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V.Rembeh. Eng 13/3-12 HEAT TREATMENT OF TOOL STEEL HEAT TREATMENT OF TOOL STEEL 1 Cover photos from left to right: Böhler Uddeholm Czech Republic, Uddeholms AB/HÄRDtekno, Sweden and Ionbond Sweden AB. This information is based on our present state of knowledge and is intended to provide general notes on our products and their uses. It should not therefore be construed as a warranty of specific properties of the products described or a warranty for fitness for a particular purpose. Classified according to EU Directive 1999/45/EC For further information see our “Material Safety Data Sheets”. Edition 8, 03.2012 The latest revised edition of this brochure is the English version, SS-EN ISO 9001 SS-EN ISO 14001 which is always published on our web site www.uddeholm.com HEAT TREATMENT OF TOOL STEEL CONTENTS What is tool steel? 4 Hardening and tempering 4 Dimensional and shape stability 11 Surface treatment 12 Testing of mechanical properties 14 Some words of advice to tool designers 15 Hardness after hardening and tempering 17 Hardness conversion table 18 3 HEAT TREATMENT OF TOOL STEEL The purpose of this brochure is to lighter parts, greater precision and Hardening provide a general idea of how tool increased reliability. steel is heat treated and how it Uddeholm has concentrated its and tempering behaves during this process. Special tool steel range on high alloyed types When a tool is hardened, many attention is paid to hardness, tough- of steel, intended primarily for pur- factors influence the result. ness and dimensional stability. poses such as plastic moulding, blan- king and forming, die casting, extru- sion, forging, wood-working industry, Some theoretical aspects What is tool steel? recycling industry and component In soft annealed condition, most of business. Powder metallurgy (PM) the carbide-forming alloying elements To ol steels are high-quality steels steels are also included in the range. are bound up with carbon in car- made to controlled chemical compo- To ol steel is normally delivered in bides. sition and processed to develop the soft annealed condition; this When the steel is heated up to properties useful for working and makes the material easy to machine hardening temperature, the matrix is shaping of other materials. The car- with cutting tools and it provides a transformed from ferrite to austenite. bon content in tool steels may range microstructure suitable for harden- This means that the Iron atoms from as low as 0.1% to as high as ing. change their position in the atomic more than 1.6% C and many are The soft annealed microstructure lattice and generate a new lattice alloyed with alloying elements such as consists of a soft matrix in which with different crystallinity. chromium, molybdenum and vana- carbides are embedded. See picture dium. below. = Iron atoms To ol steels are used for applica- In carbon steel, these carbides are = Possible positions for tions such as blanking and forming, Iron carbides, while in alloyed steel carbon atoms plastic moulding, die casting, extru- they are chromium (Cr), tungsten sion and forging. (W), molybdenum (Mo) or vanadium Alloy design, the manufacturing (V) carbides, depending on the route of the steel and quality heat composition of the steel. Carbides treatment are key factors in order to are compounds of carbon and develop tools or parts with the en- alloying elements and are character- hanced properties that only tool ized by very high hardness. Higher steel can offer. carbide content means a higher 2.86 A Benefits like durability, strength, resistance to wear. Unit cell in a ferrite crystal. corrosion resistance and high-tem- Also non-carbide forming alloying Body centred cubic (BCC). perature stability are also attractive elements are used in tool steel, such for other purposes than pure tool as cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) which applications. For this reason, tool are dissolved in the matrix. Cobalt is steel is a better choice than con- normally used to improve red hard- struction or engineering steel for ness in high speed steels, while nickel strategic components in the different is used to improve through-hardening industries. properties and also increase the More advanced materials easily toughness in the hardened condi- result in lower maintenance costs, tions. 3.57 A Unit cell in an austenite crystal. Face centred cubic (FCC). 2.98 A Uddeholm Dievar, soft 20µm 2.85 A annealed structure. Unit cell in a martensite crystal. Tetragonal. 