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Distribution of Karyotypes of the Cryptocercus Punctulatus Species Complex (Blattodea: Cryptocercidae) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park

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Distribution of Karyotypes of the Cryptocercus Punctulatus Species Complex (Blattodea: Cryptocercidae) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park Journal of Insect Science (2017) 17(3): 69; 1–11 doi: 10.1093/jisesa/iex045 Research article Distribution of Karyotypes of the Cryptocercus punctulatus Species Complex (Blattodea: Cryptocercidae) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park Christine A. Nalepa,1,2 Keisuke Shimada,3,4 Kiyoto Maekawa,3 and Peter Luykx5 1Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA ([email protected]), 2Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected], 3Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan ([email protected]; [email protected]), 4Current address: Ishikawa Museum of Natural History, Ri-441 Choshi-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1147, Japan and 5Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA ([email protected]) Subject Editor: Evan Preisser Received 3 February 2017; Editorial decision 11 April 2017 Abstract During the period between 1999 and 2006, wood-feeding cockroaches in the Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder species complex were collected throughout Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. The chromosome numbers of insects from 59 sites were determined, and phylogenetic analyses were performed based on mito- chondrial COII and nuclear ITS2 DNA. The distribution of the three male karyotypes found in the park (2n ¼ 37, 39, and 45) is mapped and discussed in relation to recent disturbances and glacial history. Clades of the three karyotype groups meet near the ridgeline separating North Carolina from Tennessee in the center of the park, suggesting that these may have originated from separate lower elevation refugia after the last glacial maxi- mum. The timing of divergence and a significant correlation between elevation difference and genetic distance in two of the clades supports this hypothesis. The ecological role of the cockroaches in the park is discussed. Key words: All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory, refugia, ecological service, coarse woody debris Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) is home to one of eastern half of the park, and also at the eastern border near the oldest and most ecologically diverse mountain chains in the world, Waterville Lake. The Tennessee half of the park was largely un- and is an internationally recognized hotspot of temperate forest biodi- sampled. versity (Nichols and Langdon 2007). In an effort to catalogue this di- These karyotype groups have been described as separate species versity, a comprehensive inventory of all life forms in the GSMNP, the (Burnside et al. 1999). The validity of the proposed species-level sta- All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory (ATBI), was initiated and charged tus was questioned, however, because chromosome numbers were with the goal of discovering the identity and distribution of as many known for only part of the sample, the evolutionary relationships species as possible that occur in the park (Sharkey 2001, White and among members of the species complex were unclear, and although Langdon 2006). As part of this effort, the wingless wood-feeding cock- morphological variation was apparently present, it had not been roach Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder was recovered from seven lo- demonstrated that this variation consistently distinguished the pro- cations in the park, representing seven watersheds (Discover Life in posed species (Nalepa et al. 2002, Everaerts et al. 2008, Maekawa America website, accessed 14 November 2016: https://www.dlia. and Nalepa 2011). Lineages that share a male chromosome number org/atbidata/MapTaxon.php?taxon¼Species&tname¼Cryptocercus_ may represent different species, subspecies, or races (Everaerts et al. punctulatus). Cryptocercus punctulatus in the eastern United States, 2008, Che et al. 2016). Consequently, Cryptocercus found along the however, is a cryptic-species complex currently divided into four Appalachian Chain in the eastern United States is best thought of as known karyotype groups, three of which have been reported from 12 a species complex that requires additional study before its taxonomy sites previously sampled in the park (Nalepa et al. 2002, Everaerts can be delineated. et al. 2008, Maekawa and Nalepa 2011). The karyotypes of males Despite the genetic differences among karyotype groups of C. consist of 18–22 pairs of autosomes and a single X chromosome. The punctulatus, there are no known differences in their ecology within 2n ¼ 37 and 2n ¼ 39 male karyotypes were found in the North their examined range; nor is there evidence of clear divergence in life Carolina section of the park; the 2n ¼ 45 karyotype was identified history, biology or behavior. All members of the genus are fairly along the crest separating North Carolina and Tennessee in the large, subsocial insects that are wingless and log-dependent; i.e., all VC The Authors 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. 