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Décélération Zeeman-Stern Gerlach D'un Jet Supersonique De Particules

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Décélération Zeeman-Stern Gerlach D'un Jet Supersonique De Particules Décélération Zeeman-Stern Gerlach d’un jet supersonique de particules paramagnétiques par une onde de champ magnétique progressive Azer Trimeche To cite this version: Azer Trimeche. Décélération Zeeman-Stern Gerlach d’un jet supersonique de particules paramagné- tiques par une onde de champ magnétique progressive. Autre [cond-mat.other]. Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. Français. NNT : 2013PA112330. tel-00935655 HAL Id: tel-00935655 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00935655 Submitted on 23 Jan 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Paris Sud 11 École doctorale Ondes et Matière Thèse présentée pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR en Sciences de l’Université Paris-Sud XI Discipline : Physique Décélération Zeeman-Stern Gerlach d’un jet supersonique de particules paramagnétiques par une onde de champ magnétique progressive Azer TRIMECHE [email protected] Soutenue publiquement le 17/12/2013 devant un jury composé de : Rapporteurs Carlo RIZZO L N C M I T Francisco PERALES L P L Examinateurs Michèle LEDUC L K B Danielle DOWEK I S M O Pierre PILLET L A C Directeur de thèse Jacques ROBERT L A C Laboratoire Aimé Cotton Résumé Ce travail porte sur l’étude et la réalisation d’une nouvelle technique de décéléra- tion d’un jet supersonique de particules paramagnétiques en utilisant une onde de champ magnétique progressive co-mobile. Cette technique repose sur une méth- ode de ralentissement basée sur les forces de type Stern Gerlach agissant sur un système paramagnétique en mouvement en présence d’un champ magnétique co- propageant. Cette méthode très innovatrice a l’avantage de pouvoir s’appliquer à une grande palette d’espèces ouvrant ainsi de nouvelles possibilités d’applications. On décrit une approche théorique adaptée qui permet de faire un lien direct entre la théorie, la programmation des paramètres expérimentaux, les résultats obtenus et ce d’une manière systématique, rationnelle et prédictive. La compréhension et le contrôle de la dynamique du piégeage à une vitesse donnée, de l’accélération et de la décélération nécessitent le découplage entre les effets transverses et les effets longitudinaux de l’onde. Ces derniers sont clairement visibles quand un champ magnétique uniforme ajouté vient limiter les effets transverses de l’onde de champ magnétiques progressive. Les perspectives pour ce nouveau décélérateur Zeeman Stern Gerlach sont grandes. La décélération des molécules paramagnétiques, des radicaux libres et des neutrons est envisageable. Mots clés : Décélération Zeeman, effet Stern Gerlach longitudinal, onde de champ magnétique co-mobile, particules ralenties, molécules froides, atomes froids, neutrons, guide quadripolaire, jet supersonique, argon métastable, néon mé- tastable, force décélératrices. i Zeeman-Stern Gerlach deceleration of supersonic beams of paramagnetic particles with traveling waves of magnetic field Abstract This work focuses on the study and implementation of a new technique of de- celeration of a supersonic beam of paramagnetic particles using a co-moving pro- gressive wave of magnetic field. This technique relies on a method of slowing based on Stern-Gerlach forces acting on a paramagnetic system in motion in the presence of a co-propagating magnetic field. This highly innovative approach has the advantage of being applicable to a wide range of species and opens up new opportunities. A suitable theoretical approach is followed, that allows for a direct link between theory, programming of experimental parameters, and experimental results in a systematic, rational and predictive manner. The understanding and control of the dynamics of trapping at a given speed, acceleration and deceleration require decoupling between the transverse and longitudinal effects of the wave. These effects are clearly visible when the added uniform magnetic field limits the transverse effects of the progressive wave of magnetic field. The outlooks for the new Zeeman Stern Gerlach decelerator are numerous. Deceleration paramagnetic molecules, free radicals and neutrons are possible. Keywords: Zeeman Deceleration, Stern Gerlach effect, co-moving wave of mag- netic field, cold particles, cold molecules, cold atoms, neutrons, quadrupolar guide, supersonic beam, metastable argon, metastable neon, decelerating forces. v Remerciements À l’issue de la rédaction de cette recherche, je suis convaincu que la thèse est loin d’être un travail solitaire. En effet, je n’aurais jamais pu réaliser ce travail doctoral sans le soutien d’un grand nombre de personnes dont la