WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS DOI: 10.37394/23207.2021.18.34 Joanna Gniedziejko, Łukasz Rybiński

Podlaskie as an opportunity for the development of the BRI in Europe

JOANNA GNIEDZIEJKO Department of Engineering Management Bialystok University of Technology 45A, Wiejska Street, Bialystok

ŁUKASZ RYBIŃSKI Department of Engineering Management Bialystok University of Technology 45A, Wiejska Street, Bialystok POLAND

Abstract: This study aims to evaluate Podlaskie Voivodeship as an important element for the development of the Belt and Road Initiative, by identifying both the internal environment (in terms of strengths and weaknesses) as well as the external environment (in the context of opportunities and threats) of Podlaskie Voivodeship. The study was conducted using critical literature analysis, logical construction method, and SWOT analysis. The authors of the study identified and assessed the strengths and weaknesses of Podlaskie Voivodeship related to the development of the logistics infrastructure of the voivodeship in the light of the Belt and Road Initiative and the opportunities and threats associated with it. Factors of Podlaskie Voivodeship indicated in the article can influence the course of action to increase the competitive advantage of Podlaskie Voivodeship regarding the development of the Belt and Road Initiative in Europe. The study includes a comprehensive SWOT analysis of the Podlaskie Voivodeship in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative. Elements analyzed by the authors may have a significant impact on the development of the voivodeship's infrastructure network regarding the expansion of the BRI. Key-Words: Podlaskie Voivodeship, the Belt and Road Initiative, SWOT

1 Introduction. smallest number of countries and consequently It is important for the Chinese Belt and Road crosses a small number of border crossings ([1];[2]). Initiative to collaborate with partners who will help Poland is an ideal country for the Belt and Road and will facilitate access to Europe, resulting from Initiative to develop in Europe. In Poland, most the assumptions of the program initiated in 2013. In goods from China pass through the Terespol - Brest this way, Beijing wants to establish and expand border crossing, which accounts for over 90% of political, trade and infrastructure cooperation, as transhipments. Other terminals are currently being well as establish contacts between nations. For this prepared, which will relieve the above-mentioned purpose, it is important to create and develop routes border crossing [3]. An example of this is the large linking Asia and Europe. shipment of products that arrived from China to From the logistic point of view, Poland may become Poland on January 5, 2020. The train in which the an important element for the development of the goods were delivered consisted of 45 containers and BRI. In this case, the route that would connect crossed the countries of China, Kazakhstan, , China with Europe is the land route, i.e., the rail , and Poland (through the border crossing route. One of the most optimal alternatives, taking Izov / Hrubieszów) within 12 days [4]. This shows into account the location of Poland, is the Northern that it is possible to effectively create a railway Corridor. The route uses the Russian Trans-Siberian route connecting China and Europe. Line, starts in Kazakhstan and connects with Russia. Poland, however, does not fully use the logistics The corridor reaches and passes through potential, because there are many border crossings Poland as a point connecting Europe. It covers the which are not fully used or not used at all. Considering the location, an important region

