CRABTREE's MEASURES John Mullin 1993
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Prisons and Punishments in Late Medieval London
Prisons and Punishments in Late Medieval London Christine Winter Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London Royal Holloway, University of London, 2012 2 Declaration I, Christine Winter, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: Date: 3 Abstract In the history of crime and punishment the prisons of medieval London have generally been overlooked. This may have been because none of the prison records have survived for this period, yet there is enough information in civic and royal documents, and through archaeological evidence, to allow a reassessment of London’s prisons in the later middle ages. This thesis begins with an analysis of the purpose of imprisonment, which was not merely custodial and was undoubtedly punitive in the medieval period. Having established that incarceration was employed for a variety of purposes the physicality of prison buildings and the conditions in which prisoners were kept are considered. This research suggests that the periodic complaints that London’s medieval prisons, particularly Newgate, were ‘foul’ with ‘noxious air’ were the result of external, rather than internal, factors. Using both civic and royal sources the management of prisons and the abuses inflicted by some keepers have been analysed. This has revealed that there were very few differences in the way civic and royal prisons were administered; however, there were distinct advantages to being either the keeper or a prisoner of the Fleet prison. Because incarceration was not the only penalty available in the enforcement of law and order, this thesis also considers the offences that constituted a misdemeanour and the various punishments employed by the authorities. -
Not Made to Measure
Made in Britain: Not made to measure. Ronnie Cohen © 2011 Ronnie Cohen. All rights reserved. 1 Table of Contents Foreword...............................................................................................................................................5 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................6 Central Role of Measurement in Daily Life.........................................................................................7 Why Measurement Matters..................................................................................................................8 Quest for Honest Measurements since Ancient Times.........................................................................9 Measurement Facts: Did you know that....?.......................................................................................10 Description of the British Imperial System........................................................................................11 Introduction to the British Imperial System..............................................................................11 Units of Length..........................................................................................................................11 Units of Area.............................................................................................................................11 Units of Volume........................................................................................................................12 -
Metrication Is SUCCESSFUL
Metrication is SUCCESSFUL Metrication is SUCCESSFUL because it is: Simple The modern metric system, formally known as the International System of Units (SI), is the simplest and easiest-to-use system of measurement ever devised. In fact the metric system is the only system of measurement ever devised. All previous measuring methods were just a hodge-podge of randomly generated local measures. Unique The metric system is unique. Never before, has there been a method of measurement that has all the positive benefits as SI. Coherent The metric system uses the same decimal nature as our number system, and it uses the same mathematical rules and symbols that we use for the mathematic of numbers Capable The metric system is capable of measuring anything in any trade, profession, or other human activity. The metric system has no limitations. For example, you might measure the distance from here to the door in metres, the distance from between your home and your work in kilometres, the width of your little finger nail in millimetres, the diameter of the hairs on your head in micrometres, and the size of one of your cells in nanometres. Why stop there? With the SI prefixes, there is more than enough flexibility to measure from the size of sub-atomic particles – the diameter of an electron is about 6 femtometres – to the size of the whole Universe – the diameter of the Universe, as observed by the world's best telescopes, is about 250 yottametres. Equitable The key argument for using the metric system is that it is fair to all concerned. -
