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The False Premise of Partition
This article was downloaded by: [Reece Jones] On: 18 August 2014, At: 16:30 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Space and Polity Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cspp20 The false premise of partition Reece Jonesa a Department of Geography, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 2424 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA Published online: 12 Aug 2014. To cite this article: Reece Jones (2014): The false premise of partition, Space and Polity, DOI: 10.1080/13562576.2014.932154 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13562576.2014.932154 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. -
01720Joya Chatterji the Spoil
This page intentionally left blank The Spoils of Partition The partition of India in 1947 was a seminal event of the twentieth century. Much has been written about the Punjab and the creation of West Pakistan; by contrast, little is known about the partition of Bengal. This remarkable book by an acknowledged expert on the subject assesses partition’s huge social, economic and political consequences. Using previously unexplored sources, the book shows how and why the borders were redrawn, as well as how the creation of new nation states led to unprecedented upheavals, massive shifts in population and wholly unexpected transformations of the political landscape in both Bengal and India. The book also reveals how the spoils of partition, which the Congress in Bengal had expected from the new boundaries, were squan- dered over the twenty years which followed. This is an original and challenging work with findings that change our understanding of parti- tion and its consequences for the history of the sub-continent. JOYA CHATTERJI, until recently Reader in International History at the London School of Economics, is Lecturer in the History of Modern South Asia at Cambridge, Fellow of Trinity College, and Visiting Fellow at the LSE. She is the author of Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition (1994). Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society 15 Editorial board C. A. BAYLY Vere Harmsworth Professor of Imperial and Naval History, University of Cambridge, and Fellow of St Catharine’s College RAJNARAYAN CHANDAVARKAR Late Director of the Centre of South Asian Studies, Reader in the History and Politics of South Asia, and Fellow of Trinity College GORDON JOHNSON President of Wolfson College, and Director, Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society publishes monographs on the history and anthropology of modern India. -
Students, Space, and the State in East Pakistan/Bangladesh 1952-1990
1 BEYOND LIBERATION: STUDENTS, SPACE, AND THE STATE IN EAST PAKISTAN/BANGLADESH 1952-1990 A dissertation presented by Samantha M. R. Christiansen to The Department of History In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of History Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts September, 2012 2 BEYOND LIBERATION: STUDENTS, SPACE, AND THE STATE IN EAST PAKISTAN/BANGLADESH 1952-1990 by Samantha M. R. Christiansen ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate School of Northeastern University September, 2012 3 ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the history of East Pakistan/Bangladesh’s student movements in the postcolonial period. The principal argument is that the major student mobilizations of Dhaka University are evidence of an active student engagement with shared symbols and rituals across time and that the campus space itself has served as the linchpin of this movement culture. The category of “student” developed into a distinct political class that was deeply tied to a concept of local place in the campus; however, the idea of “student” as a collective identity also provided a means of ideological engagement with a globally imagined community of “students.” Thus, this manuscript examines the case study of student mobilizations at Dhaka University in various geographic scales, demonstrating the levels of local, national and global as complementary and interdependent components of social movement culture. The project contributes to understandings of Pakistan and Bangladesh’s political and social history in the united and divided period, as well as provides a platform for analyzing the historical relationship between social movements and geography that is informative to a wide range of disciplines. -
Development of Underdevelopment:The Case of East Pakistan 1947-1969
