Victoria Identifier: 4430

HISTORIC HERITAGE ASSESSMENT - HV No. 4430 Andrea Murphy &Dr Tom Rymer Prepared by Cultural Heritage Advisors 7 August 2014 Trustpower Australia Ltd Holdings Pty Sponsored by (HV No. 4430) HISTORIC HERITAGE ASSESSMENT POWERLINE TRANSMISSION FARMDUNDONNELL WIND rchaeology t cultural heritage advisors Beacons eld, VIC 3807 Beacons eld, VIC www.aatardis.com.au TARDIS PO Box 776

DUNDONNELL WIND FARM TRANSMISSION POWERLINE

HISTORIC HERITAGE ASSESSMENT

Heritage Victoria Identifier: 4430

Sponsor: Trustpower Australia Holdings Pty Ltd

Heritage Advisors: Andrea Murphy & Dr Tom Rymer (Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd)

CHMP Authors: Andrea Murphy & Dr Tom Rymer

Completed: 7 August 2014

The intellectual property within this report and the primary research material therein are the property of Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd and may NOT be used, reproduced or distributed in any way without prior written consent of Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd.

Any advice and/or opinions offered within this report by Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd does not constitute legal advice or represent those of any third party.

The report remains the property of the Sponsor. It may NOT be used, reproduced or distributed in any way without the written consent from the Sponsor.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Dundonnell Wind Farm Pty Ltd (DDWFPL) – a wholly owned subsidiary of Trustpower Australia Holdings Pty Ltd (Trustpower) is seeking approval for the construction and operation of the Dundonnell Wind Farm Project. This historic heritage assessment (HHA) was prepared in order to manage historic heritage, if present, in the Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Powerline (hereafter referred to as the Activity Area) in compliance with the Heritage Act 1995 and the Planning and Environment Act 1987 (Map 1). Trustpower Australia Holdings Pty Ltd commissioned this HHA. Andrea Murphy and Tom Rymer from Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd (AAT) prepared this report.

A 220 kilovolts (kV) overhead transmission powerline is proposed to connect the Project to the 500kV Heywood-Moorabool network via a terminal substation located on land adjacent to the Mortlake Gas Power Station (MOPS), approximately 38km southwest of the wind farm site. The Mortlake Gas Power Station is located approximately 12km west of Mortlake. The Activity Area comprises a total length of approximately 38km (Map 1). It is situated within the municipality of Moyne Shire, Parishes of Terrinallum, Eilyar, Ligar, Toorak, Hexham East and Connewarren, and the County of Hampden.

The proposed activity includes, without limit:

1. Power poles 2. Electrical substation 3. Access tracks 4. Temporary construction compounds

BACKGROUND INFORMATION – DESKTOP ASSESSMENT (SECTION 2)

The desktop assessment reviewed the environmental background (Section 2.1) including geology, landform and climate as well as vegetation and fauna; the historical background (Section 2.2), the archaeological background (Section 2.3) including previous archaeological reports, heritage studies and heritage registers. Consultation is yet to occur with the local historical society and Moyne Shire Council. The background information was used to formulate the following site prediction model (Section 2.3.3, Table 3):

Desktop Assessment Historic Cultural Heritage Sensitivity Model (Table 3)

Period Places & Location Sensitivity

Homesteads, staff quarters & outbuildings Unlikely Pastoral Era & Estates Shepherds huts & stockyards (mid 19th century) Dry stone walls (stony rises) Likely Early Selection & Freehold Houses & sheds (close to roads), farming Likely (low) (mid to late 19th century) infrastructure (entire Activity Area) Closer & Soldier Settlement Houses & sheds (close to roads), farming Likely (low) (late 19th century to 1950s) infrastructure (entire Activity Area)

The desktop assessment demonstrated that (Section 2.4):

1. There are no registered historic places within the Activity Area.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2. It is reasonably possible that historic archaeological sites and heritage places are present. 3. There is potential for the project to impact unknown historic heritage.

FIELDWORK – SURVEY ASSESSMENT (SECTION 3)

A survey was conducted by Tom Rymer (AAT) between 2 and 6 December 2013. Ground surface visibility varied but was typically very poor (0-10%). The lack of tree and shrub vegetation enabled the visibility of ground contours and, therefore, potential evidence of historic structural remains (eg footings & other subsurface features). It is estimated that over 95% of the Activity Area was effectively surveyed for historic heritage values. Dry stone walls and road culverts at the intersection of Castle Carey Road and Hamilton Highway were recorded during the ground surface survey.

Historic Heritage (Table 4, Map 5)

Section Place Name Registration Period No registrations submitted Pastoral Runs & 3.4.1.1 Dry stone walls (No registration recommended) Estates Castle Carey Road No registration submitted 3.4.1.2 1860s onwards Culverts (No registration recommended)

CULTURAL HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE (SECTION 4)

Historic heritage was assessed as having the following significance and archaeological potential:

Historic Heritage Summary of Significance & Archaeological Potential (Table 5)

Archaeological Place Historic Social Aesthetic Scientific Potential 3.4.1.1 Local None None Low None Dry Stone Walls 3.4.1.2 Local None None Low None Castle Carey Road Culverts

INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION (SECTION 5)

The lack of historic heritage primarily reflects the linear nature of the Activity Area. Dry stone walls and the Castle Carey Road culverts were the only historic heritage identified during the investigation. The dry stone walls demark landowner and paddock boundaries originally associated with the early large estates of Mount Violet and Mount Fyans. Many continue in use today and mark the boundary of properties and paddocks. Today, most of the families of the original settlers and subsequent soldier settlers have left the land. Farm properties have passed through various hands according to economic and family circumstances. The road culverts are representative examples for roads built in the district from the 1860s.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS (SECTION 6)

The legislative requirements at the local, state and commonwealth government level were presented. All historic archaeological sites are protected under the Heritage Act 1995 whether formally recorded or not. Dry stone walls are listed under the particular provisions of the Moyne Shire Planning Scheme (Clause 52.37) and a permit is required to demolish, remove or alter a dry stone wall constructed before 1940, apart from when installing a gate or reconstruction of damaged or collapsing walls which are undertaken to the same specifications and using the same materials as the existing walls.

IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND (SECTION 7)

The impact of the transmission line on the ground surface of the Activity Area is minimal being restricted primarily to fixing poles into the ground and clear and grade for the terminal station. Only dry stone walls and road culverts were identified in the Activity Area. These are unlikely to be impacted by the development because pole locations will typically avoid these historic features. Vehicles using Castel Carey Road are unlikely to harm the stone culverts. No historic heritage is known at the proposed terminal station location. This investigation has demonstrated that the activity is unlikely to harm known or unknown historic heritage.

PRELIMINARY MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS (SECTION 8)

In relation to historic heritage in the Activity Area, the following recommendations are made:

8.1 No Historic Heritage Requires Consideration for Inclusion on the Australian Heritage Database

No historic heritage requires consideration for inclusion on the Australian Heritage Database.

8.2 No Historic Heritage Requires Consideration for Inclusion on the Heritage Victoria Database (Register or Inventory)

No historic heritage requires consideration for inclusion on the Heritage Victoria Database (Register or Inventory).

8.3 Historic Heritage and the Moyne Shire Planning Scheme

Dry stone walls are protected and managed under the Clause 43.01 of the Moyne Shire Planning Scheme. Any future heritage study conducted by Moyne Shire may consider the dry stone walls and Castle Carey Road culverts appropriate for inclusion on the Moyne Shire Planning Scheme Heritage Overlay. No further work in regards to these heritage values is required by the Sponsor.

8.4 Avoid Harm to Known Historic Heritage

The activity should avoid harm to dry stone walls and Castle Carey Road culverts.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8.5 Dry Stone Walls

Harm to dry stone walls should be avoided by using existing tracks and gates in the Activity Area. If harm cannot be avoided, no Permit is required from Moyne Shire for the purposes of installing a gate (pursuant to Clause 52.37, Moyne Shire Planning Scheme). A Permit will be required for any other breaches of a dry stone wall. Harm to any dry stone wall should be based on the following principles:

1. In the first instance, sections of dry stone wall in the poorest condition must be considered for gate and access track locations. Dry stone wall condition must be determined by an historic archaeologist. Typically, these comprise sections where only the basal course or only loose stone remains. 2. Damage to the original dry stone fabric must be mitigated by the reconstruction of walls and wall terminals to the same specification and traditional style as the existing walls and by using the same materials. 3. Any dry stone wall work must be conducted by a suitably qualified dry stone waller. 4. In order to avoid any inadvertent harm to the dry stone walls, a buffer of 5m during construction should be considered by the contractor. 5. The location of dry stone walls should be shown on all relevant work plans.

CONTENTS PAGE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Principle Reason for the Work 1 1.2 Name of the Commissioning Agency 1 1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study 1 1.4 Individuals and Organisations Undertaking the Study 1 1.5 Individuals and Organisations Consulted during the Study 1 1.6 Date and Location of the Survey 1 1.7 Location of the Study Area 1 1.8 Description of the Study Area 2 1.9 Owners and Occupiers 2 1.10 Project Description 2

2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION – DESKTOP ASSESSMENT 8

2.1 Environmental Background (Karen Kapteinis) 8 2.1.1 Geology, Landform & Climate 8 2.1.2 Vegetation and Fauna 11 2.2 Historical Background (Thematic Environmental History) 12 2.3 Archaeological Background 15 2.3.1 Previous Archaeological and Heritage Studies 16 2.3.2 Heritage Registers 16 2.3.3 Site Predication Model 17 2.4 Conclusions 18

3 FIELDWORK – SURVEY ASSESSMENT 20

3.1 Aims 20 3.2 Field Methodology 20 3.2.1 Time Frames 20 3.2.2 Personnel 20 3.2.3 Materials and Methods 20 3.2.4 Definition of Sites and Site Boundaries 20 3.3 Survey Coverage 20 3.4 Results 20 3.4.1 Historic Places 21 3.4.1.1 Dry Stone Walls 21 3.4.1.2 Castle Carey Road Culverts 24

4 CULTURAL HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE 27

5 INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION 27

6 LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS 27

7 IMPACT ASSESSMENT 30

8 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS 31

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CONTENTS PAGE 8.1 No Historic Heritage Requires Consideration for Inclusion on the 31 Australian Heritage Database 8.2 No Historic Heritage Requires Consideration for Inclusion on the 31 Heritage Victoria Database (Register or Inventory) 8.3 Historic Heritage and the Moyne Shire Planning Scheme 31 8.4 Avoid Harm to Known Historic Heritage 31 8.5 Dry Stone Walls 31

