultural St. Lawrence River’s rhythmically varied, fractal-like shoreline and dozens of small to features include important public parks, iconic coastal views from the high hills medium-sized islands stretching off toward a distant Canadian Shoreline. and bluffs surrounding Goose and Chippewa Bay, and historic structures—most notably Singer Castle on Dark Island. These islands unify the immensity of the Chippewa Bay landscape with the more intimate and tranquil Goose Bay. Each of the dozens of islands in the SASS has The physical landscape of the SASS is strongly influenced by the igneous and meta- a unique character within a unified palette of Canadian Shield bedrock, well-de- morphic Canadian Shield bedrock beneath the surface of this area. This geology signed cottage and estate structures and landscapes, and windswept pines. This expresses itself in dramatic bluffs overlooking Chippewa Bay and Goose Bay, as diverse landscape is also frequented by a diverse array of wildlife. well as a number of small, steep-shored islands with sculpted exposed bedrock. The relief in this SASS is among the highest anywhere in the Thousand Island Sce- The SASS also features a number of elegantly proportioned, marsh-fringed creeks nic Area, with the bluffs west of Chippewa Bay rising 100-130’ from the river in with limited to no intruding development. The entire length of Cranberry Creek, under a quarter mile from shore in some locations. Just north of Goose Bay, the flowing into Goose Bay, is included in the scenic area, as well as the marsh-fringed aptly named Ironsides Island features 40’ rocky bluffs oriented parallel to the river mouths of Crooked and Chippewa Creeks on Chippewa Bay. current. Vegetation in the SASS is diverse, ranging from mature deciduous and evergreen forest to lone sculpted pines to well-maintained formal garden plant- In terms of cultural features, Singer Castle on Dark Island is, along with Boldt ings at Singer Castle. The edges of Goose Bay and Chippewa Bay feature areas of Castle, central to the architectural iconography of the Thousand Islands. Located marsh grasses in and around protruding shoreline bedrock and extending back in the center of the largest area of open water visible from the U.S. east of Lake along gracefully curving, marsh-fringed creeks. Most notable among these are the Ontario, Dark Island serves a stunning focal point to the Chippewa Bay area. The length of Cranberry Creek and the mouths of Crooked and Chippewa Creek. Castle has been sited to maximize the drama of sunsets through the symmetric arches along its east and west side. The formal gardens surrounding the castle re- A number of professionally-designed historic and contemporary structures exist in Singer Castle call the palace and villa landscapes of European royalty. More modest, but still the SASS, including the historic Singer Castle and Sister Island Lighthouse, as well well-sited and professionally designed cottages and estates adorn smaller islands as estates and large cottages on Cedar and Temagami Islands. Cedar Island is also throughout the SASS, making the area an architectural feast. Despite the variety notable for its importance for public access, as Cedar Island State Park comprises The Goose Bay and Cranberry Creek designated habitat is one of the most im- and richness of form, color and texture injected into the SASS landscape from these half of the island. The other major public landscape in the SASS is Kring Point portant coastal freshwater wetland complexes in New York State. It includes vul- structures, much of the SASS shoreline remains undeveloped—unlike areas to the State Park on the north side of Goose Bay. The latter is accessible by road, while the nerable Blandings turtles, northern harrier and least bittern nesting habitat. west in American Narrows. former only by private boat. The Chippewa/Goose Bay SASS also includes several well-visited and formally designed scenic viewpoints off of State Route 12. Ironsides Island is a relatively large, undisturbed, isolated, steep cliffed rocky is- The Chippewa/Goose Bay SASS is among the most publicly accessible in the Thou- land with a mature white pine northern hardwood forest located adjacent to large sand Islands Scenic Area, due mainly to the location of State Route 12 along the The SASS contains several Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitats: wetland and bay complexes. Owned and managed by the Nature Conservancy, tops of high bluffs overlooking Goose Bay and Chippewa Bay. Glimpses of the Ironsides Island contains one of the largest nesting habitats for great blue heron river from Route 12 tempt many visitors to the area to turn off down one of the The Chippewa Bay Tern Colonies designated habitat consists of rocky shoals in New York State. smaller roads and scenic pull-offs and reward spectators with the kind of breath- and artificial structures that provide nesting habitat for Common Terns. Tern taking views described earlier. Route 12 also provides access to park landscapes colonies in this SASS are located on Halfway Island Shoals and on two artifi- III. Aesthetic Significance like Kring Point State Park on Goose Bay. For those with access to a boat, Cedar cial structures, Navigation Lights 180 and 165. These locations have become Island State Park provides the public with the somewhat unique ability to enjoy one critical breeding habitat for common terns due to their isolation from preda- The Chippewa/Goose Bay SASS is of statewide aesthetic significance by virtue of of the area’s smaller islands without an invitation from a private landowner. tors, fluctuating water levels, and human disturbance. Navigation lights in the its landform, vegetation, shoreline, and dramatic coastal viewshed, as well as its Thousand Island region support the highest hatching success rates in the world historic and professionally-designed structures and landscapes, land use, public A. Landscape Character for common tern. accessibility, and public recognition. 1. Variety The Chippewa Bay designated habitat is the largest coastal shallow water eco- The physical features of the SASS make it one of the most exceptional and varied system in St. Lawrence County. It features habitat for Common Terns and landscapes in the Thousand Islands Scenic Area. In particular, the SASS shoreline A number of physical and cultural features within the Chippewa/Goose Bay Common Loons, as well as nursery areas for muskellunge and other fish spe- has areas of the highest relief in the region, formed in a configuration that maximizes SASS contribute to a highly varied scenic landscape. These include the shoreline, cies. It is also one of ten principal areas on the St. Lawrence River used by coastal views. Looking upriver from the bluffs overlooking Chippewa Bay, for exam- vegetation, ephemera, and a range of professionally-designed and historic resi- waterfowl during spring and fall migrations. ple, rewards a spectator with a memorable and uniquely Thousand Islands view—the dential structures and landscapes.

Page 50 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan The shoreline of the SASS is notable for its intricately varied geometry and the some places. In the more intimate waters of Goose Bay, the views between islands trast between forest and marsh is one of the most notable. The regular, finely wide range of island forms and sizes. The shoreline is extremely indented, form- provide cues linking this tranquil space to the open expanse of river between Kring textured, and light colored marsh grasses of Crooked Creek, Chippewa Creek, ing almost fractal-like geometries around Kring Point and Chippewa Point. Is- Point and Grenadier Island. The consistently varied shoreline and diverse island and Cranberry Creek contrast strongly against the more irregular mass of greens, land forms include irregular small rocks and small islands that are only 100’ or forms—themselves an expression of the Canadian Shield geology throughout the browns, and greys that characterize adjacent mixed evergreen and deciduous for- less across, like Rob Roy, Owatonna, Watch, and Diamond Island. They also SASS—also provides a sense of continuity from one area of the SASS to another. est. In the formal gardens of Dark Island and other professionally-designed land- include medium-sized and irregular islands like Atlantis Island and Cedar Island, Ephemera like ever-present wildlife and passing container ships traveling between scapes, contrasts between evergreen and deciduous shrubs and trees and open 1000-2000’ across. Other islands show more regular geometries, like the rectan- Lake Ontario and the Atlantic emphasize the continuity of the river and the con- meadows and lawns are the product of explicit curation and design. And, as gular Ironsides Island. Oak Island, the largest island on the U.S. side, has a highly nection between the St. Lawrence and global maritime trade. with other SASS in the Thousand Islands Scenic Area, many of the rocky islands varied shoreline and is more than a mile long. feature windswept sentinel pines that contrast strongly against the gray bedrock Public access from Route 12 and publicly owned areas of Kring Point and Cedar and the sky. Bays in the SASS also range in size and form. The smallest, Blind Bay, is a roughly Island also help to unify the SASS. Whether by bicycle, car, or boat, visitors have triangular bay that is several hundred feet across. Goose Bay is quite different— access to many of the most dramatic views in the area. These views, particularly Architectural forms are still another source of contrasting color, texture, and ge- thousands of feet across, screened from the channel by a series of small to me- the view from the high bluffs north of Chippewa Bay, are some of the most pow- ometry in the SASS. The color of the bright orange roof of Singer Castle against dium sized islands, and taking the form of a gently curving ellipse. Chippewa erful and iconic in the entire region. Moreover, the high vantage point of these a blue sky and framed by green estate plantings stands is archetypal of this sort of Bay differs from both Goose and Blind Bay, as it is miles long and opens up in the expansive views provide visitors with an almost map-like understanding of the contrast. Other smaller rustic cottages similarly contrast against their backdrop north to an expansive view of the St. Lawrence, extending into Canada. shoreline and islands, helping to promote an understanding of the unity of the of vegetation and Canadian Shield geology in texture, color, and form. region’s landscapes among casual spectators. Vegetation in the SASS adds further variety to the scenic landscape. Mature mixed And, as with other areas of the Thousand Islands Scenic Area, passing container deciduous and evergreen forests cover Kring Point and Chippewa Point. Wind- The SASS is also unified by its generally consistently high level of maintenance ships provide cyclical opportunities for dramatic contrasts of color and scale. swept pines crown some of the smaller islands. Marsh grasses line the mouths of and general freedom from discordant features. The formal gardens on Dark Is- The bright red and orange hulls of container ships tower above the small rocks, Cranberry, Chippewa, and Crooked Creeks. Dark Island and a few of the other land are professionally maintained, with full and healthy planting areas and few islands, and cottages along the U.S. shoreline in this area. developed islands feature formal gardens and other landscape plantings. areas of litter, graffiti, or damage to the historic site. Other private and public landscapes on islands and the shoreline are similarly vigorous and well-main- 4. Freedom From Discordant Features Though much of the SASS is undeveloped or lightly developed, a range of archi- tained. One exception is the shoreline around Kring Point State Park in Goose tectural and landscape forms exist in the SASS. Small and medium sized islands Bay, which workshop participants noted had some issues with weeds and milfoil. Overall, the Chippewa/Goose Bay SASS benefits from a visual landscape with have rustic cottages and small estates with rustic siting or professional designed More generally, the SASS is largely free from discordant features, with surpris- few discordant features. This is due, in part, to the protection against develop- landscapes. Dark Island has the famous Singer Castle and formal gardens. Kring ingly few areas of exurban development with little or no vegetation screening, ment provided by Kring Point State Park and Cedar Island State Park. Easements Point and Cedar Island have regionally important state parks landscapes. large billboards, or tall, unsightly utilitarian structures. and protection by the Thousand Islands Land Trust (TILT) on Oak Island and west of Crooked Creek in Chippewa Bay also contribute to the freedom from In addition to these physical features, the Chippewa/Goose Bay SASS benefits 3. Contrast discordant features. from cultural ephemera. This ranges from private boats fishing the many bays, coves, and creek mouths, to the massive ocean-going container vessels traveling The Chippewa/Goose Bay SASS is replete with landscape features that inject con- The major discordant features in the SASS are related to light to medium density between Lake Ontario and the Atlantic Ocean. trasting textures, colors, and forms into the visual landscape. The presence of wa- exurban, camp, and marina development. This includes the boathouses, docks, ter, relief, bedrock, vegetation, architecture, and unique ephemera like container and camp-type development on the eastern end of Kring Point and Schermer- 2. Unity ships all contribute strong moments of contrast. horn Landing; the lone condominium area off of Dubois Road overlooking Chip- pewa Bay; and moderate density exurban development with dock structures and The Chippewa/Goose Bay SASS is unified by a number of cultural and physical Relief and bedrock, combined with the presence of water, provide one of the boathouses just south of Chippewa Creek and around Blind Bay. features within the visual landscape, including the St. Lawrence River, the preva- major sources of contrast in the SASS. The 100-130’ steep bluffs rising over lence of public access and publicly recognized landscapes, and the consistently Chippewa Bay, for example, contrast strongly with the flat-to-gently-roll- Another discordant feature mentioned by public workshop participants was the high level of maintenance and freedom from discordant features in the area. ing Chippewa Point and the marsh-fringed mouths of Chippewa Creek and presence weeds and milfoil in the vicinity of Kring Point State Park in Goose Bay. Crooked Creek. Throughout the SASS, the steep rocky bluffs of Ironsides Is- The major unifying features of the SASS is the St. Lawrence River, with a fractal- land and other islands and peninsulas sharply contrast against the dark and B. Uniqueness like, varied shoreline and sweeping coastal viewshed present along the open river dynamic surface of the St. Lawrence. and bays. From the larger hills and bluffs adjacent to Chippewa Bay and Goose Chippewa/Goose Bay is unique in Thousand Islands Scenic Area, as well as the Bay, full views of the St. Lawrence are possible, stretching 200,000’ into Canada in Vegetation also provides important moments of contrast in the SASS. The con- state of New York for its dramatic, elevated coastal views and the backdrop of

