DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effect of Potassium Fertilization on Psychrophilic Pathogen Susceptibility and Carbon Metabolism of Annual Bluegrass

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effect of Potassium Fertilization on Psychrophilic Pathogen Susceptibility and Carbon Metabolism of Annual Bluegrass THE EFFECT OF POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION ON PSYCHROPHILIC PATHOGEN SUSCEPTIBILITY AND CARBON METABOLISM OF ANNUAL BLUEGRASS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by David Ramsay Moody August 2011 © 2011 David Ramsay Moody ABSTRACT Typhula incarnata (GSM) and Microdochium nivale (PSM) are important psychrophilic pathogens of cool-season turfgrasses. Existing field data suggests that K fertilization may affect disease severity, warranting additional experimentation under controlled conditions. Overwintering carbon metabolism of perennial grasses is known to affect their performance and utility. While there is some evidence that plant K status influences winter survival, the physiological basis is unclear. The goal of this project was to determine the effect of K fertilization on carbon metabolism of overwintering annual bluegrass [Poa annua var. reptans (Hauskn) Timm.] and its relationship to psychrophilic pathogen susceptibility. In a greenhouse, annual bluegrass was seeded into 30 x 10 cm diam. sand filled columns. Nitrogen (0.5 g m2), K (0.5 g m2), and all other plant essential nutrients were applied weekly for 90 d. Following establishment, weekly application rates of N and other essential nutrients remained constant, yet five different K treatments (0, 0.25, 0.5, 2, 3 g m-2) were imposed for 90 d. Columns were then moved to a refrigerated room, maintained under a photosynthetically active radiation flux of ~300 µmol m-2 s-1, and day/night air temperature incrementally decreased every 7 d over four weeks (10/4°C, 4/-2°C, 2/-4°C, -2/-6°C). Plants were then buried under 10 cm of snow and kept under darkness at -4°C for 28 d. After thawing at 2°C, eight replicates of each K treatment were inoculated with a 5 mm agar disc taken from GSM, PSM, or sterile cultures. Columns were incubated at 2°C (40 d) then 4°C (40 d) under periodic misting and evaluated for % necrotic turf every 10 d. Survival analysis of days to 50% infection (LI50) was used to quantify disease progression. Tissue harvested following each experimental phase was analyzed for nonacid cations, nonstructural carbohydrates, and several organic acids using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The experiment was conducted twice and data was pooled. Potassium treatment significantly affected LI50 in GSM (Pr>χ2 =0.007) but not PSM (Pr>χ2 =0.277) inoculated turf. While specific mechanisms remain unclear, several biochemical parameters (K, Ca, organic acid content) associated with GSM and PSM severity were impacted by K fertilization rate. In contrast to existing literature, nonstructural carbohydrate dynamics were not strongly correlated with disease severity. Disease recovery was significantly slower for PSM inoculated turf than GSM inoculated turf. Tissue K content and cation:anion ratios increased with K fertilization rate. Overall K fertilization had a minimal impact on non-structural carbohydrate dynamics. Tissue organic acid content, particularly malate and citrate, markedly increased at greater K fertilization rates. The results of this study suggest that K fertilization significantly increases diversion of carbon resources to organic acid synthesis due to perturbations in charge and pH homeostasis associated with disparate cation/anion uptake ratios. In addition to affecting plant utility, there is a biochemical cost associated with luxury K uptake and subsequent organic acid accumulation. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Dave Moody was born in Hartford, CT in 1982 but grew up in Cumberland, ME. An avid golfer, a young Dave started working as a groundsman at Val Halla Golf Course in Cumberland, ME under the tutelage of Jim Hodge. Although initially this job was simply a ticket to drive strange machinery and play free golf, turfgrass management soon became a passion. While studying Biology at St. Michael’s College he worked seasonally at Portland Country Club and then full- time as the second assistant superintendent for J.B. Christie in 2004. A desire to understand the biology behind turfgrass management led him to The Pennsylvania State University in 2005 to study turfgrass science with Dr. Maxim J. Schlossberg. Here he earned a M.S. in soil science in 2007. Starting in the fall of 2007, Dave began a Ph.D.at Cornell University with Dr. Frank Rossi. Once at Cornell, his interests diversified leading him to apply to the College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell University. He will begin veterinary school in 2011, where he hopes to merge his agronomic background with large animal veterinary medicine to improve animal welfare and farmer profitability in rural farming communities. He has been blessed with excellent mentors, family members, and friends. