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A BEHAVIORAL STUDY of GABION RETAINING WALLS by William

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A BEHAVIORAL STUDY of GABION RETAINING WALLS by William A behavioral study of gabion retaining walls Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Sublette, William Robert, 1944- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 11:02:36 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565450 A BEHAVIORAL STUDY OF GABION RETAINING WALLS by William Robert Sublette A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of . "DOCTOR • OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN CIVIL ENGINEERING In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 9 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by _____________________ William Robert Sublette entitled A Behavioral Study of Gabion Retaining Walls be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of ______________________ Doctor of Philosophy As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read this dissertation and agree that it may be presented for final defense. / 0. ____ __ ' /l ) / / 0 Date (f?i J-'JY--------------------- c J / W ? ? ------- Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense thereof at the final oral examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR . This .dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief, quotations from this dissertation are allow­ able without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manu­ script in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: % ACKNOWLE DGMEN T \ I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my dissertation director. Dr. Hassan A. Sultan, for his very helpful guidance and encouragement throughout my research. Special appreciation is due Dr. Robert L. Sogge for his assistance in the initial phase of the research. I wish to also thank Dr. Ralph M. Richard for pro­ viding his professional experience for the solution of prob­ lems encountered in finite element modeling. Additional gratitude is extended to Dr. Edward A. Nowatzki for reviewing the study and his continued encourage­ ment throughout the research. Thanks are also given to Bal K . Sanan for the helpful discussions involving problems encountered in the research, and to Zena HIobi1 for her review of the first draft. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............... vi LIST OF TABLES ................................... ix ABSTRACT ..................... x 1. INTRODUCTION ........... 1 Description of Gabion Box ..................... 3 Versatility of Gabion Boxes .................. 7 Description of Gabion Retaining Wall ..... 9 Soil-structure Interactions of the Retaining Wall ........ 13 Objective and Scope of Research .............. 14 2. REVIEW OF EXPERIENCE WITH GABION RETAINING WALLS ................. 16 Advantages of Gabion Retaining Walls ........ 18 Description of Conventional Design Method . 20 Limitations of Conventional Design Method . 21 3. FINITE ELEMENT P R O G R A M ............ 22 Capabilities.............. 22 Modifications and Additions . ............... 23 4. MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION FOR A N A L Y S I S ......... 27 Soil Model ................................... 27' No Tension Characteristics ........ 31 Wire Mesh Model . 33 No-compression Characteristics ...... 38 Connecting Wire Model ...... 40 5. FINITE ELEMENT MODELING .... 41 Wire Mesh Modeling ....................... 41 Single Gabion Box Modeling .................. 42 Modeling 12 ft. Gabion Retaining W a l l ........ 48 Modeling 45 ft. Gabion Retaining Wall ..... 56 iv V TABLE OF CONTENTS, Continued. Page 6. PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSTS RESULTS ....................... 67 Wire Mesh ............................. 67 Gabion Box ............................... .. 69 12 ft. Gabion Retaining W a l l .......... .. 76 Finite Element Versus Conventional ' Stability Analysis . 91 45 ft. Gabion Retaining Wall'.......... 93 7. DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR A GABION BOX ............................... 96 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................ 99 Conclusions ........ 99 Design Applications . 102 Recommendations for Further Research . 104 APPENDIX A: CONVENTIONAL. STABILITY ANALYSIS OF A 12 FT. GABION RETAINING WALL 106 APPENDIX B: WIRE MESH NONLINEAR STRESS-STRAIN ELASTIC-PLASTIC FITTING METHOD. 