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 51 these views—a unified yet highly varied mosaic of islands, bays, peninsulas, between Goose Bay and Grenadier Island was also noted in workshops as being tion could affect a scenic resource and whether the action would be likely to im- rocky bluffs and marsh-fringed creeks. These views are made even more distinc- visually accessible from Kring Point State Park. pair the scenic beauty of the scenic resource. Some local government activities in tive by the high level of public accessibility and recognition. communities with federally-approved Local Waterfront Revitalization Programs D. Public Recognition are also subject to local coastal consistency review. In particular, the viewing areas along the tall hills north of Chippewa Bay provide the broadest, longest, and most dramatic elevated coastal views in the Thousand The Chippewa/Goose Bay SASS is among the most highly recognized areas of Policy 24, “Prevent impairment of scenic resources of statewide significance,” Islands Region. From this point of prospect, the scale, contrast, variety, and unity the Thousand Islands Scenic Area. This was evident from responses by public provides that when considering a proposed action, agencies shall first determine of the St. Lawrence becomes clear in a way only matched by aerial photography. workshop participants. whether the action could affect a scenic resource of statewide significance. The Lower elevation views of Goose Bay from Route 12 and Kring Point are also determination would involve: unique in the region. Singer Castle on Dark Island is the most publicly recognized architectural feature of the SASS. This castle and its formal gardens, along with Boldt Castle, (1) a review of the coastal area map to ascertain if it shows an identified sce- Views of the landscape closer in elevation to the river provide a very different, serve as an iconic expression of Gilded Age architecture in the Thousand Is- nic resource which could be affected by the proposed action, and: though equally remarkable, experience. In the dense clusters of islands around lands region. It was noted as an important historic structure on workshop Goose Bay, for example, the small scale of the undulating shoreline and often maps. Workshop participants also emphasized the unique beauty of Singer (2) a review of the types of activities proposed to determine if they would be smooth water surface has a somewhat otherworldly quality when you emerge Castle at sunset, as the sun shines through the building by means of a series of likely to impair the scenic beauty of an identified resource. into this intimate landscape from the open water of the main St. Lawrence chan- large arched windows symmetrically positioned along either side of the struc- nel. ture. Impairment includes:

In addition to, and contributing to, the unique views in the Chippewa/Goose Bay In the area of Goose Bay, a boat ramp in Kring Point State Park was noted by (i) the irreversible modification of geologic forms; the destruction or re- SASS is the relative freedom from discordant features found here. The limited workshop participants as a notable recreational landscape. Ironsides Island and moval of vegetation; the modification, destruction or removal of structures, areas of exurban development are generally sited so as to preserve a vegetative Sister Island Lighthouses were noted as important components of the visual land- whenever the geologic forms, vegetation or structures are significant to the scenic screen along the shoreline. Large utilitarian structures are not prominent in ei- scape in the subunit. Both features were recognized as unique or unusual scenic quality of an identified resource; and: ther the elevated views along Chippewa Bay or from recreational boats. Also, the areas with intermittent activity that affects the visual landscape.. For example, SASS is unique for its high level of public accessibility and recognition. Ironsides Island has one of the largest nesting colonies of Great Blue Heron in (ii) the addition of structures which because of siting or scale will reduce New York State and is recognized as a National Natural Landmark. Scow Island identified views or which because of scale, form, or materials will diminish the C. Public Accessibility was recognized for its estate building/landscape. scenic quality of an identified resource.

This SASS is one of the most publicly visible and appreciated scenic landscapes The islands within Chippewa Bay were noted on workshop maps as the site of Policy 24 sets forth certain siting and facility-related guidelines to be used to in the Thousand Islands Scenic Area. This is attested to by the sheer number of historic structures and other estate important buildings and landscapes. Areas achieve the policy, recognizing that each large scale development situation is scenic views, as well as recreational, symbolic, and historic landscapes noted on in the Bay and on shore were recognized as well-known scenic areas recognized unique and that the guidelines will have to be applied accordingly. The guidelines workshop maps within the bounds of the SASS. It is also no surprise given the by the public. Several areas were noted as important recreational landscapes on are set forth below, together with comments regarding their particular applica- proximity and elevation of NY Route 12 next to the dramatic landscapes of Chip- the southwestern shore of Chippewa Bay. The mouth of Crooked Creek, near bility to this Scenic Area of Statewide Significance. In applying these guidelines pewa and Goose Bay. NY 12 was recognized as a scenic area visible to the general public on workshop to agricultural land it must be recognized that the overall scenic quality of the maps. Cedar Islands State Park was noted as an important historic/cultural site landscape is reliant on an active and viable agricultural industry. This requires Three sites along NY12 next to Chippewa Bay were recognized by workshop and as a unique or unusual scenic area. Blind Bay was noted as a unique or un- that farmers be allowed the flexibility to farm the land in an economically viable participants as scenic areas visible to the general public. Two are formally de- usual scenic area and as a historic structure. fashion, incorporating modern techniques, changes in farm operation and resul- signed pull-offs from Route 12. The third is the open view from Dubois Road. tant changes in farm structures. Policy 24 guidelines include: Schermerhorn Landing and the adjacent shoreline are both an important recre- The area of Crooked Creek that meets the St. Lawrence River at its mouth, has ational landscape and known for striking views toward Chippewa Bay and Oak a walking trail, the Macsherry Trail, that is maintained by TILT and open to the Siting large scale development such as highways, power lines, major subdivi- Island. Within Chippewa Bay, Cedar Island State Park, accessible only by boat public. sions and bill boards back from the shoreline or in other inconspicuous loca- but with public dock space, provides a rare opportunity for public access to views tions to maintain the attractive quality of the shoreline and to retain views to from an island in the center of Chippewa Bay. IV. Impact Assessment and from the shore;

Further south, on the southeast bank of Goose Bay, the overlook off of NY 12 was Proposed actions within a SASS that are subject to coastal consistency review un- Comment: One of the most unique features of the Chippewa/Goose Bay SASS noted on workshop maps as a scenic area visible to the general public. The area der federal and State coastal acts must be assessed to determine whether the ac- is the abundance of undeveloped or sparsely developed shorelines. Keeping

Page 52 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan future large scale development away from the shoreline will be critical in main- Views from public ways, water access sites, shorelines and waterways are espe- determine if replacement with vegetation or bioengineering techniques would be taining the visual character of the SASS as well as the environmental health of cially sensitive and should be protected from new large scale development, utility appropriate. the St. Lawrence River. It is recommended that future development be clus- construction or signage whenever possible. Views from and of the bluffs, shore- tered away from the shoreline and visually sensitive open fields and meadows. lines, islands and farmland should also be taken into consideration in locating Maintaining or restoring the original land form, except when changes screen Site plan review and open space development are valuable local land use tools new large scale development. Locating new large scale structures well back from unattractive elements and/or add appropriate interest; that can achieve this goal. One example of a site plan review criterion is the bluff tops and shoreline areas will protect the beauty of the coastal landscape and, preservation of shoreline vegetation to help new development blend in with in the long run, will enhance property values in the area. Comment: The unique landform of the SASS is relatively undisturbed and its surroundings. Another example of a site plan review criterion is design should be protected in future construction, infrastructure and large scale devel- guidelines to ensure that clustering and other siting techniques achieve scenic Incorporating sound existing structures (especially historic buildings) into opment projects. The rugged, granite, Canadian Shield landform of the SASS preservation goals. Future open space development clusters could be sited and the overall development pattern; is largely in an undisturbed state and is the one of the underlying factors in the designed to reflect the historic patterns of existing hamlets. Another technique scenic quality of the area. The contrast in elevation and the juxtaposition of water for maintaining the visual character of the SASS is acquisition of vulnerable Comment: Many historic summer homes and camps are located along the and land contributes to the beauty of the Chippewa/Goose Bay SASS. Altera- shoreline lands or conservation easements from willing landowners. mainland shoreline and on the islands of the SASS. These historic structures tion of important landforms such as coastal bluffs, rock ledges, stone outcrops, could be incorporated into new development if necessary. A few early Twenti- marshes, and tributaries would detract from the scenic character of the area. Use Probably the greatest threat to the future scenic character of the SASS is large eth Century summer homes have historic architectural value and contribute to of berms to screen parking lots and unsightly large scale development is an ac- scale industrial and infrastructure development within or nearby district the visual character of the landscape. Much of the existing architectural design ceptable modification of terrain if carefully designed to blend with the natural boundaries. Large-scale projects, such as tall buildings, transmission lines, for modern residential homes is valuable and wholly compatible with historic contour of the land. Alteration of natural terrain for large scale development and wind turbines, bridges, communications towers, should not be sited within the designs and the natural setting of the Thousand Islands. Much of the beauty of roads is of special concern. Development should be located away from sensitive SASS district or within the district’s viewshed. Large scale industrial develop- the residential development within the SASS was accomplished through the good geological features such as bluffs, hilltops, ridgelines, islands, and other unique ment should be sited well back from the bluff tops, and shoreline to greatly taste of the homeowners rather than regulation and oversight by municipalities. geological areas. reduce the visual impacts. Modification of existing roadways, construction Future preservation of these homes, their grounds and their surrounding natural of new roadways, utility lines and other infrastructure often requires state or setting would help to preserve the visual character of the SASS. Radical altera- Maintaining or adding vegetation to provide interest, encourage the presence federal funding and/or permits and thus can come under the purview of this tion or demolition of these homes or the large scale development of their grounds of wildlife, blend structures with the site, and obscure unattractive elements, policy. Locating public infrastructure that scars sensitive coastal areas and fa- that is inconsistent with the visual characteristics of the viewshed could submit except when selective clearing removes unsightly, diseased or hazardous veg- cilitates inappropriate bluff top or shoreline development could greatly impair this beautiful area to the intensive shoreline development that has marred many etation and when selective clearing, mowing, controlled burning or grazing future scenic shoreline areas of the SASS. other sections of the New York State coastline. Thus, it is recommended that in- creates or maintains views of coastal waters; dividual owners and towns take these factors into account when renovating these Clustering or orienting new large scale structures to retain existing views, historical and scenic resources and when planning for future development in the Comment: The wooded shorelines, small islands and open fields and meadows of save open space and provide visual organization to a development; surrounding environment. the SASS are a vital component of its scenic character. They should be safe guarded and maintained whenever possible. Preserving the dense woodlands that cover Comment: The majority of the SASS consists of open water, wooded shore- Removing deteriorated and/or degrading elements; the shorelines and islands of the SASS is critical to the preservation of the area’s lines, many islands, farm fields, meadows, marshes, forests and old pastures. scenic character. Maintaining existing woodlands in new development projects Historic hamlets such as Chippewa Bay, Goose Bay and Schermerhorn Landing Comment: The SASS is relatively free of deteriorated or degrading visual el- could be an important factor in preserving the scenery of the SASS. Large scale de- are located along the shoreline of the SASS. Farmsteads, houses and tradition- ements. Few towers, very tall structures, derelict buildings or wide roads or velopment projects that require clearing of extensive areas of shoreline and island al summer homes punctuate but do not dominate the landscape. A definite parking lots detract from the scenic character of the landscape. Minor improve- forests should be relocated inland or to other parts of the region. boundary usually remains between developed and undeveloped areas of the ments to roads and parking lots would enhance the scenic character of the SASS. SASS. If this edge becomes blurred as a result of sprawling large scale develop- Signage and parking lots could be improved in certain areas. Overhead utilities Views from vista points in the SASS are disappearing due to the unrestrained ment, the visual character of the SASS could be damaged. Future development could be buried to improved views and visual character. growth of successional vegetation. Maintaining open meadows and clearings in should be clustered away from scenic resources, leaving most of the SASS in a the vicinity of viewpoints along the highway will help maintain the scenic character more natural condition. The siting and design of new large scale development Post-WWII large scale development is the main degrading element in the SASS. of the parkway. Maintaining lawns, meadows and fields will also preserve both a can be achieved with local land use tools such as site plan review, clustering Development along the shoreline represents one of the major impacts on the scenic and an historic landscape resource. Future agricultural practices that recover and transfer of large scale development rights as described in the local imple- scenic character of the SASS. Planting vegetation for screening, fencing and abandoned, vacant land should be encouraged and supported. mentation section of this document. Locating new development in or adjacent other measures could help reduce the visual impacts of any large scale develop- to existing hamlets could revitalize these areas and preserve open space in the ment. Bulkheads and erosion prevention structures along the shoreline reduce The variety of vegetation and the consequent variety of texture and color in the SASS. the scenic character of the area. These engineering structures can be evaluated to SASS make a significant contribution to their scenic quality. A variety of vegeta-