générosité, la bonne humeur et l’intérêt manifestés à l’égard de ma recherche m’ont permis de progresser dans cette phase délicate de « l’apprenti-chercheur ». Ce travail de thèse s’est déroulé au laboratoire Aimé Cotton de l’Université Paris XI à Orsay. Je remercie son ancien directeur, Pierre Pillet, de m’y avoir accueilli. Je vais maintenant m’attacher à remercier ceux qui ont personnellement contribué à la réussite de mes travaux et rendu ces trois années inoubliables et passionnantes. i Remerciements Tout d’abord, je tiens à remercier Francisco Perales (LPL) et Carlo Rizzo (LNC- MIT) d’avoir accepté d’être les rapporteurs de ce manuscrit. Ils ont également contribué par leurs remarques et suggestions à améliorer la qualité de ce mémoire, et je leur en suis très reconnaissant. Leur intérêt ainsi que leur maîtrise technique des sujets de thèse ont permis des échanges de qualité durant la soutenance. Je remercie également Michèle Leduc (LKB), Danielle Dowek (ISMO) et Pierre Pillet (LAC) qui ont accepté de faire partie de mon jury de thèse. La personne à laquelle je dois le plus est mon directeur de thèse, Jacques Ro- bert. Je tiens à lui exprimer ma profonde gratitude pour la confiance qu’il m’a accordée, pour ses multiples conseils et pour sa disponibilité. Il a été présent à mes côtés jusqu’à des heures très tardives lorsque les difficultés me semblaient trop im- portantes, ce qui m’a permis de retrouver l’envie d’avancer. J’ai été extrêmement sensible à ses qualités humaines d’écoute, de compréhension et d’intervention tout au long de ce travail. Jacques, à qui je dois tout le respect, tient une place toute particulière. Il est pour moi un modèle à suivre dans ma vie de chercheur. Je voudrais remercier très chaleureusement Nicolas Vanhaecke pour son soutien au début de ma thèse. Il a vraiment su, avec patience et ténacité, m’initier à cette manipe. Grâce à lui, j’ai pu découvrir le développement instrumental sous toutes ses coutures. J’adresse ensuite mes plus sincères remerciements à Anne Cournol et Manabendra Nath Bera (Manou) pour leur grand support au début de ma thèse, leurs conseils et leur bonne humeur rendant l’ambiance de travail agréable. Mes remerciements vont également à l’équipe d’électronique du laboratoire et tout particulièrement à Jean Paul Cromières qui a développé en étroite collabora- tion avec Nicolas Vanhaecke, concepteur de la version initiale de l’expérience, les générateurs de signaux sinusoïdaux pulsés de forte puissance. Je tiens à remercier l’ensemble des personnels techniques et administratifs du laboratoire pour leur gentillesse et leur patience qu’ils ont manifestées à mon égard durant cette thèse, pour tous leurs conseils et leur support également. Je souhaiterais adresser toute ma gratitude à Issam Manai pour son amitié dont il m’honore et pour son soutien dans les moments difficiles. Je remercie également mes compatriotes Rida Horchani, Tarek Abidi et Oussama Mhibik en leur souhai- tant une bonne continuation. Merci à Sylvie pour sa bonne humeur chaque matin. Un grand merci à tous les thésards que j’ai côtoyés durant cette aventure : Mat- thieu, Robert, Thomas, Yohann ,Vianney, Mickael, Vincent, Guillaume, Citlalie, Aurore, Eloïse, Mélanie et tous les autres thésards et personnes que je n’ai pas cités et avec qui j’ai fait un bout de chemin. Je passe également mes remerciements et mes respects ardents à tous les cher- cheurs permanents du laboratoire. Je désire grandement remercier Philippe Jac- quier (LKB) et Jules Grucker (LKB) pour leur accueil chaleureux au sein de leur équipe comme post-doc et pour leur compréhension à cet égard. ii Je ne saurais conclure sans dédier une pensée à mon père, ma mère, ma sœur, et mon frère, à leur indispensable et indéfectible soutien depuis le début et à ma femme Rabeb, qui a partagé avec moi tous les moments de stress et de bonheur durant cette thèse, pour son soutien affectif sans faille. Enfin, à tous ceux que j’oublie, parce qu’il y en a toujours, un grand pardon et un immense merci ! iii Table des matières Introduction générale 1 Les champs magnétiques et la physique atomique et moléculaire . 3 Déroulement du mémoire . 4 I. Les forces décélératrices 7 1. Les différents types de forces décélératrices 9 1.1. Définition d’une force . 10 1.2. Force de décélération discrète . 11 1.2.1. Cas de la conservation de l’énergie mécanique totale du système 15 1.2.2. Cas de la conservation de l’énergie cinétique du système . 17 1.2.3. Cas de la décélération . 19 1.3. Force de décélération continue . 22 1.3.1. Force de décélération créée par une série de “kicks” . 22 1.3.2. Force de décélération continue créée par une onde progressive 27 1.4. Les forces créées par un champ magnétique . 32 1.4.1. L’énergie Zeeman . 32 1.4.2. Force Stern-Gerlach . 38 1.4.3.
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