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Étude Sur Les Facteurs Édaphiques Et Géomorphologiques Influençant La Distribution Et La Croissance Particulières De La AC-PRDIRT-Volet III-2011-06 AMES -J AIE B Étude sur les facteurs édaphiques et DE LA géomorphologiques influençant la distribution et la croissance particulières de la morille conique (Morchella Conica) dans le Nord‐du‐Québec (PRDIRT) ACQUISITION DE CONNAISSANCES ’ ROGRAMME D ROGRAMME P ET DU TERRITOIRE LAN DE DEVELOPPEMENT INTEGRE DES RESSOURCES Présenté à P à la Commission régionale sur les ressources naturelles et le territoire de la Baie‐James (CRRNTBJ) Préparé par Mireille Gravel, Isabelle Paquette et Marie‐Ève Gosselin FaunENord, Experts‐conseil Faune et Environnement RAPPORT FINAL Étude sur les facteurs édaphiques et géomorphologiques influençant la distribution et la croissance particulière de la morille ( Morchella sp ) dans le Nord-du-Québec PRÉSENTÉ À 110 boulevard Matagami, C.P. 850 Matagami, Qc J0Y 2A0 Avril 2013 512 Route 167 S, Chibougamau, QC G8P 2X8 tél. : (418) 748-4441 téléc. : (418) 748-1110 www.faunenord.org Équipe terrain Audrey Bernier, Biologiste Baptiste Millereux, Biologiste Marc-André Bernier, Géologue M Sc. Rédaction et révision Isabelle Paquette, Biologiste Marie-Ève Gosselin, Biologiste M. Sc. Mireille Gravel, Biologiste M. Sc. FaunENord 512, Rte 167 sud, C.P. 422 Chibougamau, Québec G8P 2X8 418-748-4441 www.faunenord.org Étude sur les facteurs édaphiques et géomorphologiques influençant la distribution et la croissance particulière de la morille ( Morchella sp ) dans le Nord-du-Québec, 2012 Page ii TABLE DES MATIÈRES TABLE DES MATIÈRES ......................................................................................................................... III LISTES DES TABLEAUX ........................................................................................................................ IV LISTE DES FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... IV MISE EN CONTEXTE ................................................................................................................................ 7 LES ÉTAPES DU PROJET ............................................................................................................................... 8 REVUE DE LITTÉRATURE SUR LA MORILLE ( MORCHELLACEAE, MORCHELLA SP. ) ......... 9 GÉNÉRALITÉS ............................................................................................................................................. 9 BIOLOGIE DES MORCHELLA ........................................................................................................................10 Le cycle de vie de Morchella ................................................................................................................10 Le pseudosclérote de Morchella ...........................................................................................................12 Stratégies nutritionnelles ......................................................................................................................13 La fructification ....................................................................................................................................14 Facteurs qui facilitent la fructification .............................................................................................................. 14 Effet des feux de forêt, autres perturbations sur les propriétés du sol ............................................................... 14 Facteurs qui déclenchent la fructification ......................................................................................................... 15 Facteurs qui soutiennent la fructification .......................................................................................................... 16 CONCLUSION GÉNÉRALE SUR LES DIFFÉRENTS ASPECTS RELEVÉS DE LA LITTÉRATURE .............................16 PORTRAIT GLOBAL DE LA RÉGION À L’ÉTUDE ...........................................................................17 LA GÉOLOGIE ET LA GÉOMORPHOLOGIE DE LA RÉGION ..............................................................................17 LE SOL .......................................................................................................................................................18 MÉTHODOLOGIE .....................................................................................................................................20 REVUE DE LITTÉRATURE ............................................................................................................................20 SÉLECTION DES SITES .................................................................................................................................20 CARACTÉRISATION DES SITES À L ’ÉTUDE ...................................................................................................21 PROFIL PÉDOLOGIQUE DES SITES À L ’ÉTUDE ..............................................................................................24 Caractérisation granulométrique et présence de carbonate de calcium (CaCO 3) ...............................24 Mesure de pH et géochimie des horizons B et C ...................................................................................24 ANALYSES STATISTIQUES ..........................................................................................................................24 RÉSULTATS ET DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................25 ANALYSES STATISTIQUES ..........................................................................................................................25 ORIGINE GÉOLOGIQUE ...............................................................................................................................25 Généralités pour l’ensemble des sites à l’étude ....................................................................................25 Sites productifs vs non-productifs .........................................................................................................30 PROFIL PÉDOLOGIQUE – GRANULOMÉTRIE ET PRÉSENCE DE CACO 3 .........................................................30 Généralités pour l’ensemble des sites ...................................................................................................30 Développement du profil podzolique ............................................................................................................... 30 Type de perturbation ........................................................................................................................................ 30 Présence de CaCO 3 ........................................................................................................................................... 31 Sites productifs vs non productifs .........................................................................................................31 Développement du profil podzolique ............................................................................................................... 31 Type de perturbation ........................................................................................................................................ 31 Étude sur les facteurs édaphiques et géomorphologiques influençant la distribution et la croissance particulière de la morille ( Morchella sp ) dans le Nord-du-Québec, 2012 Page iii Présence de CaCO 3 ........................................................................................................................................... 32 MESURE DE P H ...........................................................................................................................................32 Généralités pour l’ensemble des sites ...................................................................................................32 Sites productifs vs non-productifs .........................................................................................................33 Sites brûlés vs non-brûlés .....................................................................................................................34 GÉOCHIMIE ................................................................................................................................................35 Généralités pour l’ensemble des sites ...................................................................................................36 Comparaisons des résultats - Les tendances observées ........................................................................39 Horizon B vs C ................................................................................................................................................. 39 Productifs vs Non-Productifs............................................................................................................................ 41 Brûlés vs Non-brûlés ........................................................................................................................................ 42 CONCLUSION ET RECOMMANDATIONS ..........................................................................................44 CONSTATS .................................................................................................................................................44 APPROCHES INTÉRESSANTES ......................................................................................................................44 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ......................................................................................................................................47
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