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 53 tion, open fields and meadows and the dense forests of the islands and mainland scenic and historic coastal sites. 8. Crooked Creek Scenic Area of Statewide Significance shorelines all provide interest and contrast in the landscape. The wildlife supported by this vegetation also adds interest and ephemeral character to the land. Very tall structures such as wind turbines and exhaust stacks will have major I. Location Vegetation helps new structures blend into the predominantly natural landscape impacts on the scenic character of coastal landscapes. Over 600 Thousand Is- and plays a critical role in screening facilities and sites which would otherwise be lands residents participated in the web-based visual preference survey in the The Crooked Creek Scenic Area of Statewide Significance (SASS) consists of a discordant elements in the SASS. summer of 2014. The survey results showed that wind turbine complexes on major tributary stream extending from its source approximately a quarter of a the Canadian side of the river have significant negative visual impacts on the mile east of Dutch Settlement Road in the Town of Alexandria to its outlet a Using appropriate materials, in addition to vegetation, to screen unattract- region. Turbine images ranked among the least scenic images in the survey. half mile southwest of Schermerhorn Landing in the Town of Hammond. The ive elements; stream flows from southwest to northeast. The SASS consists of the creek itself, Consequently, massive industrial and infrastructure projects should not be extensive bordering marshlands and shorelines consisting of dense, primarily ev- Comment: The SASS contains relatively few discordant elements. Fencing or built within the SASS district or within its surrounding viewshed. There are ergreen forests. It also includes farm fields along its southern and western bor- screening could be used to screen parking lots, low utility structures and build- presently no techniques to mitigate the visual impacts of these structures be- ders. Its northern section consists of undulating, rocky Canadian Shield terrain ings. Taller discordant features are too large to be effectively screened with cause they are so tall, massive and frequently in motion. interspersed with many small lakes. The SASS is approximately one and a half fencing. It is recommended that new large scale construction be encouraged to miles wide and three and a half miles long. use appropriate historic or native building materials. New or renovated over- Using shielded lighting fixtures at appropriate levels of illumination to preserve head utilities located in sensitive scenic areas could be located underground, the Thousand Islands’ nighttime visual character. The borders of the SASS are shown on the SASS maps located in the appendices when possible, to eliminate their negative visual impact on the landscape. The of this report. Starting at the mouth of Crooked Creek, the SASS’s border heads failure to blend new structures into the natural setting, both within the SASS The Thousand Island’s dark, unspoiled night sky with views of stars, the sea north, paralleling the shore of Chippewa Bay along the bay’s viewshed boundary. boundaries and in the viewshed of the SASS would impair the scenic quality of and wooded hills is a priceless visual resource. Due to its relatively low density At the mouth of Chippewa Bay the SASS border heads west, paralleling the shore the area. of development, the region enjoys dark nighttime skies that could be affected of the St. Lawrence River along the river’s viewshed boundary. In the vicinity of by poorly designed new large scale development. Light pollution from exces- Clouds Rest Island the border heads south, paralleling the shore of Goose Bay Using appropriate scales, forms and materials to ensure that buildings and sively bright, exposed lighting fixtures can block views of the night sky, blind along the bay’s viewshed boundary. Just east of the hamlet of Goose Bay, the other structures are compatible with, and add interest to, the landscape. motorists and degrade the character of evening landscapes. Requiring exterior border heads southwest along a limestone escarpment that forms the edge of lighting on large scale developments to be shielded will ensure that adequate Crooked Creek’s valley. Just east of the hamlet of Skinners Corners the boundary Comment: Most structures located in the SASS are generally compatible night lighting is provided without creating glare and light pollution. The indi- veers to the southeast following the hills that form the edge of the creek’s valley. with, and add interest to the landscape because they are of a scale, design and rect lighting created by shielded fixtures also greatly enhances the character of The boundary then intersects Dutch Settlement Road and follows this road ap- material compatible with the scenic landscape. Many of the structures are his- nighttime landscapes by removing the bright harshness of many exterior light proximately one half mile at which point the boundary trends north/northeast, toric in nature. Construction of new buildings incompatible with the cultural fixtures. Reducing the wattage of exterior lights is often possible without com- following the wooded hills that enclose the valley of Crooked Creek. The bound- character of the SASS as represented in historic structures may impair the sce- promising safety or functionality and results in less energy consumption. Spec- ary then intersects State Highway 12 and follows the highway back to the point of nic character of the area. Many of the older structures use native materials ifying color-corrected or color-balanced light sources such as energy efficient, beginning at the mouth of the creek. such as wood clapboards, shingles or stone construction. Most have pitched shielded LED lighting for large scale development will ensure that the color of roofs, traditional fenestration and are sited unobtrusively on the land, avoiding nighttime lights matches the warm tones of incandescent bulbs while providing Consult the Area 3 Ratings map for detailed delineations of the SASS boundar- hilltops, bluff edges and other prominent locations. the efficiency of high intensity discharge or metal halide light sources. ies. The Crooked Creek SASS is located on the Redwood and Chippewa Bay 7.5 minute US Geological Survey maps. Though some of the shorefront structures are large, their apparent mass has It is recommended that existing town-owned lights, such as street lights or lights been reduced by designing the structures as a series of smaller, attached ar- at public buildings and facilities, be gradually retrofitted to reduce glare and light II. Description chitectural volumes. This rambling, attached approach to residential design is pollution, when feasible. Building codes can be modified to require shielded typical of traditional Thousand Island architecture and is a major factor in re- outdoor light fixtures as part of any new large scale development construction. The SASS is comprised of subunits #46 and 47. ducing the visual impact of large, “mega-home” structures. Combined with Large scale developments should avoid unshielded spotlights that cast direct light sensitive site planning and design, the rambling, attached structures mini- onto neighboring properties or on the water. Large scale commercial facilities In contrast to French and Chippewa creeks, Crooked Creek is shaped primar- mize obstruction of waterfront views from public roadways. Hamlets such as should avoid unshielded spotlights to illuminate parking lots, storage facilities or ily by the very durable Canadian Shield granite bedrock that forms many of the Schermerhorn Landing, Chippewa Bay and Goose Bay are good examples of outdoor areas. Adding a simple metal shield to an existing spotlight can greatly islands in the St. Lawrence River. This is why Crooked Creek is crooked: it is appropriate scale in existing centers. reduce light pollution and glare. Often a series of lower, shielded lights can re- constrained by the hard, rocky terrain that it flows through. Its narrow valley is place a single glaring spotlight. The greater expense for large scale developments also shaped by the underlying granite bedrock and features many steep hills and Locating very tall structures to avoid impacting scenic areas and views from is offset by the creation of a superior nighttime environment. pronounced swales.

Page 54 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan The upper reaches of the creek just north of Swan Hollow Road form a fan shaped network of small tributaries surrounded by extensive marshlands. This section of the creek flows around a number of low hills and promontories of granite bedrock. The upper section of the creek flows in a gradual arc around a peninsula of granite. The middle section of the creek is narrower, constrained by the granite peninsulas that jut out into the marshland. The meanders of the creek in this section are shaped by the granite bedrock, creating a jagged, crooked pattern. Dense, primarily evergreen forests border the creek in this section. The lower areas of the creek are bordered by wider areas of marshland. But the granite bedrock still controls the shape and flow of the creek until it exits into Chippewa Bay.

The Crooked Creek SASS consists of the valley of Crooked Creek as well as an area of very rocky, undulating granite terrain located north of Route 12. The SASS consists of the meandering waters of the creek, extensive marshlands and dense, significantly evergreen forests on hilly, rocky terrain. A pronounced, steep limestone escarpment forms the outer borders of the valley while granitic Cana- dian Shield bedrock shapes the valley itself. The granite terrain provides a distinct visual boundary to the valley of the creek. The hilly terrain north of Route 12 is reminiscent of the taiga covered landscapes of the northern Canadian bush. Many small ponds dot this rugged, rocky landscape covered by mixed evergreen/ deciduous northern forests.

The Crooked Creek valley is surprisingly undeveloped with the exception of Route 12, a number of small, local roads and a small recent settlement at the local route 1 crossing of the creek. Route 12 has the character of a scenic parkway where it traverses the SASS. Very few if any residential structures are located in the SASS. Natural features include open marshlands, shrub swamps and dense woodlands growing on rocky, granite terrain. Eastern white pine and spruce predominate, especially along the banks of the creek. Deciduous species such as red oak, white oak, green ash, hickory, red maple and sugar maple are also Crooked Creek abundant. The tall pines along the creek and in the rocky northern section of the SASS create nesting and hunting habitat for ospreys, eagles and kingfishers that The western edge of the SASS includes a small portion of the Goose Bay/Cran- nadian Shield granite bedrock creates a rocky, hilly landscape of high visual qual- feed on fish from the creek. Other than roadways and a limited amount of recent berry Creek designated habitat, one of the most important coastal freshwater ity. The ruggedness and scenic character of the terrain is due to its underlying residential development, very few cultural features exist in the SASS. Over half wetland complexes in New York State. It includes vulnerable Blandings turtles, geology that resembles the rocky islands of the St. Lawrence River. of the SASS consists of conservation land, including the Thousand Islands Land northern harrier and least bittern nesting habitat. Trust’s Crooked Creek Preserve. The SASS is aesthetically significant because of its blend of open and forested III. Aesthetic Significance landscapes; its dramatic rocky terrain, the steep hills that frame its valley and its The SASS contains two Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitats: relatively wild, undeveloped landscape character. The mix of open landscapes The Crooked Creek SASS is of statewide aesthetic significance by virtue of its ex- including waterways and open marshlands as well as dense forests and exposed The Crooked Creek Marsh designated habitat is one of the four largest, unde- ceptional landscape character, cultural landscape character, state of preservation, bedrock outcrops creates a high degree of visual variety. Many highly scenic veloped, coastal streamside wetlands on the St. Lawrence River. The mixture of environmental quality, uniqueness, public accessibility and public recognition. views are created by the open character of the land punctuated with woodlands. open water, wetlands, and uplands creates favorable habitat for many fish and It is a highly scenic tributary of the St. Lawrence River. The SASS is almost entire- The open portions of the landscape are quite varied, creating many scenic views wildlife species, including northern harrier, least bittern and common tern. It ly free of development. The natural features of the river valley include wooded out over the creek, the marshes and the farm fields. The variety of open and is also a major producer of northern pike and pan fish due to extensive beds of rocky hills, the waters of the creek, extensive marshlands bordering the creek, densely forested landscapes creates many opportunities for well composed views aquatic vegetation that provide spawning and nursery areas. many small ponds and mixed evergreen/deciduous forests. The underlying Ca- over a wide array of landscapes. The fact that the creek is bordered by open

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 55 marshland creates long vistas up and down the stream framed by evergreen and 2. Unity ranging from narrow stream to wider embayments, also create contrast in the water deciduous trees. landscape. In the northern half of the SASS the many ponds and dramatic barren The SASS is a highly unified landscape, thanks to its high state of natural preser- granite hills create stark contrasts between water, rock and northern forest vegeta- The SASS is rich in wildlife habitat which adds ephemeral interest and activity, vation, its vegetation, its relative lack of development and its underlying granite tion. enhancing the scenic quality of the landscape. Raptors, waterfowl and amphib- geology. It is a visually self-contained area: a small river valley framed by gran- ians frequent the creek and are especially active during dawn and dusk. Small ite bluffs and hills. The geology of the SASS shapes the entire character of the Cultural contrasts are created almost exclusively by the highly scenic state and local ponds dot the northern half of the SASS, adding to the variety and composition landscape, creating a unified visual environment. Dramatic outcrops of exposed roadways that traverse the SASS. Route 12 resembles a scenic parkway with an at- of the visual environment. Wildlife in the Thousand Islands Land Trust’s (TILT) granite occur throughout the SASS, especially in its northern half as well as along tractive curving alignment through totally undeveloped landscapes. The highway’s Crooked Creek Preserve includes American Bittern, Northern Harrier, Chest- Crooked Creek. Vegetation also unifies the SASS. Most of the landscape is cov- Crooked Creek bridge provides lengthy vistas both up and downstream. The vistas nut-Sided Warbler, Wood Duck, Red Fox and Beaver. ered by a mixed evergreen/deciduous northern forest with Eastern White Pines are framed by dramatic granite outcrops and evergreen forests. Local byways such and spruces predominating in many areas. This gives the landscape a distinc- as Kring Point Road, Day Road and local route 1 provide visual access to the SASS Thanks to past land conservation and preservation efforts by TILT and other tively northern forest character, especially in the northern half of the SASS which with beautiful vistas along the creek and in the rocky upland areas. groups and agencies, almost half of the natural and cultural resources of the SASS in some ways resembles the “bush” of central and northern Canada. have been protected and some areas are open to the public. Protection of this 4. Freedom From Discordant Features unique watershed will ensure the long-term presence of high scenic quality in the The relatively unified character of most portions of the visual landscape is en- landscape. Visual access to the SASS is enabled by a road system including Route hanced by the fact that large tracts of conservation land on Crooked Creek pro- The SASS is relatively free of discordant features and over half of it is preserved in 12 and a number of smaller local roads. tect extensive areas of the landscape. Almost half of the SASS consists of conser- conservation. No commercial and very little residential development occur in the vation land which assures continuing preservation of the landscape, enhancing SASS which is one of the most undisturbed landscapes in the study area. Only A. Landscape Character its visual unity. The relatively small amount of development and the interplay of Route 12, the local byways and a small settlement at the route 1 crossing of the the meandering river and creek, the marshlands and the upland mosaic of dense creek reflect human intervention in the landscape and these roads are all highly 1. Variety woodlands and open meadows and pastures create a highly unified landscape. scenic. The extensive conservation holdings in the SASS ensure that much of the Only a small amount of recent development at the local route 1 crossing of the landscape will be protected for the enjoyment of future generations. The Crooked Creek SASS has exceptional natural landscape variety. The creek creek as well as the road cuts and car noise from Route 12 negatively impact the itself meanders extensively as indicated by its name. The many meander loops unity of this landscape. The very rocky terrain and remote location have undoubtedly helped to preserve create visual variety and interest. The surrounding marshlands create an open the natural visual character of the SASS. The only discordant features of the SASS landscape with many long views framed by mature Eastern White Pine trees lin- The fact that water extends throughout most of the SASS provides a great deal occur in the recent development at the local route 1 crossing of the creek. And ing the banks of the creek. In many locations the shoreline consists of exposed of visual unity to the landscape. A wide variety of water features including the the fact that Route 12 is a high speed highway that generates car noise and has cut granite bedrock outcrops which create small cliffs that dive into the deep waters river, streams, dozens of small ponds, marshland and embayments are woven through the granite bedrock in places also creates discordant elements in the land- of the creek. together in a unified landscape of diverse water features. Views of unspoiled scape. Algae blooms and invasive weeds and marsh vegetation represent another shorelines and islands extend the unifying presence of water into interior por- type of discordant feature in the landscape. The natural features of the landscape are extremely varied. Because the valley tions of the landscape as well. Given the important role of water in creating sce- is underlain by weathered and sculpted granite, the terrain of the SASS varies nic quality, the prevalence of water within and around the SASS is a very strong Other than the Route 12 development the SASS is almost relatively free of dis- from steep hills to gently rolling landforms. A number of barren rocky hills add unifying factor. cordant features such as wind turbines, transmission lines, major highways and variety to the terrain of the landscape. The creek meanders throughout its length, commercial strips. The creek, marshlands, meadows and forests of the SASS create creating constantly changing visual environments and views. The edges of the 3. Contrast an unbroken, unspoiled landscape. The rugged, rocky, unspoiled character of the marshes have an extremely varied configuration created by numerous inlets, landscape harks back to an earlier era when large tracts of unbroken forests, ledges, coves and peninsulas. Numerous small ponds in the northern half of the SASS The Crooked Creek SASS contains extensive natural and cultural visual con- ponds and creeks characterized the pre-development landscapes of the region. create a highly varied visual environment. trasts. The dark waters of the creek contrast dramatically with the light marsh grasses surrounding the water. This is a contrast of both color and texture in the B. Uniqueness The vegetation of the SASS is also highly varied, greatly enhancing its visual qual- landscape. The meandering, “crooked” form of the creek also enhances visual ity. The wide variety of vegetation types, heights, and densities consists of mature contrast. The dark pine trees lining the banks of the river and marshes create a The unique beauty of Crooked Creek makes it one of the more scenic tributaries stands of Eastern White Pine, to mixed deciduous/evergreen northern forestland strong contrast of visual tones. And the alternating patterns of dense woodlands of the St. Lawrence River. The mosaic of granite rock outcroppings, ponds, creeks to successional fields, marshes and farmland. Natural ephemeral features such as and marshlands create contrasting forms and light character in the landscape. and forests creates a highly unified visual district. The relatively small amount of ospreys, eagles and waterfowl add varied activity to the landscape. The edges and shoreline of the creek and its many dendritic tributaries and ox- recent development, the enclosed character of the valley and the meandering con- bow ponds enhances contrasts within the SASS. The varying widths of the creek, figuration of the creek and its oxbow ponds creates an unusually serene visual set-