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through which the BRI route could pass is Podlaskie strong partners inherent in post-Soviet and less Voivodeship. developed countries [7]. Despite potential problems, The aim of the article is to assess the potential of the joining the EAEU and the BRI could be the most Podlaskie Voivodeship as an important element in ambitious initiative in Asia. It can be said that it will the development of the Belt and Road Initiative. certainly benefit, but there are also risks that may Considering the voivodeship's location based on the affect in particular the EAEU, which is the weaker expansion of the BRI, factors that may affect the side [8]. A well-developed plan and assessment of development of the trail in Poland were analyzed. effects is necessary for this integration to make For this purpose, the authors identified internal and sense. The EAEU and the BRI are effective external factors that may influence the development instruments for the development of the Asian region of the initiative in the region. [9]. The Podlaskie Voivodeship is located in north- An initiative taken by China may increase the trade eastern Poland and is located on the border with between the Belt and Road countries, due to reduced Belarus. The region is ideally located and connects transport costs. European Union countries, in the European Union and the Eurasian Economic particular those that do not have access to the sea, Union, this demonstrates great logistics potential. should benefit significantly [10]. However, the Location determines numerous features and vision of China and Europe integration is mixed, phenomena occurring in the region, such as social because, on the one hand, there is European Union capital, investment attractiveness, innovation, interest in the BRI, enabling the free exchange of natural and landscape capital, etc., thanks to that the goods with China, on the other hand, there is a voivodship is being developed. However, Podlasie concern that China will take control over the does not fully use the infrastructure potential and European market [11]. Europe is still divided border crossings. This applies above all to railway between adopting China's growth or maintaining full routes, which are largely unused or require commitment to its current ally - the United States. modernization. For the EU there is also a chance to join the development of the initiative, through the 2 Literature review involvement of Central Europe, and thus embed in Economic Unions are key, because the BRI land its own global strategy. route covers most of the Central Asian territories Therefore, it is also in China's interest to adopt a belonging to the EAEU, which is also a road to greater European participation in the construction of Europe [5]. Eurasian space is of strategic the BRI, thus giving convenient access to European importance for Russia and China, which is why the countries [12]. political leaders of these world powers decided to The Belt and Road Initiative, the European Union develop, strengthening and expanding cooperation and the Eurasian Economic Union projects share in the field of the economy. The integration of the certain goals. The EAEU and China have agreed EAEU and the BRI opens wide opportunities for all and willingness to develop cooperation, The EU and participants to develop the economy, modernize China are major economic partners and are seeking technology, create and improve transport and cooperation opportunities in countries involved in logistics infrastructure. The interests of Russia and the BRI. One factor for full integration is the lack of China largely overlap, not only of an economic EU-EAEU relationship. Although it is rightly nature, but also related to Eurasia security issues. assessed that the Eurasian Economic Union is really The first beneficial projects signed in the framework a Russian geopolitical project, it should not get out of cooperation between the EAEU and the BRI are of hand. Thanks to appropriate diplomacy and aimed at developing transport infrastructure and gradual economic cooperation, this would have financial assistance for Member States. In the many benefits for Europe and Asia [13]. context of globalization, cooperation between the Unfortunately, recent years have shown that the EAEU and the BRI may be the first step towards conflict between the EU and the EAEU may not end creating a large international economic structure [6]. for long, by Ukraine's refusal to accept the EAEU Russia also has reasons to join the Chinese agreement and the simultaneous signing of the initiative. The main purpose of Russian policy is Association Agreement with the EU, which directly spreading economic influence, while balancing the contributed to Russia's aggressive behavior towards acquisition of superpower in Eurasia by the Chinese its neighbor, the EU refrained from establishing any authorities. However, there are restrictions that formal relations with the EAEU. As Togt indicates, hinder the integration of the EAEU and the BRI, it would be in the EU's best interest to strengthen such as trade barriers, political tensions, and fears of relations with individual EEU Member States to