APPENDICES

1 Historic Places in the Localities of Woorndoo, Pura Pura, Lake Bolac, 32 Nerrin Nerrin, Darlington, Hexham & Mortlake 2 Glossary 38 3 Summary CVs 40 4 Historian Report (Blake 2013) 43 5 Significance Assessment 76 6 Activity Area Landowners 79

REFERENCES 81

TABLES (IN TEXT)

1 Geological Units Relevant to the Activity Area 9 2 Volcanic Flow Ages and Associated Regolith Landform Units 11 3 Historic Places within Approximately 3km of the Activity Area 17 4 Desktop Assessment Historic Heritage Sensitivity Model 17 5 Heritage Places in the Activity Area 21 6 Historic Places Summary of Significance & Archaeological Potential 27

MAPS (IN TEXT)

1 Activity Area Location 5 2a Extent of Activity Area 6 2b Extent of Activity Area 7 2c Extent of Activity Area 8 3 Activity Area Geology 10 4 Areas of Historic Heritage Sensitivity 19 5 Location of Dry Stone Walls 22 6 Location of Carey Castle Road Culverts 25

PHOTOS (IN TEXT)

1 Dry stone wall south of Woorndoo-Dundonnell Road, facing north 23 2 Dry stone wall south of Woorndoo-Dundonnell Road, profile of wall 23 facing east 3 Dry stone wall north of Woorndoo-Dundonnell Road 23 4 Bluestone culverts at the intersection of Hamilton Highway & Castle 26 Carey Road, general view 5 Bluestone culvert, detailed view 26

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd would like to thank the following people for their assistance:

Maddison Miller – Heritage Victoria Chris Righetti – Trustpower Australia Holdings Pty Ltd All relevant landowners

ABBREVIATIONS

AAT Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd asl Meters Above Sea Level BP Years Before Present (1950) dGPS Differential Global Positioning System DEPI Department of Environment and Primary Industries DPCD Department of Planning and Community Development DSE Department of Sustainability and Environment DTPLI Department of Transport, Planning and Local Infrastructure dGPS Directional Global Positioning System HV Heritage Victoria Ka Thousand years ago LGM Last Glacial Maximum LV Land Victoria Ma Million years ago NoI Notice of Intent to Prepare a Cultural Heritage Management Plan SLV State Library of Victoria

*Throughout this report several technical terms are used that may not be familiar to some readers. An extensive glossary has been included as Appendix 2 and should be referenced for an explanation of terms.

© Copyright – This report is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd Project No 1838.100.

Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Principle Reason for the Work

Dundonnell Wind Farm Pty Ltd (DDWFPL) – a wholly owned subsidiary of Trustpower Australia Holdings Pty Ltd (Trustpower) is seeking approval for the construction and operation of the Dundonnell Wind Farm Project. This historic heritage assessment (HHA) was prepared in order to identify and manage historic heritage, if present, at the Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line (hereafter referred to as the Activity Area) in compliance with the Heritage Act 1995 and the Planning and Environment Act 1987 (Map 1). All historic archaeological sites are protected under the Heritage Act 1995. Historic places may require consideration for inclusion on the Moyne Shire Planning Scheme Heritage Overlay under the Planning and Environment Act 1987.

1.2 Name of the Commissioning Agency

Trustpower Australia Holdings Pty Ltd commissioned this HHA.

1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study

This report identifies, assesses and provides management recommendations for historic archaeological sites and heritage places within the Activity Area in compliance with the Heritage Act 1995 and the Planning and Environment Act 1987. This was achieved by conducting background research and a ground surface survey. No formal project brief was supplied by the Sponsor and standard heritage management practices were followed.

1.4 Individuals and Organisations Undertaking the Study

Andrea Murphy and Tom Rymer from Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd (AAT) prepared this HHA (Appendix 3 – Summary CVs).

1.5 Individuals and Organisations Consulted during the Study

The following individuals and organisations were consulted during this assessment:

 National Trust Victoria Register (NTVR accessed 14.8.2013).  Australian Heritage Database (AHD accessed 14.8.2013).  Victorian Heritage Database (VHD accessed 14.8.2013)  Moyne Shire, Corangamite Shire and Ararat Rural City Planning Scheme Heritage Overlays (accessed 14.8.2013).

1.6 Date and Location of the Survey

A ground surface survey was conducted between 2 and 6 December 2013. The location of the survey is shown in Map 1.

Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors 1 Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430

1.7 Location of the Activity Area

The Activity Area is located between the Dundonnell Wind Farm and the Mortlake Gas Power Station. The Dundonnell Wind Farm is located approximately 23km northeast of Mortlake and 21km west of Derrinallum. The Mortlake Gas Power Station is located approximately 12km west of Mortlake (Map 1). The Activity Area comprises a total length of approximately 38km. It is situated within the municipality of Moyne Shire, Parishes of Terrinallum, Eilyar, Ligar, Toorak, Hexham East and Connewarren, and the County of Hampden. (Map 1).

1.8 Description of the Activity Area

The Activity Area traverses primarily farmland but also runs within Mortlake-Ararat Road and Castle Carey Road reserves. The regional context of the Activity Area is the volcanic plains of western Victoria. The salient prominent structures and works in, and natural features of, the Activity Area are (Maps 2a-c):

 Stony rises (in the northern part only)  Swales (in the northern part only)  Deeply weathered volcanic plains (in the remainder)  Ephemeral seasonal wetlands  Highways, roads and laneways including Post Office Lane, Woorndoo-Dundonnell Road, Woorndoo-Darlington Road, Nine Mile Lane, Mortlake-Ararat Road, Castle Carey Road, Hamilton Highway and Boonerah Estate Road  Farming infrastructure  Fences  Tracks

1.9 Owners and Occupiers

The land is not owned by the Sponsor. Landowners are listed in Appendix 6.

1.10 Project Description

A 220 kilovolt (kV) overhead transmission powerline is proposed to connect the Project to the 500kV Heywood-Moorabool network via a terminal substation located on land adjacent to the Mortlake Gas Power Station (MOPS), approximately 38km southwest of the wind farm site. The proposed activity includes, without limit (Map 2a-c):

1. Power poles 2. Electrical substation 3. Temporary access tracks if required 4. Temporary construction compounds

The construction of the infrastructure has the following indicative ground disturbance:

1. Holes to fix power poles into the ground. The holes will have an approximate diameter of up to 2.5m to an approximate maximum depth of up to 12m depending on ground conditions. These dimensions are only indicative and will depend on detail design.

2 Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430 2. Clear, grade and level for substation. The indicative maximum footprint area is approximately 150m x 150m x 1m (depth). 3. Temporary access tracks if required: maximum 4m wide and 0.5m depth. 4. Temporary construction compounds. The indicative maximum footprint area is approximately 150m x 150m x 1m (depth).

Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors 3 VICMAP TOPOGRAPHIC 1:30 000 VICTORIA'S MAP INDEX SYSTEM

7921-1-4-4 7921-1-4-1 7921-1-1-4 7921-1-1-1 Topographic Map 7921-1-4-N 7921-1-1-N Victoria 7921-4-N 7921-1-N Information Sheet 7921-1-4-3 7921-1-4-2 7921-1-1-3 7921-1-1-2 Darwin 7921-1-4-S 7921-1-1-S

7921-N ia TECHNICAL NOTES

l PROJECTION: Brisbane Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Projection

ra 7921-4-S 7921-1-S DATUM: Perth Sydney Horizontal: Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA). Vertical: Australian Height Datum (AHD). Adelaide Canberra GRID: Aust Melbourne Grid Interval 1000 metres. Vicmap Topographic 1:50 000 Hobart Map Grid of Australia 1994 (MGA94) 7921-N Tiles 7021 to 7627: Zone 54 7921-1-N Vicmap Topographic 1:25 000 Tiles 7721 to 8823: Zone 55 7921-1-1-S Vicmap Topographic 1:30 000 A3 Grid values are shown in full at each grid corner of the map. 7921-1-1-1 VICMAP PRODUCTS ELEVATION: Vicmap Topographic 1:30 000 A4 Contour interval 10 metres or 20 metres depending on terrain. The Department of Sustainability and Environment's framework Index contour interval is 100 metres. Built up area...... spatial information products are managed by Spatial Information ACCURACY: Infrastructure (SII) and distributed under the Vicmap brand. Standard of accuracy conforms to specificiations and classification Freeway, highway, bridge...... Vicmap is a registered trademark of the Victorian Government, AA1 of the survey Co-ordination (Surveys) Regulations 1992. Secondary road: sealed, unsealed...... and has been synonymous with authoritative government HORIZONTAL: mapping for more than 30 years. +/- 12.5 metres of true position at map scale. Local road: sealed, unsealed...... For more information visit www.land.vic.gov.au/vicmap VERTICAL: Not less than 90% of well defined detail within +/- half of the Vehicular track: 2WD, 4WD...... contour interval. Proposed road...... Vicmap Topographic COMPILATION: Outdoor Leisure Series - maps with noted attractions and tourist Walking track and/or bicycle track...... Compiled from DSE Vicmap and Corporate Spatial Data Library facilities covering popular areas. (CSDL) information. Surf Coast Walk...... Standard Topographic Series - maps covering the State at The currency range of source data is as follows: Australian Alps Walking Track...... 1:25 000, 1:50 000, also 1:30 000 A4 and 1:30 000 A3. Vicmap Transport: 2007 Vicmap Property: 2007 Road Restrictions...... (M.V.O.) (S.S.C.) (S.H.W.L.) Vicmap Digital Vicmap Features: 2007 M.V.O. Maintenance Vehicles Only Vicmap Digital is the foundation that underlies most spatial Vicmap Vegetation (not including Treecover): 1974 - 1995 S.S.C. Subject to Seasonal Closure (R.P.C.) (P.A.) (R.U.) S.H.W.L. Subject to Height or Weight Limits information in Victoria.This set of spatially related data products, CGDL Treecover: 2000 R.P.C. Road Permanently Closed made up from individual datasets, is developed and managed by Plantation data derived from PLANT100: 2003 - 2005 Private Access P.A. SII. The information provides the foundation to Victoria's primary Vicmap Hydro: 2007 R.U. Road Unmaintained Vicmap Elevation Statewide Contours: 2007 mapping and spatial information systems, and for building Gate or cattlegrid, levee bank...... Vicmap Admin (Local Government Areas): 2007 business information and systems. Parks and Conservation Reserves information derived from Embankment, cutting...... All Vicmap Digital products can be overlayed to meet Vicmap Property and other Victorian Government Data: 2007

T your mapping and information needs. The flexibility, quality and Other Crown Land information derived from Vicmap Property Railway, tramway...... currency of Vicmap Digital make it the best digital mapping data and PLM100: 2007