Page 56 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan ting. The northern half of the Crooked Creek valley is an unusually rugged, rocky along the Seaway Trail. TILT’s Crooked Creek Preserve and Macsherry Trail are quality of the landscape is reliant on an active and viable agricultural indus- unspoiled northern landscape; an outlier of the Canadian bush in the middle of the popular gateways to the beauty of the Crooked Creek landscape. The educa- try. This requires that farmers be allowed the flexibility to farm the land in Thousand Islands. tional activities sponsored by TILT have increased the public’s recognition and an economically viable fashion, incorporating modern techniques, changes in understanding of the SASS. Crooked Creek is also well known for the diversity farm operation and resultant changes in farm structures. Policy 24 guidelines As the name implies, Crooked Creek is unusually crooked, its many meanders of its wildlife habitats which are used for birding, environmental education, fish- include: twisted by the durable underlying granite bedrock that stubbornly resists erosion ing and hunting. Scenic vistas of the SASS from local route 1 and other local by the waters of the creek. This results in extreme and erratic meanders that are byways are well known to visitors and residents of the region. Siting large scale development such as highways, power lines, major subdi- at times aligned in geometric patterns caused by the orientation of the underly- visions and bill boards back from the shoreline or in other inconspicuous ing bedrock. The many barren granite hills and outcroppings in the SASS are so IV. Impact Assessment locations to maintain the attractive quality of the shoreline and to retain extensive as to be unique. While granite outcroppings are not at all unusual in the views to and from the shore; Thousand Islands, the number and character of these outcrops in the SASS is un- Proposed actions within a SASS that are subject to coastal consistency review usual. When combined with the area’s unique water features and vegetation, the under federal and State coastal acts must be assessed to determine whether the Comment: The Crooked Creek SASS is so undeveloped, environmentally di- visual effects are highly unique. action could affect a scenic resource and whether the action would be likely to verse and scenic that large scale development would be inappropriate in the impair the scenic beauty of the scenic resource. Some local government activi- area. Since most of the SASS in protected in conservation, future large scale de- The fact that almost half of the SASS is in conservation is also unusual. Major sec- ties in communities with federally-approved Local Waterfront Revitalization velopment of the few unprotected portions of the SASS would be inappropriate. tions of the creek and its valley are protected in conservation status. Almost all of Programs are also subject to local coastal consistency review. One of the most unique features of the SASS is the abundance of undeveloped the northern portion of the SASS is protected as are large portions of the southern or sparsely developed shorelines. Keeping future small scale development away half, including the creek and its surrounding marshes and shorelines. This amount Policy 24, “Prevent impairment of scenic resources of statewide significance,” from the shoreline will be critical in maintaining the visual character of the of conservation is unusual in the region. provides that when considering a proposed action, agencies shall first deter- SASS as well as the environmental health of the St. Lawrence River. mine whether the action could affect a scenic resource of statewide signifi- C. Public Accessibility cance. The determination would involve: It is recommended that future development on the few remaining unprotected portions of the SASS be clustered away from the shoreline and visually sensi- The SASS has excellent public visual and physical accessibility. Route 12 bisects (1) a review of the coastal area map to ascertain if it shows an identified tive open fields and meadows. Site plan review and open space development the SASS and provides dramatic views up and down the creek from its crossing and scenic resource which could be affected by the proposed action, and: are valuable local land use tools that can achieve this goal. One example of a bridge. While this highway is in certain ways a discordant feature, it does provide site plan review criterion is the preservation of shoreline vegetation to help new excellent visual accessibility to a particularly scenic stretch of Crooked Creek in- (2) a review of the types of activities proposed to determine if they would development blend in with its surroundings. Another example of a site plan cluding views of dramatic bedrock outcrops and hilly, tree lined shores. The scenic be likely to impair the scenic beauty of an identified resource. review criterion is design guidelines to ensure that clustering and other siting parkway character of the highway also provides views of the rocky granite terrain techniques achieve scenic preservation goals. Future open space development and dense forest vegetation as it traverses upland portions of the SASS. Impairment includes: clusters could be sited and designed to reflect the historic patterns of existing hamlets. Another technique for maintaining the visual character of the SASS The fact that almost half of the SASS consists of conservation land also enhances (i) the irreversible modification of geologic forms; the destruction or re- is acquisition of vulnerable shoreline lands or conservation easements from public access to the visual landscape. The Thousand Islands Land Trust’s Crooked moval of vegetation; the modification, destruction or removal of structures, willing landowners, Creek Preserve features the extensive Macsherry Trail system that provides physi- whenever the geologic forms, vegetation or structures are significant to the sce- cal access to the northern half of the SASS. Other conserved portions of the SASS nic quality of an identified resource; and: Probably the greatest threat to the future scenic character of the SASS is large also provide a degree of public access. scale industrial and infrastructure development within or nearby district (ii) the addition of structures which because of siting or scale will reduce boundaries. Large-scale projects, such as tall buildings, transmission lines, Local streets such as Kring Point Road, Day Road, Indian Point Road and local identified views or which because of scale, form, or materials will diminish the wind turbines, bridges, communications towers, should not be sited within the route 1 also provide public visual access to the landscape. The route 1 crossing of scenic quality of an identified resource. SASS district or within the district’s viewshed. Large scale industrial develop- the creek provides dramatic views up and down river. ment should be sited well back from the bluff tops, and shoreline to greatly Policy 24 sets forth certain siting and facility-related guidelines to be used to reduce the visual impacts. Modification of existing roadways, construction D. Public Recognition achieve the policy, recognizing that each large scale development situation is of new roadways, utility lines and other infrastructure often requires state or unique and that the guidelines will have to be applied accordingly. The guide- federal funding and/or permits and thus can come under the purview of this Crooked Creek is not a well-known Thousand Islands landmark but is recog- lines are set forth below, together with comments regarding their particular policy. Locating public infrastructure that scars sensitive coastal areas and fa- nized by local residents and naturalists as a uniquely beautiful and ecologically applicability to this Scenic Area of Statewide Significance. In applying these cilitates inappropriate bluff top or shoreline development could greatly impair rich environment. The Route 12 crossing of the creek is a recognizable landmark guidelines to agricultural land it must be recognized that the overall scenic future scenic shoreline areas of the SASS.

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 57 Clustering or orienting new large scale structures to retain existing views, should be protected in future construction, infrastructure and large scale devel- Comment: The SASS contains relatively few discordant elements. Fencing or save open space and provide visual organization to a development; opment projects. The landform of the SASS is largely in an undisturbed state and screening could be used to screen parking lots, and newer structures. It is recom- is the one of the underlying factors in the scenic quality of the area. The contrast mended that new construction be encouraged to use appropriate historic or native Comment: The majority of the SASS consists of open water, marshlands, farm in elevation and the juxtaposition of water and land contributes to the beauty of building materials. New or renovated overhead utilities located in sensitive scenic fields, meadows, forests and old pastures. Future large scale development is in- the SASS. Alteration of important landforms such as bluffs, rock ledges, stone areas could be located underground, when possible, to eliminate their negative vi- appropriate in this SASS. Small scale development on the few unprotected par- outcrops, marshes, and tributaries would detract from the scenic character of sual impact on the landscape. The failure to blend new structures into the natural cels should be clustered away from scenic resources, leaving most of the SASS in the area. Use of berms to screen parking lots and unsightly development is an setting, both within the SASS boundaries and in the viewshed of the SASS would a more natural condition. The siting and design of new large scale development acceptable modification of terrain if carefully designed to blend with the natural impair the scenic quality of the areas. can be achieved with local land use tools such as site plan review, clustering and contour of the land. Alteration of natural terrain for large scale development and transfer of large scale development rights as described in the local implementa- roads is of special concern. Development should be located away from sensitive Using appropriate scales, forms and materials to ensure that buildings and oth- tion section of this document. geological features such as bluffs, hilltops, ridgelines, islands, and other unique er structures are compatible with, and add interest to, the landscape. geological areas. Views from public ways, water access sites, shorelines and waterways are espe- Comment: Most structures located in the SASS are generally compatible with, cially sensitive and should be protected from new large scale development, utility Maintaining or adding vegetation to provide interest, encourage the presence and add interest to, the landscape because they are of a scale, design and mate- construction or signage whenever possible. Views from and of the bluffs, shore- of wildlife, blend structures with the site, and obscure unattractive elements, rial compatible with the historic landscape. Some of the structures are historic in lines, islands and farmland should also be taken into consideration in locating except when selective clearing removes unsightly, diseased or hazardous veg- nature. Construction of new buildings incompatible with the cultural character new large scale development. Locating new large scale structures well back from etation and when selective clearing, mowing, controlled burning or grazing of the SASS as represented in historic structures may impair the scenic charac- bluff tops and shoreline areas will protect the beauty of the coastal landscape and, creates or maintains views of coastal waters; ter of the area. Many of the older structures use native materials such as wood in the long run, will enhance property values in the area. clapboards, shingles or stone construction. Most have pitched roofs, traditional Comment: The wooded shorelines, small islands and open fields and meadows fenestration and are sited unobtrusively on the land, avoiding hilltops, bluff edges Incorporating sound existing structures (especially historic buildings) into of the SASS are a vital component of its scenic character. Dense woodlands line and other prominent locations. Though many of the shorefront developments are the overall development pattern; most of the shores of Crooked Creek. These woodlands should be preserved as large, their apparent mass has been reduced by designing the structures as a se- vital parts of the environment and scenic character of the SASS. The relatively ries of smaller, attached architectural volumes. This rambling, attached approach Comment: Very few structures or homes exist within this largely undeveloped few farm fields and meadows in the SASS should also be safe guarded and main- to residential design is typical of traditional Thousand Island architecture and is a SASS. A few residences, some of them historic are located along roadways that tained whenever possible through tilling, grazing of livestock, controlled burning major factor in reducing the visual impact of large, “mega-home” structures. Com- traverse the SASS. The structures on the few remaining undeveloped portions of or mowing. bined with sensitive site planning and design, the rambling, attached structures the SASS should be incorporated into any future small scale development pat- minimize obstruction of waterfront views from public roadways. terns. Views from vista points in the SASS are disappearing due to the unrestrained growth of successional vegetation. Maintaining open meadows and clearings in Locating very tall structures to avoid impacting scenic areas and views from Removing deteriorated and/or degrading elements; the vicinity of viewpoints along the highway will help maintain the scenic char- scenic and historic coastal sites. acter of the parkway. Maintaining lawns, meadows and fields will also preserve Comment: The SASS is relatively free of deteriorated or degrading visual ele- both a scenic and an historic landscape resource. Future agricultural practices Comment: Very tall structures such as wind turbines and exhaust stacks will have ments. No towers, very tall structures, derelict buildings or wide roads or park- that recover abandoned, vacant land should be encouraged and supported. major impacts on the scenic character of coastal landscapes. Over 600 Thousand ing lots detract from the scenic character of the landscape. Minor improvements Islands residents participated in the web-based visual preference survey in the to roads and parking lots would enhance the scenic character of the SASS. Over- The variety of vegetation and the consequent variety of texture and color in the summer of 2014. The survey results showed that wind turbine complexes on the head utilities could be buried to improved views and visual character. SASS make a significant contribution to their scenic quality. A variety of vegeta- Canadian side of the river have significant negative visual impacts on the region. tion, open fields and meadows and the dense forests of the interior all provide Turbine images ranked among the least scenic images in the survey. A handful of recent residential structures are the main discordant element in the interest and contrast in the landscape. The wildlife supported by this vegetation SASS. Planting vegetation for screening, fencing and other measures could help also adds interest and ephemeral character to the land. Vegetation helps new Consequently, massive industrial and infrastructure projects should not be built reduce the visual impacts of any future development. structures blend into the predominantly natural landscape and plays a critical within the SASS district or within its surrounding viewshed. There are presently role in screening facilities and sites which would otherwise be discordant ele- no techniques to mitigate the visual impacts of these structures because they are so Maintaining or restoring the original land form, except when changes screen ments in the SASS. tall, massive and frequently in motion. unattractive elements and/or add appropriate interest; Using appropriate materials, in addition to vegetation, to screen unattract- Using shielded lighting fixtures at appropriate levels of illumination to preserve Comment: The unique character of the SASS is relatively undisturbed and ive elements; the Thousand Islands’ nighttime visual character.