Ayyaz Gull DEVELOPMENT OF UNDERDEVELOPMENT1: THE CASE OF EAST PAKISTAN 1947-1969 Abstract The economic exploitation of East Pakistan started right from the outset after the partition of India in 1947. The economic marginalization of east Bengal (later East Pakistan) began in 17th century by the British and it continued in the 1950s and 1960s. This paper discusses that the state of Pakistan especially under Ayub’s did not make serious efforts for the economic uplift of East Pakistan and the economic disparities between East and West Pakistan in terms of international trade, inter-wing trade, foreign exchange earnings, aid flow and developmental expenditures. In pre-colonial period things in East Bengal looked promising. It had sufficient water supply for double or even triple cropping; its higher literacy rate, and absence of land tenure after the exodus of Hindu landlords pointed to east Bengal great potential for agricultural development.2 The part of Bengal which became East Pakistan in 1947 was neglected under British: a dormant economy except for jute; a lack of infrastructure; an under governed territory; a severe shortage of modern elites, especially among the Muslims. Bengal which used to be the most flourishing provinces in the subcontinent for the last two thousand years, it became repository of extreme poverty.3 Colonial Legacy Under the British Raj, not only the agricultural resources, industries, and trade of Bengal were severely exploited and damaged, but, it also received less consideration in the allocation of resources. The main reason behind this unfair attitude was that the British found the bloodiest and aggressive opposition to British coming from Bengal during the ‘Battle of Plassey’ 1757. -
Liberation War of Bangladesh
Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971 By: Alburuj Razzaq Rahman 9th Grade, Metro High School, Columbus, Ohio The Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 was for independence from Pakistan. India and Pakistan got independence from the British rule in 1947. Pakistan was formed for the Muslims and India had a majority of Hindus. Pakistan had two parts, East and West, which were separated by about 1,000 miles. East Pakistan was mainly the eastern part of the province of Bengal. The capital of Pakistan was Karachi in West Pakistan and was moved to Islamabad in 1958. However, due to discrimination in economy and ruling powers against them, the East Pakistanis vigorously protested and declared independence on March 26, 1971 under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. But during the year prior to that, to suppress the unrest in East Pakistan, the Pakistani government sent troops to East Pakistan and unleashed a massacre. And thus, the war for liberation commenced. The Reasons for war Both East and West Pakistan remained united because of their religion, Islam. West Pakistan had 97% Muslims and East Pakistanis had 85% Muslims. However, there were several significant reasons that caused the East Pakistani people to fight for their independence. West Pakistan had four provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and the North-West Frontier. The fifth province was East Pakistan. Having control over the provinces, the West used up more resources than the East. Between 1948 and 1960, East Pakistan made 70% of all of Pakistan's exports, while it only received 25% of imported money. In 1948, East Pakistan had 11 fabric mills while the West had nine. -
Greater Bangladesh
Annexure 3 Plan to Create Greater Bangla Desh including Assam in it Greater Bangladesh From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Greater Bangladesh (translated variously as Bengali : , Brihat Bangladesh ;[1] Bengali : Brihad Bangladesh ;[2] Bengali : , Maha Bangladesh ;[3] and Bengali : , Bishal Bangla [4] ) is a political theory circulated by a number of Indian politicians and writers that People's Republic of Bangladesh is trying for the territorial expansion to include the Indian states of West Bengal , Assam and others in northeastern India. [5] The theory is principally based on fact that a large number of Bangladeshi illegal immigrants reside in Indian territory. [6] Contents [hide ] 1 History o 1.1 United Bengal o 1.2 Militant organizations 2 Illegal immigration o 2.1 Lebensraum theory o 2.2 Nellie massacre o 2.3 The Sinha Report 3 References [edit ]History The ethno-linguistic region of Bengal encompasses the territory of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal , as well as parts of Assam and Tripura . During the rule of the Hindu Sena dynasty in Bengal the notion of a Greater Bangladesh first emerged with the idea of uniting Bengali-speaking people in the areas now known as Orissa , Bihar and Indian North East (Assam, Tripura, and Meghalaya ) along with the Bengal .[7] These areas formed the Bengal Presidency , a province of British India formed in 1765, though Assam including Meghalaya and Sylhet District was severed from the Presidency in 1874, which became the Province of Assam together with Lushai Hills in 1912. This province was partitioned in 1947 into Hindu -majority West Bengal and Muslim - majority East Bengal (now Bangladesh) to facilitate the creation of the separate Muslim state of Pakistan , of which East Bengal became a province. -
Bengal-Bangladesh Border and Women
