DOCSLIB.ORG

Islanded Operation of a Distribution Feeder with Distributed Generation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Islanded Operation of a Distribution Feeder with Distributed Generation UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 2009 Islanded operation of a distribution feeder with distributed generation Chandu Venu University of Nevada Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Power and Energy Commons Repository Citation Venu, Chandu, "Islanded operation of a distribution feeder with distributed generation" (2009). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/1392891 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ISLANDED OPERATION OF A DISTRIBUTION FEEDER WITH DISTRIBUTED GENERATION by Chandu Venu Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, India May 2007 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Howard R. Hughes College of Engineering Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas Decemeber 2009 THE GRADUATE COLLEGE We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by Chandu Venu entitled Islanded Operation of a Distribution Feeder with Distributed Generation be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Electrical Engineering Yahia Baghzouz, Committee Chair Paolo Ginobbi, Committee Member Yingtao Jiang, Committee Member Laxmi P. Gewali, Graduate Faculty Representative Ronald Smith, Ph. D., Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies and Dean of the Graduate College December 2009 ii ABSTRACT Islanded Operation of a Distribution Feeder with Distributed Generation by Chandu Venu Dr. Yahia Baghzouz, Examination Committee Chair Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas A distribution system that is equipped with distributed generators, such as roof-mounted photovoltaic systems, can operate as a microgrid (i.e., separated from the grid) under some specific conditions. A key feature of a microgrid is its ability to separate and isolate itself from the utility seamlessly with little or no disruption to the loads within the microgrid. Then, when the utility grid returns to normal, the microgrid automatically resynchronizes and reconnects itself to the grid, in an equally seamless manner. This thesis addresses the conditions necessary for proper microgrid operation: these include local generation-load mismatch, local energy storage, load switching, and voltage and frequency control. Computer simulations using Matlab/Simulink will be conducted under various scenarios to validate such necessary conditions. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am extremely happy to take this opportunity to acknowledge my debts and gratitude to those who were associated with the preparation of this thesis. Words fail to express my profound regards from the inmost recess of my heart to my advisor Dr. Yahia Baghzouz for the invaluable help, constant guidance and wide counseling extended to me right from the selection of the research topic to the successful completion of this thesis. Academic assistance apart, I would like to thank him sincerely for his infinite patience which was one of the driving forces for me to successfully complete this thesis. I am extending my sincere thanks to Dr. Yingtao Jiang , Dr. Paolo Ginobbi, Dr. Laxmi Gewali for their direct and indirect contribution throughout this investigation. I owe deepest gratitude to my friend Reshma Koganti without whom, this thesis would not have been possible. I would like to give special thanks to my parents and brother for their continuing love and affection throughout my life and career. Finally, I am indebted to my colleagues, Rakesh Choudary Malepati, Rohit Reddy Saddi, Anup Kumar Miryala and Aditya Chainulu karamcheti, Varun Reddy Seva for their help, support, interest and allowing me to concentrate major part of my time on thesis. iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Block Diagram of a Grid connected PV System. ........................................... 6 Figure 2.1 Influence of ambient irradiation on cell’s temperature ................................ 13 Figure 2.2 Basic Buck converter which is used as DC-DC boost ................................. 16 Figure 2.3 IV curve of MPPT ........................................................................................ 19 Figure 2.4 75W PV module power/voltage/current at standard test conditions ............ 19 Figure 2.5 Full Bridge IGBT inverter ............................................................................ 20 Figure 2.6 Waveform of a single phase full bridge Inverter .......................................... 22 Figure 3.1 One diode equivalent model of photo-voltaic panel ..................................... 32 Figure 3.2 Current-Power of PV as a factor of Vpu voltage ........................................... 33 Figure 3.3 The photo voltaic module ............................................................................. 35 Figure 3.4 IGBT diode inverter (DC-AC) ..................................................................... 38 Figure 3.5 A PWM IGBT inverter ................................................................................. 