GDRE PREHISTOS – THEMATIC WORK SESSION 2 Exploitation of hard animal materials during and Valahia University of Târgoviște, , 5-9 november 2013

PREVISIONAL PLANNING OF THE WEEK

Tuesday (5 November) - Arrival at Târgoviște

Wednesday (6 November) 1000 – 1030 Registration (Building K1, University Valahia of Târgoviște) 1030 – 1200 Opening ceremony (Building K, Blue Hall), discussions regarding the GDRE objectives, acomplishments, new projects etc. 00 00 12 -14 Lunch break 1400 – 1630 Session I 1630 – 1700 Coffee break 1700- 1830 Session II

Thursday (7 November) 9h30- 1100 Session III 1100-1115 Coffee break 1115 – 1245 Session IV (free topics) 1245 – 1430 Lunch break 1430 – 1600 Session IV (free topics) 1600 – 1615 Coffee break 1615- 1815 Session IV (free topics)

Friday (8 November) 1000 – 1300 Conclusions of the reunion, study of the archaeological collections from Targoviste 1300-1500 Lunch break 1500 – 1900 Visit at the medieval Princely Court from Târgoviște

Saturday (9 November) Guests departure. We can leave from Targoviste in the morning, with a visit in Bucharest and, afterwards, in the evening, the departure to destination.

1str. Maior Alexandrescu, nr. 39, 130021,Targoviste, jud. Dâmbovița, Romania, tel. 0040724239760 (Monica Mărgărit) Wednesday (6 November)

(1400-1630) Session I - Production Strategies during the Neolithic/Chalcolithic. The by extraction: features, innovations, adaptations?

Chair: Aline Averbouh

1400 – 1430 Nejma Goutas The extraction of baguette during the : method of analysis and socioeconomic perspectives. Study case of the antler industries from the Isturitz (France)

1430 – 1500 Aline Averbouh and Petar Zidarov Beyond practicality : debitage by extraction for production of bone figurines in the Balkan Chalcolithic

1500 – 1530 Gaëlle Le Dosseur The production of baguettes in the Levant : variability of the methods from Natufian to Neolithic times.

1530 – 1600 Florian Mihail and Noelle Provenzano Evidences for extraction in the bone material belonging to the Gumelniţa culture, in the North of Dobrogea (Romania)

1600 – 1630 Zsuzsanna Toth Débitage par extraction in the Hungarian Neolithic

(1700-1830) – Session II - Composite tools and systems. The use of bevels.

Chair: Alice Choyke

1700 – 1730 Monica Mărgărit Composite tools and hafting systems: used in the habitats of the Gumelniţa culture in the south of Romania

1730 – 1800 Zsuzsanna Toth Bevelled hafting systems in the Hungarian Neolithic

1800 – 1830 Alice Choyke Bone Tools as Markers of Cultural Continuity and Discontinuity: Győr-Szabadrét-domb, a Chalcolithic Settlement in Northwest Hungary

Thursday (7 November)

930 – 1100 Session III - Adornments made of animal bone: esthetic, social and symbolic dimensions

Chair: Valentina Voinea

930 – 1000 Valentina Voinea, Oana Grigoruţă and Cornelia Cărpuș A Study of the Adornments Found In the Hamangia Settlement from Cheia Village, Constanța County

1000 – 1030 Cătălin Lazăr, Monica Mărgărit and Adrian Bălășescu Trade and exchange in . Personal adornments processed in hard animal materials from the Eneolithic necropolis of Sultana (Călărași County)

1030 – 1100 Monica Mărgărit, Valentin Radu and Dragomir Nicolae Popovici Production of pearls from opercular bones of Cyprinus carpio in the Eneolithic from Hârşova (Constanţa County)

1115 – 1245 Session IV – Free topics

Chair: Natalia Skakun

1115 – 1145 Marin Cârciumaru, Corneliu Beldiman, Elena-Cristina Nițu, Minodora Cârciumaru Hard animal materials and portable art from Poiana Cireșului (Neamț County, Romania)

1145 –1215Adrian Bălășescu and Monica Mărgărit Domestic versus wild in the Neolithic of the Teleorman Valley

1215 – 1245 Zsuzsanna Toth Exploitation and economical importance of wild species in the worked osseous industry on some Hungarian Late Neolithic sites

