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From Helmeted Guineafowls, Numida Meleagris (Linnaeus, 1758), in South Africa SECTION 2 PARASITES OF GAMEBIRDS Page 425 Introduction In 1937 R.J. Ortlepp described the first worms from South African guineafowls. Since then, seven publications have appeared, approximately one every ten years. When Dr. Junker joined the Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, she started examining the helminths of guineafowls that had been collected over the years by Prof. I.G Horak, mainly from the KNP. The opportunity arose to extend the geographical range for this project to include hosts from Musina, Limpopo Province, in the northern part of the country, otherwise the date from these hosts would have been lost. Infections with thorny-headed worms, tapeworms and roundworms are common in guineafowls and their helminth fauna is diverse. A total of 22 species were recovered from the alimentary canal, comprising eleven tapeworms, ten roundworms and a single thorny-headed worm. A single trematode (fluke) species was present in the liver. I funded most of the project, and was also intimately involved with the collection of the helminths from Musina, and the preparation of the manuscripts. This part is divided into two chapters, one dealing with the descriptions of new species or re- descriptions of known ones, and the other dealing with the population dynamics of the worms. A check list of the parasites of guinea fowls is included in this section. The publications in the first chapter are listed in chronological order and thos in the second one by subject and then chronologically. DESCRIPTIONS AND RE-DESCRIPTIONS OF PARASITES OF GAME BIRDS (P 429) JUNKER, K. & BOOMKER, J. 2006. Mediorhynchus gallinarum (Acanthocephala: Gigantorhynchidae) in Helmeted guineafowls, Numida meleagris, in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 73, 283-292. JUNKER, K. & BOOMKER, J. 2007. Tetrameres numida n.sp. (Nematoda: Tetrameridae) from Helmeted guineafowls (Linnaeus, 1758), in South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Vteterinary Research, 74, 115-128. JUNKER, K., DAVIES, O.R., JANSEN, R., CROWE, T.M. & BOOMKER, J. 2008. Nematodes from Swainson’s spurfowl Pternistis swainsonii and an Orange River francolin Scleroptila levaillantoides in Free State Province, South Africa, with a description of Tetrameres swainsonii n. sp.(Nematoda: Tetrameridae) Journal of Helminthology,82, 365 – 371. Page 427 POPULATION DYNAMICS (P 463) JUNKER, K. & BOOMKER, J. 2007. Helminths of guineafowls in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 74, 265-280. JUNKER, K., DEBUSHO, L. & BOOMKER, J. 2008. The helminth community of Helmeted Guineafowls, Numida meleagris (Linnaeus, 1758), in the north of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 75:225-235. JUNKER, K. & BOOMKER, J. 2007. A check list of the helminths of guineafowls (Numididae) and a host list of these parasites. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 74, 315-337. Page 428 CHAPTER 1 Descriptions and re-descriptions of parasites of gamebirds Page 429 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 73:283–292 (2006) Mediorhynchus gallinarum (Acanthocephala: Gigantorhynchidae) in Helmeted guineafowls, Numida meleagris, in the Kruger National Park, South Africa K. JUNKER and J. BOOMKER* Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa ABSTRACT JUNKER, K. & BOOMKER, J. 2006. Mediorhynchus gallinarum (Acanthocephala: Gigantorhynchidae) in Helmeted guineafowls, Numida meleagris, in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 73:283–292 Mediorhynchus gallinarum was recovered from the small intestines of 36 of 50 Helmeted guineafowls sampled from August 1988 to May 1989. The intensity of infection ranged from 1–141 worms per host, with a mean intensity of 23.2 (± 34) and a median intensity of 5. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test revealed no significant differences between the mean worm burdens of male and female birds at the 5 % level (P > 0.05). Slightly more female than male acanthocephalans were collected. The major- ity (63.4 %) of females had eggs with fully-developed embryos, 9 % had immature eggs, 21.2 % had no eggs and the egg status of 6.4 % could not be determined. No seasonal pattern of intensity of infec- tion emerged from the data, but worm burdens were markedly higher after good rains in February 1989. South Africa constitutes a new geographic record for M. gallinarum. Keywords: Acanthocephala, Helmeted guineafowls, Mediorhynchus gallinarum, Numida meleagris INTRODUCTION tus (syn. Empodius segmentatus) from Guttera puch- erani edouardi in the former Belgian Congo (South- The guineafowl family Numididae is widespread and well & Lake 1939). common in the Afrotropical region, where they utilize a wide variety of habitats ranging from dense rainfor- Many of these studies were conducted in North and est to semi-desert. Of the four genera of guineafowls, West Africa, where guineafowls are commercially Agelastes, Acryllium, Guttera and Numida, the last- reared as a source of protein and necessitated a named’s