39 Figure 3.6 Schematic diagram of a grid tied inverter with load .................................... 41 Figure 3.7 Parallel Resistive (R) and Inductive (L) load ............................................... 42 Figure 3.8 Alternating Current Utility ........................................................................... 42 Figure 3.9 AC voltage connected to a thevenin inductance L1 ..................................... 43 Figure 4.1 Electrical model of DC voltage source connected to an Inverter ................. 45 Figure 4.2 Square wave from the inverter before the filter LC circuit .......................... 46 Figure 4.3 Sinusoidal waveform obtained from the Low pass LC filter. ...................... 47 Figure 4.4 Parallel RL load connected to a stand-alone inverter ................................... 48 Figure 4.5 PQ waveform from the photo voltaic module/DC source ............................ 49 Figure 4.6 AC voltage source with Thevenin inductance connected to a RL load ........ 50 v Figure 4.7 Voltage waveform from the Utility grid ....................................................... 51 Figure 4.8 PQ waveform from the utility grid ............................................................... 52 Figure 4.9 RL load connected to both DC source and AC utility grid .......................... 53 Figure 4.10 PQ graph from Utility when load is connected to two sources .................... 54 Figure 4.11 PQ graph from DC source when load is connected to two sources.............. 55 Figure 4.12 Grid-connected PV system with local load .................................................. 60 Figure 4.13 Inverter Voltages, Frequency & Output Real and Reactive Power .............. 67 Figure 4.14 Inverter Voltage, Frequency & Output Real and Reactive Power (fn) ........ 67 Figure 4.15 Case B Inverter Voltage, Frequency & Output Real and Reactive Power ... 67 Figure 4.16 Case C Inverter Voltage, Frequency & Output Real and Reactive Power ... 67 Figure 4.17 Case D Inverter Voltage, Frequency & Output Real and Reactive Power ... 67 Figure 4.18 Case E Inverter Voltage, Frequency & Output Real and Reactive Power ... 68 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 Microgrids ..................................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Islanding ........................................................................................................ 2 1.1.3 Reasons for Microgrid .................................................................................. 6 1.2 Stimulus for Microgrid .......................................................................................... 7 1.3 Management of Microgrid ..................................................................................... 8 1.4 Objective and contribution of thesis ...................................................................... 8 1.5 Modeling of Microgrids ......................................................................................... 9 1.6 Outline of thesis ....................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Using Protective Relays for Microgrid Controls
    Using Protective Relays for Microgrid Controls William Edwards and Scott Manson, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Abstract—This paper explains how microprocessor-based Distributed microgrid controls being performed in protective relays are used to provide both control and protection protective relays is practical because smaller microgrids require functions for small microgrids. Features described in the paper less complicated controls, fewer features, less communication, include automatic islanding, reconnection to the electric power system, dispatch of distributed generation, compliance to IEEE and less data storage. In smaller microgrids, relays are specifications, load shedding, volt/VAR control, and frequency commonly utilized for control, metering, and protection and power control at the point of interface. functions. In larger microgrids, the functionality of the microgrid controls is predominantly performed in one or more I. INTRODUCTION centralized controllers. Protective relays in larger microgrids This paper elaborates on the most common forms of tend to only be used as metering and protection devices with microgrid control accomplished in modern protective relays for controls being performed in a central device. Centralized grids with less than 10 MW of generation. The control controls dominate in large grids because distributed controls strategies described include islanding, load and generation become impractical to maintain, develop, and test when the shedding, reconnection, dispatch, and load sharing. number of distributed relays grows into the hundreds or Multifunction protective relays are an economical choice for thousands. microgrid controls because the hardware is commonly required at the point of interface (POI) to the electric power system III. ISLANDING (EPS) and at each distributed energy resource (DER). The This section describes the automatic islanding functionality relays at the POI and DER provide mandatory protection and required at the POI between a microgrid and the EPS.