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge my advisor Frank Rossi for his personal and academic support during the most difficult and rewarding years of my life. I would also like to thank my academic committee members Eric Nelson, Doug Soldat, Lailiang Cheng, and Neil Mattson. Thanks to Max Schlossberg for fostering my initial development as a scientist. Thanks to my roommate Ryan Higgs, friend Bob Portmess, and other friends and colleagues for many dynamic years of fun and entertainment. A special thanks to my mother and father, who provided me with a blessed life filled with good memories and endless opportunities. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ V LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ VIII LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... IX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... XI CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Essential Functions of Potassium .............................................................. 3 1.3 Potassium Sufficiency Ranges .................................................................... 5 1.4 Storage Carbohydrate Dynamics .............................................................. 8 1.5 Carbohydrate Dynamics and Psychrophilic Fungi Susceptibility........ 10 CHAPTER 2: THE EFFECT OF POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION ON OVERWINTERING CARBOHYDRATE AND METABOLITE DYNAMICS .. 14 2.1 Abstract ...................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Introduction ............................................................................................... 16 2.3 Materials and Methods ............................................................................. 18 2.3.1 Plant Establishment and Fertility Treatments: Greenhouse ......... 18 v 2.3.2 Simulated Autumn, Winter, and Spring: Low Temperature Growth Chamber ............................................................................................................... 22 2.3.3 Harvesting Tissue for Biochemical Analyses .............................. 23 2.3.4 Determination of Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose, and Fructans ....... 24 2.3.5 Determination of Metabolites and Minor Non-Structural Carbohydrates ............................................................................................................... 28 2.3.6 Monitoring Turfgrass Health ....................................................... 30 2.3.7 Statistical Analysis ....................................................................... 30 2.4 Results ........................................................................................................ 31 2.4.1 Tissue Nonacid Cation Content Dynamics .................................. 31 2.4.2 Tissue Carbohydrate Content ....................................................... 33 2.4.3 Tissue Metabolite Content ........................................................... 36 2.5 Discussion................................................................................................... 39 2.5.1 Tissue Nonacid Cation Dynamics ................................................ 39 2.5.2 Non-structural Carbohydrate Dynamics ...................................... 42 2.5.3 Tricarboxylic Acid Intermediates ................................................ 43 2.5.4 Additional Considerations ........................................................... 49 2.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 51 CHAPTER 3: POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION AFFECTS PSYCHROPHILIC PATHOGEN SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ANNUAL BLUEGRASS ........................... 53 3.1 Abstract ...................................................................................................... 54 3.2 Introduction ............................................................................................... 55 3.3 Materials and Methods ............................................................................. 58 3.3.1 Pathogen Isolation ........................................................................ 58 3.3.2 Plant Establishment, Fertility Treatments,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How Many Fungi Make Sclerotia?