P Railway station, railway siding...... available in Victoria and Australia. PRODUCTION: S Prepared under the direction of the Director, Spatial Information N Railway: disused, dismantled...... Disused Dismantled To buy Vicmap Digital data

A Infrastructure, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Find a Vicmap Data Service Provider online at Railway bridge, railway tunnel...... Victoria. TR www.land.vic.gov.au/vicmapdsp Or buy small packets of selected Building, post office, church, public hall...... PO C PH Vicmap Digital data online at www.land.vic.gov.au/vicmapdata USER COMMENTS: Users noting any errors or omissions are invited to notify School, police station, fire station, ambulance S FURTHER INFORMATION (in writing) the Director, Spatial Information Infrastructure, SES, Hospital (emergency, non emergency).... Department of Sustainability and Environment email [email protected] Address: PO Box 500, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002 Emergency Beach Access Point...... 98W To find out more about DSE visit www.dse.vic.gov.au or contact Phone: (03) 8636 2333 Email: [email protected] the DSE Customer Service Centre on 136 186 Pipeline, disappearing underground...... Gas/Water Parks and Conservation Reserves Abbreviations

RES Power transmission line with pylons...... Copyright C The State of Victoria, Department of Sustainability and Environment 2007 BR Bushland Reserve NCR Nature Conservation Trigonometric station, spot elevation...... 83 34 CGR Ca ve and Geological Reserve Reserve NFR Natural Features Reserve EATU This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Landmark area: quarry...... F Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication CR Coastal Reserve NFSR Natural Features and EA Education Area Scenic Reserve Landmark object: tank or well, tanks to scale. Silo Oil is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your FFR Flora and Fauna Reserve NHP National Heritage Park Mine, helipad...... particular purpose and therefore disclaims all liability for any FR Flora / Fauna Reserve NP National Park N error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you GR Geologial Reserve RP Regional Park Landmark area, recreation area...... relying on any information in this publication. HA Historic Area SR Scenic Reserve Tree cover: sparse, medium and dense...... HCFR Historic and Cultural SP State Park NOTES TO THE MAP USER Features Reserve SSR Stream Side Reserve ETATIO Plantation...... Roads - Depiction of roads and tracks on this map does not MNP Marine National Park WR Wildlife Reserve Orchard or vinyard...... necessarily indicate a right of way. For the most up to date MS Marine Sanctuary

VEG walking track information in Parks and Reserves refer to the Contours, rocky outcrop, hill shading...... 0 SAMPLE MAP GRID REFERENCE 60 Parks Victoria website: www.parkweb.vic.gov.au Depression contours...... MAY NOT BE RELEVANT TO MAP SHEET Administrative Boundaries - The position of administrative BEFORE GIVING A GRID REFERENCE, Cliff...... boundaries shown on this map are only approximate. ALWAYS STATE THE NAME, NUMBER AND DATUM OF THIS MAP Sand...... Nomenclature - Inclusion of a name on this map does not GRID ZONE DESIGNATION TO GIVE A STANDARD REFERENCE imply its approval by the relevant nomenclature authority. RELIEF Sand dunes...... 54H or 55H ON A SHEET TO THE NEAREST 100 METRES River, creek, crossing, adit...... Maritime Navigation - This map is not to be used for maritime navigation purposes. 100,000 METRE Drain Aqueduct, channel, drain...... SQUARE IDENTIFICATION SAMPLE POINT . 290 Fence lines - Fence lines are not depicted on this map. Lake: perennial, intermittent...... Locate This map has been automatically generated and may 1 Locate the first VERTICAL grid line to 100,000 Dam or weir, dam carrying road...... contain errors. LEFT of point and read LARGE figure XD metre square labelling the line either in the top or Falls, rapids...... Falls identification bottom margin, or on the line itself: 52 Rapids in large river...... Rapids GEOCENTRIC DATUM OF AUSTRALIA value 2 Estimate tenths from grid line to point 7 This map is produced on the Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA). IGNORE the SMALLER Lock...... 3 Locate first HORIZONTAL grid line Lock GDA supersedes the Australian Geodetic Datum 1966 (AGD). figures of any grid number; Waterholes, swimming pool...... these are for finding the full BELOW point and read LARGER For all practical purposes GDA is the same as the World Geodetic coordinates. Use ONLY figure labelling the line in either APHY Water well or bore, spring...... Bore System (WGS84). the LARGER figures the left or right margin, or on the line

R of the grid number. itself: 70 Land subject to inundation...... DATUM CONVERSIONS FOR VICTORIA (+/- 10 Metres) OG For example: 4 Estimate tenths from grid line to point 5 Swamp or marsh...... TO CONVERT GDA94 to AGD66 AGD66 to GDA94 Shoreline with mud or sand flats, mangroves. Latitude (numeric value) Increase by 5.5 secs Decrease by 5.5 secs 456 000 SAMPLE REFERENCE 527 705 HYDR Longitude (numeric value) Decrease by 4.5 secs Increase by 4.5 secs Rock: bare or awash, rocky ledge or reef...... If reporting beyond 18 degress in any direction,

N Easting Decrease by 112 metres Increase by 112 metres prefix Grid Zone designation as: Exposed wreck, lighthouse...... Northing Decrease by 185 metres Increase by 185 metres 54H DV5 27705, GDA or 55HDV527705, GDA Breakwater, pier or jetty, boat ramp...... Example 1: AGD66 Latitude -37o 50' Longitude 145o 00' Converts to GDA94 Latitude -37o 49' 54.5" Longitude 145o 00 04.5" Navigation beacon, wharf...... Grid North Example 2: AGD/AMG66/Zone 54H East. 320600 North. 5813000 Crown land, cadastre...... Converts to GDA/MGA94/Zone 54H East. 320712 North. 5813185

Local Government Area boundary...... MELTON SHIRE Contact the Intergovernment Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) for more details at www.icsm.gov.au/icsm/gda/ ADMINISTRATIO State boundary...... All maps are orientated towards Grid North

Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line - HHA HV No.4430

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Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-3-2, T7422-2-3-1 & T7422-2-2-4 0 1 2

Legend: Scale of Kilometres

Activity Area Boundary Powerline 38 kilometres (approx) Parish: Parish: LGA: Zone 54 Map 2a Extent of Activity Area

6 Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd 5791000 5792000 5793000 5794000 5795000 5796000 5797000 5798000 5799000 5800000 5801000 5802000 Legend: Parish: LGA: Parish:

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658000 oorpi a sdfrLcto ln :000Nme 72---,T7421-2-3-3,T7422-2-3-2, T7921-1-4-4, Number 1:30,000 Plan: Location for used map Topographic

659000 rhelg tTri t Ltd Pty Tardis At Archaeology a bEtn fAtvt Area Activity of Extent 2b Map

660000 72--- T7422-2-2-4 & T7422-2-3-1 661000 udnelWn amTasiso ie-HAH No.4430 HV HHA - Line Transmission Farm Wind Dundonnell

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Legend: Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7421-4-1-4, T7421-4-1-1& T7421-1-4-4 0 1 2

Scale of Kilometres Activity Area Boundary Powerline 38 kilometres (approx) Parish: Parish: LGA:

Map 2c Extent of Activity Area Zone 54

8 Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430

2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION – DESKTOP ASSESSMENT

2.1 Environmental Background (Karen Kapteinis)

2.1.1 Geology, Landform & Climate

Geology

The dominant geological unit of the Activity Area is the Newer Volcanic Group sheet flows of the Western District Plains (Joyce et al 2003; Cupper et al 2003). The Western District Volcanic Plains stretches from west of Melbourne to Port Campbell, and includes 15,000km2 of lava flows and over 200 eruption points (Hills 1975; Rosengren 1994). There are two different flow types within the Activity Area, having erupted at different times. The oldest flows were erupted around 2-3Ma BP, and probably originate from the Mondilibi eruption point in the south and the Woorndoo eruption point in the north (Table 1) (Ollier & Joyce 1964; Rosengren 1994; Grimes 2006; Rosengren 2012). The basalt ranges from transitional to tholeiitic basalt, and is part of the Dunkeld regolith landform unit (RLU), which is described as having an undulating gilgai landscape with 1-2m thick red to black clay soils and some buckshot (Gray & McDougall 2009; Joyce 2003).

Table 1 Geological Units Relevant to the Activity Area

Age Map Symbol Description Holocene Unnamed swamp and lake deposits: Paludal: Qm1 11ka – present lagoon and swamp deposits, silt, clay Miocene – Pleistocene Newer Volcanic Group: Unnamed valley-filling Qno3 23Ma – 11ka basalt: igneous (extrusive) Hanson Plain Sand: Sedimentary: Non-marine: fluvial and minor shallow marine deposits: quartz Pliocene Nbh sand, clayey sand, gravel, minor calcareous clay and limonite pisolites; surface may be laterised Miocene to Pliocene Newer Volcanic Group: Extrusive: tholeiitic to Qn 23Ma – 1.8Ma alkaline basalts, minor scoria and ash

The second eruptive unit within the east of the Activity Area boundaries are the Mt Fyans stony rises (Welch et al 2011; Grimes 2006). This unit can be further split into two subunits according to age, as Mt Fyans had two eruptive stages (Rosengren 2012). The youngest subunit within the far northeast of the activity area is the scoria found in close proximity to Mount Fyans in the eastern part of the activity area, and was extruded less than 100ka BP (Table 2) (Joyce 2003; Grimes 2006; Rosengren 2012). The older subunit represents the basaltic stony rises extruded in the early stages of the Mount Fyans eruptions at approximately 100-200ka BP (Joyce 2003; Grimes 2006). These older eruptions of the Mount Fyans volcano produced extensive stony rise formations, including a small cave in the Mount Fyans dyke, consisting of blocky, vesicular basalt approximately 40m thick with thin, red-brown soils (Rosengren 2012; Grimes 2006; Joyce 2003).

Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors 9

Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430 An outcrop of Black Rock Sandstone occurs in the far western sector of the Activity Area, probably as the product of past landscape erosion by the confluence of the Hopkins River and Salt Creek (Welch et al 2011). Previously termed the Hanson Plain Sand, the stratigraphic name change grouped the unit with the Brighton Group’s Black Rock Sandstone (VandenBerg 2009). Dominated by gravel, sand and silt, the Black Rock Sandstone is of marginal marine to fluvial origin, and was deposited in the Pliocene (5-4.3 Ma BP) when the Tertiary sea was retreating from the landscape (Edwards et al 1996; Beu & Darragh 2001). This unit is variably ferruginous and calcareous, with clay becoming more dominant further inland (Edwards et al 1996; Welch et al 2011). Brown chromosols dominate the soil profile on the Black Rock Sandstone (Baxter & Robinson 2001).