The Bengal-Bangladesh Borderland: Chronicles from Nadia, Murshidabad and Malda 1 Paula Banerjee Introduction Borderland studies, particularly in the context of South Asia are a fairly recent phenomenon. I can think of three works that have made borderlands, particularly the Bengal-Bangladesh borderland as the focal area of their study in the last one decade. Ranabir Samaddar’s The Marginal Nation: Transborder Migration From Bangladesh to West Bengal started a trend that was continued by Willem Van Schendel in his The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia . Both these books argue that the border is part of larger zone or the borderland that at once constructs and subverts the nation. Samaddar goes beyond the security and immutable border discourse and problematises the borderland by speaking of flows across the border. He argues that such flows are prompted by historical and social affinities, geographical contiguity and economic imperative. People move when their survival is threatened and rigid borders mean little to the desperate. They question the nation form that challenges their existence. If need be they find illegal ways to tackle any obstacle that stand in their path of moving particularly when that makes the difference between life and death. Thereby Samaddar questions ideas of nation state and national security in present day South Asia when and if it privileges land over the people who inhabit that land. Van Schendel also takes the argument along similar lines by stating that without understanding the borderland it is impossible to understand the nation form that develops in South Asia, the economy that emerges or the ways in which national identities are internalized. -
Muslims Venture Into Politics in Colonial India: a British Ploy Or an Instinctive Reaction?1
Muslims Venture into Politics in India: A British Ploy or an Instinctive Reaction MUSLIMS VENTURE INTO POLITICS IN COLONIAL INDIA: A BRITISH PLOY OR AN INSTINCTIVE REACTION?1 Belkacem BELMEKKI University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed, Oran, Algeria Laboratoire de Langues, Littérature et Civilisation/Histoire en Afrique [email protected] The formation of the All-India Muslim League, the first ever Muslim political party in British India to see the light of the day, represents a watershed in the political history of the Indian subcontinent. It was, in fact, the outcome of a long historical process during which the Muslims of India faced challenges at different levels, political, economic and socio-cultural. Yet, the origin of this political organisation has been a moot point among scholars. Did the British have a hand in its creation or was it a genuinely Muslim initiative? The aim of this article, therefore, is to investigate this issue as well as shed light on the circumstances that led to the birth of this party. Keywords : All-India Muslim League, Indian National Congress, Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan, Aligarh Movement, Hindus, Indian Muslims From the time of English East India Company rule in the Indian subcontinent by the second half of the eighteenth century and the removal of the Mughals from the position of power that took place subsequently, Indian Muslims entered a new chapter in their history, often qualified by scholars and contemporaries as a dark chapter, during which this community kept a low profile and, politically, went into hibernation. In fact, apart from some revivalist movements, which were more religious than political in character, such as the one led by the theologian Shah Walyi Allah Delhavi2, Muslim involvement in politics was 1 I would like to thank the Algerian Directorate General for Scientific Research and Technological Development (DGRSDT) for having funded my research. -
Conflict Between India and Pakistan an Encyclopedia by Lyon Peter
Conflict between India and Pakistan Roots of Modern Conflict Conflict between India and Pakistan Peter Lyon Conflict in Afghanistan Ludwig W. Adamec and Frank A. Clements Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia John B. Allcock, Marko Milivojevic, and John J. Horton, editors Conflict in Korea James E. Hoare and Susan Pares Conflict in Northern Ireland Sydney Elliott and W. D. Flackes Conflict between India and Pakistan An Encyclopedia Peter Lyon Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England Copyright 2008 by ABC-CLIO, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lyon, Peter, 1934– Conflict between India and Pakistan : an encyclopedia / Peter Lyon. p. cm. — (Roots of modern conflict) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2 (hard copy : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-57607-713-9 (ebook) 1. India—Foreign relations—Pakistan—Encyclopedias. 2. Pakistan-Foreign relations— India—Encyclopedias. 3. India—Politics and government—Encyclopedias. 4. Pakistan— Politics and government—Encyclopedias. I. Title. DS450.P18L86 2008 954.04-dc22 2008022193 12 11 10 9 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Production Editor: Anna A. Moore Production Manager: Don Schmidt Media Editor: Jason Kniser Media Resources Manager: Caroline Price File Management Coordinator: Paula Gerard This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. -
East Bengal Politics