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ensure that wider connections throughout Eurasia investments, including foreign ones. An example develop in a sustainable manner and based on would be the Suwałki Special Economic Zone, international standards [14]. The dialogue between where the main communication and transport routes the European Union and the Eurasian Economic intersect here, leading from north to south and east Union would remove the barriers on their path to to west Europe, thus constituting a transport route cooperation, giving a better chance of developing leading along the eastern border of the EU from the Belt and Road Initiative in Europe [15]. Central Europe to Asia. In Poland (as in Europe), some politicians or experts believe that the Chinese initiative is a threat, the 3 Methodology second part thinks it’s a chance. Poland wants to be SWOT analysis was used to conduct the research. seen as a strategic partner for the Belt and Road The SWOT analysis is widely and mainly used in Initiative, because it gives the opportunity to export public units in strategic management. It is a products to markets other than European, but also diagnostic tool, that is, it is used at the very by looking for potential sources of capital it gives beginning of the process of defining strategic plans the opportunity for further infrastructure [21]. SWOT analysis is a tool widely used to development in individual regions [16]. An example analyze the internal and external environment of an of closer cooperation between Poland and China as organization, region or other object of reflection to part of the Belt and Road Initiative is a gradual understand its situation ([22];[23]). The SWOT increase in trade between these countries. Another analysis is based on a simple classification scheme: example is the fact that Poland has signed a all factors affecting the current and future position Memorandum of Understanding with China as part of the organization are divided into: external to the of the cooperation in the BRI. Of course, Poland's organization and having the character of internal advantage for it to play an important role in the conditions, and having a negative impact on the initiative is its location, which stimulated trade organization and having a positive impact [24]. between China and Europe [17]. The Polish Analysis of the internal environment allows you to government encourages Chinese investors to place analyze all aspects of the analyzed object of capital on the Polish market while regulating the consideration, enabling you to identify its strengths protection of Polish resources and means of and weaknesses [25]. Meanwhile, the analysis of the production. As the author of the article points out external environment takes into account the about the Polish perspective of the BRI: political, economic, social, technological, and Cooperation with China should therefore be based competitive environment, allowing to indicate on partnership, and not on the total control of the opportunities and threats in the external Chinese partner in the entire investment, which is environment of the object of consideration [25]. fully financed by it [18]. The SWOT analysis reveals the current situation of An example of the fact that Poland could become the tested facility and enables the development of the main connector (Asia - Europe) of the land future action plans [26]. Conducting SWOT analysis routes of the Belt and Road Initiative is the region makes it easier for decision-makers to make that connects with Belarus, i.e., a member of the decisions and create strategies in the context of the EAEU, is the Podlaskie Voivodeship. This is due to development of the analyzed object of the proposal of the northern corridor (the Northern consideration. Corridor), which includes the Trans-Siberian Railway, followed by Russia, Belarus, and Poland, including the Podlasie region. The success of the 4 SWOT analysis results This part of the work is used to present the results of corridor implementation depends primarily on the SWOT analysis, whose aim was to identify and infrastructure and logistics [19]. Podlasie has the analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the potential for the land route (i.e., by rail) to pass Podlaskie Voivodeship related to the development through this region. As data on railway lines in Podlasie show, about 25% of this territory is in of the logistics infrastructure of the Podlaskie Voivodeship in the light of the Belt and Road unsatisfactory condition (Resolution of the Initiative and the opportunities and threats Podlaskie Voivodship Board, 2018). Decisions to associated with it. The factors listed below are based modernize rail and road lines must in some cases be on analyzes of works, articles and documents related made at the governmental or international level. An to the Podlaskie Voivodeship, with particular additional thing to consider is the border crossings emphasis on the Belt and Road Initiative. All with Belarus, which are being charged towards presented internal and external factors are important Poland [20]. Podlaskie Voivodeship is open to new

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because they visualize the possibility of the development of the BRI route in Europe through the Table 2. Weaknesses of the Podlaskie Voivodeship Podlaskie Voivodeship. W1 Poor transport and infrastructure accessibility of the voivodship compared to 4.1 Strengths of the Podlaskie Voivodeship other voivodships. During the SWOT analysis, seven strengths of the W2 Very low density of the railway network in Podlaskie voivodeship were identified. the region and a low degree of electrification and multitrack of the railway network. Table 1. Strengths of the Podlaskie Voivodeship W3 Occurrence of bottlenecks related to the S1 Podlaskie Voivodship has numerous border permissible speed, load, and capacity of the crossings with Belarus: 5 roads (including 2 railway network, preventing the use of the handling freight traffic: Kuźnica Białostocka- full potential of the railway network. Bruzgi and Bobrowniki-Bierestowica) and 4 W4 Missing track sections prevent the use of all rails (including 2 serving both normal and border crossings for cross-border traffic. broad-gauge railway traffic, that is Kuźnica W5 Lack of adequate financial resources Białostocka-Grodno and Siemianówka- necessary to carry out all necessary Świsłocz). infrastructure investments. S2 A large share of the railway network enables W6 Limited cargo handling options in the trains to move at a speed of at least 80 km / h Podlaskie Voivodeship. for passenger trains (68.5%) and 60 km / h for W7 Outflow of talented and educated staff freight trains (81%), mainly on railway routes towards the capital, including those related to connecting the most important centers of the transport. region. W8 Low level of internationalization of Podlasie S3 Most of the available rail network allows trains entrepreneurs. at moving to axle loads of 221 kN / axle, i.e., W9 Perception of protected areas as a 22.5 t / axle (59.1%) or 205 kN / axle, i.e., 20.9 development barrier, even in relation to the t / axle (33.8%). This means that quite large developing the railway network in the tonnage trains can move around the voivodeship. voivodeship. W10 Not using all railway lines located in the S4 Most of the important urban centers of the Podlaskie Voivodeship in railway traffic. Podlasie Voivodship are connected to each Source. Own elaboration other both by means of the railway network and the public road network, especially cities such as Białystok, Sokółka, Suwałki, 4.3 Identified opportunities for the Podlaskie Augustów, , , Voivodeship Hajnówka and Łomża. During the SWOT analysis, seven opportunities for S5 Logistics centers enable the distribution of the development of the Podlaskie Voivodeship were loads located near border crossings, e.g., in Łosośna, near Kuźnica Białostocka, or at the identified. intersection of the most important communication routes, e.g. in Białystok. Table 3. Opportunities of the Podlaskie Voivodeship S6 The density of public roads is 132.1 km / 100 O1 The region is crossed by international rail km2, including hard roads 66.6 km / 100 km2. routes: Warsaw - Białystok - Kaunas - Riga - S7 Favorably border location of the Tallinn (Rail Baltica), Baranowicze - (eastern border of the province at the same Wołkowysk - Białystok, Warsaw - Białystok - time, part of the eastern border of the European Grodno - Vilnius / Saint Petersburg / Moscow, Union, and the border of two railway systems - Kalinigrad - Białystok - Brest, The Belt and railway network with normal and wide gauge Road Initiative. of tracks). O2 The region is crossed by international road Source. Own elaboration routes: Warsaw - Ostrów Mazowiecka - Łomża - Suwałki - Kaunas - Riga - Tallinn 4.2 Weaknesses of the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Via Baltica), Klaipeda - Kaunas - Białystok - As part of the SWOT analysis, ten weaknesses of Lublin - Rzeszów - Košice - Debrecen - Sofia - the Podlaskie voivodeship were identified. Thessaloniki (Via Carpatia). O3 Needs related to rational planning of transport