Page 58 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan The Thousand Island’s dark, unspoiled night sky with views of stars, the sea and to the north along Route 12. At Pleasant Valley Road the SASS border heads east dominate with scattered occurrences of pine and hemlock. Deciduous species such wooded hills is a priceless visual resource. Due to its relatively low density of de- along the treeline at the top of a steep limestone escarpment the runs for four miles as red oak, white oak, green ash, hickory, red maple and sugar maple are abundant velopment, the region enjoys dark nighttime skies that could be affected by poorly all the way to the intersection of Sand Street and Ireland Road. It then heads south with white birch, grey birch and aspen favoring areas along the escarpments. The designed new large scale development. Light pollution from excessively bright, paralleling the top of several limestone escarpments for approximately three miles SASS, especially areas along the creek create nesting habitat for ospreys, eagles and exposed lighting fixtures can block views of the night sky, blind motorists and de- to its intersection with Oak Point Road. The boundary continues westward, fol- kingfishers that feed on fish from the creek. Cultural features within the SASS in- grade the character of evening landscapes. Requiring exterior lighting on large lowing the treeline at the top of the limestone escarpment for three miles back to clude roadways, farms, historic cemeteries, older farmsteads and a limited amount scale developments to be shielded will ensure that adequate night lighting is pro- the point of beginning at Route 12. of recent residential development. None of the SASS is preserved in conservation. vided without creating glare and light pollution. The indirect lighting created by shielded fixtures also greatly enhances the character of nighttime landscapes by re- Consult the Area 4 Ratings map for detailed delineations of the SASS boundaries. The SASS contains the Chippewa Creek Marsh Significant Coastal Fish and moving the bright harshness of many exterior light fixtures. Reducing the wattage The Chippewa Creek SASS is located on the Chippewa Bay, Hammond and Mor- Wildlife Habitat, one of the four largest, undeveloped, coastal streamside wet- of exterior lights is often possible without compromising safety or functionality and ristown 7.5 minute US Geological Survey maps. lands on the St. Lawrence River. The marsh contains favorable habitat for many results in less energy consumption. Specifying color-corrected or color-balanced fish and wildlife species, including nesting areas for the northern harrier. The light sources such as energy efficient, shielded LED lighting for large scale devel- II. Description extensive wetland vegetation provides spawning and nursery area for many fish opment will ensure that the color of nighttime lights matches the warm tones of species including northern pike, largemouth bass and pan fish. incandescent bulbs while providing the efficiency of high intensity discharge or The SASS is comprised of subunit #52 and 35. metal halide light sources. III. Aesthetic Significance Steep, wooded limestone escarpments form the edges of the Chippewa Creek valley It is recommended that existing town-owned lights, such as street lights or lights at throughout the SASS while the valley itself is underlain by Canadian Shield gran- The Chippewa Creek SASS is of statewide aesthetic significance by virtue of its public buildings and facilities, be gradually retrofitted to reduce glare and light pol- ite. The juncture of these two rock types, known as an unconformity in geological exceptional landscape character, cultural landscape character, state of preser- lution, when feasible. Building codes can be modified to require shielded outdoor terms, lines both sides of the valley. Flat to moderately rolling farmland borders the vation, environmental quality, uniqueness, public accessibility and public rec- light fixtures as part of any new large scale development construction. Large scale northern and southern boundaries of the SASS. ognition. It is a highly scenic tributary of the St. Lawrence River. The SASS developments should avoid unshielded spotlights that cast direct light onto neigh- is sparsely developed with small farms and a limited amount of contemporary boring properties or on the water. Large scale commercial facilities should avoid The upper reaches of the creek follow a narrow strip of woodlands bordered by development. The natural features of the river valley enhance the scenic char- unshielded spotlights to illuminate parking lots, storage facilities or outdoor areas. farmland. As the creek flows westward its wooded valley becomes wider, eventu- acter of the SASS. They include wooded rocky hills, steep limestone escarp- Adding a simple metal shield to an existing spotlight can greatly reduce light pol- ally covering a width of over one mile. Small farms with fields, pastures and mead- ments, the waters of the creek, extensive marshlands bordering the creek, many lution and glare. Often a series of lower, shielded lights can replace a single glaring ows are located in flatter areas of the rocky, hilly valley. In the western reaches of small ponds and mixed evergreen/deciduous forests. The underlying Canadian spotlight. The greater expense for large scale developments is offset by the creation the creek the bordering limestone escarpment becomes increasingly pronounced, Shield granite bedrock creates a rocky, hilly landscape of high visual quality. of a superior nighttime environment. reaching over 70’ in height east of the creek’s intersection with Route 12. The ruggedness and scenic character of the terrain are due to its underlying geology that resembles the rocky islands of the St. Lawrence River. The lime- The Chippewa Creek SASS consists entirely of the valley of the Creek. It includes stone bluffs and adjacent flat farmland creates a strong visual contrast with the 9. Chippewa Creek Scenic Area of Statewide Significance the meandering waters of the creek, extensive marshlands and dense, forests and granite terrain of the creek’s valley. farms on hilly, rocky terrain at the bottom of the valley. A pronounced, steep lime- I. Location stone escarpment forms the outer borders of the valley while granitic Canadian The SASS is aesthetically significant because of its blend of open and forested Shield bedrock shapes the valley itself. The granite terrain creates a distinctive, rug- landscapes; the dramatic limestone bluffs that frame its valley, the rolling hills The Chippewa Creek Scenic Area of Statewide Significance (SASS) consists of a ged terrain that contrasts sharply with the surrounding flat farmland on limestone of its valley and its pastoral character made up of a mosaic of small farms and major tributary stream extending from its upper reaches near the intersection of bedrock. dense woodlands. The mix of open landscapes including waterways and open Sand Street and Ireland Road in the Town of Morristown to its mouth at the south- marshlands as well as dense forests and exposed bedrock outcrops creates a eastern corner of Chippewa Bay. The stream flows from northeast to southwest. The Chippewa Creek valley has relatively little development, its main land use con- high degree of visual variety. Many highly scenic views are created by the open The SASS consists of the creek itself, extensive bordering marshlands and shore- sisting of forests and small farms. Route 12 at the western border of the SASS has character of the land punctuated with woodlands. The open portions of the lines, mixed northern hardwood forests, farm fields and pastures. Its northern sec- the character of a scenic parkway where it traverses Chippewa Creek. Few post landscape are quite varied, creating many scenic views out over the creek, the tion consists of undulating, rocky Canadian Shield terrain interspersed with many WWII residential structures are located in the SASS occurring mainly in a small marshes and the farm fields. The variety of open and densely forested land- ponds. The SASS is approximately four miles long and one and a half miles wide. hamlet along Sand Street. scapes, farmland and historic structures and cemeteries creates many opportunities for well composed views over a wide array of landscapes. The fact that The borders of the SASS are shown on the SASS maps located in the appendices Natural features include open marshlands, shrub swamps, limestone escarpments the creek is bordered by open marshland creates long vistas up and down the of this report. Starting at the mouth of Chippewa Creek, the SASS’s border heads and dense woodlands growing on rocky, granite terrain. Northern hardwoods pre- stream framed by evergreen and deciduous trees.

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 59 The SASS is rich in wildlife habitat which adds ephemeral interest and activity, grasses surrounding the water. This is a contrast of both color and texture in enhancing the scenic quality of the landscape. Raptors, waterfowl and am- the landscape. The meandering, form of the creek also enhances visual contrast. phibians frequent the creek and are especially active during dawn and dusk. The dark deciduous and pine trees lining the banks of the river and marshes The intricate patterns and ecological edges created by the SASS’s natural and create a strong contrast of visual tones. And the alternating patterns of dense cultivated landscapes enhance wildlife habitat and diversity. Since very little woodlands, farmland and marshes create contrasting forms and light character conservation land occurs within the SASS, the visually unspoiled character of in the landscape. The edges and shoreline of the creek and its tributaries enhance the landscape is the result of a lack of development pressure, the presence of contrasts within the SASS. The varying widths of the creek, ranging from nar- active farmland and the rugged character of the terrain. row stream to wider embayments, also create contrast in the water landscape. In the northern half of the SASS the many ponds and dramatic barren granite hills A. Landscape Character create stark contrast between water, rock and northern forest vegetation. The dramatic difference between the surrounding limestone and the rolling granite 1. Variety hills of the valley itself create a dramatic visual as well as geological contrast.

The Chippewa Creek SASS has exceptional natural and cultural landscape va- Cultural contrasts are created by the farm fields, pastures and buildings that are riety. The creek itself meanders extensively through bordering marshlands. scattered throughout the SASS. Several historic stone houses and a unique his- The many meander loops create visual variety and interest. The surrounding toric cemetery contrast with the surrounding woodlands, fields and limestone marshlands create an open landscape with many long views framed by the bluffs. Local roads that wind through the valley also create cultural contrasts. In mixed northern hardwood/pine forests lining the banks of the creek. In some several areas vistas are framed by dramatic granite outcrops and northern forests. locations the shoreline consists of exposed granite bedrock outcrops which cre- Limestone bluff overlooking Chippewa Creek Local byways such as Pleasant Valley Road, Sand Street Road, Newell Road and ate small cliffs that dive into the deep waters of the creek. Hyde Road provide visual access to the SASS with beautiful vistas along the creek round the edges of the SASS, creating a unified edge to the river valley. Vegetation and in the rocky upland areas. The natural features of the landscape are extremely varied. Because the valley also unifies the SASS. Significant portions of the landscape are covered by a mixed is underlain by weathered and sculpted granite, the terrain of the SASS varies evergreen/deciduous northern forest with eastern white pines and hemlocks pre- 4. Freedom From Discordant Features from steep hills to gently rolling landforms. A number of rocky hills add vari- dominating in many areas. A number of small farms within the valley also unify ety to the terrain of the landscape. The river meanders throughout its length, the landscape, creating a pastoral landscape of fields, pasture and meadows sur- The SASS is relatively free of discordant features. A small hamlet of more recent- creating constantly changing visual environments and views. The edges of the rounded by dense forest lands. ly built homes around a private road contains some discordant features. Algae marshes have an extremely varied configuration created by numerous inlets, blooms and weed growth resulting from nutrient runoff and eutrophication can coves and peninsulas. The steep exposed limestone escarpments that form the The relatively small amount of development and the interplay of the meandering occur in the warm months, creating a discordant feature on the normally clear edges of the valley in places reach over 70’ in height. river, the marshlands and the upland mosaic of dense woodlands and open mead- waters of the creek. Route 12 is located several hundred yards to the west of the ows and pastures create a highly unified landscape. Only a small amount of recent SASS. Road noise from the highway detracts somewhat from the character of The vegetation of the SASS is also highly varied, greatly enhancing its visual qual- development along a private road as well as the road cuts and car noise from Route the westernmost portions of the SASS. The Route 12 bridge is also visible from ity. The wide variety of vegetation types, heights, and densities consists of mature 12 negatively impact the unity of this landscape. this section of the SASS. Other than these relatively minor discordant features, stands of Eastern White Pine, to mixed deciduous/evergreen northern forestland the SASS is remarkably scenic and well preserved as a consequence of historical to successional fields, marshes and active farmland. Natural ephemeral features The fact that water extends throughout most of the SASS provides a great deal of agricultural use and relatively low development pressure. such as ospreys, eagles and waterfowl add varied activity to the landscape. visual unity to the landscape. A wide variety of water features including the creek, tributary streams and marshland are woven together in a unified landscape of di- B. Uniqueness 2. Unity verse water features. Views of unspoiled shorelines and farmland lining the banks of the creek extend the unifying presence of water into interior portions of the The unique beauty of Chippewa Creek makes it one of the more scenic tributar- The SASS is a highly unified landscape, thanks to its relatively high state of natural landscape as well. Given the important role of water in creating scenic quality, the ies of the St. Lawrence River. The mosaic of granite rock outcroppings, limestone preservation, its vegetation, its farmland, its relative lack of development and its prevalence of water within and around the SASS is a very strong unifying factor. cliffs, creeks and forests creates a unique visual district. The relatively small underlying granite geology. It is a visually self contained area: a small river valley amount of recent development, the enclosed character of the valley and the me- framed by steep limestone bluffs and cliffs. The geology of the SASS shapes the 3. Contrast andering configuration of the creek create an unusually serene visual setting. entire character of the landscape, creating a unified visual environment. Outcrops of exposed granite occur throughout the SASS, especially in its northern half as The Chippewa Creek SASS contains extensive natural and cultural visual con- The SASS exemplifies to a high degree the unusual geological contrast between well as along Chippewa Creek. Limestone bluffs and cliffs almost completely sur- trasts. The dark waters of the creek contrast dramatically with the light marsh two very different and contrasting rock types: the geologically more recent

Page 60 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan rest of the SASS. No hiking trails or conservation lands exist within the SASS but a degree of physical and visual access is available to boaters, hunters, fishermen and snowmobilers.