1430 – 1815 Session IV – Free topics

Chair : Gaëlle Le Dosseur

1430 – 1500 Natalia Skakun and Boriana Mateeva Artefacts made of bone and horn from the Chalcolithic site of Polianitsa in the North-East of

1500 – 1530 Valentin Radu Aquatic animals, a source of raw material for the hard animal materials industry during the Neolithic in Southern Romania

1530 – 1600 Laura Manca The production of bevelled tools on oyster shells : modalities and goals of this production during Early Chalcolithic in Sardinia

1615 – 1645 Andreea Vornicu Osseous industry in the Chalcolithic settlement of Târgu Frumos. A historical interpretation of the technological data

1645-1715 Cătălina Cernea, Florin Vlad and Radu Coman The end of the Eneolithic in the Bărăgan Plain: the hard animal material industry Cernavoda I culture from the settlement Săveni-La Movile, Ialomiţa County

1715 – 1745 Natalia Skakun, A. Samzun, B. Mateeva and V.Terekhina Knowledge of osseous materials during the age of the first metals (starting from the portable art from Bodaki, site of the Tripolje culture)

1745 – 1815 Taha Bushra Technological study of bone tools from a Neolithic site (Kamiltepe), Southern Caucasus region, and the mutual visible influences from different areas.

ABSTRACTS Papers (in order of appearance)

The extraction of baguette during the Gravettian: method of analysis and socioeconomic perspectives. Study case of the antler industries from the Isturitz cave (France)

Nejma Goutas (CNRS, ArScan, UMR-7041) [email protected]

The cave of Isturitz, situated in a key zone of western Pyrenees, in touch with plain of Aquitaine, the vasco-cantabrian ledge and the valley of the Ebro, is a vast cavity of about 2500 m². The strong attractiveness exercised by this cave on the palaeolithic human groups which frequented this zone was translated by the important archaeological sequence (from to Azilian) which was brought to light in the first half of the XXth century. Gravettian, dated here between 26-24 Ka Uncal BP (Noaillien), is particularly well represented and delivered the most important corpus of osseous industry of France for this period. This industry forms a rather homogeneous group, in spite of the numerous problems of stratigraphy linked to the filling conditions of the cave and to the excavation methods used. The technological and economic analysis of this industry is likely to provide us good information as long as one keeps a critical approach and discusses the reliability of the studied assemblages. Within the framework of this paper, we shall see how thanks to the “mental refitting” method (Averbouh, 2000), it was possible to characterize the antler operating system and the palaeoethnological implications of this approach. The analysis of a major debitage process, the extraction of baguette by groove and splinter technique”, has shown that sought to produce a large number of predetermined and relatively straight blanks (“baguettes”). These were used to manufacture many projectile points and tools. Their abundance with regard to the manufacturing wastes suggests a production partially realized off the site and a transport of pieces (in the state of blanks or finished objects) inside the cave. The division in time and space of the operational sequence of antler exploitation is consistent with the hypothesis of some planning of production and consumption. This anticipation of needs is also revealed by the presence of exogenous lithic materials and shed antlers gathered.

Beyond practicality : debitage by extraction for production of bone figurines in the Balkan Chalcolithic

Aline Averbouh (CNRS – TRACES, France) [email protected] Petar Zidarov (NBU Sofia, Bulgary) [email protected]

At the end of the Ve millenium BC, some european societies experienced radical transformations from a technical point of view (invention of ), as from an economical (intensification and specialization of production, development of long-distance trade) and social point of view (very marked differentiation of wealth between individuals and groups). The Balkan Peninsula is the cradle of this evolution and home to a vast cultural entity called "ceramic graphite zone" that extends chronologically throughout the Bulgarian Eneolithic (4000 BC to 3500 BC not cal) and geographically on the current northeast of Greece, Bulgaria, southern Romania and south east of Yugoslavia. The production of anthropomorphic statuettes is one of the marker elements of this cultural entity’s homogeneity. Among different materials used (clay, gold, marble), bone occupies a significant place for the production of figurines both in the domestic context and in the funerary context. Most of these pieces show, with the waste attached to their production, the use of extraction to produce their blanks. This is what we intend to present in this Worksession. Our presentation is based on the study of material coming from Bulgarian sites (tells and necropolis of Varna-Goljamo Delcevo, Hotnitsa).

