AMERICANO: Viva Zapata! De Elia Kazan ASSIS 2010

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AMERICANO: Viva Zapata! De Elia Kazan ASSIS 2010 ANDRÉA HELENA PUYDINGER DE FAZIO CULTURA, POLÍTICA E REPRESENTAÇÕES DO MÉXICO NO CINEMA NORTE- AMERICANO: Viva Zapata! de Elia Kazan ASSIS 2010 ANDRÉA HELENA PUYDINGER DE FAZIO CULTURA, POLÍTICA E REPRESENTAÇÕES DO MÉXICO NO CINEMA NORTE- AMERICANO: Viva Zapata! de Elia Kazan Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Assis – UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista para a obtenção do título de mestre em História. Área de conhecimento: História e Sociedade. Orientador: CARLOS ALBERTO SAMPAIO BARBOSA ASSIS 2010 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Biblioteca da F.C.L. – Assis – UNESP De Fazio, Andréa Helena Puydinger D278c Cultura, política e representações do México no cinema norte-americano: Viva Zapata! de Elia Kazan / Andréa Helena Puydinger De Fazio. Assis, 2010 176 f. : il. Dissertação de Mestrado – Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Assis – Universidade Estadual Paulista Orientador: Carlos Alberto Sampaio Barbosa 1. Cinema – Estados Unidos. 2. Kazan, Elia. 3. Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968. 4. Estados Unidos – História. I. Título. CDD 791.43 973 AGRADECIMENTOS Inicialmente, agradeço ao professor Carlos Alberto Sampaio Barbosa pela orientação e dedicação. Sem suas leituras atentas e correções detalhadas, além do apoio nas decisões e posições tomadas no decorrer desta pesquisa, sua realização não teria sido possível. Ainda, agradeço à paciência e amizade demonstradas diante das dificuldades, às longas e incansáveis reuniões, indicações e pesquisas bibliográficas, que possibilitaram a evolução na abordagem das diferentes temáticas propostas neste trabalho. Ao professor Álvaro Vázquez Mantecón, cujo curso sobre “História e Imagem” ministrado na UNESP, esclareceu questões teóricas e metodológicas em relação ao uso das imagens como fonte para a pesquisa histórica. Além disso, agradeço à leitura atenta do Relatório apresentado para o Exame Geral de Qualificação, às reuniões e conversas sobre a pesquisa durante sua estadia em Assis e à atenção e interesse dedicados à pesquisa durante seu desenvolvimento. Suas críticas e indicações foram essenciais para o resultado final deste trabalho. Ao professor Wagner Pinheiro Pereira, pelas aulas sobre história e linguagem do cinema, além da leitura crítica dos primeiros resultados da pesquisa. Aos professores Carlos Eduardo Jordão Machado e José Luís Bendicho Beired pela presença no Exame Geral de Qualificação. À Carlos Eduardo agradeço ainda os apontamentos e indicações bibliográficas que possibilitaram novas abordagens e enriqueceram as discussões sobre cinema presentes no texto final. A todos os participantes do Projeto Temático Cultura e Política nas Américas: Circulação de Idéias e Configuração de Identidades, principalmente às professoras Maria Ligia Coelho Prado, Maria Helena Rolim Capelato, Mary Anne Junqueira, Gabriela Pelegrino Soares, Tânia da Costa Garcia, pelas críticas e indicações provenientes de apresentação sobre esta pesquisa. Aos funcionários da Cinemateca Brasileira, principalmente Adilson e Viviane, pela atenção e ajuda na busca de bibliografia em meio a seu enorme acervo. À Adilson devo ainda a indicação de livros sobre cinema e teatro norte- americanos, além do roteiro de Viva Zapata!, imprescindível para a análise de nossa fonte. Aos meus pais, José Carlos e Neusa, pelo esforço incansável em tornar os estudos uma prioridade na vida dos filhos, e pelo apoio incondicional às necessidades decorrentes desta pesquisa. Aos meus irmãos, Juliana, Márcia e Eduardo, pelo companheirismo e ajuda diante das mais diversas necessidades. À Raphael Lima, que esteve presente desde a idealização desta pesquisa até seu término, com quem pude compartilhar os melhores e piores momentos, e esteve sempre disposto a me amparar em todos eles. À amiga Priscila, por me acolher sempre com muito carinho em sua casa (ao Igor, que tantas vezes abriu mão do seu quarto), além do constante empréstimo de livros e parceria nas diversas viagens e apresentações em eventos. À Rafael, pela indicação de filmes, livros, e pelos socorros prestados ao meu computador. À André, agradeço pelas conversas tranqüilizadoras e a presença nos momentos decisivos da pesquisa. À Alexandre, pela amizade iniciada casualmente na prova de vestibular, e cultivada ao longo desses anos. Agradeço à FAPESP, cujo financiamento possibilitou dedicação exclusiva à pesquisa. Finalmente, a todos os que tornaram possível a realização deste trabalho e não estão aqui citados, deixo meus sinceros agradecimentos. DE FAZIO, Andréa Helena Puydinger. Cultura, política e representações do México no cinema norte-americano: Viva Zapata! de Elia Kazan. 2010. 