    [Show full text]
  • Utility-Of-The-Future-Full-Report.Pdf
    UTILITY OF THE FUTURE An MIT Energy Initiative response to an industry in transition In collaboration with IIT-Comillas Full report can be found at: energy.mit.edu/uof Copyright © 2016 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. Incorporated in the cover art is an image of a voltage tower. © iStock and an aerial view of buildings © Shutterstock ISBN (978-0-692-80824-5) UTILITY OF THE FUTURE An MIT Energy Initiative response to an industry in transition December 2016 Study Participants Principal Investigators IGNACIO PÉREZ-ARRIAGA CHRISTOPHER KNITTEL Professor, Electrical Engineering, Institute for Research George P. Shultz Professor of Applied Economics, in Technology, Comillas Pontifical University Sloan School of Management, MIT Visiting Professor, MIT Energy Initiative Director, Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, MIT Project Directors RAANAN MILLER RICHARD TABORS Executive Director, Utility of the Future Study, Visiting Scholar, MIT Energy Initiative MIT Energy Initiative Research Team ASHWINI BHARATKUMAR MAX LUKE PhD Student, Institute for Data, Systems, SM, Technology and Policy Program (’16), MIT and Society, MIT RAANAN MILLER MICHAEL BIRK Executive Director, Utility of the Future Study, SM, Technology and Policy Program (’16), MIT MIT Energy Initiative SCOTT BURGER PABLO RODILLA PhD Student, Institute for Data, Systems, Research Scientist, Institute for Research in Technology, and Society, MIT Comillas Pontifical University JOSÉ PABLO CHAVES RICHARD TABORS Research Scientist, Institute for Research
    [Show full text]
  • Review of the Islanding Phenomenon Problem for Connection of Renewable Energy Systems
    Review of the Islanding Phenomenon Problem for Connection of Renewable Energy Systems Hèctor Beltran, Francisco Gimeno, Salvador Seguí-Chilet and Jose M. Torrelo Instituto de Tecnología Eléctrica Av. Juan de la Cierva, 24 - Parc Tecnològic 46980 Paterna, València (Spain) Phone/Fax number: 0034 961366670/961366680 e-mail: {Hector.Beltran; fjose.gimeno; salvador.segui; [email protected]} Abstract. As distributed generators increase their problem, known as islanding operation, is to be avoided importance on the electric power system, more and more since it could involve important and serious parameters have to be controlled in order to assure the proper consequences. From the EPS side, security measures operation of the utility. One of the main problems encountered have to be adopted in order to ensure the safety of the with this kind of generation is the potential formation of islands personnel working on the utility and to guarantee the which could keep working in a normal way even if the utility reliability of the utility grid. grid has failed. Many methods have been developed to prevent this situation and they have been classified into three groups: passive, active and methods based on communication systems. This paper checks the validity of some of the active and passive anti-islanding methods. Some of them are shown to work properly with any kind of utility and local loads in the potential island. On the other hand, some others would not disconnect the power generator when the total power of the local load fits that of the generator. Key Words Anti-islanding methods, renewable energies, dispersed generation, grid-tied inverters.
