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Source Locality Effects on Restoration Potential in Sphagnum Palustre L

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Source Locality Effects on Restoration Potential in Sphagnum Palustre L 34 RESTORATION POTENTIAL IN SPHAGNUM PALUSTRE VOL. 118 Source Locality Effects on Restoration Potential in Sphagnum palustre L. from 3 Ohio Sites TONY MILLER1, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA and RANDALL J. MITCHELL, Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA. ABSTRACT. Understanding whether propagules from different donor sources differ in their performance at a site may be important for restoration of many habitats. This study aimed at evaluating source effects inSphagnum palustre L, a peatland moss species, for potential use in a restoration setting. Tamarack Bog, a remnant peatland in Bath Township, Ohio, is being restored. One goal is to increase Sphagnum coverage. This study focused on the dominant species of peat moss at the bog, S. palustre. To test for source effects, S. palustre and water samples were collected from 3 different locations (Mentor Marsh, Tamarack Bog, and Singer Lake) and used in 2 experiments. Plant performance was assessed by measuring growth in length and increase in mass. In the first experiment, a full factorial test was conducted: moss sampled from each location was grown directly in water collected from each location. In the second experiment—also a full factorial test—moss sampled from each location was separately grown on a uniform, commercially harvested, peat substrate and supplied with water collected from each location. In the design of both experiments, local adaptation would be indicated by better performance (both experiments measured length change and mass change, plus capitulum counts in the second experiment) for plants grown in their home water source than for plants grown in water from other sites. Ultimately, the study team did not observe evidence for local adaptation in these experiments. However, there were strong plant source effects in both experiments and some indication of differences in response to the water from different sources. Interpreting these results from a restoration standpoint, using donor plants from several source sites may improve the success of restoration. Publication Date: November 2018 https://doi.org/10.18061/ojs.v118i2.6354 OHIO J SCI 118(2):34-42 INTRODUCTION Native plant restorations often involve the Local adaptation may be especially important in introduction of propagules from other sites to initiate understanding the biology and restoration of peatlands. or augment local populations (Hufford and Mazer Peatland restoration relies on reestablishment of 2003). In any one particular site, propagules from appropriate vegetation, including particularly one source may be best; at a different site, another Sphagnum moss. Sources of propagules for Sphagnum source may be superior. This pattern may reflect reestablishment are typically chosen because of local adaptation of plant populations, an important similar plant species composition and environmental concept in conservation (Leimu and Fischer 2008). conditions to those of the proposed restoration site Local adaptation occurs when an organism has higher (Quinty and Rochefort 2003), and because the sites are fitness in its home habitat than in others (Williams geographically nearby (Gorham and Rochefort 2003). 1966; Kawecki and Ebert 2004). Local adaptation These decisions capitalize on the fact that Sphagnum can be tested by growing individuals from different can sometimes perform better when grown in pH populations of the same species together at a site or in conditions most similar to those of the collection a common garden; finding that individuals perform site (Såstad et al. 1999). In many plant species, local better under the conditions of their home site provides populations may have as much as 50% higher fitness evidence for local adaptation (Williams 1966; Kawecki than foreign populations (Hereford 2009). Therefore, and Ebert 2004; Leimu and Fischer 2008). However, studying source effects may also be useful in the the differences in fitness are not always associated with restoration of peatlands. genetic differences, such as the case with tolerance of Sphagnum often occurs along chemical and physical sulfur compounds in the Sphagnum of the Southern gradients (Andrus 1986), and local adaptation is one Pennines (Lee and Studholme 1992), so local proposed mechanism explaining differential success adaptation can be difficult to detect in Sphagnum. along the gradients. pH is one important gradient 1Address correspondence to Tony Miller, Department of © 2018 Miller and Mitchell. This article is published Biological Sciences, 256 Cunningham Hall, Kent State under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International University, Kent, OH 44242. Email: [email protected] License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE T. MILLER AND R.J. MITCHELL 35 determining the species distribution of bryophytes Bog to stabilize the remaining habitat, and help the in peatland habitats (Vitt and Chee 1990; Rydin degraded margins recover to their original state. One and Jeglum 2013). Different haplotypes ofS. fuscum goal of the project is to improve Sphagnum coverage. (Schimp.) Klingrr. were found to occur in different Transplanting Sphagnum from donor sites may be microtopographic and pH conditions (Gunnarsson necessary to achieve this goal. The study sought to et al. 2007). Mikulášková et al. (2014) performed better understand the potential of Sphagnum source a principal coordinates analysis of S. warnstorfii to affect transplant success. This work involves S. genotypes and, of the 20 ecological variables measured, palustre, the Sphagnum species that is most common the only variable correlated with the genetic structure in the Tamarack Bog (personal observation). of the populations was pH (ranging from 4.3 to 7.2). Three source populations were chosen for this However, numerous other ecological factors may study; all contained S. palustre, but were intended affect responses. A study of S. magellanicum found to provide differing environments forSphagnum that niche differentiation was driven by differences growth in terms of pH and light. The first location in light intensity, abundance of vascular plants, air was the Tamarack Bog in Bath Township, Ohio. This humidity, and water table depth (Yousefi et al. 2017). site is categorized as a “poor fen,” with substantial More research on local adaptation is needed to groundwater inflow and outflow and a circumneutral examine the causes and consequences of home and pH (6.5 to 7; Mezentseva 2015). The site is dominated away differences (Kawecki and Ebert 2004). Here, by wetland shrubs such as Alnus incana, Vaccinium we examine this topic for Sphagnum palustre L. This corymbosum, and Toxicodendron vernix that provide species occurs in a variety of pH conditions, ranging shaded conditions in the understory across the fen. from acidic (≈3.9) to circumneutral (7.0; Andrus 1986; Water levels are within ≈10 cm of the peat surface Hájková and Hájek 2007). Since pH gradients are throughout the year (Miletti et al. 2005). important components of variation within peatlands The second location was a red maple (Acer rubrum) (Rydin and Jeglum 2013), it would be beneficial to swamp located in Mentor, Ohio (part of the Mentor determine whether the different populations of S. Marsh complex; Bernstein 1981). At this location, S. palustre have differing localized water preferences. palustre was growing on hummocks built up around This question was posed: Does water from different the roots of dead and living A. rubrum. Also, at this collecting sites affect S. palustre? To determine if source site was an encroaching population of Phragmites effects are important for S. palustre, plants from 3 australis, which, along with the red maples, provided source populations were grown in water collected mainly shaded conditions. The pH of the water at this from each location. If there are source effects, some site has not been previously reported in the literature. S. palustre populations will perform well regardless of At Mentor Marsh, the swamp habitat had flooded growth conditions. Evidence for source effects would conditions throughout the year. encourage project managers to focus donor collections The third location was an acidic kettle bog, Singer on sites with especially vigorous plants. Evidence Lake Bog (hereafter referred to as Singer Lake), against source effects would support collection of located near Green, Ohio. This location is an open, donor material for restorations from a broader range floating mat dominated by Sphagnum and leatherleaf of environmental conditions. (Chamaedaphne calyculata) with some poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix) providing sparse shade. The METHODS AND MATERIALS S. palustre for the current study was collected from a Site Characteristics hummock that receives sunlight throughout the day. Located in the Bath Nature Preserve in Bath The water level at Singer Lake appears to be steady Township, Ohio, a tamarack peatland (Tamarack throughout the year, so the collected Sphagnum was on Bog; lat 41°10´37˝N, long 81°38´35˝W) is shrinking a hummock between 10 to 20 cm above the water table. because drainage ditches, established in the 1960s For collections at each site, field identifications were (Miletti et al. 2005), have greatly changed the hydrology confirmed using a microscope and identification key and allowed invasive species to establish. Such peatland (Crum 1984) in the lab. All mosses from each site were destruction is common and is a leading cause of collected from a single
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