D. Public Recognition

Chippewa Creek is a moderately well known Thousand Islands landmark and is recognized by local residents and naturalists as a uniquely beautiful and ecologically rich environment. The Route 12 crossing of the creek is a recognizable landmark along the Seaway Trail. Chippewa Creek is also well known for the diversity of its wildlife habitats known for birding, environmental education, fishing and hunting. Scenic vistas of the SASS from local route 134 and other local byways are well known to visitors and residents of the region. Chippewa Creek is also recognized as a major tributary of Chippewa Bay.

IV. Impact Assessment

Proposed actions within a SASS that are subject to coastal consistency review under federal and State coastal acts must be assessed to determine whether the action could affect a scenic resource and whether the action would be likely to impair the scenic beauty of the scenic resource. Some local government activities in communities with federally-approved Local Waterfront Revitalization Programs are also subject to local coastal consistency review.

Policy 24, “Prevent impairment of scenic resources of statewide significance,” provides that when considering a proposed action, agencies shall first determine whether the action could affect a scenic resource of statewide significance. The determination would involve:

(1) a review of the coastal area map to ascertain if it shows an identified sce- Chippewa Creek nic resource which could be affected by the proposed action, and:

(2) a review of the types of activities proposed to determine if they would be limestones and the ancient granites of the Frontenac Arch. The Arch spans the Creek, the mix of farm and forest lands along a creek is nevertheless unusual in likely to impair the scenic beauty of an identified resource. Thousand Islands, connecting the vast Canadian Shield with the Adirondacks. the region and creates a high level of visual quality. The interaction of these two geological phenomena are especially apparent along Impairment includes: Chippewa Creek due to the very visible limestone cliffs which rest on the under- C. Public Accessibility lying granites of the Arch. The cliffs in particular are unique: they enclose most (i) the irreversible modification of geologic forms; the destruction or re- of the creek’s valley and are unusually vertical and high. The limestone bedrock The SASS has considerable public visual and physical accessibility. Route 12 moval of vegetation; the modification, destruction or removal of structures, is fully exposed on many of the cliffs. The junction of the limestone and under- passes just to the west of the SASS and provides dramatic views of the lower por- whenever the geologic forms, vegetation or structures are significant to the scenic lying granite, known to geologists as an “unconformity” represents a geological tions of Chippewa Creek for the many cars that pass by on this major highway. quality of an identified resource; and: time difference of over a billion years. Sand Street Road/Route 134 crosses the creek in its wider, central section, providing views up and down stream. Ireland Road crosses the upper creek providing (ii) the addition of structures which because of siting or scale will reduce Chippewa Creek consists of a unique blend of farmland, woodlands and marsh- more limited views of the brook. New Road, Chippewa Creek Road and Pleasant identified views or which because of scale, form, or materials will diminish the lands, creating a pastoral river valley. Similar but less extensive than at French Valley Road provide intermittent views of the creek and extensive views of the scenic quality of an identified resource.

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 61 Policy 24 sets forth certain siting and facility-related guidelines to be used to top or shoreline development could greatly impair future scenic shoreline areas A handful of recent residential structures are the main discordant element in the achieve the policy, recognizing that each large scale development situation is of the SASS. SASS. Planting vegetation for screening, fencing and other measures could help unique and that the guidelines will have to be applied accordingly. The guidelines reduce the visual impacts of any future development. are set forth below, together with comments regarding their particular applica- Clustering or orienting new large scale structures to retain existing views, bility to this Scenic Area of Statewide Significance. In applying these guidelines save open space and provide visual organization to a development; Maintaining or restoring the original land form, except when changes screen to agricultural land it must be recognized that the overall scenic quality of the unattractive elements and/or add appropriate interest; landscape is reliant on an active and viable agricultural industry. This requires Comment: The majority of the SASS consists of open water, marshlands, farm that farmers be allowed the flexibility to farm the land in an economically viable fields, meadows, forests and old pastures. Future large scale development is in- Comment: The unique character of the SASS is relatively undisturbed and fashion, incorporating modern techniques, changes in farm operation and resul- appropriate in this SASS. Small scale development on the few unprotected par- should be protected in future construction, infrastructure and large scale devel- tant changes in farm structures. Policy 24 guidelines include: cels should be clustered away from scenic resources, leaving most of the SASS in opment projects. The landform of the SASS is largely in an undisturbed state and a more natural condition. The siting and design of new large scale development is the one of the underlying factors in the scenic quality of the area. The contrast Siting large scale development such as highways, power lines, major subdivi- can be achieved with local land use tools such as site plan review, clustering and in elevation and the juxtaposition of water and land contributes to the beauty of sions and bill boards back from the shoreline or in other inconspicuous loca- transfer of large scale development rights as described in the local implementa- the SASS. Alteration of important landforms such as bluffs, rock ledges, stone tions to maintain the attractive quality of the shoreline and to retain views to tion section of this document. outcrops, marshes, and tributaries would detract from the scenic character of and from the shore; the area. Use of berms to screen parking lots and unsightly development is an Views from public ways, water access sites, shorelines and waterways are espe- acceptable modification of terrain if carefully designed to blend with the natural Comment: The Chippewa Creek SASS is so undeveloped, environmentally di- cially sensitive and should be protected from new large scale development, utility contour of the land. Alteration of natural terrain for large scale development and verse and scenic that large scale development would be inappropriate in the area. construction or signage whenever possible. Views from and of the bluffs, shore- roads is of special concern. Development should be located away from sensitive One of the most unique features of the SASS is the abundance of undeveloped lines, islands and farmland should also be taken into consideration in locating geological features such as bluffs, hilltops, ridgelines, islands, and other unique or sparsely developed shorelines, marshlands and forests. Keeping future small new large scale development. Locating new large scale structures well back from geological areas. scale development away from the shoreline will be critical in maintaining the visual bluff tops and shoreline areas will protect the beauty of the coastal landscape and, character of the SASS as well as the environmental health of the St. Lawrence River. in the long run, will enhance property values in the area. Maintaining or adding vegetation to provide interest, encourage the presence of wildlife, blend structures with the site, and obscure unattractive elements, It is recommended that future smaller scale development be clustered away from Incorporating sound existing structures (especially historic buildings) into except when selective clearing removes unsightly, diseased or hazardous veg- the shoreline and visually sensitive open fields and meadows. Site plan review the overall development pattern; etation and when selective clearing, mowing, controlled burning or grazing and open space development are valuable local land use tools that can achieve this creates or maintains views of coastal waters; goal. One example of a site plan review criterion is the preservation of shoreline Comment: Relatively few structures or homes exist within this largely undevel- vegetation to help new development blend in with its surroundings. Another ex- oped SASS. Several farms and farmsteads are located in the valley of Chippewa Comment: The wooded shorelines and open fields and meadows of the SASS ample of a site plan review criterion is design guidelines to ensure that clustering Creek and generally contribute to the scenic character of the landscape. A few are a vital component of its scenic character. They should be safe guarded and and other siting techniques achieve scenic preservation goals. Future open space residences, some of them historic are located along roadways that traverse the maintained whenever possible through tilling, grazing of livestock, controlled development clusters could be sited and designed to reflect the historic patterns SASS. Future small scale development of the SASS could incorporate these ex- burning or mowing. Keeping the fields and meadows open not only benefits the of existing hamlets. Another technique for maintaining the visual character of isting structures, especially historic structure in the overall development plans. scenic character of the area, but also plays an important role in maintaining var- the SASS is acquisition of vulnerable shoreline lands or conservation easements The hamlet at the Oak Point Road stream crossing could incorporate existing ied wildlife habitat and ecological diversity in the region. The current agricultural from willing landowners, structures in future small scale development projects. practice of recovering vacant land for the production of field crops not only benefits farmers economically, but it also enhances the visual attractiveness from the Probably the greatest threat to the future scenic character of the SASS is large Removing deteriorated and/or degrading elements; contrasting natural and agricultural landforms. Both scenic and environmental scale industrial and infrastructure development within or nearby district bound- goals could be achieved by implementing a program to maintain open meadows aries. Large-scale projects, such as tall buildings, transmission lines, wind tur- Comment: The SASS is relatively free of deteriorated or degrading visual ele- and to reclaim some of the open grasslands recently lost to successional scrub bines, bridges, communications towers, should not be sited within the SASS dis- ments. No towers, very tall structures, derelict buildings or wide roads or park- and forest growth. trict or within the district’s viewshed. Large scale industrial development should ing lots detract from the scenic character of the landscape. Minor improve- be sited well back from the bluff tops, and shoreline to greatly reduce the visual ments to roads and parking lots would enhance the scenic character of the SASS. Views from vista points in the SASS are disappearing due to the unrestrained impacts. Modification of existing roadways, construction of new roadways, util- Overhead utilities could be buried to improved views and visual character. Some growth of successional vegetation. Maintaining open meadows and clearings in ity lines and other infrastructure often requires state or federal funding and/or deteriorated structures in the SASS could be removed or renovated if desired by the vicinity of viewpoints along the highway will help maintain the scenic char- permits and thus can come under the purview of this policy. Locating public the owners. acter of the parkway. Maintaining lawns, meadows and fields will also preserve infrastructure that scars sensitive coastal areas and facilitates inappropriate bluff both a scenic and an historic landscape resource. Future agricultural practices