Table 2 Volcanic Flow Ages and Associated Regolith Landform Units

Volcanic flow Regolith landscape unit Age of flow Mount Fyans 1 Eccles 100–50ka BP Mount Fyans 2 Eccles 0.2–0.1Ma BP Mondilibi Dunkeld 1.9–2Ma BP Woorndoo Dunkeld 2 – 3Ma BP

There are minor Quaternary-age sedimentary deposits within the Activity Area consisting of swamp deposits (Buckland & Stuart-Smith 2000). The swamp deposits are derived from the disruption of drainage after the extrusion of the stony rises, preventing adequate drainage of the landscape, and resulting in the pooling of water in the low points of the landscape. Sedimentation of the clay, silt and sand was slow, as many of the swamps and lakes are perennial and intermittent (Rosengren 2012). Most of these deposits are arranged along the contact area between the Mount Fyans stony rises and the older basalt flow fields as well as to the south where groundwater discharge has created several springs (Rosengren 2012).

Landform and Geomorphology

The landscape is relatively flat to undulating with variable surface relief of between 10-20m on the stony rises, and is comprised of thin lava flows overlying a Tertiary marginal marine plain (Edwards et al 1996; Rosengren 2012; Joyce 2003). These plains are identified as the Western District Volcanic Plains, and have been formed largely by volcanic eruptions and weathering processes over time, with little removal of sediment through erosional processes (Joyce et al 2003; Rosengren 2012). Although largely of low elevation and relief, the stony rises are a significant feature of the landscape with examples present of tumuli, mesas, diverging and converging lava lobes, parallel ridges and depressions, raised lava surfaces, and intervening swampy basins (Rosengren 2012; Edwards et al 1996). These features were created by the uneven flows of lava and by sagging and collapse of lava tubes beneath the crust of the cooling lava (Rosengren 2012; Skeats & James 1937). One of the highest points in the landscape (~10m above the surrounding surfaces), Mt Violet, can be observed to the immediate north of Post Office Lane, and lies within a complex pattern of mesas and tumuli produced by differential cooling and slumping of the cooling lava (Rosengren 2012).

Soil cover of the Activity Area ranges in thickness from very thin on the Eccles RLU to 1-2m on the older (2-3Ma BP) flows of the Dunkeld RLU (Rosengren 2012). Due to the uneven

Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors 11 Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430 surface topography and the high clay content, drainage of the landscape is poor and surface pooling of water creates a high density of slightly saline and freshwater swamps and lakes in the region. At the edge of the Mount Fyans basalt flow field, several springs occur, particularly to the south, and are fed by the local groundwater (Rosengren 2012). In some discharge flow paths for the spring water, the rate of discharge was sufficient to allow for stream incision into the landscape. The main streams close to the activity area are Salt Creek and the Hopkins River to the west and northwest. Both of these streams flow in a southerly direction, and intersect slightly north of the southern-most section of the activity area.

Climate

Historic climate information from Terang shows that the Activity Area region has mean low and high temperatures of 9.3°C / 14.6°C in July and 20.4°C / 32.9°C in February and an annual mean rainfall of 785.8mm (BOM 2013). The climate was attractive for European settlement and grazing of stock.

2.1.2 Vegetation and Fauna

There are no major waterways traversed by the Activity Area. Major waterways in the geographic region include Lake Bolac, Fiery Creek, Salt Creek, Hopkins River, Blind Creek Mount Emu Creek, Lake Turangmoroke, Nerrin Nerrin Swamp, Lake Gellie, Salt Lake and Lake Eyang. Various minor waterways (drainage lines) drain the plain of water into former freshwater marshes and meadows scattered across the region. The nearest named waterway is Salt Creek which comes to within approximately 80m of the Activity Area east of the intersection of Castle Carey Road and the Hamilton Highway. Rosengren (2012: 22- 23) has identified a number of well-defined discharge areas east of the northern part of the Activity Area which likely provided year round water if required. These are also indicated as springs on the 1930 Chatsworth topographic map (Blake 2013: Figure 10, Appendix 4). No springs are shown further south along the Activity Area on either the Chatsworth or Mortlake topographic maps. They also show that by WWII, farmers had already drained the land for improved pasture.

Prior to European settlement the north of the Activity Area comprised predominantly Stony Knoll Shrubland / Plains Grassy Woodland / Plains Grassy Wetland Mosaic (EVC714) and Plains Grassland (EVC132) with minor components of Plains Grassy Woodland (EVC55), Aquatic Herbland / Plains Sedgy Wetland Mosaic (EVC691), Plains Sedgy Wetland (EVC647), Plains Grassy Wetland (EVC125) and Plains Grassland / Plains Grassy Woodland Mosaic (EVC897). South of the Woorndoo-Dundonnell Road, Plains Grassland dominates. Stony Knoll Shrubland is a shrubland or low woodland up to 8m tall including Drooping Sheoak and Sweet Bursaria with a grassy understorey. Plains Grassy Woodland comprises open eucalypt woodland typically including Swamp Gum, Narrow Leaf Peppermint, Manna Gum, Drooping Sheoak, Lightwood and Black Wattle over a groundcover of grasses and herbs. Plains Grassy Wetland may include River Red Gum or Swamp Gum but is dominated by grasses, small sedges and herbs. Plains Grassland may originally have had some woody plants but comprises mainly grasses and herbs. The Parish of Terrinallum Map shows that the area had “Stony rises lightly timbered with Lightwood She oak and Honeysuckle” (Blake 2013: Figure 11, Appendix 4). A recent flora assessment recorded small numbers of scattered indigenous trees in the region at the

12 Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430 northern end of the Activity Area (BLA 2012). The Sponsor has indicated that the development will avoid all trees.

The recent wind farm fauna assessment (BLA 2012: 41 & Appendix 4) provided an overview of the species likely to be present within the north of the Activity Area which included 108 native birds, 8 native mammals, 11 reptiles, seven frogs, one invertebrate and two fish species. Birds included brolgas, emus, eagles, ducks, native hens and pigeons. Mammals included black wallaby, eastern grey kangaroo, fat tailed dunnart and bats. Reptiles included turtles, lizards, snakes and skinks. Frogs and fish were also likely to be present. The fauna assessment showed that waterbirds were not common within the Activity Area (BLA 2012)

Prior to European occupation the fauna above would have comprised those typical for the floral communities and water resources. Terrestrial fauna would have predominated such as kangaroos, wallabies, wombat and emus. Arboreal animals would have constrained themselves to areas with trees. Outside the Activity Area along Salt Creek, Hopkins River, Fiery Creek, Lake Bolac and Mount Emu Creek waterbirds, waterfowl, eels, fish and crustacean would have been a significant resource. Camping in close proximity to these water sources outside the Activity Area would have been strategically important for early European settlers.

2.2 Historical Background (Thematic Environmental History)

The historic landuse of the Activity Area is described in detail in Blake 2013 (Appendix 4) and will be only summarised below.

Exploration Era

Surveyor-General of New South Wales Major Thomas Mitchell’s expedition in 1836 explored and publicized the western district of Victoria. Mitchell led an expedition from Sydney to follow the course of the Murray River to its junction with the Darling River, but when he glimpsed the good land south of the Murray River he ventured southwest. It was a fertile country with good soil and a temperate climate, with enough timber to be of practical use. Travelling south to Portland, Mitchell encountered the Henty family and told them about the good country he had observed. After exploring the Portland Bay region with members of the Henty family, Mitchell travelled northeast via the southern end of the Grampians and the Pyrenees ranges (Shaw 1996). The Henty family were the first of a number of Tasmanian squatters to take up land in western Victoria.

Pastoral Era

By 1840 there were three groups of settlers in the Western District: the squatters who had arrived from Tasmania and moved west from Melbourne and Geelong; the ‘overlanders’ who had followed Mitchell’s route to bring stock to the squatters; and overseas arrivals, which included men of wealth and assisted immigrants (MacKellar 2008: 20). Land was first taken up in the early 1840s including Mount Fyans, Mount Shadwell, Hopkins Hill and Connewarren pastoral runs (Blake 2013, Figure 1, Appendix 4). Mount Fyans run was taken up by Lachlan Mackinnon in 1841, Mount Fyans by John Cumming in 1856, Mount Shadwell in 1830 by the Derwent Company and Hopkins Hill by the Clyde Company and Connewarren by the Bolden brothers in 1839 / 1840.

Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors 13 Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430 Selection Era and Early Crown Land Sales

From 1847 squatters were given more secure tenure and the option of taking up a pre- emptive right of 640 acres on their land. With the goldrush, the influx of population into Victoria, the separation from New South Wales and increased democratic representation, there was political pressure to release land held by squatters and open up Victoria for Selection. A series of Land Acts (eg Nicholson Act 1860 & Duffy Act 1862) released land to settlers with limited success. Rich squatters used dummies and peacocking to get around the conditions of the Land Acts resulting in the formation of large estates. The Activity Area runs through or near many of these former estates including Mount Violet, Myrngrong, Salt Creek, Boorok, Mondilibi, Flat Top and Connewarren. These estates often build imposing homesteads, woolsheds and farming infrastructure; however, Blake (2013: Section 3, Appendix 4) demonstrates that these are located outside the Activity Area.

Despite the establishment of the large estates, many Selectors took up land and became successful farmers (eg the Lamonts at Dundonnell). The 1850s and 1860s also saw the development of townships such as Hexham, Woorndoo and Mortlake as the pastoral and agricultural communities grew (Blake 2013, Appendix 4). Mixed farming developed on Selectors blocks and was continued on the home blocks at the homesteads on the large estates. Yet sheep and cattle dominated the local economy in the Activity Area with some cropping.

Closer and Soldier Settlement Era

With the increase in population, the depression in the 1890s, and the large number of returned servicemen from both World Wars, the government introduced a number of schemes to settle the land including the Closer Settlement Scheme and the Soldier Settlement Schemes. These schemes allowed the government to purchase large estates and subdivide them into smaller farming allotments allowing more people to settle the land. The Activity Area includes the Mount Violet and Myrngrong Soldier Settlement Estates (Blake 2013: Section 2.4, Appendix 4) which were promoted as suitable for mixed farming including grazing and dairying. Since this time many of the original soldier settlers and selectors have died and the land passed onto their descendants or sold.

Post War Era

Since WWII, the Activity Area has remained rural and primarily used for sheep and cattle grazing. There has been an increase in the clearing of stone resulting in increased land available for ploughing and crop growing. Despite this pastoralism is still a dominant industry. Small localities have declined in population with a corresponding increase in the population of regional centres (eg Warrnambool).