Durham E-Theses
Durham E-Theses Provisioning a medieval monastery: Durham cathedral priory's purchases of imported goods, 1464-1520 Threlfall-Holmes, Miranda How to cite: Threlfall-Holmes, Miranda (1997) Provisioning a medieval monastery: Durham cathedral priory's purchases of imported goods, 1464-1520, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4963/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 1 Miranda Threlfall-Holmes Durham University MA Thesis. 1997 Provisioning a Medieval Monastery: Durham Cathedral Priory's purchases of imported goods. 1464-1520. Abstract This study analyses the information contained in the obedientiary accounts of Durham Cathedral Priory relating to the priory's purchases of wine, spices and iron. It focuses on the years 1464 to 1520, for which particularly complete records exist Those relevant to this study are the bursars', communars', hostillars' and sacrists' accounts. -
A Reprint of a Museograph Originally Produced by the Birmingham Museum of Science & Industry
A Reprint of a Museograph originally produced by the Birmingham Museum of Science & Industry Written by Jim Andrew in the late 1970s and reworked by him in 2008 OLD WEIGHTS AND MEASURES "A pound of iron weighs more than a pound of gold but an ounce of iron weighs less than an ounce of gold." This statement was true before 1879 and is one example of the problems of old weights and measures. The efficiency of early steam engines was expressed as the "duty" which was the weight of water in pounds that the engine could raise one foot by burning one bushel of coal. Were the pounds 'Troy' or 'Avoirdupois'? Troy was usually only used for precious metals but it had been used to weigh bread and some one might therefore use it to weigh water. The foot was virtually standard from 1300 but there were many different bushels available, giving a weight of coal from 79 lbs to 94 lbs. This museograph will give the history of some of the weights and measures to be found or mentioned in the Museum. Tables of measures and conversions between measures will be given as well as some indication of the uses of those measures. Unfortunately it seems that, in the past, people used any convenient weight or measure which was available so that it can be very difficult to be precise about some quantities. LENGTH The foot is probably the longest serving identifiable measure in use today. The Greek foot was standardised at 12.14 of our inches by 440 B.C. -
Units of Measurement
Appendix UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Two new systems of measurements have been introduced into Britain in the last ten years. Industry and commerce have seen the introduction of metrica tion to come into line with other European countries. Scientific and teaching establishments have adopted a related but not identical system called Systeme Intemationale (SI for short) illustrated in Tables A.I and A.2. Both have their place in Brewing Science as have the old systems based on the pound and the foot. Especial difficulties arise because the traditional US measures do not always correspond with the British. For instance the US gallon of water weighs 8 Ib, and the constituent eight pints one pound each. The British imperial measure, revised in Queen Anne's reign, 'metricated' the gallon of water so that it weighed 10 Ib, each pint weighing I· 25 lb. Measurements of volume such as the bushel or the barrel vary from one region to another. In this book, the barrel will be that used in England, namely 36 gallons. Filled with water this would weigh 360 lb. For rough calculation, it is convenient that the US beer barrel is rather similar to the hectolitre, exceeding it by about 17 %. The use of degrees Fahrenheit is rapidly being replaced in the UK by °C (metric) or K (SI) but not in the USA for practical brewing (Table A.3). With respect to units specifically used in brewing, certain metric units have been selected which are not in the SI, such as titres, hectotitres, metric tonnes and bars, because of their convenience. -
Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures Their SI Equivalences and Origins