    fungal ecology xxx (2014) 1e10 available at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funeco Short Communication How many fungi make sclerotia? Matthew E. SMITHa,*, Terry W. HENKELb, Jeffrey A. ROLLINSa aUniversity of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology, Gainesville, FL 32611-0680, USA bHumboldt State University of Florida, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA 95521, USA article info abstract Article history: Most fungi produce some type of durable microscopic structure such as a spore that is Received 25 April 2014 important for dispersal and/or survival under adverse conditions, but many species also Revision received 23 July 2014 produce dense aggregations of tissue called sclerotia. These structures help fungi to survive Accepted 28 July 2014 challenging conditions such as freezing, desiccation, microbial attack, or the absence of a Available online - host. During studies of hypogeous fungi we encountered morphologically distinct sclerotia Corresponding editor: in nature that were not linked with a known fungus. These observations suggested that Dr. Jean Lodge many unrelated fungi with diverse trophic modes may form sclerotia, but that these structures have been overlooked. To identify the phylogenetic affiliations and trophic Keywords: modes of sclerotium-forming fungi, we conducted a literature review and sequenced DNA Chemical defense from fresh sclerotium collections. We found that sclerotium-forming fungi are ecologically Ectomycorrhizal diverse and phylogenetically dispersed among 85 genera in 20 orders of Dikarya, suggesting Plant pathogens that the ability to form sclerotia probably evolved 14 different times in fungi. Saprotrophic ª 2014 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved. Sclerotium Fungi are among the most diverse lineages of eukaryotes with features such as a hyphal thallus, non-flagellated cells, and an estimated 5.1 million species (Blackwell, 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Minireview Snow Molds: a Group of Fungi That Prevail Under Snow
    Microbes Environ. Vol. 24, No. 1, 14–20, 2009 http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jsme2/ doi:10.1264/jsme2.ME09101 Minireview Snow Molds: A Group of Fungi that Prevail under Snow NAOYUKI MATSUMOTO1* 1Department of Planning and Administration, National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, 1 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062–8555, Japan (Received January 5, 2009—Accepted January 30, 2009—Published online February 17, 2009) Snow molds are a group of fungi that attack dormant plants under snow. In this paper, their survival strategies are illustrated with regard to adaptation to the unique environment under snow. Snow molds consist of diverse taxonomic groups and are divided into obligate and facultative fungi. Obligate snow molds exclusively prevail during winter with or without snow, whereas facultative snow molds can thrive even in the growing season of plants. Snow molds grow at low temperatures in habitats where antagonists are practically absent, and host plants deteriorate due to inhibited photosynthesis under snow. These features characterize snow molds as opportunistic parasites. The environment under snow represents a habitat where resources available are limited. There are two contrasting strategies for resource utilization, i.e., individualisms and collectivism. Freeze tolerance is also critical for them to survive freezing temper- atures, and several mechanisms are illustrated. Finally, strategies to cope with annual fluctuations in snow cover are discussed in terms of predictability of the habitat. Key words: snow mold, snow cover, low temperature, Typhula spp., Sclerotinia borealis Introduction Typical snow molds have a distinct life cycle, i.e., an active phase under snow and a dormant phase from spring to In northern regions with prolonged snow cover, plants fall.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliografía Botánica Ibérica, 2010 Fungi