    [Show full text]
  • Smart Distributed Generation Systems Using Improved Islanding Detection and Event Classification
    Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of Spring 2015 Smart Distributed Generation Systems Using Improved Islanding Detection and Event Classification Bikiran Guha Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd Part of the Power and Energy Commons Recommended Citation Guha, Bikiran, "Smart Distributed Generation Systems Using Improved Islanding Detection and Event Classification" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1262. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1262 This thesis (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SMART DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEMS USING IMPROVED ISLANDING DETECTION AND EVENT CLASSIFICATION by BIKIRAN GUHA (Under the Direction of Rami Haddad) ABSTRACT Distributed Generation (DG) sources have become an integral part of modern decentral- ized power systems. However, the interconnection of DG systems to the power grid can present several operational challenges. One such major challenge is islanding detection. Islanding occurs when a DG system is disconnected from the rest of the power grid. Islanding can present serious safety hazards and therefore an accurate and fast islanding detection technique is mandated by DG interconnection standards such as IEEE 1547 and UL 1741. Conventional islanding detection tech- niques passively monitor the local power system parameters such as voltage and frequency to detect islanding. These techniques have large non-detection zones and are prone to nuisance tripping.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevention of Unintentional Islands in Power Systems with Distributed
    Power Systems Engineering Center Prevention of Unintentional Islands in Power Systems with Distributed Resources Ben Kroposki National Renewable Energy Laboratory Webinar - August 24, 2016 NREL/PR-5D00-67185 A seminar with audio is posted at NREL’s YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xjprcbFK3Q Presentation Outline • Types of islands in power systems with DR • Issues with unintentional islands • Methods of protecting against unintentional islands • Standard testing for unintentional islanding • Advanced testing of inverters for anti-islanding functionality • Probability of unintentional islanding • The future of anti-islanding protection • References 2 Terms • Area EPS – Area Electric Power System • Local EPS – Local Electric Power System • PCC – Point of Common Coupling • DR – Distributed Resource (e.g. distributed generation (DG), distributed energy resource (DER)) • DER – Distributed Energy Resource (The IEEE 1547 Working Group voted and decided to change DR to DER in the next version. DER will NOT include Demand Response as it does in some countries) • Anti-islanding (non-islanding protection) – The use of relays or controls to prevent the continued existence of an unintentional island 3 Island Definition Island: A condition in which 115kV a portion of an Area EPS is energized solely by one or 13.2kV more Local EPSs through the associated PCCs while that portion of the Area EPS is electrically separated from [1] Adjacent the rest of the Area EPS. Feeder • Intentional (Planned) Island forms • Unintentional when breaker (unplanned) opens DR 4 Intentional Islands (Microgrids) Distributed Open for a Generation Utility DG Load Microgrid Distribution Feeder from Substation Microgrid Microgrid Open for a Switch Switch Facility Microgrid Possible Control Systems DG DS Load Load Distributed Distributed Generation Storage Source: Making microgrids work [2] IEEE 1547.4 is a guide for Design, Operation, and Integration of Intentional Islands [3] (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Design of Electrical Power Systems for Nuclear Power Plants
    GUIDE NO. AERB/NPP/SG/D-11 (Rev.1) GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AERB SAFETY GUIDE DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS ATOMIC ENERGY REGULATORY BOARD AERB SAFETY GUIDE NO. AERB/NPP/SG/D-11 (Rev.1) DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Atomic Energy Regulatory Board Mumbai-400094 India July 2020 Price Orders for this guide should be addressed to: Chief Administrative Officer Atomic Energy Regulatory Board Niyamak Bhavan Anushaktinagar Mumbai-400094 India SPECIAL DEFINITIONS (Specific for the Guide) Alternate Power Sources 1 Alternate on-site (e.g. Standby AC power sources / Main generators of other units at multi-unit site) or off-site (e.g. hydro/gas based power station) power sources which can be used to supply power to emergency electric power supply buses. These power supply sources are not part of the electrical power supply system of the NPP. DEC Power Source Power Source reserved for supplying power to the plant when there is total loss of power in all the emergency electric power supply systems during station blackout and also during other design extension conditions (DECs). Electrical Grid The part of electrical power system used for evacuation of power generated in NPP and receiving off-site power. Electrical Protection System A part of electrical system that protects an equipment or system. This encompasses all those electrical, electronic, mechanical, thermal, pneumatic devices and circuitry right from and including sensors, which generate a signal for protection. Electrical Separation Means for preventing one electric circuit from influencing another through electrical phenomena. Emergency Electric Power System (EEPS) That portion of electrical power system provided for supplying electric power to safety-related and safety systems of an NPP during its operational states as well as during accident conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Electric Grid Reliability and Interface With