113 APPENDIX C: FINITE ELEMENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF A 12 FT. GABION RETAINING WALL .................. ' . 121 APPENDIX D: DETAILS OF CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION DEVELOPMENT FOR GABION BOX . 126 LIST OF REFERENCES 138 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1.1 Unfabricated and Fabricated Gabion Box Formed with a Hexagonal Steel Wire Mesh . 4 1.2 Wire Mesh Components of the Gabion Box .... 5 1.3 Typical Hexagonal Dimensions, for. the Wire Mesh ............................... 6 1.4 Location and Use of the Connecting Wires in the Gabion Box ........................... 8 1.5 Typical Gabion Retaining Wall Supporting a Mountain R o a d ................ 10 1.5 Typical Vertical Gabion Retaining Wall with a Stepped Exterior Face ............... 11 1.7 Typical Inclined Gabion Retaining Wall with a Flat Exterior F a c e .................. 12 4.1 Typical Section of Hexagonal Triple Twisted Steel Wire Mesh Used in the Gabion Box . 34 4.2 Stress-strain Relationship for Hexagonal Wire Mesh with Loading Parallel to the Major Principal Dimension of the Hexagonal........ .. ............... .. 35 4.3 Stress-strain Relationship for Hexagonal Wire Mesh with Loading Parallel to the Minor Principal Dimension of the Hexagonal ............................... .. 36 5.1 Finite Element Model of the Gabion Wire Mesh with Loading Applied Parallel to the Major Principal Dimension of the Hexagonal ................................. .. 43 5.2 Finite Element Model of the Gabion Wire Mesh with Loading Applied Parallel to the Minor Principal Dimension of the Hexagonal . 44 ■ vi vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, Continued. Figure Page 5.3 Finite Element Model of a Single Gabion Box ........... 45 5.4 12 ft. Gabion Retaining Wall . ................. 49 5.5 Finite Element Model of a 12 ft. Gabion Retaining Wall and Surrounding Soil ..... 50 5.6 Typical Gabion Dimensions and Element Composition ........ .............. 5 4 5.7 45 ft. Snoqualmie Pass Gabion Retaining Wall ........ .............. 57 5.8 Finite Element Model of the 45 ft. Snoqualmie Pass Gabion Retaining Wall .... 58 6.1 Nonlinear Variation of Poisson's Ratio with Respect to Strain in a Direction Parallel to the Major Principal Dimen­ sion in the Hexagonal Wire Mesh ............. 70 6.2 Nonlinear Variation of Poisson's Ratio with Respect to Strain in a Direction Parallel to the Minor Principal Dimension in the Hexagonal Wire Mesh . ................. .. 71 6.3 Vertical Stress Applied to Top of Gabion Box Versus Vertical Strain in Gabion Box . ..................... .. 72 6.4 Vertical Stress Applied to Top of Gabion Box Versus Connecting Wire Stress in Gabion B o x ........................ .. 75 6.5 Horizontal Deflections for the Exterior Face of the 12 ft. Retaining W a l l ................ 77 6.6 Horizontal Deflections for the Back Face of the 12 ft. Retaining W a l l .......... 79 6.7 Vertical Stress Contour Map of 12 ft. Gabion Retaining Wall and Backfill ...... 81 viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, Continued. Figure Page 6.8 Horizontal Stress Contour Map of 12 ft. Gabion Retaining Wall and Backfill ...... 82 6.9 Horizontal Pressure on Back Face of 12 ft. Retaining Wall Versus Wall Elevation ........ 84 6 o 10 Sections through 12 ft. Gabion Retaining Wall . 87 6.11 Connecting Wire Stress Versus Wall Elevation ............................... .. 89 6.12 Wire Mesh Stress Versus Wall Elevation ..... 90 6.13 Horizontal Deflections for the Exterior Face of the 45 ft. Gabion Retaining Wall . 95 A. 1 12 ft. Gabion Retaining Wall Analyzed as a Mass Gravity Structure ................. 107 B.l A Hypothetical Curve Representing Eq. (4.10) . 114 B.2 Stress-strain Relationship for Hexagonal Wire Mesh with Loading Parallel to Major Principal Dimension of the Hexagonal ........ 116 B . 3 Stress-strain Relationship for Hexagonal Wire Mesh with Loading Parallel to Minor Principal Dimension of the Hexagonal ..... 119 C.l Stress Distribution (K/ft^) on a 12 ft. Gabion Retaining Wall Developed from a Finite Element Analysis .... ............ 122 D.l Unit Cell Diagram of a Gabion Box . .'........ 127 D.2 Unfabricated Shape of the Unit Cell Gabion Box Showing the Hexagonal Wire Meshes Geometric Orientations . ..................... 128 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 6.1 Factors of Safety (F.S.) for Conventional and Finite Element Stability Analysis of the 12 ft. Gabion Retaining W a l l .......... 92 ix ABSTRACT The earliest
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