1 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] 2 Journal of Insect Science, 2017, Vol. 17, No. 3 stages nest in coarse woody debris (CWD) that serves as both food Molecular Analysis and shelter. The distribution of the cockroach is therefore intimately DNA Extraction, Amplification, Purification, and Sequencing. tied to the distribution of their log hosts. Any event that has an im- Total DNA was extracted from the leg tissue of individuals pre- pact on mature forests, including deforestation and glaciation, will served in 80–100% ethanol by using DNeasy Tissue Kit (Qiagen, have an impact on the distribution of C. punctulatus (Nalepa 2001; Tokyo, Japan). Each individual was considered to be representative Nalepa et al. 2001, 2002). Because 95% of GSMNP is forested, of the population in each location. The fragments of mitochondrial with downed logs at all stages of decay on the forest floor (Martin COII (448 bp) and nuclear ITS2 (400 bp) were amplified using 1992, Sharkey 2001), the cockroach is expected to be more or less PCR. Primer sequences for the amplifications of COII and ITS2 are continuously distributed within the park. shown in Park et al. (2004) and Everaerts et al. (2008), respectively. The goal of this study is to begin documenting the spatial organi- The temperature profile for amplifications of COII and ITS2 was zation of the three known karyotypes of C. punctulatus within 94 C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles of 94 C for 1 min, 50 C for GSMNP, and to determine whether the 2n ¼ 43 karyotype, not pre- 1 min and 70 C for 2 min. Amplified PCR products were purified viously detected in the park, can be found there. This information by using the Mag Extractor Kit (Toyobo, Osaka, Japan) or ExoSAP- would contribute to the existing ATBI database, and aid in the IT (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA), and they were used as tem- search for concordant patterns of distribution in other taxa with low plates for sequencing performed by the DNA sequencer (ABI 373 or vagility and similar ecological requirements. If diverse organisms 3130 Genetic Analyzer; Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA, USA). had retreated to and shared the same refugial areas during glacial cy- Sequence Alignments. For alignments, MUSCLE in MEGA ver- cles of the Pleistocene, some degree of geographic patterning would sion 6.06 (Tamura et al. 2013) was used. To consider the possibility be expected (Howden 1985, Vermeij 1986, Cranston and Naumann of mitochondrial introgression, we analyzed mitochondrial (COII) 1991, Soltis et al. 2006). Evidence from a variety of sources indi- and nuclear (ITS2) data separately. For the mitochondrial dataset, cates that there were one or more refugia in the Southern Cryptocercus clevelandi Byers was included as an outgroup Appalachians during the glacial cycles of the Pleistocene (Tilley (GenBank accession no. AB078557). For the nuclear dataset, how- 1997, Church et al. 2003, Soltis et al. 2006, Sokolov et al. 2007, ever, as shown in Everaerts et al. (2008), there were many insertions Walker et al. 2009, Rissler and Smith 2010, Garrick 2011). and deletions in DNA sequences between C. clevelandi and cock- roaches from the southern Appalachians. Thus, the ITS2 tree is an Materials and Methods unrooted tree. Phylogenetic Analysis. We obtained estimations of tree topolo- Insect Sampling gies under the Bayesian inference (BI), maximum likelihood (ML) Cryptocercus cockroaches were collected between 1999 and 2006, and maximum parsimony (MP) methods. For BI, the most appropri- in some cases in conjunction with other studies of the genus. Four ate model of sequence evolution was determined using MEGA ver- collection sites were previously reported in Nalepa et al. (2002) and sion 6.06 model selection option (Tamura et al. 2013). The T92 þ G eight additional sites were detailed in Everaerts et al. (2008) (see model was selected from both COII and ITS2 data. Parameters for Table 1). Some location-coordinates may have shifted slightly from the selected model of substitution were estimated from the data. In those originally in the literature; more precise location data have total, 100,000 trees were obtained (ngen ¼ 10,000,000, become available as technology has advanced. Here we combine samplefreq ¼ 100) using MrBayes version 3.2.6 (Ronquist and data on those 12 sites with data collected on cockroaches from an Huelsenbeck 2003), and the first 25% of these (25,000) were dis- additional 47 sampling locations within the park (total ¼ 59) to give carded as the burn-in. A 50%-majority-rule consensus tree of the a more comprehensive summary of the geographic distribution of remaining trees was produced. Two independent runs under the the different karyotypes within the park. The samples include three same model of sequence evolution were performed. For ML, 1,000 sites from the Foothills Parkway (sites #81–83) and two sites just bootstrap replicates were performed based on the same model of outside park boundaries (sites #39, 85).
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