Page 62 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan that recover abandoned, vacant land should be encouraged and supported. Pre- and design, the rambling, attached structures minimize obstruction of water- outdoor areas. Adding a simple metal shield to an existing spotlight can greatly serving the wooded shorelines of the SASS is also important. The dense forests front views from public roadways. reduce light pollution and glare. Often a series of lower, shielded lights can re- that line many sections of the creek contribute to the environmental diversity and place a single glaring spotlight. The greater expense for large scale developments scenic character of the SASS. Locating very tall structures to avoid impacting scenic areas and views from is offset by the creation of a superior nighttime environment. scenic and historic coastal sites. The variety of vegetation and the consequent variety of texture and color in the SASS make a significant contribution to their scenic quality. A variety of vegeta- Comment: Very tall structures such as wind turbines and exhaust stacks will 10. American Island Scenic Area of Statewide Significance tion, open fields and meadows and the dense forests of the interior all provide have major impacts on the scenic character of coastal landscapes. Over 600 Thou- interest and contrast in the landscape. The wildlife supported by this vegetation sand Islands residents participated in the web-based visual preference survey in I. Location also adds interest and ephemeral character to the land. Vegetation helps new the summer of 2014. The survey results showed that wind turbine complexes structures blend into the predominantly natural landscape and plays a critical on the Canadian side of the river have significant negative visual impacts on the The American Island Scenic Area of Statewide Significance (SASS) forms the role in screening facilities and sites which would otherwise be discordant ele- region. Turbine images ranked among the least scenic images in the survey. easternmost most section of the St. Lawrence Scenic Region. It consists of Amer- ments in the SASS. ican Island, riverfront sections of the Village of Morristown and Towns of Mor- Consequently, massive industrial and infrastructure projects should not be built ristown and Hammond, Old Man Island and Crossover Island and its lighthouse. Using appropriate materials, in addition to vegetation, to screen unattractive within the SASS district or within its surrounding viewshed. There are presently elements; no techniques to mitigate the visual impacts of these structures because they are The northern boundary of the SASS consists of the Canadian border. The east- so tall, massive and frequently in motion. ern border of the SASS crosses the river at Morristown Point, approximately one Comment: The SASS contains relatively few discordant elements. Fencing or quarter mile downstream of Bogardus Island, the downstream limit of the Thou- screening could be used to screen parking lots, and newer structures. It is rec- Using shielded lighting fixtures at appropriate levels of illumination to pre- sand Islands. The southern boundary of the SASS includes the historic Village of ommended that new construction be encouraged to use appropriate historic or serve the Thousand Islands’ nighttime visual character. Morristown and then runs westward along the inland edge of the river’s viewshed native building materials. New or renovated overhead utilities located in sensi- past Jacques Cartier State Park. The boundary crosses Route 12 at Worden Road tive scenic areas could be located underground, when possible, to eliminate their The Thousand Island’s dark, unspoiled night sky with views of stars, the sea and and continues to run westward parallel to and approximately 1,000 feet south negative visual impact on the landscape. The failure to blend new structures into wooded hills is a priceless visual resource. Due to its relatively low density of of Route 12. At Conger Road the boundary heads north across the river to the the natural setting, both within the SASS boundaries and in the viewshed of the development, the region enjoys dark nighttime skies that could be affected by Canadian border. SASS would impair the scenic quality of the areas. Some existing development poorly designed new large scale development. Light pollution from excessively would benefit from new plantings to screen unsightly elements bright, exposed lighting fixtures can block views of the night sky, blind motorists Consult the Area 4 Ratings maps for detailed SASS boundaries. The American and degrade the character of evening landscapes. Requiring exterior lighting on Island SASS is located on the Morristown and Chippewa Bay 7.5 minute US Geo- Using appropriate scales, forms and materials to ensure that buildings and large scale developments to be shielded will ensure that adequate night lighting is logical Survey maps. other structures are compatible with, and add interest to, the landscape. provided without creating glare and light pollution. The indirect lighting created by shielded fixtures also greatly enhances the character of nighttime landscapes II. Description by removing the bright harshness of many exterior light fixtures. Reducing the Comment: Most structures located in the SASS are generally compatible wattage of exterior lights is often possible without compromising safety or func- The SASS is comprised of subunits #36, 65 and 64. with, and add interest to, the landscape because they are of a scale, design and tionality and results in less energy consumption. Specifying color-corrected or material compatible with the historic landscape. Some of the structures are color-balanced light sources such as energy efficient, shielded LED lighting for The American Island SASS consists of the open waters of the St. Lawrence River, historic in nature. Construction of new buildings incompatible with the cul- large scale development will ensure that the color of nighttime lights matches the tall bluffs along its banks and four small islands: Crossover Island, American Is- tural character of the SASS as represented in historic structures may impair the warm tones of incandescent bulbs while providing the efficiency of high intensity land, Old Man Island and Bogardus Island, the easternmost or downstream limit scenic character of the area. Many of the older structures use native materials discharge or metal halide light sources. of the Thousand Islands. American Island and Bogardus Island are immediately such as wood clapboards, shingles or stone construction. Most have pitched adjacent to groups of Canadian Islands that have a strong visual presence on the roofs, traditional fenestration and are sited unobtrusively on the land, avoid- It is recommended that existing town-owned lights, such as street lights or lights SASS. A number of very small islands and rocky ledges and shoals are located in ing hilltops, bluff edges and other prominent locations. Though many of the at public buildings and facilities, be gradually retrofitted to reduce glare and light the vicinity of Oak Point and Crows Nest. shorefront developments are large, their apparent mass has been reduced by pollution, when feasible. Building codes can be modified to require shielded designing the structures as a series of smaller, attached architectural volumes. outdoor light fixtures as part of any new large scale development construction. The banks of the river in the SASS generally consist of high, wooded bluffs rang- This rambling, attached approach to residential design is typical of traditional Large scale developments should avoid unshielded spotlights that cast direct light ing from 30 to 50’ in eastern sections of the SASS to over 100’ in height in its Thousand Island architecture and is a major factor in reducing the visual im- onto neighboring properties or on the water. Large scale commercial facilities western section. Waterfront residential development occurs along most of the pact of large, “mega-home” structures. Combined with sensitive site planning should avoid unshielded spotlights to illuminate parking lots, storage facilities or shoreline, particularly near the Village of Morristown and at Oak Point. West-

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 63 ern sections of the SASS generally have lower density residential development. Jacques Cartier State Park is located in the central section of the SASS and includes a bathing beach, RV campground, and an amphitheater. Route 12 and local roads provide intermittent views out over the river and islands.

Inland sections of the SASS typically consist of deciduous, sparsely developed woodlands. Route 12, a scenic highway parallels the shore of the river in the central and western sections of the SASS. A local roadway runs parallel to the shore, providing access to the many waterfront homes in the SASS. The southern edges of the SASS consist of a mix of woodlands and farm fields.

The historic Crossover Island Lighthouse is located at the point where the shipping channel crosses over from the American side of the river to the Canadian side. This is an important navigation point in the coastal boundary because along the majority of the SASS the shipping channel is located on the Canadian side of the river, running through the many island chains that occur there.

The Village of Morristown is an historic village with tree-lined streets, historic homes and a small port. The village is located on a steep hillside, providing numerous views out over the river including the Three Sisters Islands and the City of Brockville, Canada. The town contains an historic windmill and the scenic Bayside Park.

The SASS contains two Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitats, American Island Pools and a portion of the Chippewa Bay Tern Colonies. American Island Pools is an area containing relatively large open water pools during the winter ice-in season. These pools attract major concentrations of migratory birds dur- Brockville Narrows ing the winter months and provide wintering area habitat for bald eagles. Ameri- can Island itself includes large trees which are a primary roosting site for bald shorelines. The relatively small number of islands on the American side of the top of the bluffs out over the river. eagles on the American side of the St. Lawrence River. river is counterbalanced by a much larger number of islands that abut the SASS on the Canadian side that form a significant part of the SASS’s viewshed. While the SASS is especially rich in natural scenic character, cultural factors also The Chippewa Bay Tern Colonies in this SASS are located on Whaleback Island influence the visual character of the landscape. The natural landscape has been and on an artificial structure, Navigation Light 156. These locations have become The wide expanses of main river channel, the islands and the bluff lined coast- modified over the centuries by farming, resulting in attractive visual character. critical breeding habitat for common terns due to their isolation from predators, line of the SASS create a scenic coastal environment. Public roads along the Local roads as well as Route 12 run parallel to the lake and the river, providing fluctuating water levels, and human disturbance. Navigation lights in the Thou- mainland shoreline provide public access to vistas of the water and islands. The intermittent views of the water. Small forests and woodlots accent the open farm sand Island region support the highest hatching success rates in the world for the diversity of landscapes within the SASS creates a varied visual setting. The SASS landscape creating contrast and variety in the visual landscape. Historic land- common tern. has an abundance of water views as well as internal views of farmland, meadows marks such as historic stone waterfront houses, estates, lighthouses and scenic and woodlands. Views of sunsets over the Canadian islands and shoreline are roads create focal points in the cultural landscape of the SASS. III. Aesthetic Significance highly scenic. The shoreline and upland areas of the SASS are dominated and shaped by the flat to rolling limestone bedrock. Canadian Shield granites are Very little conservation land exists within the SASS. Jacques Cartier State Park The American Island SASS is of statewide aesthetic significance by virtue of its absent along the shorelines but do outcrop on most of the islands. Upland por- consists of a large segment of public lands in the center of the SASS. Much of the exceptional landscape character, historic character, state of preservation, envi- tions of the SASS consist of flat to rolling farmland with steep wooded bluffs and park is in a natural state, though intensive RV campgrounds along the shoreline ronmental character, uniqueness, public accessibility and public recognition. It residential development along the shoreline. Views of the river from the Village impact the visual quality of the park’s riverfront. Other than the state park, most is an important scenic area of the region’s coastline, with attractive scenery on of Morristown, the riverside roadways and the islands provide sweeping vistas of of the SASS’s shoreline is lined with residential development, somewhat reducing American Island, the main river channel, the smaller islands and the bluff lined the waterway. Several turn-outs off Route 12 provide high level views from the the scenic quality of the area. However a significant number of homes are tucked

Page 64 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan into the woods, thus reducing their visual footprint. Unifying cultural factors in the landscape include the presence of shipping, espe- relatively close proximity to the American side contrast with the open character cially at Crossover Island lighthouse, the historic village of Morristown and the of other sections of the SASS. A. Landscape Character riverside roadways. Route 12 follows the river’s shoreline in most of the SASS, creating a parkway character. Some aspects of the highway as well as the residen- While most of the shipping channel is located on the Canadian side of the river, 1. Variety tial development that lines much of the shore disrupt the unity of the landscape in large ocean-going ships are still clearly visible due to the narrower width of the places. river in the SASS. The ships appear to weave in and out of the many islands, The American Island SASS contains a diversity of landscapes ranging from steep creating a contrasting ephemeral visual effect. The pronounced points of land wooded bluffs to small rocky islands to an historic town center. The St. Lawrence 3. Contrast along the river contrast with adjacent bays and coves. In upland portions of the River dominates the SASS. The river is narrower in the SASS and has much steeper SASS the dense woodlands contrast with areas of flat to rolling open farmland and more prominent banks than other parts of the region. The varied shoreline The American Island SASS contains both natural and cultural landscape con- creating a contrast of vegetation types and spatial environments. configurations of the SASS, especially on American Island and other smaller is- trasts. The most noticeable natural contrast consists of the juxtaposition of the lands, create variety along the waterfront. The geology of the SASS is also quite small islands with the points and bays of the undulating shoreline. The steep The city of Brockville with its church spires and a visually discordant high- rise varied, ranging from bedrock islands to the limestone bluffs along the waterfront wooded bluffs lining the river contrast sharply with the open water of the St. apartment building contrast with the surrounding wooded shorelines. Aside to the flat to rolling terrain of the upland plateau. Lawrence. The many Canadian islands which are clearly visible from and in from the apartment tower, the city’s skyline is attractive and contrasts with the

The Village of Morristown is an historic town center featuring attractive streets, several stores and small businesses and pleasant residential areas. Public access to the waterfront is noteworthy allowing residents and visitors the opportunity to experience varied views of and access to the river in the Village of Morristown, Jacques Cartier State Park and from the local and state roads that line the shoreline bluffs.

Water bodies range from the open waters of the main shipping channel at Cross- over Island, to the bays and coves of the islands to the wooded bluffs along the shoreline. The main shipping channel, with the exception of areas in the vicinity of Crossover Island, is located on the Canadian side of the river. At the crossover point at the western edge of the SASS, large ships pass very close to the shoreline, creating a varied and contrasting ephemeral visual character.

2. Unity

The SASS is a relatively unified landscape due to the constant presence of the river, the consistently steep, wooded shorelines, the intermittent islands and the consistently narrower breadth of the river. The limestone geology of most of the mainland shorelines and uplands creates a unified foundation to the SASS. Tall wooded bluffs line most of the shoreline while most of the small islands in the SASS are uniformly granitic, Canadian Shield type landforms. The consistently high numbers of islands on the Canadian side of the river that are clearly visible from the American side create a unified backdrop to the landscape. Most of the islands near Brockville, Canada are owned by the city and preserved as conservation land.

The shoreline of the river undulates in a consistent pattern throughout the SASS with a number of coves, peninsulas and bays such as Point Comfort, Oak Point, Blackstone Bay and Delack Point. This creates a unifying visual effect in the Morristown with Bogardus Island and Brockville, Canada in the distance; landscape. Source: Bruce Dana Aerial Photography