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between China and Western Europe crossing integration, who will help develop the initiative. the Polish-Belarusian border. One of such countries is Poland, which is favorable O4 The possibility of obtaining funds from to cooperation. external sources (e.g., EU) for the Research problems concerning the potential of modernization of transport and logical Podlaskie Voivodeship in the development of BRI infrastructure in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. land routes in Europe. In the authors' opinion, this O5 Development of cross-border cooperation region, due to its location in the border region of related to BRI. both the European Union and (on the other side of O6 EU policy focused on the development of the Polish-Belarusian border) of the Eurasian multimodal transport, supporting the Economic Union, as well as the condition of the development of infrastructure in areas infrastructure network located in its area, it may deprived of it. have a significant impact on the development of rail O7 The increase in demand on eastern markets for transport in this area and the directions of cargo Polish products. flows. Source. Own elaboration The SWOT analysis allowed for the identification of features that may have a significant impact on the 4.4 Identified threats to the Podlaskie development of the initiative in the Podlaskie Voivodeship Voivodeship. The strengths of the region are During the SWOT analysis, eight threats to the primarily transport connections (rail and road) and development of the Podlaskie voivodeship were logistics centers that facilitate the flow of goods. An identified. important fact, repeated many times, is the geographical location of the voivodeship. This Table 3. Threats of the Podlaskie Voivodeship region is located in the north-eastern part of Poland, T1 The possibility of directing streams of loads which is a member of the European Union. from China to Western Europe on routes Podlaskie Voivodeship borders with Belarus, which bypassing the Podlaskie Voivodeship. is a member of the Eurasian Economic Union. Due T2 Intense competition on the BRI connected with to the interest in the Belt and Road Initiative project by EAEU, Podlasie could contribute to develop the the takeover of cargo flows. BRI's land routes across Europe and to become a T3 Chronic and complicated procedures related to link between the EAEU and the EU. The weakness infrastructure modernization and tenders. of Podlasie is the unused logistics and transport T4 Marginalization of the Podlasie Voivodship potential and less support for the development of the resulting from the persistence of poor transport economy compared to other . Thanks accessibility. to integrated and rational actions, the full potential T5 Closing and / or closing down of railway lines of the region can be used. External and domestic due to their non-use and deterioration of their financial resources will allow the modernization of quality. rail and road routes, which will enable more T6 Political, administrative, and economic efficient movement of goods. This will allow the restrictions result in reduced possibilities of Podlaskie Voivodeship to emerge in a wider using the region's border location and entering economic horizon. Despite the development of the the eastern market. region, the modernization process is progressing T7 Marginalization of the region in the state's slowly, especially the railway network. development plans by central authorities; Marginalization of the region by central authorities further delaying the implementation of key and procedural difficulties may lead to delays in investments for the voivodship. investment implementation. Currently, the COVID- T8 Political crisis in Belarus, triggered by protests 19 virus has paralyzed the whole world and has in connection with the presidential elections affected the economies of countries, including (09/08/2020), is having a negative impact on Poland, which has to some extent affected the international relations, including with Poland. Podlaskie Voivodeship. International relations have Source. Own elaboration an impact on the development of the Belt and Road initiative. The most recent example is Belarus and 5 Conclusions the political and economic crisis caused by the The Belt and Road Initiative is a project aimed at presidential election and the protests by . introducing closer Asia-Europe economic The Belarusian authorities are accusing Western cooperation. Partners are needed for closer countries (including Poland) of interfering in the

