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Download Full-Text PLACE IDENTITY: A THEORETICAL REFLECTION. Nur Farhana Azmi, Faizah Ahmad, Azlan Shah Ali Abstract Each place possesses characteristics that confer on it a sense of place and identity through the meanings and values that they provide. The role of the physical built environment in place and identity development has not received ade- quate attention in built environment literature. This paper attempts to identify the unique and exceptional characteris- tics of places which create a unique environment and make a continuing contribution to the overall sense of the place. A preliminary survey was conducted in Kuala Kubu Bharu (KKB), a small town in the northern part of the Malaysian state of Selangor; to examine the characteristics of the place that influence and contribute to the identity of the town. The survey results demonstrate that the cultural heritage of the physical built environment acts as an important trigger for the town’s identity. While it is undeniable that cultural heritage is indeed greatly the product of non-visual sources; sub- jective meanings, experiences, beliefs, ideology and past history of the place, this paper highlights the significance of the physical built environment in influencing the very individuality of the place. Keywords: Place identity, Place, Small town, Built heritage, Kuala Kubu Bharu. 1.0 Introduc tion generally a place has not received adequate atten- tion in built environment literature. Furthermore, it Over the eight decades of its existence, the small has largely been neglected in psychology literature town of Kuala Kubu Bharu (or KKB as it is com- that has dominated the debate on place identity monly known) has remained largely untouched by (Hauge 2007). According to Graham et al. (2009), development and thus retained many of the rem- there is a promising tie between historic building nants and traces from the second World War, such and the place identity. Hauge (2007) and Twigger- as bombed buildings. Many Garden City design Ross & Uzzell (1996) argued that discussions relat- elements including the green belts and playgrounds ed to identity are, generally concerned with, and introduced by Malaya’s first town planner, Charles accompanied by, place reference. Crompton Reade, are also still in place. As stated Therefore, this paper attempts to identify by Yuksel & Iclal (2005), it is the small towns where the unique and exceptional characteristics of places the original historical heritage is protected. The which create unique environments and contribute potential importance of this heritage does not lie to the overall sense of place. To achieve this aim, only in the intrinsic beauty of what is being pre- this paper briefly examines the theory and concepts served, the immediate revenue it may bring from of place, place identity, and the fundamental ele- tourism based in history, but above all in the iden- ments of the identity of places. Based on the theo- tity conferred. The inherent architectural, historical, retical characteristics, the paper further attempts to and cultural significance of the buildings are what identify unique built heritage and other physical ele- makes them unique and subsequently connote the ments; which in the researcher’s view are promi- very individuality of a place from other places in the nent in relation to a study area selected through a world (Noor Suzaini 2007). Apart from these fac- preliminary field survey. tors, functional qualities of the buildings also serve as one of the critical elements in constructing a city’s image and identity (Tiesdell et al. 1996). 2.0 Conceptual foundation of place Therefore, historic urban features are a salient and place identity source for both local and national identity (Goad & Ngiom 2007; Mansfield 2008). 2.1 Place The role in identity development of historic buildings, the physical built environment or more A place is distinguished from the associated con- open house international Vol.39 No.4, December 2014. Place Identity: A Theoretical Reflection. Theoretical A Identity: Place 2014. December No.4, Vol.39 international house open 5 3 cept of space by the former being endowed with of place identity has been discussed implicitly, if not meaning and value (Puren et al. 2008; Relph explicitly in various academic research. Place iden- 1976; Tuan 1977). As argued by Harner (2001) tity has many interpretations (Lewicka 2008; Lynch and Shuhana (2011), it is human experience that 1960; Marcouyeux & Fleury-Bahi 2011; Tavakoli confers meaning to places. In Relph’s (1976:29) 2010; Twigger-Ross & Uzzell 1996). For example, term, place is seen as a multifaceted phenomenon Lewicka (2008) defined place identity as “a set of of personal experiences rather than entities that can place features that guarantee the place’s distinc- be defined simply in terms of their location or tiveness and continuity in time”. Within the context appearance. While developed, understood and of urban sustainability, identity is defined by experienced differently among different people, one Tavakoli (2010) as the physical structure of a city single place may have a range of meanings and that is unique and subsequently increases recogni- values at a particular time (Australia ICOMOS tion of that city. Similarly, Lynch (1960) conceptual- 2000; Harner 2001; Hubbard et al. 2004). ized the identity of a place as that which provides its Although ‘place’ is often characterized by meanings individuality, oneness or distinction from other and intentions people associate with a particular places, and thus is intrinsic to its recognition as a Nur Farhana Azmi, Faizah Ahmad. Azlan Shah Ali Shah Azlan Ahmad. Faizah Azmi, Farhana Nur setting, the importance of physical characteristics separable entity. On the other hand, place identity whether of buildings or natural features in describ- also focuses on how people see or define them- ing a place is undeniable. selves with reference to the physical environment Pearson & Sullivan (1995) for example, (Marcouyeux & Fleury-Bahi 2011). Using the describe place as the area of concentration of in Breakwell’s identity process model, Twigger-Ross & situ cultural material or region of land where past Uzzell (1996) demonstrated the use of place in human activity is manifested physically in the form gaining positive distinctiveness over people in other of structures or buildings. Norberg-Schulz (1980) in settlements as well as in providing and maintaining his discussion of the theory of identity and place, individual’s continuity, self-esteem and self-efficacy. emphasized concrete things with material sub- Collectively, place identity can be defined stance, shape, texture and colour in defining place. differently by either the ways people expressed iden- Moreover, place definition also includes any fixed tifications with reference to the physical environ- part of an historic environment with a distinctive ment or the distinctiveness of the environment itself. identity (English Heritage 2008). The extent of place However the most important part of identity accord- in building identity can be found by considering the ing to Shuhana (2011:18), relates to ‘…distinctive- place as whole entities or fusions of physical fea- ness of the physical environment and the ability for tures, and activities to which people have deep it to be recognized and recalled vividly by the emotional and psychological ties (Relph 1976). The observer’. For the purpose of this paper, place following notion of place by Donat (1967) reflect- identity is confined to the unique or distinct charac- ed the concept of identity: ter of a place. Regardless of size, every city or town has “Places occur at all levels of identity; my place, beauty, unique and distinct characteristics of its your place, street, community, town, city, coun- own. Nevertheless, despite having rich historical ty, region, country and continent, but places and architectural reserves, towns of a small scale in never conform to the tidy hierarchies of classifi- South-East Asian countries including Malaysia have cation. They all overlap and interpenetrate one been relatively overlooked (Jackson 1973). another and are wide open to a variety of inter- According to Yuksel & Iclal (2005), they are now pretation”. subject to the triple threat of dilapidation, exhaus- tion and disappearance. In Malaysia, this problem The combination of physical setting, activities and is further exacerbated by the absence of specific meanings as constituent elements of place is cen- legislation that deals directly with the development tral for identity formation, and this will be discussed and conservation of small historic towns. However, in the following section. this does not necessarily imply that the town has no significance (English Heritage 2008). In places where the overall significance and importance is 2.2 Place identity unclear and poorly understood, detailed study and analysis involving assessment of cultural signifi- The term place identity has its roots in the associa- cance should be undertaken. This should lead to tion between place and the concept of identity preparation of a statement of significance estab- (Hauge 2007; Twigger-Ross & Uzzell 1996). lishing the particular value of the place (Australia Despite the lack of attention to the influence of the ICOMOS 2000). The former particularly entails the physical built environment on identity, the concept determination of the elements that made the places open house international Vol.39 No.4, December 2014. Place Identity: A Theoretical Reflection.
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