    IAEA Nuclear Energy Series IAEA Nuclear No. NG-T-3.8No. Plants Power with Nuclear Electric Grid Reliability and Interface IAEA Nuclear Energy Series No. NG-T-3.8 Basic Electric Grid Reliability Principles and Interface with Nuclear Power Plants Objectives Guides Technical Reports INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA ISBN 978–92–0–126110–6 ISSN 1995–7807 IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES PUBLICATIONS STRUCTURE OF THE IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES Under the terms of Articles III.A and VIII.C of its Statute, the IAEA is authorized to foster the exchange of scientific and technical information on the peaceful uses of atomic energy. The publications in the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series provide information in the areas of nuclear power, nuclear fuel cycle, radioactive waste management and decommissioning, and on general issues that are relevant to all of the above mentioned areas. The structure of the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series comprises three levels: 1 — Basic Principles and Objectives; 2 — Guides; and 3 — Technical Reports. The Nuclear Energy Basic Principles publication describes the rationale and vision for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Nuclear Energy Series Objectives publications explain the expectations to be met in various areas at different stages of implementation. Nuclear Energy Series Guides provide high level guidance on how to achieve the objectives related to the various topics and areas involving the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports provide additional, more detailed, information on activities related to the various areas dealt with in the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series. The IAEA Nuclear Energy Series publications are coded as follows: NG — general; NP — nuclear power; NF — nuclear fuel; NW — radioactive waste management and decommissioning.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Voltage Regulation and Islanding Associated with Distributed Generation
    UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2007 A study of voltage regulation and islanding associated with distributed generation Chensong Dai University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Dai, Chensong, "A study of voltage regulation and islanding associated with distributed generation" (2007). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 2763. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/o1qk-cj6y This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A STUDY OF VOLTAGE REGULATION AND ISLANDING ASSOCIATED WITH DISTRIBUTED GENERATION by Chensong Dai Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University, China 1997 Master of Electrical Engineering Nanjing Automation Research Institute, China 2000 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Howard R. Hughes College of Engineering Graduate College University of Nevada Las Vegas December 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
    [Show full text]
  • Defence in Depth of Electrical Systems and Grid Interaction
    CSNI Draft Report DEFENCE IN DEPTH OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND GRID INTERACTION Final DIDELSYS Task Group Report 1 2 Forward The July 2006 Forsmark-1 event identified a number of design deficiencies related to electrical power supply to systems and components important to safety in nuclear power plants. While plant- specific design features at Forsmark-1 contributed to the severity of the sequence of events which occurred at Forsmark, a number of the design issues are of a generic nature as they relate to commonly used approaches, assumptions, and design standards for voltage protection of safety related equipment. The NEA Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations (CSNI) authorized formation of a task group in January 2008 to examine Defence in Depth of Electrical Systems and Grid Interaction with nuclear power plants (DIDELSYS). The task was defined based on the findings of an NEA sponsored workshop on lessons learned from the July 2006 Forsmark-1 event held in Stockholm, Sweden in 5-7 September 2007. The task group members participating in this review included: • John H. Bickel, ESRT, LLC (Sweden) - Chairman • Alejandro Huerta, OECD/NEA - Secretary • Per Bystedt, SSM (Sweden) • Tage Eriksson, SSM (Sweden) • Andre Vandewalle, Nuclear Safety Support Services (Belgium) • Franz Altkind, HSK (Switzerland) • Thomas Koshy, USNRC (United States) • David M. Ward, Magnox Electric Co. (United Kingdom) • Brigitte Soubies, IRSN (France) • Kim Walhstrom, STUK, (Finland) • Alexander Duchac, EC Joint Research Center Petten (European Commission)