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country's internal affairs. It can be unequivocally transportu z Chin w Sławkowie [The New Silk stated, this may have a negative impact on the Road from China to Poland is officially open. development of the initiative in Podlasie. Welcoming transport from China in Sławków], However, at present, it should be noted, Podlaskie https://dziennikzachodni.pl/nowy-jedwabny- Voivodeship is within the interest of both the szlak-z-chin-do-polski-oficjalnie-otwarty- European Union through the Rail Baltica project powitanie-transportu-z-chin-w-slawkowie- and the Far East countries, including China, through zdjecia/ar/c1-14701637. Accessed 2 Dec 2019 the Belt and Road Initiative project. The progressive [5] Shakhanova G and Garlick JA (2020) The Belt improvement of the logistics and transport and Road Initiative and the Eurasian Economic infrastructure of the Podlaskie Voivodeship, and Union: Exploring “the Greater Eurasian thus the gradual increase in the level of the region's Partnership”, Journal of Current Chinese logistics potential, will certainly strengthen the Affairs, 00(0) pp 1–25 competitiveness of rail connections implemented [6] Garbuzarova EG (2019) Cooperation between under the Belt and Road Initiative from the Far East the Eurasian Economic Union and the Silk Road to Western Europe through the Polish-Belarusian Economic Belt: Benefits, Risks, Achievements, border crossings located along the eastern border of Post-Soviet Issues, Vol.6, No.2, pp 8-15 the Podlaskie Voivodeship. Therefore, the authors [7] Konopelko A, Czerewacz-Filipowicz K (2021) recommend not to abandon the investments planned The Strategy of the Eurasian Economic Union for the coming years in the current crisis. Extra-Regional Integration, WSEAS Various issues can be addressed in future research. Transactions on Business and Economics, Vol. Possible topics for future research include possible 18, pp 67-77 positive changes in the infrastructure of Podlaskie [8] Alimov R (2018) The Shanghai Cooperation Voivodeship, planned modernization works in the Organisation: Its role and place inthe area of Podlaskie Voivodeship, or the future of the development of Eurasia, Journal of Eurasian region's logistics potential in relation to projects Studies, 9(2), pp 114-124 implemented in the region, including the Rail [9] Mekhdiev E, Pashkovskaya I, Takmakova E, Baltica and the BRI. Smirnova O, Sadykova K, Poltorykhina S (2019) Conjugation of the Belt and Road References: Initiative and Eurasian Economic Union: [1] Kondybayeva, S., Sadykhanova, G., Problems and Development Prospects, Mukhamediyev, B. The New Silk Road - Economies, MDPI, Open Access Journal, Vol.7 Economic belt policy: The great chance for the No.4, pp 1-15 rejuvenation of Europe, Proceedings of the 29th [10] Grieger G (2016) One Belt, One Road International Business Information Management (OBOR):China's regional integration initiative, Association Conference - Education Excellence European Parliamentary Research Service, and Innovation Management through Vision Members‘ Research Service, 2020: From Regional Development https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes Sustainability to Global Economic Growth, /BRIE/2016/586608/EPRS_BRI(2016)586608_ 2017, pp. 1969-1974 EN.pdf. Accessed 28 Aug 2020 [2] Nazarko J, Kuźmicz KA, Czerewacz-Filipowicz [11] García-Herrero A, Xu J (2016) China's Belt K (2016) The New Silk Road – Analysis of the and Road Initiative: Can Europe Expect Trade potential of new Eurasian transport corridors, Gains?, SSRN Electronic Journal, Issue 5, pp 1- Faculty of Management, Bialystok University of 19 Technology, pp 1-8 [12] Verlare J, Putten FP (2015) 'One Belt, One [3] Frączyk J (2019) Polska kluczowa na Road': An Opportunity for the EU's Security Jedwabnym Szlaku. Gospodarka zyska aż 48 Strategy, Clingendael, Netherlands Institute of mld dolarów [Poland is a key on the Silk Road. International Relations, pp 1-6 The economy will gain as much as $ 48 billion] [13] Bond I (2017) The EU, the Eurasian https://www.money.pl/gospodarka/polska- Economic Union and One Belt, One Road Can kluczowa-na-jedwabnym-szlaku-gospodarka- they work together?, Centre for European zyska-az-48-mld-dolarow- Reform, 6453833918146689a.html. Accessed 2 Sep https://www.cer.eu/sites/default/files/pb_eurasia 2020 n_IB_16.3.17_0.pdf. Accessed 29 May 2020 [4] Sobierajski P (2020) Nowy Jedwabny Szlak z [14] Togt T (2020) EU & Eurasian Economic Chin do Polski oficjalnie otwarty. Powitanie Union: A Common Chinese Challenge,