4 HEAT TREATMENT OF TOOL STEEL Austenite has a higher solubility limit Precipitated secondary (newly It is possible to make use of different for carbon and alloying elements, and formed) carbides and newly formed combinations of these factors that the carbides will dissolve into the martensite can increase hardness will result in the same hardness level. matrix to some extent. In this way during high temperature tempering. Each of these combinations corre- the matrix acquires an alloying con- Typical of this is the so called sec- sponds to a different heat treatment tent of carbide-forming elements that ondary hardening of e.g. high speed cycle, but certain hardness does not gives the hardening effect, without steels and high alloyed tool steels. guarantee any specific set of proper- becoming coarse grained. Usually a certain hardness level is ties of the material. The material If the steel is quenched sufficiently required for each individual applica- properties are determined by its rapidly in the hardening process, the tion of the steel, and therefore heat microstructure and this depends on carbon atoms do not have the time treatment parameters are chosen to the heat treatment cycle, and not on to reposition themselves to allow the some extent in order to achieve the the obtained hardness. reforming of ferrite from austenite, as desired hardness. It is very important Quality heat treatment delivers not in for instance annealing. Instead, they to have in mind that hardness is the only desired hardness but also opti- are fixed in positions where they mized properties of the material for really do not have enough room, and Hardness the chosen application. the result is high micro-stresses that To ol steels should always be at contribute to increased hardness. C least double tempered. The second This hard structure is called marten- B tempering takes care of the newly site. Thus, martensite can be seen as a D formed martensite during cooling forced solution of carbon in ferrite. after the first tempering. When the steel is hardened, the Three temperings are recom- matrix is not completely converted mended in the following cases: A into martensite. There is always some • high speed steel with high carbon Tempering temperature austenite that remains in the struc- content ture and it is called retained austenite. A = martensite tempering B = carbide precipitation • complex hot work tools, especially The amount increases with increasing C = transformation of retained austenite to in the case of die casting dies alloying content, higher hardening martensite • big moulds for plastic applications temperature, longer soaking times D = tempering diagram for high speed steel and high alloy tool steel • when high dimension stability is and slower quenching. A+B+C = D a demand (such as in the case of After quenching, the steel has a gauges or tools for integrated microstructure consisting of marten- The diagram shows the influence of different factors on the secondary circuits) site, retained austenite and carbides. hardening. This structure contains inherent stresses that can easily cause crack- ing. But this can be prevented by result of several different factors, reheating the steel to a certain tem- such as the amount of carbon in the perature, reducing the stresses and martensitic matrix, the micro- transforming the retained austenite stresses contained in the material, the to an extent that depends upon the amount of retained austenite and the reheating temperature. This reheating precipitated carbides during temper- after hardening is called tempering. ing. Hardening of tool steel should always be followed immediately by temper- ing. It should be noted that tempering at low temperatures only affects the martensite, while tempering at high temperature also affects the retained austenite. After one tempering at a high tem- perature the microstructure consists of tempered martensite, newly formed martensite, some retained Uddeholm Dievar, austenite and carbides. 20µm hardened structure. 5 HEAT TREATMENT OF TOOL STEEL Stress relieving exceptions cheaper than making di- In the case of big tools with complex Distortion due to hardening must be mensional adjustments during finish geometry a third preheating step taken into account when a tool is machining of a hardened tool. close to the fully austenitic region is recommended. rough machined. Rough machining The correct work sequence before hard- causes thermal and mechanical ening operaiton is: stresses that will remain embedded rough machining, stress relieving and Holding time at in the material. This might not be semi-finish machining. hardening temperature significant on a symmetrical part of It is not possible to briefly state exact simple design, but can be of great recommendations to cover all heat- importance in an asymmetrical and Heating to ing situations. complex machining, for example of hardening temperature Factors such as furnace type, hard- one half of a die casting die. Here, As has already been explained, ening temperature, the weight of the stress-relieving heat treatment is stresses contained in the material charge in relation to the size of the always recommended. will produce distortion during heat furnace, the geometry of the different This treatment is done after rough treatment. For this reason, thermal parts in the charge, etc., must be machining and before hardening and stresses during heating should be taken into consideration in each case. entails heating to 550–700°C (1020– avoided.
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