April 30, 1955 THE ECONOMIC WEEKLY ed. Many of them, however, are worsen and precipitate a crisis. It politics. Eastern Pakistan may yet still to be tooled, manned, and was this " rather uncertain back upset the Pakistani Governor-Gene brought into operation. Thus the ground ", in the words of the Eco ral's apple-cart. demand for capital goods has still nomist, which had led the Chan to be met and, more important, cellor into a fit of optimistic fore AWAMI LEAGUE SPLIT labour shortage will have to be casting of events. This optimism, solved (even with Lancashire work most unlike the Mr Butler of the It all started with the Pakistani ing short-time). past four years, has become the Governor-General's dissolution of In view of the foregoing, the focal point of attack for Labour the Constituent Assembly. Many indications are, as Mr Gaitskell, the Opposition. They have suggested laws and ordinances have since been Opposition expert, suggested, that that he is deceiving the nation in introduced. Legality of all of these the Chancellor was " not going to the hope of securing a Conservative are in question. It was wise of Mr get his increase in exports". And victory at the General Election. Ghulam Mohammed to refer these if this is to be a strong possibility, This charge may not be wholly un issues to the Federal Court, Its ver the balance of payments will justified. dict is now due. But these are issues which are not directly affect ing East Bengal's politics. Forma From the Calcutta End tion of the provinces of Western Pakistan into one unit, and the basis of representation of this unit East Bengal Politics and of the other unit of Eastern Pakistan to the Constitution Con vention are the problems which are AST BENGAL is, like tion to the " Urduisation" of that agitating Eastern Pakistan. -
Research Landed Elites and Politics of Agrarian Reforms in Pakistan: A
Available Online at www.ijcrr.in International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review ISSN 0976 – 4852 Research CrossRef DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/01/402 January, 2018|Volume 09|Issue 01| Section: Social Science Landed Elites and Politics of Agrarian Reforms in Pakistan: A Case study of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s Era Khizar Abbass1, Sanwal Kharl2, Xie Xiaoqing3 1Corresponding author- student at School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences Wuhan P. R. China, 430074 2School of Public Administration CUG Received 2017-11-25; Accepted 2017-12-22 Abstract: The harsh fact, history of India, confessed that landed gentry comprised of feudal lords, landlords, jagirdars and zamindars were created in British colonial raj. Before that in Mughal epoch, mansabdars or zamindars played a role of middleman. They performed a duty of government employer and got stipulated salary. They were responsible to collect land revenue on annual bases. They had not given vast powers. All the land was belonged to none but king. But when Britishers conquered India, they started to reform the whole social structure by making constitutional changes and introducing constitutional reforms. They created a class of local collaborators which voluntarily agreed to assist imperial power to control social imperatives. They were Indians in blood, race and color but had colonial mindset. The provinces that would form Pakistan, jagirdars and feudalism became a potent social organization; that could not be culminated even after independence despite of much so called radical experiments; Zulfqar Ali Bhutto‟s „Islamic Socialism‟ in 1970s. Landed elites perpetuating colonial legacy obstructed every constitutional reform or policy regarding agrarian sector either it was „green revolution‟ of Ayub Khan or so called radical land reforms of Z.A. -
Bengal Towards the Creation of Pakistan
Muslim Politics in Bengal, 1905-1940: A Case Study of the Krishak Proja Party ∗ Syed Umar Hayat There is no denying of the fact that the Muslims of Bengal played a pioneering role in the creation of Pakistan. But it was not a sudden phenomenon rather it contains a long historical background which resulted in a vigorous mass movement to regain their lost rights as a nation. The dire need of such a unified struggle though felt at different quarters immediately after the occupation of Bengal by the British East-India Company in 1757, but the most effective launching occasion was the Partition of Bengal held in 1905. As a matter of fact it was the occasion when the Muslim Politics in Bengal came across a turning point and that resulted into a strong struggle to safeguard the rights of the Muslims of Bengal in particular and the whole subcontinent in general. In this process the Krishak Proja Party of Bengal had played a very important role which seems to be highlighted to have a better understanding of the Pakistan Movement. This article is an effort towards that direction. In this pen picture I have tried to lay before the readers the circumstances which led to the formation of the party at a time when the All-India Muslim League was existing. Moreover, the aims and objectives, organisational structure, policies and functioning of the Krishak Proja Party have been analysed. Efforts have also been made to highlight the ultimate merger of the party with the All-India Muslim League. Finally, the article has tried to understand the fate of the party after the ∗ Research Fellow, NIHCR (Centre of Excellence) Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.