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On the Design of In-Wheel-Hub Motor Transmission Systems with Six-Link Article energies On the Design of In-Wheel-Hub Motor Transmission SystemsArticle with Six-Link Mechanisms for Electric VehiclesOn the Design of In-Wheel-Hub Motor Transmission Systems with Six-Link Mechanisms for Electric Vehicles Ngoc-Tan Hoang and Hong-Sen Yan * Ngoc-Tan Hoang and Hong-Sen Yan * Mechanical Engineering Department, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;Mechanical [email protected] Engineering Department, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan 70101, *Taiwan; Correspondence: [email protected] [email protected]; Tel.: +886-093-951-5000 * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-093-951-5000 Received: 3 September 2018; Accepted: 24 October 2018; Published: 26 October 2018 Received: 3 September 2018; Accepted: 24 October 2018; Published: 26 October 2018 Abstract: Nowadays, there are several electric vehicles (EV) on the market, due to the innovation of technologyAbstract: Nowadays, that promotes there new are severalcomponents electric such vehicles as batteries, (EV) on transmissions, the market, due and to electric the innovation motors. Thisof technology study proposes that promotes the design new procedure components for such the asconfiguration batteries, transmissions, synthesis and and simulation electric motors. of in- wheel-hubThis study motor proposes transmissions the design with procedure six-link for mechanisms. the configuration The synthesis synthesis process and simulation shows six of mechanismsin-wheel-hub with motor six members transmissions and eight with joints, six-link 15 mechanisms.new clutchless Themotor synthesis transmissions, process and shows 16 new six clutchedmechanisms motor with transmissions. six members andA novel eight joints,motor 15transmission new clutchless with motor the transmissions,possibility of synthesized and 16 new configurationsclutched motor is transmissions. chosen as a case A novelto analyze motor the transmission working rules with connected the possibility with the of synthesizedpower flow modesconfigurations and operation is chosen modes. as a case Moreover, to analyze this the design working is rulesmodeled connected for the with simulation the power process flow modes that generatesand operation the results modes. of Moreover, the operation this designmode transition is modeled and for energy the simulation regulation. process that generates the results of the operation mode transition and energy regulation. Keywords: electric vehicles; configuration synthesis; motor transmission; in-wheel-hub motor; six- linkKeywords: mechanismelectric vehicles; configuration synthesis; motor transmission; in-wheel-hub motor; six-link mechanism 1. Introduction 1. Introduction Many powertrain architectures have been designed and analyzed [1–10]. Yang et al. [11] comparedMany the powertrain fuel economy, architectures transmission have been complexity designed, and and exhaust analyzed gases [1–10 of]. some Yang etpopular al. [11] electrified compared transmissions,the fuel economy, alongside transmission traditional complexity, transmissions, and exhaust and gases the electric of some vehicle popular is electrifiedone of the transmissions, best choices, offeringalongside the traditional greatest fuel transmissions, economy, lowest and the tran electricsmission vehicle complexity, is one of theand bestzero choices, exhaust offering gases (see the Figuregreatest 1). fuel economy, lowest transmission complexity, and zero exhaust gases (see Figure1). Parallel Reasons the electric vehicle market is growing Power-split Conventionnal Reduce Reduce Fuel economy 300 Emissions Structures 200 100 Two- 0 EV mode Lower More charging Consumer battery costs stations acceptance low mid Fuel economy Series- EREV parallel Emissions high Powertrain complexity PHEV FigureFigure 1. 1. PowertrainPowertrain comparisons comparisons and and re reasonsasons why why the electric vehicle (EV) market is growing. In 1998, Weiss [12] proposed an electric wheel drive for a utility vehicle that includes an output shaft with an electric motor that drives the final gear train to reduce the turning speed of the driven Energies 2018, 11, 2920; doi:10.3390/en11112920 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Energies 2018, 11, 2920 2 of 15 wheel.Energies A powertrain 2018, 11, x FOR is PEER arranged REVIEW between the final gear train and the electric motor, and it2 can of 16 move between at least two turning speed powertrain ratios. The wheel drive makes it possible to obtain a In 1998, Weiss [12] proposed an electric wheel drive for a utility vehicle that includes an output wideshaft range with of vehicle an electric speeds motor with that the drives use ofthe low-cost, final gear commerciallytrain to reduce