The historic background (Blake 2013) has described the European settlement and use of the land in detail but has not identified any known heritage places within the Activity Area boundary. It has also shown that disturbance of the land in the Activity Area is primarily associated with the development of primary industry and roads connecting towns and farm properties. This includes the following:

1. Clearing of native vegetation;

14 Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430 2. Construction of farm infrastructure including tracks, fences (dry stone as well as post & wire), dams, windmills, sheds, etc; 3. Draining of ephemeral swamps, marshes and meadows; 4. Stone aggregation; 5. Woorndoo-Dundonnell Road, Nine Mile Lane, North Road, Mortlake-Ararat Road, Castle Carey Road & Hamilton Highway; 6. Ploughing; and 7. Stock trampling & pugging.

2.3 Archaeological Background

2.3.1 Previous Archaeological and Heritage Studies

A search of the Heritage Victoria Register (accessed 14.8.2013) shows that the Activity Area has not been subject to any previous historic heritage assessments apart from Schell and Howell-Meurs (2005). The nearest assessments have been conducted at Lake Bolac (Szydzik et al 2010) Nerrin (Wood 1996) and Mortlake (Murphy 1994, 1995; Gunn & Harradine 2000; Raybould 2006; Turnbull 2008). Typically no historic sites have been recorded (Szydzik et al 2010; Wood 1996; Murphy 1994; Raybould 2006).

Schell and Howell-Meurs (2005) conducted a survey of the proposed Mortlake Power Station. This power station has now been constructed and is located at the southern end of the present Activity Area. It is the site of one of the proposed terminal station locations for the Dundonnell Wind Farm transmission powerline to connect into the power grid. Three historic features were recorded south of Mortlake and given a D-listing: Reichmans Lane Dam (D7421-0008), Chamallak Road Bridge (D7421-0009) and Tapps Lane Shed (D7421-0007). No historic sites or areas of archaeological sensitivity were identified at the Power Station. This includes the area proposed for the Dundonnell Wind Farm terminal station.

Murphy (1994) conducted a survey for a proposed sewerage treatment plan at Mortlake located approximately 6km east of the Activity Area. No historic sites were recorded. A survey on land immediately to the west (Murphy 1995) recorded a small farm complex built between 1904 and 1906 (MacDonalds Farm H7421-0002). It was assessed as having very high scientific significance. Wood (1996) conducted a survey of four optical fibre routes including one between Nerrin Nerrin and Streatham located approximately 10km north of the present Activity Area. No historic sites were recorded.

Luebbers (1997) conducted an excavation of the first settler house at Mortlake called Webster’s Homestead (H7421-0003). Although fragmented artefacts and handmade bricks were found in a disturbed context, no intact deposits or features (eg building foundations) were found. None of the finds could be attributed to Webster’s Homestead.

Gunn and Harradine (2000) conducted a survey of a proposed water pipeline from Noorat to Mortlake. The proposed route passed three historic places: Mortlake Butter Factory (H7421-0004), Noorat-Kolora dry stone wall (H7421-0006) and the Noorat (Glenmoriston Butter Factory (H7421-0005). None of these are near the present Activity Area.

Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors 15 Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430 Raybould (2006) conducted a survey of a bridge on the Mortlake-Ararat Road over a tributary of Salt Creek and located approximately 10km west of the present Activity Area. No historic sites were recorded.

Turnbull (2008) conducted a survey for minor variation of the Mortlake Water Pipeline at Mortlake. No new historic places were recorded although the route passed in the vicinity of the Mortlake Butter Factory (H7421-0004).

Szydzik, Chamberlain and Myers (2010) conducted a survey for a new amenities block at Picnic Point, Lake Bolac which is located approximately 18km northwest of the present Activity Area. Although early settlement sites were predicted, the survey recorded no historic sites.

Doyle and Context Pty Ltd (DC 2006) prepared a heritage study for Moyne Shire. This study includes the present Activity Area. Historic research and survey identified 735 historic places. The report details many sites of state and local significance, along with places that have a high, medium and low priority for further investigation. Significance assessment was conducted in accordance with The Burra Charter using RNE criteria. From this study no places have been registered on the AHD, VHD or MSPSHO that are within the Activity Area.

2.3.2 Heritage Registers

The following heritage databases were searched for places relating to the Activity Area (accessed 14.8.2013):

1. The Australian Heritage Database (AHD) which includes places on the World Heritage List, the National Heritage List, the Commonwealth Heritage List and the Register of the National Estate; 2. The Victorian Heritage Database (VHD) which includes the Registry (VHR) and Inventory (VHI) at HV; the Moyne Shire, Corangamite Shire & Ararat Shire Planning Schemes Heritage Overlays; 3. The Moyne Shire Planning Scheme Heritage Overlay; 4. The National Trust of Victoria Register (NTVR); and 5. Moyne Shire Heritage Study (DC 2006).

There are no statutory registered historic places within the Activity Area. Historic places within approximately 3km of the Activity Area are shown below in Table 3.

A search of the databases was conducted using locality terms of Dundonnell, Woorndoo, Pura Pura, Lake Bolac, Nerrin Nerrin, Darlington, Mortlake and Hexham. The search found various places on the AHD, VHR, NTVR and the Victorian War Heritage Inventory (VWHI) (see Appendix 1). Historic places relate primarily to the early pastoral period of the Western District in particular large estates originating from the initial pastoral runs (eg homesteads & woolsheds). Other heritage relates to the various wars (eg memorials & honour rolls) and civic development (eg public halls, houses, businesses & churches).

16 Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430 Table 3 Historic Places within Approximately 3km of the Activity Area

Place Name Place Type Location Significance Registration No Contents Mortlake MacDonald’s Farm Recorded by Murphy 2.1km southeast of the Activity Very high VHD – H7421-0002 1995 Area Homestead built in 1859 Merrang Homestead 1830 Woolsthorpe-Hexham with various additions in VHD – H0322 Road, Hexham 1865 & 1875 (includes State (VHD, NTVR) MSPS – HO4 3km west of the Activity Area Cupress sempervirens NTVR – B0795 tree NTV – T11961) Mt Fyans Homestead AHD – RNE3800 1037 Darlington-Nerrin Road, Homestead & garden Regional NTVR – B2324 Dundonnell DC – 2176 Mt Fyans woolshed Dundonnell Woolshed Local (DC) DC – 3244 Stone Cairns, Stone Walled Dam Stone cairns & stone Not stated (NTVR) Dundonnell NTVR – 5218 walled dam Local (DC) DC – 2166 Dundonnell Public Hall Dundonnell Public hall Local (DC) DC – 2656 Mount Violet homestead 1349 Darlington Road, Homestead Local or higher (DC) DC – 2742 Dundonnell

2.3.3 Site Prediction Model

The desktop evidence has been used to formulate a historic heritage sensitivity model. This model predicts the likely historic heritage values that may be present in the Activity Area (Table 4).

Table 4 Desktop Assessment Historic Heritage Sensitivity Model (Map 4)

Period Places & Location Sensitivity

Homesteads, staff quarters & outbuildings Unlikely Pastoral Era & Estates Shepherds huts & stockyards (entire activity area) (mid 19th century) Dry stone walls (stony rises) Likely Early Selection & Freehold Houses & sheds (close to roads), farming Likely (low) (mid to late 19th century) infrastructure (entire activity area) Closer & Soldier Settlement Houses & sheds (close to roads), farming Likely (low) (late 19th century to 1950s) infrastructure (entire activity area)

Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors 17 Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430

2.4 Conclusions

The desktop assessment has demonstrated that:

1. There are no registered historic places within the Activity Area. 2. It is reasonably possible that historic archaeological sites and heritage places are present. 3. There is potential for the project to impact unknown historic heritage.

18 Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors

Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430

3 FIELDWORK – SURVEY ASSESSMENT

3.1 Aims

The aim of the ground surface survey is to detect the presence of historic archaeological sites and heritage places.

3.2 Field Methodology

3.2.1 Time Frames

The survey was conducted between 2 and 6 December 2013.

3.2.2 Personnel

The survey was conducted by Tom Rymer (AAT).

3.2.3 Materials and Methods

The ground survey was conducted in a systematic manner and in accordance with proper archaeological practice (Burke & Smith 2004). Systematic sampling was conducted in order to assess 100% of the Activity Area. The survey was conducted on foot by walking linear transects. When historic heritage was identified, the place location was recorded by handheld dGPS.

3.2.4 Definition of Sites and Site Boundaries

Sites were defined by the presence and absence of cultural material on the surface and any areas assessed as likely to contain subsurface historic features and deposits.

3.3 Survey Coverage

At the time of the survey, ground surface visibility varied but was mostly very poor (0-10%) due to dense grass cover. A large part of the land has been ploughed for many decades for crops and pasture improvement for stock (sheep & cattle). Part of the alignment is in the Mortlake-Ararat Road and Castle Carey Road reserves. Fire breaks have been ploughed within the road reserves resulting in excellent ground surface visibility (90-100%). Similarly part of the Activity Area is near the existing 500kv overhead transmission powerline easement and tree plantations which also afforded excellent ground surface visibility. The lack of tree and shrub vegetation enabled the visibility of ground contours and, therefore, potential evidence of historic structural remains (eg footings & other subsurface features). No access was able to be gained to Mirvac land and Origin Energy land. Overall, it is estimated that over 95% of the Activity Area was effectively surveyed for historic archaeological sites and heritage places.

3.4 Results

Dry stone walls and road culverts were the only historic heritage recorded during the survey (Table 5).

20 Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430 Table 5 Heritage Places in the Activity Area (Maps 5 & 6)

Section Place Name Registration Period No registrations submitted Pastoral Runs & 3.4.1.1 Dry stone walls (No registration recommended) Estates Castle Carey Road No registration submitted Closer & Soldier 3.4.1.2 Culverts (No registration recommended) Settlement

3.4.1 Historic Places

Details of the historic features recorded during the survey are presented below.

3.4.1.1 Dry Stone Walls

Place Name: Dry stone walls HV Inventory No: No registration recommended MSPSHO: No registration recommended Place Themes: Developing primary production (3.5); working on the land (5.8) GDA94 MGA54 Coordinate: Not applicable, dry stone walls found throughout the Activity Area. To be mapped using high definition aerial photography Published Map No: (1:100K) 7422 (Willaura) & 7522 (Skipton) Cadastre: Various Location: North & south of Woorndoo-Dundonnell Road Contents & Description: Various dry stone walls Construction: Dry stone walling methods using immediately available local volcanic basalt floaters in paddocks Date of Construction: 1850s onwards Condition: Destroyed to excellent condition Historic Significance: Local Social Significance: None Aesthetic Significance: None Scientific Significance: Low Archaeological Potential None Wind Farm Development Threat: Access tracks may be required to go through dry stone walls.

Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors 21 Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line - HHA HV No.4430

5808000 663000 664000 665000 666000 667000 668000 669000 670000 671000 672000

5807000

MOUNT VIOLET 5806000

5805000

5804000

5803000

5802000

5801000

5800000

5799000

5798000

5797000

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-3-2, T7422-2-3-1 & T7422-2-2-4 0 1 2

Legend: Scale of Kilometres

Activity Area Boundary Dry Stone Walls 38 kilometres (approx)

Powerline Zone 54 Map 5 Location of Stone Walls

22 Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430

Photo 1

Dry stone wall south of Woorndoo-Dundonnell Road, facing north

Photo 2

Dry stone wall south of Woorndoo-Dundonnell Road, profile of wall facing east

Photo 3

Dry stone wall north of Woorndoo-Dundonnell Road

Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors 23 Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430 What is significant?

Dry stone walls are found in the north of the Activity Area on the stony rises. They are found in a range of conditions from very poor (Photo 3) to excellent (Photos 1 & 2). The dry stone walls may have been constructed by the Lamont family who selected land nearby. From the 1860s they constructed walls on their own land, on Mount Violet Estate and on other selectors’ land. The dry stone walls show professional dry stone wall construction techniques with the typical range of technical components.

How is it significant?

The dry stone walls have local historic and low scientific significance.

Why is it significant?

The dry stone walls have local historic significance because some were likely built by the Lamont family who continue to live in the district. The dry stone walls have low scientific significance as well-preserved and excellent examples of techniques used in dry stone walls in the Western District of Victoria.

3.4.1.2 Castle Carey Road Culverts

Place Name: Castle Carey Road Culverts HV Inventory No: No registration recommended MSPSHO: No registration recommended Place Themes: Developing local, regional & national economies, moving goods & people, building & maintaining roads (3.8.7) GDA94 MGA54 Coordinate: 653374E 5791560N Published Map No: (1:30K) 7421-4-1-1; (1:100K) 7421–Mortlake Cadastre: Road Reserve / Moyne Shire / Parish of Hexham East / County of Hampden Location: They are located on the eastern side of the Hamilton Highway at the intersection of Castle Carey Road & Hamilton Highway Contents & Description: Ashlar basalt culverts Construction: Minimum of 3 courses of dressed bluestone Date of Construction: 1860s onwards Condition: Fair condition Historic Significance: Local Social Significance: None Aesthetic Significance: None Scientific Significance: Low Archaeological Potential None Wind Farm Development Threat: Heavy vehicles turning through intersection

24 Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line - HHA HV No.4430 647000 648000 649000 650000 651000 652000 653000 654000 655000 656000 657000

5797000

5796000

5795000

5794000

HEXHAM

5793000

5792000 Castle Carey Rd Culverts

5791000

5790000

5789000

5788000

5787000

5786000

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7421-4-1-4, T7421-4-1-1& T7421-1-4-4

Legend: 0 1 2 Scale of Kilometres

Activity Area Boundary Powerline 38 kilometres (approx) Parish: Parish: LGA: Map 6 Location of Castle Casy Road Culverts Zone 54

Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd 25 Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430

Photo 4

Bluestone culverts at the intersection of Hamilton Highway & Castle Carey Road, general view

Photo 5

Bluestone culvert, detailed view

What is significant?

The culverts were made from bluestone (likely locally sourced from Mount Shadwell quarry). They are in fair condition. The blocks have suffered some movement and occasional splitting.

How is it significant?

The culverts have local historic and low scientific significance.

Why is it significant?

The culverts have local historic significance because they were likely built out of local bluestone. They have low scientific significance as typical examples of stone culverts built for roads in the district.

26 Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430

4 CULTURAL HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE

The following assessment of historic cultural heritage significance is based on the Burra Charter values. These values are defined as the ‘aesthetic, historic, scientific or social values for past, present or future generations’ (Australian ICOMOS 1999: 12). The following significance assessments are based on the information gathered during this HHA. The significance of any place may alter if additional information becomes available. The following provides a summary of the significance assessment found in Appendix 5. The significance of historic heritage is summarised in Table 6.

Table 6 Historic Heritage Summary of Significance & Archaeological Potential

Archaeological Place Historic Social Aesthetic Scientific Potential 3.4.1.1 Local None None Low None Dry Stone Walls 3.4.1.2 Local None None Low None Castle Carey Road Culverts

5 INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION

6 LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS

Local Government

All Victorian municipalities are subject to land use planning controls governed by the Planning and Environment Act 1987 which is administered by State and Local Government authorities. These planning controls include historic places which may be listed on the local planning scheme Heritage Overlay. Heritage Overlays include places of local significance and places included on the Victorian Heritage Register. The aim of the Heritage Overlay is to assist in protecting the heritage of municipalities. Municipal Councils are responsible for issuing planning permits for the development of heritage places under the Planning and Environment Act 1987.

The Moyne Shire Council has a policy framework that requires planning to take into consideration heritage sites and to protect places and sites with significant cultural heritage value (Clause 15.03). These strategies provide for the conservation and enhancement of places which are of aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, architectural, cultural, scientific or social significance or otherwise of special cultural values. These

Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors 27 Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430 criteria respond to those defined in The Burra Charter (ICOMOS 1999), an internationally recognised and adopted charter for the identification and assessment of cultural heritage sites. The relevant list for the Activity Area is the Heritage Overlay. Under the Heritage Overlay a planning permit is required from the council for various activities (Schedule to the Heritage Overlay, Clause 43.01).

Dry stone walls are listed under the particular provisions of the Planning Scheme (Clause 52.37) and a permit is required to demolish, remove or alter a dry stone wall constructed before 1940, apart from when installing a gate or reconstruction of damaged or collapsing walls which are undertaken to the same specifications and using the same materials as the existing walls.

State Government

Non-Aboriginal archaeological sites in Victoria are protected by the Heritage Act 1995. The following is a summary of the latest statutory obligations regarding non-Aboriginal historic archaeological sites:

 All historical archaeological sites in Victoria (not included on the Heritage Register) are protected under Section 127 of the Heritage Act 1995. Under this section it is an offence to excavate, damage or disturb relics and sites whether they are included on the Heritage Inventory or not, unless a consent has been issued under Section 129;  Under Section 64 of the Heritage Act 1995 it is an offence to damage, disturb, excavate or alter a place or object on the Heritage Register, unless a permit is granted under Section 67;  Under Section 132 of the Heritage Act 1995 any person discovering or uncovering an archaeological relic is required to report the discovery to the Executive Director of the Heritage Council;  Regulation 18 of the Heritage (General) Regulations 2005 prescribes fees to undertake specified activities with respect to archaeological relics. These are currently $225.00 for Consent to uncover or excavate a relic; $420.00 for Consent to damage or disturb less than 50% of a relic or site and $635.00 for Consent to damage or disturb more than 50% of a relic or site. Fees for permits to carry out works etc to a registered place or object are detailed in r11 of the Regulations. These fees range in scale from $120.00 to $7,160.00, depending on the nature of the works involved and the cost of the proposed works.

In addition, Heritage Victoria requires that funds be made available by developers to ensure the responsible management of all significant artefacts that are recovered during an excavation. As a condition on any consent or permit, there will be a requirement that a specified sum of money is submitted to Heritage Victoria prior to the commencement of works. The funds will be used to ensure the cataloguing and conservation of any significant artefacts that are recovered. Any unexpended funds will be returned to the client, minus a 15% levy that is used for the management of all excavation projects in Victoria.

Written application to disturb such sites should be lodged as early as possible in the planning stages of any works program, and must be directed to:

28 Archaeology at Tardis Pty Ltd cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm Transmission Line – HHA HV No. 4430 The Director Heritage Victoria Department of Transport, Planning and Local Infrastructure 1 Spring Street Melbourne VIC 3000

Enquires relating to the Heritage Act 1995, works, site management etc should be directed to:

Jeremy Smith Senior Archaeologist Heritage Victoria Department of Transport, Planning and Local Infrastructure 1 Spring Street Melbourne VIC 3000 03 9208 3516 [email protected]

General enquires relating to sites, the Heritage Inventory and Register, reports, permits or consents, including application procedures and fees should be directed to:

Heritage Officer Heritage Victoria Department of Transport, Planning and Local Infrastructure 1 Spring Street Melbourne VIC 3000 03 9208 3409 [email protected]

The Heritage Act 1995 protects archaeological sites in two ways. Sites, which are considered to be of significance to the State, are recommended to be placed on the Victorian Heritage Register (VHR). The VHR exists to protect and conserve places and objects. All other archaeological sites are protected through the requirement to gain consent from the Executive Director to disturb, destroy, or excavate an archaeological site.

The Victorian Heritage Register enables Heritage Victoria to preserve and conserve archaeological sites which are of significance to the State of Victoria while the Heritage Inventory enables Heritage Victoria to record and monitor sites which are not considered to be of State significance or where the significance is unknown. Heritage Victoria also maintains 'D' listed sites, which accommodates sites of very low archaeological value though they may have local historic value. 'D' listed sites are typically those that have little structural or artefactual features such as earthen formations (ie dams & railway formations). Sites registered under this system do not require Consent prior to any proposed development, but apart from this are managed in the same way as Heritage Inventory sites. 'D' Listed sites therefore, may be subject to a variety of conditions prior to impact, such as detailed recorded, additional historic research and archaeological monitoring.

The two levels of protection enable two different principles in issuing consents and permits to be followed. The guiding principal for places on the Register is to protect and conserve

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Consultation with Heritage Victoria, Department of Transport, Planning and Local Infrastructure, should occur at least 4 months prior to lodgement of a permit application to disturb or destroy a historic archaeological site. In the event of a site or artefact being uncovered or discovered during works, any works that would damage the object or place should cease and either the consulting archaeologist or Heritage Victoria be notified.

Australian Government

Nationally significant heritage places are primarily registered and protected under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 which is administered by the Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Other Australian Government Acts dealing with historic cultural heritage include the Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976, Protection of Movable Cultural Heritage Act 1986 and the Australian Heritage Council Act 2003. The Australian Heritage Council (AHC) is the principal adviser to the Australian Government on heritage matters and assesses nominated places and recommends to the Minister whether or not a nominated place is appropriate for listing on the Australian Heritage Database (AHD). The Minister rejects or approves the nominated place. The AHD comprises heritage places from the World Heritage List (WHL), Commonwealth Heritage List (CHL), the Natural Heritage List (NHL) and the Register of the National Estate (RNE).