    [Show full text]
  • Overcoming PV Grid Issues in the Urban Areas
    Overcoming PV grid issues in the urban areas Report IEA-PVPS T10-06-2009T1 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAM Overcoming PV grid issues in urban areas IEA PVPS Task 10, Activity 3.3 Report IEA-PVPS T10-06 : 2009 October 2009 This technical report has been prepared under the supervision of PVPS Task 10 and PV-UP-SCALE by: Tomoki Ehara, Mizuho Information & Research Institute, Inc., Japan in co-operation with Task 10 experts The compilation of this report has been supported by New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan IEA-PVPS-Task 10 Overcoming PV Grid Issues in Urban Areas IEA-PVPS-Task 10 Overcoming PV Grid Issues in Urban Areas Contents Foreword...............................................................................................................................1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................2 Executive Summary..............................................................................................................4 1. Identification of benefits and impacts of PV grid interconnection ...............................6 1.1. Possible impacts.........................................................................................................7 1.1.1 Overvoltage/undervoltage .........................................................................................7 1.1.2 Instantaneous voltage change ................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • General Aspects, Islanding Detection, and Energy Management in Microgrids: a Review
    sustainability Review General Aspects, Islanding Detection, and Energy Management in Microgrids: A Review Md Mainul Islam *, Mahmood Nagrial, Jamal Rizk and Ali Hellany School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (J.R.); [email protected] (A.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Distributed generators (DGs) have emerged as an advanced technology for satisfying growing energy demands and significantly mitigating the pollution caused by emissions. Microgrids (MGs) are attractive energy systems because they offer the reliable integration of DGs into the utility grid. An MG-based approach uses a self-sustained system that can operate in a grid-tied mode under normal conditions, as well as in an islanded mode when grid disturbance occurs. Islanding detection is essential; islanding may injure utility operators and disturb electricity generation and supply because of unsynchronized re-closure. In MGs, an energy management system (EMS) is essential for the optimal use of DGs in intelligent, sustainable, reliable, and integrated ways. In this comprehensive review, the classification of different operating modes of MGs, islanding detection techniques (IDTs), and EMSs are presented and discussed. This review shows that the existing IDTs and EMSs can be used when operating MGs. However, further development of IDTs and EMSs is still required to achieve more reliable operation and cost-effective energy management of MGs in the future. This review also highlights various MG challenges and recommendations for the operation Citation: Islam, M.M.; Nagrial, M.; of MGs, which will enhance the cost, efficiency, and reliability of MG operation for next-generation Rizk, J.; Hellany, A.
    [Show full text]
  • Islanding Inverter™ Installation Manual
    Installation Manual Pika Islanding Inverter X7601/X7602/X11402 Part of the Pika Energy Island™ M00008-21 Islanding Inverter Serial Number: RCP Number: We are committed to quality and constant improvement. All specifications and descriptions contained in this document are verified to be accurate at the time of printing. However, we reserve the right to make modifications at any time that may result in a change of specification without notice in our pursuit of quality. If you find any inconsistencies or errors in this document, please notify us at [email protected] Check the resources tab at www.pika-energy.com for the latest specifications and manuals. © 2017 Pika Energy, Inc. All rights reserved. All information in this document is subject to copyright and other intellectual property rights of Pika Energy, Inc. This material may not be modified, reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, without the prior written permission of Pika Energy, Inc. and its licensors. Additional information is available upon request. X7601/X7602/X11402 Installation Manual M00008-21 3 Table of Contents Table of Contents Section 1: Introduction 8 About This Manual 8 Symbols used in this Manual 8 About Pika Islanding Inverters: X7601/X7602/X11402 9 Section 2: Safety Specifications 10 General Warnings 10 Safety Shutdown 11 Section 3: Installing The Inverter 12 Mounting and Clearances 12 Electrical Connections 14 Overview of Wiring Connections 14 Knockout Dimensions and Locations 16 Grounding 18 DC Wiring 19 AC Wiring 20 Connecting Ethernet 21 Accessory Wiring
    [Show full text]