FrancËois Cardarelli Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures Their SI Equivalences and Origins English translation by M.J. Shields, FIInfSc, MITI 13 Other Systems 3 of Units Despite the internationalization of SI units, and the fact that other units are actually forbidden by law in France and other countries, there are still some older or parallel systems remaining in use in several areas of science and technology. Before presenting conversion tables for them, it is important to put these systems into their initial context. A brief review of systems is given ranging from the ancient and obsolete (e.g. Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Old French) to the relatively modern and still in use (e.g. UK imperial, US customary, cgs, FPS), since a general knowledge of these systems can be useful in conversion calculations. Most of the ancient systems are now totally obsolete, and are included for general or historical interest. 3.1 MTS, MKpS, MKSA 3.1.1 The MKpS System The former system of units referred to by the international abbreviations MKpS, MKfS, or MKS (derived from the French titles meÁtre-kilogramme-poids-seconde or meÁtre-kilo- gramme-force-seconde) was in fact entitled SysteÁme des MeÂcaniciens (Mechanical Engi- neers' System). It was based on three fundamental units, the metre, the second, and a weight unit, the kilogram-force. This had the basic fault of being dependent on the acceleration due to gravity g, which varies on different parts of the Earth, so that the unit could not be given a general definition. Furthermore, because of the lack of a unit of mass, it was difficult, if not impossible to draw a distinction between weight, or force, and mass (see also 3.4). -
English Unit Refers to a Unit in One of a Number of Systems of Units Of
English Unit refers to a unit in one of a basis for the Imperial system formerly number of systems of units of used in Commonwealth countries and the measurement, some obsolete, and some customary system used in the United still in use. In spite of the name, it does not States. Whilst these two systems are quite necessarily refer to the (non-SI) system of similar there are a number of notable units still in widespread, but mostly differences between the Imperial and U.S. unofficial, use in England itself. The latter systems. is known outside the United States as the Imperial System. The American term Usage of the term "English System" or 'English unit' includes the Imperial units as "English Unit" is common in the US, but it well as various other U.S. units such as is problematical. It can be ambiguous. It the U.S. gallon (Queen Anne's wine usually refers to either the Imperial gallon) and the U.S. bushel (Winchester System or the US Customary System, bushel). and in cases where these two systems differ, it is not not clear which system is Various standards under the name being described. 'English units' have applied at different times, in different places and for different things. Prior to the Battle of Hastings in 1066 the Anglo-Saxon system of measurement had been based on the units of the barleycorn and the gyrd (rod). This system presumably had Germanic origins. After the Norman conquest, Roman units were reintroduced. The resultant system of English units was a combination of the Anglo-Saxon and Roman systems. -
Conversion Factors and Weights and Measures for Agricultural Commodities and Their Products
~ 12. 8 12.5 1.0 W - . i.0 ~ I~ 22 ~ . ~ W II: 1.1 wu.~~W.. III"~ ""'1.25 111111.4 111111.6 1111,1.25 111111.4 11111 1.6 MIC!fc1COPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTIUN TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF ST~NDARDS-\963-A NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS-\963-A Ol , 0rl .1) u r:>-r3 #b(G Conversion Factors and Weights and Measures p For Agricultural Commodities and Their Products o u.s. Department of Agriculture Economics, Statistics, and Cooperatives Service Statistical Bulletin No. 616 ?-> <9 h .. ~ ~:= r ~ (;:;) ~! I ,.....' 1~.,..., (.) !::: f<;,) :~ ,,-.. 't-. ..C1 o @ (.~'\ Y' ..£:! . I:, !D (,,~ ~1: ill ::::.l -. U en o -1 d U 00 ~ \S\J "'"'--..................'\,.1 ~ CONTENTS Table 1- 7 Weights and Measures 2 8-10 Dairy Pror,\ucts 12 1.1-23 Meat: and':N..aat Products 16 24-27 Poultry 26 28-29 Eggs 30 30-32 Fish and Shellfish 32 33-41 Oi1seeds and Their Products 34 42 Dry Edible Beans and Peas 42 43-44 Wheat and Wheat P~oducts 43 45 Corn and Corn Products 46 46 o,.(7ts and Oat Products 47 47 B\ar1ey and Barley Products 47 48 Rye and Rye Products 48 49 Buckwheat and Buckwheat Products 48 50 Rice and Rice Products 49 51 Grain Sorghum and Grain Sorghum Products ' 50 52-55 Sugar, Beet and Cane 50 56 Other Sugars, Sirups and Molasses 55 57 Cocoa and Cocoa Products 57 58-73 Fruits and Vegetables 59 74 Hops 80 75 T1'2e Nuts 80 76 Coffee and Tea Products 8:l 77 Yeast ·81 78 Tobacco 82 79-80 Naval Stores 83 81-84 Cotton, Cottonseed, and Cottonseed Products 85 85 Wool 89 Washington, D.C. -
Metrology.Pdf