176 f. Dissertação (em História) – Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Assis – SP RESUMO Temos no filme Viva Zapata! (1952) o eixo central desta pesquisa, através da qual buscamos iluminar as relações entre cinema, cultura e política norte-americana dos anos cinqüenta, além de questionar como este cinema forma uma visão sobre o outro – nesse caso, os mexicanos. Produzido e lançado nos Estados Unidos em meio ao macartismo – oposição e perseguição aos comunistas, decorrente da Guerra Fria – é dirigido pelo cineasta Elia Kazan e tem como roteirista John Steinbeck, importante romancista norte-americano. Suas temáticas dialogam com a cultura e a política da época, os quais buscamos resgatar através deste estudo. Ainda, sendo um filme norte-americano sobre o México, nos possibilita questionar como este país e seu povo são representados – e ir além, analisando como se formam as visões dos outros no imaginário norte-americano, visão esta que se reflete através de manifestações culturais, como o cinema. Palavras-chave: Elia Kazan, John Steinbeck, Viva Zapata!, cinema norte-americano, história dos Estados Unidos, representação. ABSTRACT The film Viva Zapata! (1952) is the central axis of the present study, through which we tried to highlight the relationships among North American cinema, culture and politics in the 1950s, as well as to question how this cinema forms the view about the other – in this case, the Mexicans. Produced and launched in the United States during McCarthyism – opposition and persecution to communists due to Cold War –, that film was directed by the filmmaker Elia Kazan and had as writer John Steinbeck, an important North American novelist. Its themes dialogue with the culture and the politics of that period, which we tried to rescue through this study. In addition, it is a North-American film about Mexico, which allows us to question how this country and its people are represented – as well as to analyze how the view about the others is formed in the North American imagination, since this view is reflected through cultural manifestations such as cinema. Keywords: Elia Kazan, John Steinbeck, Viva Zapata!, North American cinema, United States History, representation. O cinema é infinito – não se mede. Não tem passado nem futuro. Cada Imagem só existe interligada À que a antecedeu e à que a sucede. O cinema é a presciente antevisão Na sucessão de imagens. O cinema É o que não se vê, é o que não é Mas resulta: a indizível dimensão Vinícius de Moraes SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO......................................................................................................................08 CAPÍTULO I: VIVA ZAPATA!: ANÁLISE FÍLMICA......................................................20 1.1) Produzindo Viva Zapata....................................................................................................21 1.2) Cultura e Política norte-americana nas décadas de 1940 e 1950......................................71 CAPÍTULO II: VIVA ZAPATA!: UMA OBRA DE ARTE COM DIVERSAS FACES..83 2.1) A autenticidade, atualidade e ambigüidade de Elia Kazan...............................................84 2.2) Teoria da falange e outros chicanos de John Steinbeck..................................................105 2.3) Darryl Zanuck, Marlon Brando e Anthony Quinn..........................................................122 CAPÍTULO III: REPRESENTAÇÕES ÉTNICAS E CULTURAIS NO CINEMA E NO IMAGINÁRIO NORTE-AMERICANO...........................................................................133 3.1) Construindo o outro........................................................................................................134 3.2) Os chicanos de Hollywood: representações do México no cinema norte – americano........................................................................................................................148 CONCLUSÃO......................................................................................................................161 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS...............................................................................167 INTRODUÇÃO Esta pesquisa se insere nos esforços de uma nova história cultural, preocupada em valorizar manifestações sociais, tais como imagens, músicas e testemunhos orais, na realização da pesquisa histórica. Temos no filme Viva Zapata! (EUA, 1952) o eixo central de nossa análise, através do qual buscamos iluminar as relações entre história, cinema, cultura e política norte-americanas de sua época. Dirigido por Elia Kazan, que iniciou sua carreira no teatro e cuja formação está baseada nos métodos de atuação e temáticas realistas propostas pelo russo Constantin Stanislavsky, teve seu roteiro escrito por John Steinbeck, importante romancista norte-americano, que transferiu para nossa fonte seu conhecimento sobre o México e mexicanos – outras obras de Steinbeck
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