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 65 many protected Canadian islands visible from the American side of the river. of smaller roads parallel the top of the river bluffs. These roads include River quality of an identified resource; and: Road, Point Comfort Road, Blackstone Bay Road and Riverledge Road. Streets 4. Freedom From Discordant Features in the Village of Morristown provide both visual and physical access to the shore- (ii) the addition of structures which because of siting or scale will reduce line, many terminating directly at the waterfront. Bayside Park along the Mor- identified views or which because of scale, form, or materials will diminish the While relatively high in visual quality, the SASS would have higher quality scen- ristown cove provides an attractive pedestrian character to the village waterfront. scenic quality of an identified resource. ery if it had fewer discordant features. The tall apartment building in Brock- The SASS is accessible by boat with boat launches in the Village of Morristown ville, highly visible from the eastern portions of the SASS, disrupts an otherwise and at Jacques Cartier State Park. Policy 24 sets forth certain siting and facility-related guidelines to be used to beautiful city skyline of church steeples and attractive residential and commercial achieve the policy, recognizing that each large scale development situation is districts. The tall block of the apartment building now dominates the city’s wa- D. Public Recognition unique and that the guidelines will have to be applied accordingly. The guide- terfront with negative visual impacts on the American side of the river. lines are set forth below, together with comments regarding their particular The SASS is moderately recognized by the public. The area is well known as the applicability to this Scenic Area of Statewide Significance. In applying these Residential development lines much of the mainland shoreline. While many downstream limit of the Thousand Islands. Bogardus Island is well known as guidelines to agricultural land it must be recognized that the overall scenic homes blend in with and complement the wooded character of the shoreline, the first (or last) Thousand Island. Jacques Cartier State Park is one of the most quality of the landscape is reliant on an active and viable agricultural indus- other structures detract from the visual character of the waterway. High density popular state park destinations in the Thousand Islands and the Village of Mor- try. This requires that farmers be allowed the flexibility to farm the land in areas of camps and small homes line sections of the shoreline in some areas of the ristown is well known as an historic center and small port. Crossover Island an economically viable fashion, incorporating modern techniques, changes in SASS creating discordant features in the landscape. Development of a large RV lighthouse and the crossing of the shipping channel from close to the Ameri- farm operation and resultant changes in farm structures. Policy 24 guidelines campground and large parking lot at Jacques Cartier State Park has reduced the can shore to close to the Canadian shore is a locally notable feature of the river. include: visual character as well. In spite of these discordant features the SASS still retains Brockville, highly visible from the American side of the river, is the largest and a high level of scenic quality. most recognized city in the Thousand Islands. Siting large scale development such as highways, power lines, major subdi- visions and bill boards back from the shoreline or in other inconspicuous B. Uniqueness IV. Impact Assessment locations to maintain the attractive quality of the shoreline and to retain views to and from the shore; The St. Lawrence River is unusually narrow in most areas of the SASS averaging Proposed actions within a SASS that are subject to coastal consistency review un- between and mile and a mile and a half in width. High wooded bluffs lining der federal and State coastal acts must be assessed to determine whether the ac- Comment: The mainland shoreline of the SASS is typified by tall wooded most of the shoreline of the SASS also create unusual contrasts in this section of tion could affect a scenic resource and whether the action would be likely to im- bluffs dotted with homes and summer camps. The island shorelines are un- the river. The relative narrowness of the river and the steepness of its banks create pair the scenic beauty of the scenic resource. Some local government activities in developed or moderately developed with scattered residences. Keeping future a strong sense of visual enclosure not seen in most other portions of the Thou- communities with federally-approved Local Waterfront Revitalization Programs large scale development away from the shoreline will be critical in maintaining sand Islands. While other sections of the river have narrow channels created by are also subject to local coastal consistency review. the visual character of the SASS as well as the environmental health of the St. large islands, this SASS features narrowness of the entire river. Interestingly the Lawrence River. Large scale development would cause major visual damage to inlet of the river at Cape Vincent is also narrow, resulting in narrowness at both Policy 24, “Prevent impairment of scenic resources of statewide significance,” the SASS. It is recommended that future development be clustered away from ends of the Thousand Islands. provides that when considering a proposed action, agencies shall first determine the shoreline and visually sensitive wooded bluffs. whether the action could affect a scenic resource of statewide significance. The Because of the narrow width of the river and the tall height of the bluffs, the determination would involve: Site plan review and open space development are valuable local land use tools Canadian shoreline and particularly the Canadian Islands are much more visible that can achieve this goal. One example of a site plan review criterion is the from the American mainland than in other sections of the study area. Brockville (1) a review of the coastal area map to ascertain if it shows an identified sce- preservation of shoreline vegetation to help new development blend in with Canada, highly visible from the American shoreline is the only city in the Thou- nic resource which could be affected by the proposed action, and: its surroundings. Another example of a site plan review criterion is design sand Islands and one of the few Canadian settlements visible from the American guidelines to ensure that clustering and other siting techniques achieve scenic mainland. (2) a review of the types of activities proposed to determine if they would be preservation goals. Future open space development clusters could be sited and likely to impair the scenic beauty of an identified resource. designed to reflect the historic patterns of existing hamlets. Another technique C. Public Accessibility for maintaining the visual character of the SASS is acquisition of vulnerable Impairment includes: shoreline lands or conservation easements from willing landowners, Public Accessibility in the SASS is excellent due to roadways that parallel the coastline, a major state park, an historic waterfront village and several highway (i) the irreversible modification of geologic forms; the destruction or re- Probably the greatest threat to the future scenic character of the SASS is large overlooks. Route 12 along the mainland shoreline offers intermittent views of moval of vegetation; the modification, destruction or removal of structures, scale industrial and infrastructure development within or nearby district the river and adjacent farm and forest land along the top of the bluffs. A network whenever the geologic forms, vegetation or structures are significant to the scenic boundaries. Large-scale projects, such as tall buildings, transmission lines,

Page 66 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan wind turbines, bridges, communications towers, should not be sited within the SASS. Radical alteration or demolition of these homes or the large scale devel- Maintaining or adding vegetation to provide interest, encourage the pres- SASS district or within the district’s viewshed. Large scale industrial develop- opment of their grounds that is inconsistent with the visual characteristics of ence of wildlife, blend structures with the site, and obscure unattractive element should be sited well back from the bluff tops, and shoreline to greatly the viewshed could submit this beautiful area to the intensive shoreline devel- ments, except when selective clearing removes unsightly, diseased or haz- reduce the visual impacts. Modification of existing roadways, construction opment that has marred many other sections of the New York State coastline. ardous vegetation and when selective clearing, mowing, controlled burning of new roadways, utility lines and other infrastructure often requires state or Thus, it is recommended that individual owners and towns take these factors or grazing creates or maintains views of coastal waters; federal funding and/or permits and thus can come under the purview of this into account when renovating these historical and scenic resources and when policy. Locating public infrastructure that scars sensitive coastal areas and fa- planning for future development in the surrounding environment. Comment: The wooded shorelines, small islands and open fields and mead- cilitates inappropriate bluff top or shoreline development could greatly impair ows of the SASS are a vital component of its scenic character. Woodlands on future scenic shoreline areas of the SASS. Removing deteriorated and/or degrading elements; the steep bluffs are an important visual element of the SASS and should be preserved whenever possible. Planting of new trees and woodlands as part of Clustering or orienting new large scale structures to retain existing views, Comment: The SASS is relatively free of deteriorated or degrading visual ele- new development projects would help reduce future visual impacts. Trees and save open space and provide visual organization to a development; ments. Few towers, very tall structures, derelict buildings or wide roads or woodlands on American Island and other small islands could be preserved to parking lots detract from the scenic character of the landscape. Minor im- maintain the scenic character of the area. Comment: The majority of the SASS consists of open water, wooded shore- provements to roads and parking lots would enhance the scenic character of lines, steep bluffs, islands, farm fields, meadows, marshes, forests and old pas- the SASS. Signage and parking lots could be improved in certain areas. Over- Fields and farmland could be safe guarded and maintained whenever possible tures. The historic village of Morristown, hamlets, farmsteads, summer homes head utilities could be buried to improved views and visual character. through tilling, grazing of livestock, controlled burning or mowing. Keep- and camps punctuate but do not dominate the landscape except in a few heavily ing the fields and meadows open not only benefits the scenic character of the developed locations. If the wooded bluffs become the location of sprawling More recent development along the shoreline represents one of the major im- area, but also plays an important role in maintaining varied wildlife habitat and large scale development, the visual character of the SASS could be damaged. pacts on the scenic character of the SASS. Planting vegetation for screening, ecological diversity in the region. The current agricultural practice of recov- Future large scale development should be clustered away from scenic resources, fencing and other measures could help reduce the visual impacts of any large ering vacant land for the production of field crops not only benefits farmers leaving most of the SASS in a more natural condition. The siting and design scale development. Bulkheads and erosion prevention structures along the economically, but it also enhances the visual attractiveness from the contrast- of new large scale development can be achieved with local land use tools such shoreline reduce the scenic character of the area. These engineering structures ing natural and agricultural landforms. Both scenic and environmental goals as site plan review, clustering and transfer of large scale development rights as can be evaluated to determine if replacement with vegetation or bioengineering could be achieved by implementing a program to maintain open meadows and described in the local implementation section of this document. techniques would be appropriate. to reclaim some of the open grasslands recently lost to successional scrub and forest growth. Views from the many public ways that parallel the river, water access sites, Maintaining or restoring the original land form, except when changes screen shorelines and waterways are especially sensitive and should be protected from unattractive elements and/or add appropriate interest; Views from vista points in the SASS are disappearing due to the unrestrained new large scale development, utility construction or signage whenever possi- growth of successional vegetation. Maintaining open meadows and clearings ble. Views from and of the bluffs, shorelines, islands and farmland should also Comment: The unique character of the American Island SASS is relatively in the vicinity of viewpoints along the highway will help maintain the scenic be taken into consideration in locating new development. Locating new large undisturbed and should be protected in future construction, infrastructure and character of the parkway. Maintaining lawns, meadows and fields will also scale structures well back from bluff tops, or preferably outside of the SASS large scale development projects. The landform of the SASS is largely in an preserve both a scenic and an historic landscape resource. Future agricultural altogether will protect the beauty of the coastal landscape and, in the long run, undisturbed state and is the one of the underlying factors in the scenic quality practices that recover abandoned, vacant land should be encouraged and sup- will enhance property values in the area. of the area. The contrast in elevation and the juxtaposition of water and land ported. contributes to the beauty of the SASS. The geological contrast between the Incorporating sound existing structures (especially historic buildings) into limestone bluffs and the granite islands is unique and should be respected in The variety of vegetation and the consequent variety of texture and color in the the overall development pattern; new development projects. SASS make a significant contribution to their scenic quality. Street trees and shrubs along the historic streets of Morristown play an important role in the Comment: A few early Twentieth Century summer homes have historic ar- Alteration of important landforms such as coastal bluffs, rock ledges, stone scenic character of this historic village. Maintaining and replanting historic chitectural value and contribute to the visual character of the landscape. Many outcrops, marshes, and tributaries would detract from the scenic character of street trees will ensure that the scenic character of the village is preserved for more recent camps and summer homes line the wooded bluffs of the SASS. the area. Use of berms to screen parking lots and unsightly large scale devel- future generations. A variety of vegetation, open fields and meadows and the New development should incorporate these sound existing structures. Much opment is an acceptable modification of terrain if carefully designed to blend dense forests of the bluffs all provide interest and contrast in the landscape. The of the beauty of the residential development within the SASS was accomplished with the natural contour of the land. Alteration of natural terrain for large scale wildlife supported by this vegetation also adds interest and ephemeral charac- through the good taste of the homeowners rather than regulation and oversight development and roads is of special concern. Development should be located ter to the land. Vegetation helps new structures blend into the predominantly by municipalities. Future preservation of these homes, their grounds and their away from sensitive geological features such as bluffs, hilltops, ridgelines, is- natural landscape and plays a critical role in screening facilities and sites which surrounding natural setting would help to preserve the visual character of the lands, and other unique geological areas. would otherwise be discordant elements in the SASS.

Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan Page 67 Using appropriate materials, in addition to vegetation, to screen unattract- within the SASS district or within its surrounding viewshed. There are presently ive elements; no techniques to mitigate the visual impacts of these structures because they are so tall, massive and frequently in motion. Comment: The SASS contain relatively few discordant elements. Fencing or screening could be used to screen parking lots, low utility structures and build- Using shielded lighting fixtures at appropriate levels of illumination to pre- ings. Taller discordant features are too large to be effectively screened with fenc- serve the Thousand Islands’ nighttime visual character. ing. Painting such tall towers in light sky tones might reduce their negative visual impact. It is recommended that new construction be encouraged to use appropriate historic or native building materials. New or renovated overhead The Thousand Island’s dark, unspoiled night sky with views of stars, the sea and utilities located in sensitive scenic areas could be located underground, when wooded hills is a priceless visual resource. Due to its relatively low density of possible, to eliminate their negative visual impact on the landscape. The failure development, the region enjoys dark nighttime skies that could be affected by to blend new structures into the natural setting, both within the SASS boundar- poorly designed new large scale development. Light pollution from excessively ies and in the viewshed of the SASS would impair the scenic quality of the areas. bright, exposed lighting fixtures can block views of the night sky, blind motorists and degrade the character of evening landscapes. Requiring exterior lighting on Using appropriate scales, forms and materials to ensure that buildings and large scale developments to be shielded will ensure that adequate night lighting is other structures are compatible with, and add interest to, the landscape. provided without creating glare and light pollution. The indirect lighting created by shielded fixtures also greatly enhances the character of nighttime landscapes Comment: Most structures located in the SASS are generally compatible with, by removing the bright harshness of many exterior light fixtures. Reducing the and add interest to, the landscape because they are of a scale, design and material wattage of exterior lights is often possible without compromising safety or func- compatible with the bluffs, forests and rocky islands. Some of the structures are tionality and results in less energy consumption. Specifying color-corrected or historic in nature. Many historic buildings are located in the Village of Morris- color-balanced light sources such as energy efficient, shielded LED lighting for town. Construction of new buildings incompatible with the cultural character large scale development will ensure that the color of nighttime lights matches the of the SASS as represented in historic structures may impair the scenic character warm tones of incandescent bulbs while providing the efficiency of high intensity of the area. Many of the older structures use native materials such as wood discharge or metal halide light sources. clapboards, shingles or stone construction. Most have pitched roofs, traditional fenestration and are sited unobtrusively on the land, avoiding hilltops, bluff edges It is recommended that existing town-owned lights, such as street lights or lights and other prominent locations. Though many of the shorefront developments at public buildings and facilities, be gradually retrofitted to reduce glare and light are large, their apparent mass has been reduced by designing the structures as pollution, when feasible. Building codes can be modified to require shielded a series of smaller, attached architectural volumes. This rambling, attached ap- outdoor light fixtures as part of any new large scale development construction. proach to residential design is typical of traditional Thousand Island architecture Large scale developments should avoid unshielded spotlights that cast direct light and is a major factor in reducing the visual impact of large, “mega-home” struc- onto neighboring properties or on the water. Large scale commercial facilities tures. Combined with sensitive site planning and design, the rambling, attached should avoid unshielded spotlights to illuminate parking lots, storage facilities or structures minimize obstruction of waterfront views from public roadways. outdoor areas. Adding a simple metal shield to an existing spotlight can greatly reduce light pollution and glare. Often a series of lower, shielded lights can re- Locating very tall structures to avoid impacting scenic areas and views from place a single glaring spotlight. The greater expense for large scale developments scenic and historic coastal sites. is offset by the creation of a superior nighttime environment.

Comment: Very tall structures such as wind turbines and exhaust stacks will have major impacts on the scenic character of coastal landscapes. Over 600 Thou- sand Islands residents participated in the web-based visual preference survey in the summer of 2014. The survey results showed that wind turbine complexes on the Canadian side of the river have significant negative visual impacts on the region. Turbine images ranked among the least scenic images in the survey.

Consequently, massive industrial and infrastructure projects should not be built

Page 68 Thousand Islands Scenic Resources Protection Plan