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Europe & Eurasia Vibrant EUROPE & EURASIA Information Barometer 2021 Vibrant Information Barometer VIBRANT INFORMATION BAROMETER 2021 Copyright © 2021 by IREX IREX 1275 K Street, NW, Suite 600 Washington, DC 20005 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (202) 628-8188 www.irex.org Managing editor: Linda Trail IREX project and editorial support: Stephanie Hess and Ben Brewer Editorial support: Alanna Dvorak, Barbara Frye, Elizabeth Granda, and Dayna Kerecman Myers Copyeditors: Melissa Brown Levine, Brown Levine Productions; Carolyn Feola de Rugamas, Carolyn.Ink; Kelly Kramer Translation support: Capital Linguists, LLC; Media Research & Training Lab Design and layout: Anna Zvarych Notice of Rights: Permission is granted to display, copy, and distribute VIBE in whole or in part, provided that: (a) the materials are used with the acknowledgment “The Vibrant Information Barometer (VIBE) is a product of IREX with funding from USAID.”; (b) VIBE is used solely for personal, noncommercial, or informational use; and (c) no modifications of VIBE are made. Disclaimer: This publication is made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The opinions expressed herein are those of the panelists and other project researchers and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, the United States Government, or IREX. 2 USAID leads international development and humanitarian efforts to IREX is a nonprofit organization that builds a more just, prosperous, and save lives, reduce poverty, strengthen democratic governance and help inclusive world by empowering youth, cultivating leaders, strengthening people progress beyond assistance. institutions, and extending access to quality education and information. U.S. foreign assistance has always had the twofold purpose of furthering IREX delivers value to its beneficiaries, partners, and donors through its America’s interests while improving lives in the developing world. USAID holistic, people-centered approach to development. We bring expertise carries out U.S. foreign policy by promoting broad-scale human progress and experience in fields such as education, civil society, gender, media, at the same time it expands stable, free societies, creates markets and governance, access to information, and youth employment. trade partners for the United States, and fosters good will abroad. Founded in 1968, IREX has an annual portfolio of over $80 million, offices USAID works in over 100 countries to: in 20 countries, and a global staff of 400. We work in more than 100 countries worldwide. z Promote Global Health z Support Global Stability z Provide Humanitarian Assistance z Catalyze Innovation and Partnership z Empower Women and Girls IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS IREX wishes to thank the following organizations that coordinated the fieldwork for and authored a number of the studies herein: z Mediacentar Sarajevo (Bosnia & Herzegovina) z Independent Journalism Center (Moldova) https://www.media.ba/ http://ijc.md/eng/ z Institute for Advanced Studies GAP (Kosovo) z Media LTD (Montenegro) https://www.institutigap.org/home https://media.co.me/ z Media Development Center (Macedonia) https://mdc.org.mk Vibrant Information Barometer TABLE OF CONTENTS VIBRANT INFORMATION BAROMETER 2021 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 INTRODUCTION 5 BACKGROUND 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 METHODOLOGY 17 SOUTHEAST EUROPE 24 ALBANIA 25 BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA 37 KOSOVO 51 MONTENEGRO 63 NORTH MACEDONIA 78 SERBIA 93 CAUCASUS 110 ARMENIA 111 AZERBAIJAN 125 GEORGIA 139 RUSSIA & WESTERN EURASIA 154 BELARUS 155 MOLDOVA 167 RUSSIA 181 4 UKRAINE 197 Vibrant Information Barometer INTRODUCTION It is my pleasure to introduce the first edition of the Vibrant Information quality information should be widely available, editorially independent, Barometer (VIBE) for Europe and Eurasia. This inaugural publication is based on facts, and not intended to harm. Content production should the result of years of thought leadership and methodology development, be sufficiently resourced, inclusive, and diverse. People should have the and it represents a different way of examining media and information rights, means, and capacity to access multiple channels of information; systems from its precursor, the Media Sustainability Index (MSI) for they should detect and reject misinformation; and they should be able Europe and Eurasia. With its last edition published in 2019, the MSI was to make informed choices about their information consumption. People a valuable tool for IREX, USAID, donors, and academics to track trends, should use quality information to inform their actions, improve their make comparisons, and inform programming in the media sector. communities, and contribute to