The production of baguettes in the Levant : variability of the methods from Natufian to Neolithic times

Gaëlle Le Dosseur [email protected]

In the Levant, the exploitation of animal hard materials for tools and personal adornments develops and florishes only from the Natufian onwards (13000-9600 cal BC). At that time, the equipment is diversifying while a wide range of techniques, processes and methods is set to achieve it. The Neolithic is then a period of stabilization of all this repertoire, however marked by some adaptations. From the Natufian to Neolithic times, the production of certain items (straight hooks, thin awls, flat ...) induces that of narrow, regular and standardized blanks which have been produced following different methods. The extraction is one of the methods used but it is not the most common. The successive partition is more frequently used while other methods are sporadically used. All of these methods sometimes coexist on a given site or a given period. The goal of this lecture is to present the diagnostic features of the methods listed and expose a state of reflection on the technical, economic, social, cultural reasons for using this or this method and their coexistence in certain cases.

Evidences for extraction in the bone material belonging to the Gumelniţa culture, in the North of Dobrogea (Romania)

Florian Mihail (Institutul de Cercetări Eco-Muzeale Tulcea, Tulcea, România) [email protected] Noelle Provenzano (UMR 5140 - Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes, Lattes, France) [email protected]

Continuously occupied for hundreds of years, the tells belonging to the Gumelnita culture (fifth millennium BC. JC) have provided little waste related to the productions on hard animal materials. However, various indices enable to identify traces of continuous use of extraction to produce blanks adapted to specific items. The analysis focused on the material found in the area of Tulcea (North Dobrogea, East Romania) on the following sites: Mila 23 Taraschina (phase Gumelniţa A1), Carcaliu Vadu Mare (phase Gumelniţa A2) and Luncaviţa Cetăţuie (phase Gumelniţa A2).

Débitage par extraction and bevelled hafting systems in the Hungarian Neolithic

Zsuzsanna Tóth (H-1088 Budapest, Múzeum Krt. 4/B, Hungary) [email protected]

Reviewing the different types of débitage in Hungary, already from the Upper Palaeolithic onwards and during the Neolithic most extensively used is the „Groove and Splinter” technique, which counts to the safe, time-consuming methods for producing support from the raw material. The second method used is fracturing, though more problematic to confirm. Antler as raw material needed special methods of débitage, and in Neolithic times a combined technique, chopping and breaking was most widely used, followed by sawing and pure fracturing. Bevel ended hafting systems are found in Hungary, although not in high numbers in Palaeolithic times on projectile points, but is seems to disappear with the emerge of Neolithic. In all periods of Hungarian Neolithic bevelled ended hafting systems seem to lack completely. Evidence of hafting is hard to see on the worked bone and antler tools, but all evidence suggests different hafting methods. Most common is the extenuation of the inactive end sometimes even with surface roughing for roping, or creating a ridge for the same purpose usually without extenuation. Regrettably evidences for neither débitage par extraction nor bevelled hafting systems were found in Hungary during the Neolithic, but this cannot be connected to the lack of research. The basic methods of grooving and splitting were known and used during the time, but never combined to débitage par extraction. Bevelled hafting systems were known and used during the earlier periods, but died out at the beginning of the Neoltihic.

Composite tools and hafting systems: harpoons used in the habitats of the Gumelniţa culture in the south of Romania

Monica Mărgărit (Universitatea Valahia din Târgoviște, România) [email protected]