7 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

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8 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

In relation to historic heritage in the Activity Area, the following recommendations are made:

8.1 No Historic Heritage Requires Consideration for Inclusion on the Australian Heritage Database

No historic heritage requires consideration for inclusion on the Australian Heritage Database.

8.2 No Historic Heritage Requires Consideration for Inclusion on the Heritage Victoria Database (Register or Inventory)

No historic heritage requires consideration for inclusion on the Heritage Victoria Database (Register or Inventory).

8.3 Historic Heritage and the Moyne Shire Planning Scheme

8.4 Avoid Harm to Known Historic Heritage

The activity should avoid harm to dry stone walls and Castle Carey Road culverts.

8.5 Dry Stone Walls

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APPENDIX 1 – HISTORIC PLACES IN THE LOCALITIES OF DUNDONNELL, WOORNDOO, PURA PURA, LAKE BOLAC, NERRIN NERRIN, DARLINGTON, HEXHAM & MORTLAKE

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Place Name Place Type Location Significance Registration No Contents Mt Fyans Homestead AHD – RNE3800 1037 Darlington-Nerrin Road, Homestead & garden Regional NTVR – B2324 Dundonnell DC – 2176 Mt Fyans woolshed Dundonnell Woolshed Local (dc) DC – 3244 Stone Cairns, Stone Not stated Walled Dam Stone cairns & stone walled Dundonnell (NTVR) NTVR – 5218 dam Local (DC) DC – 2166 Dundonnell Public Hall Dundonnell Public hall Local (DC) DC – 2656 Mount Violet homestead Local or 1349 Darlington Road, Dundonnell Homestead DC – 2742 higher (DC) Ennerdale homestead, Homestead, woolshed & Local or 456 Ennerdale Lane, Dundonnell woolshed & garden garden higher (DC) Dundonnell District Honour Honour Roll WWII, Korean War Roll Darlington Hall, Darlington Not stated & Vietnam War VWHI Jellalalbad homestead Local or higher Darlington Homestead complex DC – 2843 (DC) Jellalabad woolshed Local or higher Darlington Woolshed DC – 2678 (DC) Stony Point homestead & garden Mount Emu Creek, Hamilton Highway, Homestead Local NTVR – B0784 Darlington DC - 2238 Terrinallum, Woolshed & Shearers Quarters Darlington – Pura Pura Road, Woolshed & shearers AHD – RNE3802 Local Darlington quarters NTVR – B2799 DC – 2240 Bluestone Triple Copper – Darlington-Pura Pura Road, Terrninallum Sheep dip / Sheep wash Local Darlington NTVR – B2568 Terrinallum Station Mount Emu Creek, 11.2km north of Homestead Local or higher DC – 2347 Darlington Elephant Bridge Hotel AHD – RNE100520 Hamilton Highway, Darlington Bluestone hotel Not stated NTVR – B0799 CSPS – HO42 Eilyer Homestead Lake Bolac-Woorndoo Road, Lake AHD – RNE3796 Homestead complex Local Bolac NTVR – B3017 Wooriwyrite Homestead Darlington-Terang Road, Darlington Homestead complex Not stated AHD – RNE3765 Yellangip Country House Pura Pura Road, Darlington House Local DC – 2675

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Place Name Place Type Location Significance Registration No Contents Old Darlington Bridge & Abutments Mount Emu Creek, Hamilton Highway, Bridge abutments State NTVR – B7003 Darlington DC – 1986 Darlington Cemetery Hamilton Highway, Darlington Cemetery Local DC – 2418 Dry stone wall, Darlington Hamilton Highway, north side, Dry stone wall Local DC – 2905 Darlington Indian Horse Chestnut, Stony Point homestead Hamilton Highway, Darlington Tree Local DC – 2401 Darlington District Honour Roll Darlington Hall, Darlington Honour Roll WWI Not stated VWHI Darlington Solder Settlers Honour Roll Darlington Hall, Darlington Honour Roll WWII Not stated VWHI Darlington State School Honour Roll Darlington Hall, Darlington Honour Roll WWI Not stated VWHI Darlington Soldier Settlement Memorial Ware Street, Darlington Soldier Settlement Memorial Not stated VWHI Darlington Peace Bell Darlington Bell rung after end of WWI Not stated VWHI Farmhouse Local interest Princes Highway, Darlington Farmhouse DC – 3047 (DC) Basalt culverts Local interest Darlington–Terang Road, Darlington Basalt culverts DC – 2963 (DC) Salt Creek homestead Local or higher Hexham-Woorndoo Road, Woorndoo Homestead complex DC – 2692 (DC) Boorook homestead Ararat Road, Woorndoo Homestead Local DC – 2740 General Store Ararat Road, Woorndoo Store Local DC – 2583 Avenue of Monterey Cypress Ararat Road, Woorndoo Tree avenue Local DC – 2673 Woorndoo Uniting Church Ararat Road, Woorndoo Church Local DC – 2722 River Red Gum Ararat Road, Woorndoo Tree Local DC – 2663 Woorndoo Primary School No 1001 Ararat Road, Woorndoo School Local DC – 2693 Woorndoo Public Hall Ararat Road, Woorndoo Public hall Local DC – 2694

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Place Name Place Type Location Significance Registration No Contents Woorndoo WWII Memorial Not stated Gates Wrought iron gates with Recreation Reserve, Woorndoo (VWHI) VWHI stone pillars Local (DC 2006) DC – 2516 Woorndoo Cemetery Greens Lane, Woorndoo Cemetery Local DC – 2488 Woorndoo State School Honour Roll Mortlake-Ararat Road, Woorndoo Honour Roll, WWI Not stated VWHI Lake Lake used for Woorndoo Local interest Mortlake-Ararat Road, Woorndoo DC – 2914 water supply (DC) Residence House with rear bluestone Local interest Hexham-Woorndoo Road, Woorndoo DC – 3269 section (DC) Former hotel Local interest Hexham-Woorndoo Road, Woorndoo Former hotel DC – 2584 (DC) Woorndoo Park Local interest Chatsworth Road, Woorndoo Park DC – 2661 (DC) Basalt Culvert Woorndoo-Chatsworth Road, Local interest Basalt culvert DC – 2723 Woorndoo (DC) Lake Bolac Iron Milepost Lake Bolac Iron milepost Not stated NTVR – B3067 Lake Bolac Honour Roll Lake Bolac Memorial Hall, Mortlake- Honour Roll, WWI Not stated VWHI Ararat Road, Lake Bolac Lake Bolac War Memorial Commemorates WWI & Montgomery Street, Lake Bolac Not stated VWHI WWII Lake Bolac State School Honour Roll 90 Montgomery Street, Lake Bolac Honour Roll WWI & WWII Not stated VWHI Lake Bolac Memorial Hall Honour Roll WWI, WWII, Lake Bolac Not state VWHI Vietnam Chimney, Bluestone Mill VHD – H0323 Mill Street, Mortlake Chimney & bluestone mill State MSPS – HO11 NTV – B3010 Captain Webster’s See Luebbers Homestead Section Lane, Mortlake Homestead 1997 VHD – H7421-0003 Chamallak Road Bridge Chamallak Lane, Mortlake Collapsed bridge NA VHD – D7421-0009 Reichmans Lane Dame Recihmans Lane, Mortlake Cobbled ramp NA VHD – D7421-0008 Mortlake Butter Factory, Mortlake Boundary Road, Mortlake Butter factory site NA VHD – D7421-0004 NTV – B6388 Former Court House 28 Shaw Street, Mortlake Former court house NA NTV – B2275

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Place Name Place Type Location Significance Registration No Contents Mount Shadwell Hotel Dunlop Street, Mortlake Hotel NA NTV – B5032 Cupressus macrocarpa Hamilton Hwy, Mortlake Avenue of trees State NTV – T11957 Quercus cerris “Mondilibi”, Mortlake-Ararat Road, Tree NA NTV – T11964 Mortlake Hesperocyparis macrocarpa Mortlake Avenue of Honour, Hamilton NA (NTVR) Avenue of Trees NTV – T11702 Hwy, Mortlake State (DC) DC - 2453 Mortlake Heritage Precinct Shaw Street, Mortlake Bluestone buildings NA MSPS – HO12 Former Shire Office Shire office, three small Shaw Street, Mortlake NA NTV – B4286 / B7254 basalt ashlar civic buildings Post Office Shaw Street, Mortlake Former post office Local NTV – B5373 / B7254 Roman Catholic Presbytery Cnr Burke & Townsend Streets Destroyed in 1989 NA NTV – B6026 St Andrew’s Uniting Church Shaw Street, Mortlake 1860s bluestone Church NA NTV – B0059 Mac’s Hotel 90 Dunlop Street, Mortlake Hotel NA NTV – B5031 Quercus robur “Woolongoon”, Connewarren Lane, Tree NA NTV – T11960 Mortlake Methodist Church Shaw Street, Mortlake 1860s bluestone Church Regional NTV – B3078 St James Anglican Church Shaw Street, Mortlake 1860s bluestone church Local NTV – B0058 Eilyer Homestead Lake Bolac-Woorndoo Road, Late 1860s homestead Local NTV – B3017 Mortlake Former Penrose’s Building Dunlop Street, Mortlake Bluestone building Regional NTV – B2266 State School No 397 Mortlake Brick school NA NTV – B5064 Various War Honour Rolls Honour Rolls from Boer Mortlake NA & Memorials War, WWI & WWII Woolongoon homestead Connewarren Lane, Mortlake Homestead State DC – 2121 Former Shepherds Hut Hamilton Highway, Mortlake Hut State (DC) DC – 2913 Former Temperance Hall VHD – H2145 State (VHD) MSPS – HO42 Roger Street, Hexham Bluestone hall built in 1876 Local (NTV) NTV – B2276 DC - 2183

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Place Name Place Type Location Significance Registration No Contents Hexham Park By Hopkins river, south of Hexham, Homestead demolished in NA NTV – B0792 Hexham 1962 Old Hotel & Stables Hamilton Highway, Hexham Hotel & stables Local NTV – B3077 St Andrew’s Presbyterian Bluestone church built in Church Hexham Local 1862 NTV – B3075 Boortkoi Chatsworth Road, Hexham Bluestone house & gardens NA NTV – B1424 St Peters Church of Bluestone church built in England Fairie Street, Hexham NA 1864, demolished in 1988 NTV – B3076 Hexham Hotel Bluestone hotel built in 1863 Hamilton Highway, Hexham Local NTV – B2214 near the Hopkins River Coomete Homestead Hexham-Woolsthorpe Road, Hexham Bluestone homestead NA NTV – B2642 Former Post Office Former post office, wooden Hamilton Highway, Hexham NA NTV – B4821 building Various War Honour Rolls, Memorial & Avenue of War Honour Rolls from WWI Hexham NA Honour & WWII (VWHI) AHD=Australian Heritage Database; DC=Doyle & Context Pty Ltd 2006; NTVR=National Trust of Victoria Register; VWHI=Victorian War Heritage Inventory

