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Evaluating Hill Tribe Forest Management: a Case Study of Amphoe Galyani Vadhana

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Evaluating Hill Tribe Forest Management: a Case Study of Amphoe Galyani Vadhana Evaluating Hill Tribe Forest Management: A Case Study of Amphoe Galyani Vadhana A Project Sponsored by Raks Thai Foundation Chalita Aphirakaramwong Dr. Robert Kinicki Napat Asawachaisopon Dr. Fabienne Miller Siri Nittayakasetwat Dr. Nattapong Paiboonvorachat Obiora Ofokansi Brigitte Perera Nattasaet Sirikanerat Caitlin Swalec Alexander Zitoli Evaluating Hill Tribe Forest Management: A Case Study of Amphoe Galyani Vadhana An Interactive Qualifying Project Report Submitted to the faculty of Worcester Polytechnic Institute In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science In cooperation with Chulalongkorn University Submitted on March 5th, 2015 Submitted by: Submitted to: Chalita Aphirakaramwong Raks Thai Foundation Napat Asawachaisopon Siri Nittayakasetwat Project Advisors: Obiora Ofokansi Dr. Robert Kinicki, WPI Brigitte Perera Dr. Fabienne Miller, WPI Nattasaet Sirikanerat Dr. Nattapong Paiboonvorachat, Caitlin Swalec Chulalongkorn University Alexander Zitoli This report represents the work of four Worcester Polytechnic Institute and four Chulalongkorn University undergraduate students submitted to the faculty as evidence of completion of a degree requirement. WPI routinely publishes these reports on its website without editorial or peer review. For more information about the project program at WPI, please visit http://www.wpi.edu/Academcs/Project. i Abstract This project studied hill tribe forest management in Amphoe Galyani Vadhana (AGV), a district in Northern Thailand, in support of hill tribes’ rights to reside on and use conserved forest land. In collaboration with Raks Thai Foundation, the project team of four WPI and four Chulalongkorn University students conducted interviews and observations in Tambons Baan Chan and Chaem Luang, two sub-districts in AGV. Mainly through coding, interviews and creation of an entitlement map, the team concluded that hill tribe villagers rely on the conserved forest land for their livelihoods and manage the forest effectively through traditional practices and GIS maps. The team recommends using GIS mapping to support hill tribes’ rights to reside on and use conserved forest areas throughout Thailand. ii Acknowledgements Our team would like to sincerely thank the following individuals who helped us over the past five months to complete this project: First, we would like to thank Mr. Direk Kreuanjinli, Ms. Sarinthip Promrit, Mr. Keattisak Chokparungrueng, and Mr. Jeremie Kaelin of Raks Thai Foundation for their guidance, input and support of our project. They were indispensable in arranging interviews for our site visit. We would like to thank Mr. Tawin Somjit and Ms. Kwanjit Jumsan of the Church of Christ in Thailand for explaining to us the full scope of the situation the hill tribes are facing. We admire the effort both Raks Thai Foundation and Church of Christ in Thailand have put in to the GIS mapping project. We would like to thank the TAO Presidents, TAO members, Phuyai Baan, Kamnan, Mae La Oop River Basin Network Members, and villagers of Tambons Baan Chan and Chaem Luang for taking time for our interviews. They gave us valuable first-hand accounts on forest management, the GIS mapping process, and the benefits of the maps. We would like to thank Dr. Laureen Elgert from Worcester Polytechnic Institute for her expert advice on community-based forest management and entitlement maps. We would also like to thank Dr. Garavig Tnaksaranond from Chulalongkorn University for providing us with information on how GIS is used. Finally, we want to thank our advisors from Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Dr. Robert Kinicki, Dr. Fabienne Miller, and Dr. Seth Tuler and our advisors from Chulalongkorn University, Dr. Nattapong Paiboonvorachat and Dr. M.L. Siripastr Jayanta. We appreciate the many hours that they spent reading and editing our report, and providing instrumental feedback in the development of our project. iii Authorship Section Author(s) Abstract Brigitte, Caitlin, Obiora Executive Summary Alexander, Brigitte, Caitlin, Obiora 1 Alexander, Caitlin 2 Caitlin 2.1 Caitlin, Chalita, Napat, Obiora, Siri 2.2 Caitlin 2.3 Brigitte, Caitlin, Chalita 2.4 Chalita, Obiora, Siri 2.5 All 2.6 Alexander, Caitlin 2.7 Alexander, Brigitte, Caitlin 2.8 Caitlin, Obiora 2.9 Caitlin 2.10 Caitlin 2.11 Caitlin 3 Brigitte 3.1 Alexander, Brigitte, Caitlin, Obiora 3.2 Brigitte, Caitlin 3.3 Brigitte 3.4 Brigitte, Caitlin 3.5 Brigitte 4 All 4.1 Alexander, Brigitte, Obiora, Siri 4.2 Alexander, Brigitte iv 4.3 Alexander, Brigitte, Obiora 4.4 Brigitte, Napat, Siri 4.5 Alexander, Brigitte, Caitlin 4.6 Caitlin 5 Alexander, Brigitte, Caitlin, Nattasaet, Obiora, Siri 6 All Appendices