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Clingendale – Netherlands Institute of Journal of Human Resource Management, Intenational Relations, 14(7), pp 1206-1226 https://www.clingendael.org/publication/eu- [24] Szmitka S (2015) Analiza SWOT jako eurasian-economic-union-common-chinese- narzędzie oceny innowacyjności challenge. Accessed 27 May 2020 przedsięwzięcia biznesowego [SWOT analysis [15] Czerewacz-Filipowicz K (2019) The as a tool for assessing the innovation of a Eurasian Economic Union as an Element of the business venture], Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Belt and Road Initiative, Comparative Ekonomii TWP Economic Research. Central and Eastern [25] Filipe JA, Genç T (2019) Modelling and Europe, Vol.22, No.2, pp 23-37 Idle Building Case through SWOT Analysis and [16] Pendrakowska P (2019) Poland’s Fuzzy DEMATEL – A Study on Anti- perspective on the Belt and Road Initiative, Commons, European Research Studies Journal, Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies, Vol.21, No.1, pp 167-185 Vol.7, No.2, pp 190-206 [26] Gürel E (2017) SWOT analysis: a [17] Meiling C (2017) Poland looking to bolster theoretical review, Journal of International trade with China under BRI, China Daily. Social Research, 10(51), pp 994-1006 https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201905/28/W S5cec97dca3104842260be305.html. Accessed Contribution of individual authors to 27 May 2020 the creation of a scientific article [18] Choroś-Mrozowska D (2019) The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative from the Polish (ghostwriting policy) Perspective, Comparative Economic Research. In this article, the goal formulation, methodology Central and Eastern Europe, 22(2), pp 39-53 and final conclusions are developed by both authors. [19] Nazarko J, Kuźmicz KA (2017) The identification of the key factors related to the Introduction to the STEEPVL Analysis of the SWOT analysis was prepared by Joanna New Silk Road Initiative, Procedia Engineering, Gniedziejko. Gathering the current knowledge Vol.182, pp 497-503 related to the subject in the form of a literature [20] Kostecka-Tomaszewska L, Czerewacz- review was carried by Łukasz Rybiński. Filipowicz K (2019) Poland -A Gate to the EU or a Bottleneck in the Belt and Road Initiative, European Research Studies Journal, Vol. 22, Funding: No.4, pp 472-492 This work was supported by the Ministry of Science [21] Asejczyk-Woroniecka M (2016) and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland Zastosowanie analizy SWOT w doskonaleniu under Grant No. WI / WIZ-INZ / 4 / 2020 and Grant zarządzania jednostkami administracji No. WI / WIZ-INZ / 8 / 2020. terytorialnej [The use of SWOT analysis in improving the management of territorial administration units], Finanse, Creative Commons Attribution Finansowe, Ubezpieczenia, 6(84), pp 311-321 License 4.0 (Attribution 4.0 [22] Wheelen TL, Hunger JD (1995) Strategic International , CC BY 4.0) Management and Business Policy, 5th Edition, This article is published under the terms of the Addison Wesley, Reading, MA Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 [23] Rodríguez JM, Ventura J (2003) Human https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en Resource Management Systems and _US. Organizational Performance: An Analysis of the

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