The is defined as an object with a barbed body, a pointed distal extremity and a flat or thinned proximal part, permitting the insertion or fixation into a receiving element/container/case. This tool is mainly produced out of Cervus elaphus antlers, selected because of their width, particularly adapted to the production of Romanian harpoons. An almost rectangular support is cut out of the antler. Then the manufacturing of the harpoon includes three stages: regularisation of the surface after the extraction of the rod, arrangement of the pre-shape and cut out every element (barbs, protuberances, points, etc.). These stages do not always respect this order. Actually, in the case of one of the splint of Borduşani (Ialomiţa County), it was attempted to cut out the line of the future barbs, and the thinning, regularisation and shaping probably followed this action, while in the case of the second splint of the same site, the barbs seem to have been cut out after having thinned the body of the harpoon and after having taken away the pearling. The apex was shaped using a longitudinal scraping, becoming therefore conical or biconvex. Then, in most cases, it was regularized by polishing. The proximal part presents three types of hafting. The protuberances are arranged using the same technique as for the barbs and the central perforations are realized by rotation starting from the two faces, the result being a bi- conical perforation. A particular and rare type of barbed point does not have the arrangement specific for the fixation of a thread, as the proximal part continues the trunk. In some of today’s societies, the harpoon is used at the same time to chase in the water environment (water birds and mammals crossing a river) or for chasing tree animals (monkeys). Whatever the context of its use, the harpoon is always an arm.

This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS – UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-RU-TE-2011-3-0133.

Bone Tools as Markers of Cultural Continuity and Discontinuity: Győr-Szabadrét-domb, a Chalcolithic Settlement in Northwest Hungary

Alice Choyke (Central European University Budapest, Hungary) [email protected]

Intensive rescue excavations at Győr-Szabadrét-domb on the Little Hungarian Plain in northern Transdanubia in Hungary produced worked osseous materials from a single layer occupation settlement complex covering 4.5 ha with 935 features spanning prehistoric periods from the Middle Neolithic to the Bronze Age as well as small traces from later historic periods. Features (over 200) including houses and storage pits used by the Middle Chalcolithic Boleraz people dominate (3338-3042 BC cal). The site is unique in size for the Middle Chalcolithic period in Hungary and the worked bone, antler and tooth objects represent an important assemblage for a time which has only begun to be studied from the point of view of this class of find material. Emphasis will be placed on the context particular types of objects were found in, something made possible by the large areas exposed during excavation. Also of particular interest are two tool types, heretofore known only sporadically in Hungary from the Middle Bronze Age. One is a harpoon type based on a red deer antler tip but larger than the Bronze Age variety normally found in eastern Hungary while the other type is a sheep/goat mandible, glossily worn in an oral direction and probably used with leather. It will be argued that this demonstrates at least some level of cultural and technical continuity between the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. The normal archaeological explanation for cultural change in this period is through migration or even invasion where the entire population was exchanged.

A Study of the Adornments Found in the Hamangia Settlement from Cheia Village, Constanta County

Valentina Voinea (Muzeul de Istorie Naţională şi Arheologie Constanţa) [email protected] Oana Grigoruţă (Universitatea „Ovidius”, Constanţa) [email protected] Cornelia Cărpuș (Spitalul Clinic de Pneumoftiziologie Constanta) [email protected]

The accuracy and the sharpness of the technique used by the Neolithic communities of Hamangia culture to make stone and bone tools are well known. Same terms characterize the adornments manufacturing of animal origin materials. As well as the contextual, typological, symbolic, aesthetic and sociological analysis of the adornments found in the L.1 - L.2 dwellings from the Hamangia III settlement, the Cheia Village point (Grădina vill, Constanta county), this technique is the subject of the present study. The group of analyzed artifacts includes clothing accessories, beads, rings, pendants, in whole or fragmentary, finished or in tooling. The considerations over the aesthetic nature and the adornment’s function as an indicator of the wearer's status in society, gender, age or membership in a group, are based on the existing analogies in and Cernavoda cemeteries, as well on interdisciplinary studies. The symbolics of the adornments consists not only in their forms interpretation but includes, in particular, the significance analysis of the material they are made from. Thus, as the rich literature highlights, discovering a majority part of Spondylus artifacts in graves is not accidental. Being also a result of technological development, adornments found in Hamangia Neolithic settlements and cemeteries are cultural manifestations rich in material and spiritual meanings.