    Botanica Complutensis 35: 177-182. 2011 ISSN: 0214-4565 Bibliografía Botánica Ibérica, 2010 Fungi Ana Rosa Burgaz1 2044. ALVARADO, P.; MANJÓN, J. L.; MATHENY, P. B. & ESTEVE- en la depresión del Guadalquivir (Granada). Lactarius RAVENTÓS, F. 2010. Tubariomyces, a new genus of Inocy- 18: 19-27. (Tax, Montagnea, Gr). baceae from the Mediterranean region. Mycologia 2054. BOTELLA, L.; SANTAMARÍA, O. & DÍEZ, J. J. 2010. Fun- 102(69): 1389-1397. (SisM, Tubariomyces, Bu, To, Vi). gi associated with the decline of Pinus halepensis in 2045. ARRILLAGA ANABITARTE, P. & MAYO Z ECHANIZ, M. I. Spain. Fungal Diversity 40: 1-11. (Fitopat, Ascomyce- 2006. Los hongos alucinógenos en la cultura de los pue- tes, A, B, Cu, Ge, Gr, L, M, Ma, Mu, T, Te, V, Z). blos. Aranzadiana 127: 232-243. (Etnobot, Ascomyce- 2055, BURGAZ, A. R. 2010. Bibliografía Botánica Ibérica, tes, Basidiomycetes). 2009. Bot. Complut. 34: 101-111. (Bibl). 2046. AZCÓN-AGUILAR, C.; PALENZUELA JIMÉNEZ, J.; RUIZ GI- 2056. CADIÑANOS-AGUIRRE, J. A. & MATEOS-IZQUIERDO, A. RELA, M.; FERROL, N.; AZCÓN, R.; IRURITA, J. M. & BA- 2010. El complejo Cortinarius cedretorum-C. elegan- REA NAVARRO, J. M. 2010. Análisis de la diversidad de tissimus en España. Bol. Soc. Micol. Madrid 34: 73- micorrizas y hongos micorrícicos asociados a especies 85. (Tax, Ecol, Cortinarius, B, Ba, Bi, Bu, Cc, Cs, Hu, de flora amenazada del Parque Nacional de Sierra Ne- S, Vi). vada: 173-190. En: L. Ramírez & B. Asensio (Eds.), Pro- 2057. CALONGE, F. D. 2010. Lepiota brunneoincarnata: se- yectos de Investigación en Parques Nacionales: 2006- gundo caso de envenenamiento familiar grave en Ma- 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Typhula Blight Paul Koch, UW-Plant Pathology and PJ Liesch, UW Insect Diagnostic Lab
    XHT1270 Provided to you by: Typhula Blight Paul Koch, UW-Plant Pathology and PJ Liesch, UW Insect Diagnostic Lab What is Typhula blight? Typhula blight, also known as gray or speckled snow mold, is a fungal disease affecting all cool season turf grasses (e.g., Kentucky bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, tall fescue, fine fescue, perennial ryegrass) grown in areas with prolonged snow cover. These grasses are widely used in residential lawns and golf courses in Wisconsin and elsewhere in the Midwest. What does Typhula blight look like? Typhula blight initially appears as roughly circular patches of bleached or straw-colored turf that can be up to two to three feet in diameter. When the disease is severe, patches can merge to form larger, irregularly-shaped bleached areas. Affected turf is often matted and can have a water-soaked appearance. At the edges of patches, masses of grayish-white fungal threads (called a mycelium) may form. In 1 3 addition, tiny ( /64 to /16 inch diameter) reddish-brown or black fungal survival Typhula blight causes circular patches of structures (called sclerotia) may be bleached turf that often merge to form larger, irregularly-shaped bleached areas. present. Typhula blight looks very similar to Microdochium patch/pink snow mold (see University of Wisconsin Garden Facts XHT1145, Microdochium Patch), but the Microdochium patch fungus does not produce sclerotia. Where does Typhula blight come from? Typhula blight is caused by two closely related fungi Typhula incarnata and Typhula ishikariensis. In general, T. incarnata is more common in the southern half of Wisconsin while T. ishikariensis is more common in the northern half of the state.
    [Show full text]
  • Snow Molds of Turfgrasses, RPD No
    report on RPD No. 404 PLANT July 1997 DEPARTMENT OF CROP SCIENCES DISEASE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN SNOW MOLDS OF TURFGRASSES Snow molds are cold tolerant fungi that grow at freezing or near freezing temperatures. Snow molds can damage turfgrasses from late fall to spring and at snow melt or during cold, drizzly periods when snow is absent. It causes roots, stems, and leaves to rot when temperatures range from 25° to 60°F (-3° to 15°C). When the grass surface dries out and the weather warms, snow mold fungi cease to attack; however, infection can reappear in the area year after year. Snow molds are favored by excessive early fall applications of fast release nitrogenous fertilizers, Figure 1. Gray snow mold on a home lawn (courtesy R. Alden excessive shade, a thatch greater than 3/4 inch Miller). thick, or mulches of straw, leaves, synthetics, and other moisture-holding debris on the turf. Disease is most serious when air movement and soil drainage are poor and the grass stays wet for long periods, e.g., where snow is deposited in drifts or piles. All turfgrasses grown in the Midwest are sus- ceptible to one or more snow mold fungi. They include Kentucky and annual bluegrasses, fescues, bentgrasses, ryegrasses, bermudagrass, and zoysiagrasses with bentgrasses often more severely damaged than coarser turfgrasses. Figure 2. Pink snow mold or Fusarium patch. patches are 8-12 There are two types of snow mold in the inches across, covered with pink mold as snow melts (courtesy R.W. Smiley). Midwest: gray or speckled snow mold, also known as Typhula blight or snow scald, and pink snow mold or Fusarium patch.