public policy decisions. However, since its inception in 2001, the global media and information space changed dramatically. There was, and continues to be, rapid evolution in the way that information is produced, spread, consumed, and utilized. Lines have blurred between media producers and consumers; the Internet has allowed for new channels of information flow; and the viral transmission of media has created an environment where it is easier than ever to spread disinformation--and harder than ever for many people to identify fact-based content in a sea of information “pollution.” Based on IREX’s Vibrant Information Approach and developed in partnership with USAID, the VIBE methodology better captures and measures the way information is produced and utilized today in 13 countries from the Balkans to the Caucasus. In a vibrant information system, 5 Vibrant Information Barometer Additionally, with VIBE, IREX modified the scoring scale to allow more The 2021 edition of VIBE would not have been possible in a vacuum. To granularity in panelist scores and introduced a Strength of Evidence develop the VIBE methodology, IREX engaged external monitoring and (SoE) rating. The SoE rating is meant to: identify areas where further evaluation expert Andria Hayes-Birchler, solicited peer reviews from research is needed, increase transparency about the potential global media and information experts, and received comprehensive subjectivity of some indicators, help VIBE audiences contextualize input from USAID in Washington and from field missions. Critically, more scores and narratives, and assist IREX with tracking progress in VIBE’s than 175 sector professionals from throughout Europe and Eurasia took methodology and evidence-base over time. time from their busy schedules to reflect on their own media sector and provide the thoughtful comments that make the MSI stand out as Similar to the MSI, VIBE leverages the expert panel approach, a media development assessment tool. Discussion moderators and incorporating perspectives from local sector professionals that IREX authors from each country organize the VIBE chapter narratives and assembles in each country to serve as panelists. In this 2021 edition of contextualize the panelists’ thoughts. VIBE, panelists from across the region chronicled the impact that the COVID-19 global pandemic on their operating environments, including Finally, without Stephanie Hess’s dedicated management support, this financial sustainability, access to information, and misinformation year’s VIBE would not have been possible to produce. The United States further polluting the information space in the region. Panelists across Agency for International Development (USAID) has been a consistent and several countries also highlighted several additional issues, some of enthusiastic supporter of VIBE, funding the project from its inception and which had emerged with the MSI, including: hate speech on social ensuring its ongoing implementation. media, lack of government accountability, and inadequate diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in media coverage. We hope you will find this report useful, and we welcome any feedback. The 2021 VIBE publication is accompanied by the Vibrant Information Barometer Explorer, a platform that will allow users to analyze VIBE data Sincerely, and track over time. In order to ensure some continuity between MSI and VIBE, IREX has matched five MSI objectives their most similar VIBE counterparts as follows: Linda Trail z MSI Overall scores → VIBE Overall scores Managing Editor z Freedom of Speech → VIBE Principle 2 (Multiple Channels) z Professional Journalism → VIBE Principle 1 (Information Quality) z Plurality of News → VIBE Indicator 4 (Inclusive and diverse content) z Business Management → VIBE Indicator 5 (Content production is sufficiently resourced) The MSI Objective studying Supporting Institutions does not have a direct counterpart in VIBE; however, supporting institutions are incorporated into many VIBE indicators but do not have a stand-alone indicator. 6 Vibrant Information Barometer BACKGROUND Transition from Media Sustainability to Vibrant Information From 2001 – 2019, IREX and USAID produced the Media Sustainability Index (MSI)1 to measure five key pillars and objectives related to media sustainability: free speech, professional journalism, plurality of news sources, business management, and supporting institutions. Over the past two decades there have been dramatic changes to the way information is produced, spread, and utilized. However, the growth of digital and social media has dramatically changed how information flows, including: z Expansion of the volume of information and speed of global transmission (including misinformation and information intended to harm) z Blurred lines between media producers and
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