All v Executive Summary This project evaluated hill tribe forest management in Amphoe Galyani Vadhana (AGV), a district in the Chiang Mai Province of Northern Thailand. In collaboration with Raks Thai Foundation (RTF), the team focused on Tambons Baan Chan and Chaem Luang, two sub- districts in AGV where mainly Karen hill tribe villagers live. The following report documents both traditional hill tribe conservation practices and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as tools for forest management. This is the first case study to examine the use of GIS maps as a means for individuals to defend their rights to reside on and use conserved forest land. From 1913 to 1998, Thailand lost a Figure 0-1: A Villager and Her Strawberry significant amount of forest cover, especially in the Farm Northern region where many hill tribes reside (Grainger, 2004). To curb deforestation rates, the Thai government created regulations in 1964, which limit these hill tribe villagers’ ability to use the land and impacts their quality of life (Parliament of Thailand, 1964). Currently, many hill tribe villagers face the possibility of arrest and removal from their homes. To address this issue, RTF, facilitates a GIS mapping process for many hill tribe villages in AGV. GIS is internationally accepted as a technology for displaying and analyzing Figure 0-2: Residential Area in Baan Hui Hom geospatial data (Wise, 2013). Through this GIS Village mapping process, many hill tribe villagers have documented their land use practices and residency on conserved forest land to defend their claim to this land. Our purpose was to evaluate hill tribe forest management practices in support of the hill tribes’ residence on and their use of conserved forest land. Goals, Objectives, and Methods The team, which consisted of four students from Worcester Polytechnic Institute and four from Chulalongkorn University, addressed this goal through three main objectives: Figure 0-3: Interviews with Mae La Oop River Basin Network Members vi 1. To identify the benefits of allowing the hill tribe villagers to live in the conserved forest. 2. To determine how hill tribe villagers and Tambon (sub-district) officials use GIS mapping. 3. To evaluate the benefits and challenges of using GIS mapping for forest management. To achieve these objectives, the team analyzed GIS maps provided by RTF and conducted interviews and observations in Tambons Baan Chan and Chaem Luang. The interviews included Tambon Administrative Organization (TAO) Presidents, TAO members, a Kamnan (sub-district headman), a Phuyai Baan (village headman), Mae La Oop River Basin Network members, and a villager who worked with GPS technology (See Figure 0-1 to Figure 0-3). The team coded each interview and then summarized the information into three main themes pertaining to each objective: Forest Management and Conservation Practices (Objective 1), GIS Mapping Process (Objective 2) and Benefits/Challenges of GIS for Forest Management (Objective 3). During site observation, the team gathered photographic evidence of forest management and demarcation in Tambons Baan Chan and Chaem Luang. Findings Through coding of qualitative data for Objective 1, the team found that the hill tribe villagers in AGV practice forest management and conservation techniques. For example, villagers zone the forest by physically demarcating different land use areas, based on GIS maps created by the village, so that all community members are familiar with the location of the zones. Figure 0-4 shows examples of other practices we witnessed during site observation. Figure 0-4A is an example of controlled burn, or “Ching Phao” in Thai, in which dead leaves or pine needles are burned from the ground. The benefits of controlled burns, including lowered risk of fire by reducing the amount of fuel on the forest floor and recycled nutrients into the soil, are recognized internationally. Figure 0-4B is an example of the widely used agricultural method of terraced farming, which reduces both erosion and surface runoff when irrigating fields. A B Figure 0-4: A) Controlled Burn in Agricultural Area B) Terraced Farming Area vii Hill tribe villagers also implement spiritual conservation practices. For example, the Phuyai Baan of Baan Wat Chan Village stated that “hill tribe villagers believe in ‘Phe Ton Nham’ to conserve watershed areas in the forest because they believe that spirit guardians protect these areas.” Villagers give offerings to these spirits and refrain from cutting down trees in the watershed areas. These observations led us to our next finding that the hill tribe villagers in AGV sustainably manage the forest. We confirmed this conclusion by comparing the hill tribe villagers’ land use to Dr. Elinor Ostrom’s Eight Principles for Managing a Common Resource A (Ostrom, Gardner, & Walker, 1994). These principles served as guidelines
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