    [Show full text]
  • Activated Resistance of Bentgrass Cultivars to Microdochium Nivale Under Predicted Climate Change Conditions
    Activated Resistance of Bentgrass Cultivars to Microdochium nivale under Predicted Climate Change Conditions by Sara Marie Stricker A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Environmental Science Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Sara Marie Stricker, September, 2017 ABSTRACT ACTIVATED RESISTANCE OF BENTGRASS CULTIVARS TO MICRODOCHIUM NIVALE UNDER PREDICTED CLIMATE CHANGE CONDITIONS Sara Marie Stricker Advisor: University of Guelph, 2017 Professor Dr. Tom Hsiang The potential impact of predicted climate change on Microdochium nivale, which causes Microdochium patch on turfgrasses was investigated. Turfgrasses exposed to temperature fluctuations exhibited increased yellowing caused by M. nivale compared to a constant lower temperature incubation. The effect of increased CO2 (from 400 ppm to 800 ppm) on M. nivale hyphal growth, percent yellowing, and biochemical response was assessed for Agrostis spp. and Poa annua cultivars. The efficacy of the resistance activator, Civitas + Harmonizer, was assessed under conditions of increased CO2, two temperatures, and field conditions. Civitas + Harmonizer often decreased disease symptoms, and suppression varied by cultivar and environmental conditions. Elevated CO2 did not affect the growth of M. nivale, although evidence from growth room trials suggests it may decrease Microdochium patch disease severity in the future. However, the interactive effects of temperature, snow cover conditions, and moisture availability in the field under future conditions is unknown. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Tom Hsiang for welcoming me back into his lab and for his guidance, patience, and wry witticisms that kept me going. I am also very grateful for the opportunities I have had to participate in conferences and educational experiences throughout my time as a master’s student.
    [Show full text]
  • Antagonism of Trichoderma Spp. to Sclerotia of Typhula Incarnata
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 1973 Antagonism of Trichoderma spp. to sclerotia of Typhula incarnata. Paul Richard Harder University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Harder, Paul Richard, "Antagonism of Trichoderma spp. to sclerotia of Typhula incarnata." (1973). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 3278. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/3278 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ANTAGONISM OF TRICHODERMA SPP. TO SCLEROTIA OF TYPHULA INCARNATA A Thesis Presented By PAUL RICHARD HARDER Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE June 1973 Major Subject Plant and Soil Sciences ANTAGONISM OF TRICHODERMA SPP. TO SCLEROTIA OF TYPHULA INCARNATA A Thesis By PAUL RICHARD HARDER Approved as to style and content by: (Head of Department) (Member) June 1973 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To Dr. Joseph Troll, Chairman of my thesis committee, I wish to express my appreciation for his encouragement, advice, constructive criticism and assistance throughout this investigation. Expressions of gratitude are also extended to Dr. Mark. S. Mount and Prof. John M. Zak, Thesis Committee Members, for their helpful advice. To Joanne, whose warmth and understanding made many tasks less difficult, my thanks and eternal admiration. iv J. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACCEPTANCE PAGE .