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APPENDIX 2 - GLOSSARY

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Archaeological Site: A place/location of either Aboriginal or non-Aboriginal origin. Aboriginal archaeological sites have been formed prior to the European settlement of Australia, and may be in any of the forms outlined above. Artefact: Any product made by human hands or caused to be made through human actions. Cultural Heritage: Something that is inherited or passed down because it is appreciated and cherished. Categories of cultural heritage include; built structures and their surrounds, gardens, trees; cultural landscapes; sites; areas; precincts; cemeteries; ruins and archaeological sites; shipwrecks; sites of important events; commemorative sites; contents of buildings and significant relics, objects artefacts and collections of objects. Contact Place: These are places relating to the period of first contact between Aboriginal and European people. These places may be associated with conflict between Aboriginal people and settlers, mission stations or reserves, or historic camping places. The artefact assemblage of contact places will often include artefacts manufactured from glass. Sensitivity: Based on collated existing data and place inspection an area or specific place may contain sensitivity for extant or archaeological deposits. Background research will present the most likely place types, contents and state of preservation. Visibility: Refers to the degree to which the surface of the ground can be observed. It is generally expressed in terms of the percentage of the ground’s surface visible for an observer on foot (Bird 1992). For example 10% visibility equates to 10cm2 per 1 m2 of ground surface that is not covered by vegetation or soil deposit. The following applies to descriptions of ground surface visibility within this report. 0% No visible ground surface 50 – 70% Good 0 – 10% Very Poor 70 – 90% Very Good 10 – 30% Poor 90 – 100% Excellent 30 – 50% Fair

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APPENDIX 3 – SUMMARY CVs

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TOM RYMER cultural heritage advisor

Tom Rymer is a cultural heritage advisor with over fifteen years of experience in major international archaeological research projects as well as commercial indigenous and non-indigenous cultural heritage projects. He has expertise in research, survey, archaeological excavation, artefact analysis and technical report production.

QUALIFICATIONS EXPERIENCE PROFILE & AFFILIATIONS

QUALIFICATIONS MAJOR INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS

Doctor of Philosophy  British Excavations at Jerablus-Tahtani, Syria (Archaeology)  Siouskiou-Laona Settlement Project, Cyprus La Trobe University, 2005  Australian-Cyprus Expedition at Marki-Alonia  Marki Davari Cemetery, Cyprus AFFILIATIONS  Queensland Unversity Alambra-Mouttes Project, Cyprus

Australian Society of AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH PROJECTS Historic Archaeology  Henry’s No 1 Mill, Otways Australian Association of  Burghley, Tasmania Consulting Archaeologists  Mannalargenna Cave, Prime Seal Island

Australian Archaeological HISTORIC CONSULTANCY PROJECTS Association  Penshurst Wind Farm Historic Cultural Heritage Australia ICOMOS  Penshurst Wind Farm Transmission Line & Terminal Station  Stockyard Hill Wind Farm  Dundonnell Wind Farm  Horseshoe Bend Precinct Structure Plan  Toolern Precinct Structure Plan  Maintop Farm, Settlers Run Estate, Cranbourne South  The Former Wright House, Cardinia Lakes  Bass Highway House Site, Bass  Burvilles Road, Horseshoe Bend  Budd’s Station, Wallan  Wallan Railway Station  Exford Estate, Melton  Hunter Street, Hobart  Bendigo Mining Historic Project

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ANDREA MURPHY director

Andrea Murphy is the owner and director of Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd which has been in operation in Victoria for over 13 years. Andrea has more than 23 years industry experience and has qualifications in both indigenous and non-indigenous cultural heritage. She has managed a wide variety of heritage projects including EES and EIS heritage studies, major indigenous and historic archaeological excavations, desktop assessments, place surveys, monitoring and production of place management strategies.

QUALIFICATIONS AREAS OF EXPERTISE & AWARDS

QUALIFICATIONS  Residential subdivisions  Industrial subdivisions Bachelor of Arts (Prehistory)  Wind farms La Trobe University  Transmission powerlines

Master of Arts  Gas infrastructure (Historic Archaeology)  Water infrastructure La Trobe University  Waterway rehabilitation works AFFILIATIONS  Freeway, highway and road infrastructure

Australian Society of  Rail infrastructure including urban and regional fast rail Historic Archaeology  Optical fibre cable routes

Australian Association of  Local government advisor and project manager Consulting Archaeologists  Defence advisor and project manager

Australian Anthropological  Parks Advisor and project manager and Archaeological Association

Historic Gardens Society

National Trust

Royal Historical Society

AWARDS

Winner of the 2003 UNESCO Asia-Pacific Cultural Heritage Conservation Award

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APPENDIX 4 – HISTORIAN REPORT (BLAKE 2013)

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APPENDIX 5 – SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT

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Historical significance is based on whether the place has influenced, or been influenced by an historical figure, event, phase or activity; or is a site of an important event. The condition of the site with relation to above influence(s) is also considered. To assess historical significance, the following criteria and associated score are used and then summarized in table form:

H1 Has the place influenced, or been influenced by, an historical figure, event, phase or activity? Yes=1, No=0 H2 The condition of the place? No longer exists=0, Poor=1, Good=2, Excellent=3

Score Significance 0 None 1-2 Local 3-4 Regional 4+ State

Castle Carey Dry Stone Walls Road Culverts Criteria Ans Score Ans Score H1 No 0 No 0 H2 Good 2 Poor 1 Sig Local 2 Local 1

Social significance is present if a place has become a focus of spiritual, political, national or other cultural sentiment to a majority of minority group. This criteria (SS1) is assessed as not having (score=0, none) or having (score=1, high) this quality. The social significance of places recorded during this investigation is as follows:

Castle Carey Dry Stone Walls Road Culverts Criteria Ans Score Ans Score SS1 None 0 None 0 Sig None 0 None 0

Aesthetic significance is based on form, scale, colour, texture and material of the fabric of a place; and the smells and sounds associated with the place and its use. To assess aesthetic significance, the following criteria and score are used:

A1 Is the place of a form, scale, colour, texture and/or material that is particularly unusual with its surroundings? No=0, Yes=1 A2 Is the place of a form, scale, colour, texture and/or material that is particularly contemporary with its surroundings? No=0, Yes=1 A3 Is the place of a form, scale, colour, texture and/or material that has optical qualities that evoke an emotional or physical response? No=0, Yes=1 A4 Is the place of a form, scale, colour, texture and/or material that is controversial. A5 Does the place retain smells and or sounds associated with it? No=0, Yes=1

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Score Significance 0 None 1 Low 2 Moderate 3 High 4+ Very High

Castle Carey Dry Stone Walls Road Culverts Criteria Ans Score Ans Score A1 No 0 No 0 A2 No 0 No 0 A3 No 0 No 0 A4 No 0 No 0 A5 No 0 No 0 Sig None 0 None 0

Scientific significance is based on the rarity, quality or representativeness of a place; and the degree to which the place may contribute further substantial information. To assess scientific significance, the following criteria and score are used and then summarised in table form:

S1 Is the place a rare or representative example? No=0, Yes=1 S2 The quality of the place? No longer exists=0, Poor=1, Good=2, Excellent=3 S3 Potential of the place to contribute substantial information? None=0, Low=1, Moderate=2, Good=3, Excellent=4

Score Significance 0 None 1-3 Low 4-5 Moderate 6 High 7 Very High

Castle Carey Dry Stone Walls Road Culverts Criteria Ans Score Ans Score S1 No 0 No 0 S2 Good 2 Poor 1 S3 Low 1 Low 1 Sig Low 3 Low 2

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APPENDIX 6 – ACTIVITY AREA LANDOWNERS

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TG & SM Kosch JT & BM Milward Estate of JS & UI Muir WT Lynch DL & CM Barr VJ & ME O’Loughlan Estate of TI O’Loughlan TJ & LK Netherway Dorellan Nominees Pty Ltd KT & BC Hodge Crown land managed by VicRoads & Moyne Shire JM Armstrong Draffen Properties Pty Ltd Australian Blue Gum Mirvac Funds Management Origin Energy

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REFERENCES

Australian ICOMOS 1999 The Australian ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance. (The Burra Charter) Sydney, Australia ICOMOS. Baxter N & N Robinson 2001 Land Resource Assessment for the Glenelg Hopkins Region. DNRE Bendigo. Beu AG & TA Darragh 2001 Revision of Southern Australia Cenozoic Fossil Pectinidae (Mollusca Bivalvia). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 113(1): 1-12. BLA 2012 Proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm: Flora and Fauna Assessment. Prepared by Brett Lane & Associates Pty Ltd. Blake L 2013 Powerline Corridor – Dundonnell Wind Farm. A Historic Report prepared by Blake Hyland Group Pty Ltd for Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd. BOM 2013 Bureau of Meteorology accessed 14.8 2013. www.bom.gov.au Buckland GL & 2000 Willaura 1:100000 Geological Map. Australian Geological PG Stuart-Smith Survey Organisation. Burke H & C Smith 2004 The Archaeologist’s Field Handbook. Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest. Cupper ML & S White, 2003 Chapter 11: Quaternary: Ice Ages – Environments of JL Neilson Change. In WD Birch (ed) Geology of Victoria. Geological Society of Australia (Victorian Division). Special Publication 23: 533-561. DC (Doyle H & Context Pty 2006 Moyne Shire Heritage Study Stage 2. Prepared for Moyne Ltd) Shire Council. Edwards J & SJ Tickell 1996 1:250,000 Colac Geological Map. Victoria: Geological AJ Willocks, AR Eaton Survey of Victoria ML Cramer, RL King SM Bourton Gray C & I McDougall 2009 K-Ar Geochronology of Basalt petrogenesis, Newer Volcanic Province, Victoria. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 56(2): 245-258. Grimes K 2006 Geological History of the Lake Bolac–Skipton Area. Field Naturalists Club Handout: Hamilton. GSV 1995 The Stratigraphy, Structure, Geophysics and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Eastern Otway Basin Report 103. Victoria: Geological Survey of Victoria. Gunn RG & G Harradine 2000 Noorat – Mortlake Water Main Pipeline: Archaeological Survey. Prepared for Montgomery Watson. HV Report 1019. Hills ES 1975 The Physiography of Victoria: An Introduction to Geomorphology. Whitcombe & Tombs: Melbourne.

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