helminth fauna has been studied the most more detailed knowledge of the birds and their par- extensively. There are few references to cestodes asites (Hodasi 1976). The possibility of wild guinea- and nematodes from Guttera (Crested guineafowl) fowls as alternative or reservoir hosts for helminths and even fewer from Acryllium (Vulturine guineafowl) of domestic chickens and vice versa, also required (Yamaguti 1959, 1961, 1963; Ortlepp 1963; Schmidt investigation (Fatunmbi & Olufemi 1982). In South 1986). The authors are aware of only one publication Africa three studies concerning the gastrointestinal pertaining to acanthocephalans from guineafowls worms of Helmeted guineafowls have been con- other than Numida, namely Mediorhynchus taenia- ducted, one each in the Eastern Cape Province, the Kimberly area in the Northern Cape Province and in * Author to whom correspondence is to be directed. E-mail: the surroundings of Pretoria in Gauteng Province [email protected] (Saayman 1966; Crowe 1977; Verster & Ptasinska- Accepted for publication 3 July 2006—Editor Kloryga 1987). 283 Page 431 Mediorhynchus gallinarum in Helmeted guineafowls, Numida meleagris, in South Africa The present paper describes a survey in which the ethanol and examined under a stereoscopic micro- acanthocephalan burdens of free-ranging guinea- scope for the presence of endoparasites. fowls in the southern part of the Kruger National Park Following the procedures described by Gibbons, (KNP) were determined, as well as those of “scav- Jones & Khalil (1996) some acanthocephalans were enger” guineafowls frequenting the refuse dump at stained with aqueous aceto alum carmine and mount- the Skukuza tourist rest camp. Some scanning elec- ed in Canada balsam, while others were cleared in tron micrographs and measurements intended to Hoyer’s medium. supple ment the descriptions of Mediorhyn chus gall- inarum given by Bhalerao (1937) and Nath & Pande Specimens for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (1963) are included. were dehydrated through graded ethanol series and critical point dried from 100 % ethanol through car- bon dioxide. They were mounted on viewing stubs MATERIAL AND METHODS and sputter-coated with gold. The photography was Study site done using a Hitachi S-2500 scanning electron mi- croscope. The KNP is situated in the eastern part of Limpopo Province and the north-eastern part of Mpumalanga In order to investigate differences in the worm bur- Province. It encompasses an area of 1 948 528 ha. dens of male versus female hosts, the Wilcoxon- The survey region in the southern part of the park Mann-Whitney test for independent samples was (South of 24°50’ S; Skukuza 24°50 S, 31°35’ E) com- used to compare the mean worm burden of the two prises vegetation classified as Lowveld Sour Bush- groups at the 5 % level (P > 0.05) (Thrusfield 1995). veld and Arid Lowveld (Acocks 1975). Helmeted guineafowls are present throughout the study area. RESULTS The refuse dump at Skukuza tourist rest camp offers easy foraging and attracts hundreds of birds (Horak, Mediorhynchus gallinarum (Bhalerao, 1937) Spickett, Braack & Williams 1991). van Cleave, 1947 (Fig. 1 & 2) Survey birds MORPHOLOGY Each month from August 1988 to May 1989, two Mediorhynchus gallinarum is characterized by a so- called acanthopseudoannelid holdfast, an attach- Helmeted guineafowls on or near the refuse dump ment mechanism involving proboscis hooks as well at Skukuza, and three at other sites in the southern as pseudo-segmentation of the body, considered part of the park were shot. An effort was made to typical for Moniliformidae and some of the Gigantho- shoot only adult birds, but two of the total of 50 birds rhynchidae (Petrochenko 1956). were 7 to 10-month-old sub-adults. No birds were collected in March 1989, but of the ten guineafowls The trunk is elongate and tapers slightly towards that were examined in February 1989, five were the posterior end. The prominence of the pseudo- sam pled in the beginning of the month and five were segmentation is influenced by the extent of muscle shot on 28 February. The latter birds are listed as contraction: it can be conspicuous, as in craspedote hosts examined in March 1989. cestodes or nearly smooth as in sebekiid penta- stomes. Pseudo-segmentation also appears to be Parasite collection more pronounced in older, larger specimens. The most anterior part, and in some specimens the cau- After the birds had been shot their carcasses were dal tip, is usually unsegmented. Annulus counts transported to the laboratory at Skukuza. The entire range from 52 in a 48-mm-long male to 76 in a 61- viscera were removed and placed in separate la- mm-long female. In some specimens muscle con- belled bottles in which they were stored in 10 % traction creates a neck-like zone behind the probos- buffered formalin. During 2005 and 2006 the lungs, cis, which is absent in relaxed specimens. The crop, small intestine (SI) and the caecum-colon (CC) protoboscis is almost conical in shape and the telo- were removed from the bottles and separated. Macro- boscis is trapezoid.
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