    [Show full text]
  • Duke University Dissertation Template
    Systematics, Phylogeography and Ecology of Elaphomycetaceae by Hannah Theresa Reynolds Department of Biology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Rytas Vilgalys, Supervisor ___________________________ Marc Cubeta ___________________________ Katia Koelle ___________________________ François Lutzoni ___________________________ Paul Manos Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 iv ABSTRACTU Systematics, Phylogeography and Ecology of Elaphomycetaceae by Hannah Theresa Reynolds Department of Biology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Rytas Vilgalys, Supervisor ___________________________ Marc Cubeta ___________________________ Katia Koelle ___________________________ François Lutzoni ___________________________ Paul Manos An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 Copyright by Hannah Theresa Reynolds 2011 Abstract This dissertation is an investigation of the systematics, phylogeography, and ecology of a globally distributed fungal family, the Elaphomycetaceae. In Chapter 1, we assess the literature on fungal phylogeography, reviewing large-scale phylogenetics studies and performing a meta-data analysis of fungal population genetics. In particular, we examined
    [Show full text]
  • Microdochium Nivale 45 Spencer-Phillips and D.L
    ISSN 1867-3570 GG 11825 11825 F F Turfgrass · GAZON TURF Science Jahrgang 45 · Heft 02/14 Internationale Zeitschrift für Vegetationstechnik in Garten-, Landschafts- und Sportstättenbau für Forschung und Praxis Special Edition ETS Conference 2014 Special Edition "Balancing turfgrass performance and sustainability" Reviewed paper presented at the 4th ETS Conference 2014 Osnabrueck, Germany 6th to 9th July 2014 European Journal of Turfgrass Science KÖLLEN Druck+Verlag GmbH · Ernst-Robert-Curtius-Straße 14 53117 Bonn KÖLLEN Druck+Verlag GmbH · Ernst-Robert-Curtius-Straße 14 · 53117 Bonn GmbH · Ernst-Robert-Curtius-Straße 14 53117 KÖLLEN Druck+Verlag ISSN 1867-3570 G 11825 F ISSN 1867-3570 Turfgrass G 11825 F · GAZON TURF TurfgrassScience Jahrgang 45 · Heft 02/14 Internationale Zeitschrift für Vegetationstechnik in Garten-, Landschafts- und Sportstättenbau für Forschung und Praxis · GAZON TURF Science Jahrgang 45 · Heft 02/14 Internationale Zeitschrift für Vegetationstechnik in Garten-, Landschafts- und Sportstättenbau für Forschung und Praxis Special Edition "BalancingSpecial turfgrass Edition performance and sustainability" "Balancing turfgrass Reviewedperformance paper and presented sustainability" at the 4th ETS Conference 2014 Reviewed paper presented at the 4thOsnabrueck, ETS Conference Germany 2014 6th to 9th July 2014 Osnabrueck, Germany 6th to 9th July 2014 KÖLLEN Druck+Verlag GmbH · Ernst-Robert-Curtius-Straße 14 · 53117 Bonn GmbH · Ernst-Robert-Curtius-Straße 14 53117 KÖLLEN Druck+Verlag 30323420_Titel_Aufmacher_Rasen Broschuere neu.indd 4 24.06.14 11:54 KÖLLEN Druck+Verlag GmbH · Ernst-Robert-Curtius-Straße 14 · 53117 Bonn GmbH · Ernst-Robert-Curtius-Straße 14 53117 KÖLLEN Druck+Verlag 30323420_Titel_Aufmacher_Rasen Broschuere neu.indd 4 24.06.14 11:54 ISSN 1867-3570 G 11825 F ISSN 1867-3570 Juni 2014 – Heft 2 – Jahrgang 45 Köllen Druck + Verlag GmbH Postfach 410354 · 53025 Bonn Verlags- und Redaktionsleitung: Stefan Vogel Turfgrass Herausgeber: Deutsche Rasengesellschaft (DRG) e.V.