accessible the turning electric speed of motors. the driven With the rule workingwheel. A speedpowertrain of the is vehicle,arranged the between design the speed final ofgear the train electric and the motor electric is consistent motor, and and it can general move high vehiclebetween speeds at areleast possible. two turning speed powertrain ratios. The wheel drive makes it possible to obtain a Jingwide Herange et al.of vehicle [13] took speeds out with patents the use on of a systemlow-cost, utilizing commercially multiple accessible motors electric in 2012. motors. The With system employedthe rule a working basic planetary speed of gearthe vehicle, train (PGT),the design such speed as theof the transmission. electric motor The is consistent ring gear and is general attached to the motor,high vehicle the sun speeds gear are is attached possible. to the flywheel, and the carrier is attached to the output shaft. The system proposesJing He et a dualal. [13] motor took toout increase patents theon a power system and utilizing operation multiple modes. motors The in system2012. The demonstrates system the combinationemployed a basic of many planetary motors gear to train regulate (PGT), energy such as for the controlling transmission. series The operation ring gear is modes. attached to the motor, the sun gear is attached to the flywheel, and the carrier is attached to the output shaft. The In 2014, Daisuke Gunji et al. [14] presented the wheel hub motor, which can fit inside a 16-inch system proposes a dual motor to increase the power and operation modes. The system demonstrates wheel,the and combination incorporates of many two motors separate to regulate motors energy and a for transmission controlling series consisting operation of twomodes. planetary gears that can deliverIn 2014, bothDaisuke high Gunji drive et torqueal. [14] presented and high the speeds. wheel Byhub controlling motor, which the can torque fit inside and a the16-inch speed of the twowheel, motors, and incorporates the transmission two separate system motors provides and a smooth transmission gear-changing, consisting of even two duringplanetary acceleration. gears Duringthat high-gear can deliver operation, both high drive the twotorque motors and high revolve speeds. in By the controlling same direction. the torque When and the low speed gearing of is needed,the theytwo motors, revolve the in transmission opposite directions. system provides After that, smooth NSK gear-chang used thising, patent even and during improved acceleration. on the real vehicleDuring in 2017 high-gear [15]. It operation, is now looking the two to motors commercialize revolve in specific the same components, direction. When including low thegearing wheel is hub bearingneeded, with they an integrated revolve in speedopposite reducer, directions. one-way After that, clutch, NSK and used wheel this patent hub motor. and improved on the Configurationreal vehicle in 2017 designs [15]. It have is now been looking presented to commercialize in previous specific research. components, For example, including Bayrak the wheel et al. [16] hub bearing with an integrated speed reducer, one-way clutch, and wheel hub motor. presented a modified bond graph theory of transmission configuration to generate possible hybrid Configuration designs have been presented in previous research. For example, Bayrak et al. [16] and batterypresented electric a modified configurations, bond graph while theory Xie of transmi et al. [17ssion] developed configuration a synthesis to generate algorithm possible by hybrid applying the improvedand battery graph electric theory configurations, of the shifted while input Xie et and al. [17] variably developed hard a interconnectionsynthesis algorithm link. by applying Withthe improved the improved graph theory methodology of the shifted of input Yan and for variably the procedural hard interconnection generation link. of novel possible configurationsWith forthe HEVsimproved [18, 19methodology], Hoang and of YanYan synthesized for the procedural possible generation configurations of novel of series-parallel possible hybridconfigurations transmissions for HEVs using [18,19], twelve Hoang joints and and Yan eight synthesized members possible [20]. configurations Based on such of series- a method, this studyparallel describes hybrid transmissions a procedure using for twelve the configuration joints and eight synthesis members and [20]. simulationBased on such of a in-wheel-hub method, motorthis transmissions study describes with a six-linkprocedure mechanisms for the configur (seeation Figure synthesis2). This and approach simulation shows of allin-wheel-hub the steps from motor transmissions with six-link mechanisms (see Figure 2). This approach shows all the steps from the existing design
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