History and Archaeology 68 ARCHAEOLOGICAL METROLOGY: ENGLISH, FRENCH, AMERICAN AND CANADIAN SYSTEMS OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES FOR NORTH AMERICAN HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY Lester A. Ross National Historic Parks and Sites Branch Parks Canada Environment Canada 1983 ©Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1983. Available in Canada through authorized bookstore agents and other bookstores, or by mail from the Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada, Hull, Quebec, Canada K1A OS9. En fran~ais ce numero s'intitu1e Histoire et archeo1ogie nO 68 (nO de catalogue R64-81/1983-68F). En vente au Canada par l'entremise de nos agents 1ibraires agrees et autres 1ibrairies, ou par 1a poste au Centre d'edition du gouvernement du Canada, Approvisionnements et Services Canada, Hull, Quebec, Canada K1A OS9. Price Canada: $7.75 Price other countries: $9.30 Price subject to change without notice. Catalogue No.: R64-81/1983-68E ISBN: 0-660-11336-8 ISSN: 0225-0101 Published under the authority of the Minister of the Environment, Ottawa, 1983. A list of publications is available from Research Publications, Parks Canada, 1600 Liverpool Court, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 1G2. Editor: Paula Irving. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the author and not necessarily those of Environment Canada. 3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL METROLOGY: ENGLISH, FRENCH, AMERICAN AND CANADIAN SYSTEMS OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES FOR NORTH AMERICAN HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY Lester A. Ross E Ab s t r ac t 9 Acknowledgements 1] Introduction 16 English Systems of Weights and Measures -
Manuscripts & Special Collections Weights and Measures
Introduction - Weights and Measures - Skills Resources - Manuscripts & Special Collections- The University of Nottingham Manuscripts & Special Collections Weights and measures Deciphering units of weights, measurements, and money in historical documents can cause problems for researchers. Virtually every unit of measurement used up to the mid-twentieth century has now been replaced, or is being replaced, by decimal or metric measurements. A few old measurements are still in current use in the UK, such as pints and miles, but most people will now need to consult reference works in order to understand the measurements used in the past. The information provided within this skills unit aims to identify and explain some of the most common difficulties and pitfalls and to provide sources of assistance. It is concerned only with English and Welsh measurements. Researchers should check specialist publications and the Scottish Archives Network (SCAN) Weights and Measures Guide for information on Scottish measurements. Standardisation of weights and measures in England and Wales was a long and complicated process. The measurements referred to here are predominantly those used from the late sixteenth and early 17th centuries onwards, and those in force after the Weights and Measures Act of 1824. For medieval and earlier measurements, researchers should consult specialist Engraving of a pair of scales in a shop, from The Child's works. Arithmetic: A Manual of Instruction for the Nursery and Infant Schools (London: William S. Orr and Co., 1837) Imperial and Metric measurements Imperial measurements were derived from the measurements used by the Romans. Over time, measurements used by different countries began to vary. -
The Industrialization of the London Beer-Brewing
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2014 Change Is Brewing: The nduI strialization of the London Beer-Brewing Trade, 1400-1750 John R. Krenzke Loyola University Chicago Recommended Citation Krenzke, John R., "Change Is Brewing: The ndusI trialization of the London Beer-Brewing Trade, 1400-1750" (2014). Dissertations. 1276. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/1276 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2014 John R. Krenzke LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO CHANGE IS BREWING: THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE LONDON BEER-BREWING TRADE, 1400-1750 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN HISTORY BY JOHN R. KRENZKE CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AUGUST 2014 Copyright by John R. Krenzke, 2014 All rights reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is my great pleasure to thank the organizations that have supported this project. The History Department and Graduate School of Loyola University Chicago, along with the Arthur J. Schmitt Foundation, have provided me with a series of fellowships that allowed me to complete this project. I would also like to thank the staffs of the libraries at Loyola University Chicago, Northwestern University, the University of Chicago, the University of Illinois at Chicago, and Arlington Heights Memorial Library for their assistance at various stages of this project.