    [Show full text]
  • WINTER DISEASES Biotic Winter Damage Photo: Agnar Kvalbein Photo
    HANDBOOK TURF GRASS WINTER SURVIVAL WINTER DISEASES Biotic winter damage Photo: Agnar Kvalbein Photo: Summary • Several fungal species can grow lopment and when other methods management practices is im- and damage grasses at low are not sufficient. Winter diseases portant to decide if a green shall temperatures. The most common may, however, be an exception to be sprayed or not. and economically important win- this principle in areas with long-term ter diseases are microdochium snow cover. • Systemic fungicides shall be used patch and Typhula blight. when the grass is still growing, • Information about the resistance to while contact fungicides shall be • In accordance with the principles disease of grass species and culti- used when growth has ceased of Integrated Pest Management, vars, disease pressure, fertilization and mowing is terminated for fungicides shall not be applied with nitrogen or other nutrients, use the season. Today’s fungicides prophylactically, but only based of winter covers, aeration, drainage, may contain both systemic and on monitoring of disease deve- thatch control and other cultural contact active ingredients. General information about winter diseases and the environment under snow Biotic damage of turf grass during winter Because low temperature limits the acti- Some fungal damage can be repaired is common in the Nordic countries. Unlike vity of other microorganisms, the snow quickly, usually much faster than ice physical damage due to ice cover, freezing moulds have few natural enemies and damage. Fungicide applications or other temperatures, desiccation, etc., biotic face little competition for ’food’ in the measures to control other diseases during damage is caused by microorganisms, form of grasses and other plants under the growing season may also have an mainly fungi.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Distribution of Clavarioid Fungi in Estonia
    Folia Cryptog. Estonica, Fasc. 45: 65–80 (2009) Diversity and distribution of clavarioid fungi in Estonia Anton Shiryaev Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 202 8-March St. , RUS-620144 Ekaterinburg, Russia E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: This paper attempts to compile available data on Estonian clavarioid fungi (Basidiomycota) published between 1856 and 2006 (78 publications) and 986 herbarium specimens studied and observations. 103 species have been reported including 46 species new for Estonia. The most frequent species is Typhula erythropus, followed by Macrotyphula juncea, Typhula setipes, Clavulina cinerea, Clavariadelphus ligula, Ramaria gracilis and Typhula phacorrhiza. These constitute around 28% of all observations, but only 6.8% of all species. Twenty one species (20.6%) were collected only once, fifteen species (14.7%) twice and ten species three times (9.8%). Some species rare for whole Europe, but also for its hemiboreal zone, are also infrequently collected, like Clavaria zollingeri, Clavulina amethystina, Lentaria subcaulescens, Multiclavula mucida, Ra- maria botrytis, Ramariopsis crocea, Ramariopsis pulchella and Sparassis crispa. Rare and threatened are the old-growth habitats species like, e.g., Clavaria amoenoides, Clavaria rosea, Clavulinopsis rufipes, Clavulinopsis umbrinella, Multiclavula corynoides, Ramaria broomei and Typhula sphaeroidea. Kokkuvõte: Harikulaadsete kandseente mitmekesisus ja levik Eestis Kirjutises on kokku võetud Eesti harikuliselaadsete kandseente kohta käivad 78 trükises avaldatud andmed (1856–2006), 986 herbaareksemplari uurimise tulemused ja autori vaatlused. Eestist on leitud 103 liiki, neist 46 märgitakse siin esmakordselt. Sagedaim liik on Typhula erythropus, järgnevad Macrotyphula juncea, Typhula setipes, Clavulina cinerea, Clavariadelphus ligula, Ramaria gracilis ja Typhula phacorrhiza.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterising Plant Pathogen Communities and Their Environmental Drivers at a National Scale
    Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Characterising plant pathogen communities and their environmental drivers at a national scale A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University by Andreas Makiola Lincoln University, New Zealand 2019 General abstract Plant pathogens play a critical role for global food security, conservation of natural ecosystems and future resilience and sustainability of ecosystem services in general. Thus, it is crucial to understand the large-scale processes that shape plant pathogen communities. The recent drop in DNA sequencing costs offers, for the first time, the opportunity to study multiple plant pathogens simultaneously in their naturally occurring environment effectively at large scale. In this thesis, my aims were (1) to employ next-generation sequencing (NGS) based metabarcoding for the detection and identification of plant pathogens at the ecosystem scale in New Zealand, (2) to characterise plant pathogen communities, and (3) to determine the environmental drivers of these communities. First, I investigated the suitability of NGS for the detection, identification and quantification of plant pathogens using rust fungi as a model system.
    [Show full text]