Trade and exchange in Prehistory. Personal adornments processed in hard animal materials from the Eneolithic necropolis of Sultana (Călărași County)

Cătălin Lazăr (Muzeul Național de Istorie a României) [email protected] Monica Mărgărit (Universitatea Valahia din Târgoviște) [email protected] Adrian Bălășescu (Muzeul Național de Istorie a României) [email protected]

The Eneolithic necropolis of Sultana – Malu Roșu is localized South-East of Romania (Călărași County), on the right bank of Moștiștea river, being successively used by the communities of Boian and Gumelnița cultures. The radiocarbon data illustrates the fact that the graves have ages between 5071 and 4450 cal BC, the necropolis being used on a period of approx. 600 years. The presence of adornments in the necropolis context from Sultana – Malu Roșu represents a source of reflection, because it offers us numerous information regarding the symbolic and socio-economical behavior of the communities who used the respective funeral area. The raw materials of animal origin, from which were confectioned the adornments identified in the necropolis, are the valve of Spondylus, shell of Dentalium and bone. The exotic raw materials are the prove of the practiced exchange system, most probably with the Mediterranean world, and the fact that the adornments present usage traces show us clearly that they were not made exclusively in order to be deposed in funeral context, being also worn during life time. Moreover, these exotic raw materials are sporadic in the settlement and when they appear we are dealing with fractured pieces and/or in the recycling process, a fact that illustrate their management, most probably generated by the exceptional symbolic value and by their difficult acquisition. Regarding the bone, local raw material, our opinion is that it was used in the lack and to replace exotic raw materials because the adornments of bone – tubular and cylindrical pearls – imitate those of Spondylus. Thus they were made in order to serve the same symbolic functions, like the pieces of Spondylus.

This work was supported by two grants of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS – UEFISCDI, project numbers PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-1015 and PN-II-RU-TE-2011-3-0133.

Production of pearls from opercular bones of Cyprinus carpio in the Eneolithic tell from Hârşova (Constanţa County)

Monica Mărgărit (Universitatea Valahia din Târgoviște) [email protected] Valentin Radu (Muzeul Național de Istorie a României) [email protected] Dragomir Nicolae Popovici (Muzeul Național de Istorie a României) [email protected]

Hârşova tell (Constanţa County) is situated on the present territory of Hârşova town, its height being of about 13 m and its area of 200 x 150 m; the thickness of the anthropic deposits is of about 11.20m. As far as the levels of prehistoric habitation are concerned, the most ancient remains belong to the cultures Boian and Hamangia (the first half of the 5th millennium B.C.). They are followed by levels corresponding to the cultures Gumelniţa (second half of the 5th millennium B.C.), then Cernavoda I (beginning of the 4th millennium B.C.). The Gumelniţa A2 level yielded a significant lot of opercular bones of Cyprinus carpio, corresponding to different processing stages. The origin of this raw matter is obviously local, the carp being very important in the nutrition of the Hârşova-tell community. The experimental programme organized in order to obtain pearls made of opercular bones of Cyprinus carpio, correlated to the study of the archeological items, allowed us to identify the operatory chain that had led to the manufacturing of the finite items. For a part of the items, we can speak about a first manufacturing stage: the opercle was fractured around its entire circumference, giving it a quite irregular subcircular morphology. The second stage consisted in the perforation of the item in the central area, by means of a circular rotation, without a previous arrangement of its surface. In the next stage, the edges are regularized by abrasion, which gave the items a subcircular aspect, although they had not reached the last manufacturing stage. Finally, during the last stage, the complete abrasion of the fracture edges was realized, around the circumference, until the round shape was obtained. This type of ornament provides an image of the spiritual life of the community from Hârşova-tell, suggesting the important role played by the water environment, with its specific resources.

This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS – UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-RU-TE-2011-3-0133.

Domestic versus wild in the Neolithic of the Teleorman Valley

Adrian Bălășescu (Muzeul Național de Istorie a României) [email protected] Monica Mărgărit (Universitatea Valahia din Târgoviște) [email protected]

The archeozoological studies carried out during the two last decades in the Valley of Teleorman (in a 9 km long area) allowed the observation of the evolution of the animal economy during a period of 2,500 years (6,200-3,800 B.C. –Precriş, Starčevo-Criş, Dudeşti, Vădastra, Boian and Gumelniţa cultures, the last including the A2 and B1 phases). The fauna under analysis is rich, actually counting over 41,000 remains. Mammals are the most numerous (93%); they are followed by molluscs, fish, reptiles and birds. During the chrono-cultural sequence under analysis, domestic mammals (livestock) are dominant (their proportion generally goes over 70%) up to the Gumelniţa culture, A2 phase, during which a very clear transformation takes place: then wild animals (game) go over 65%. This turnabout in the food paleo-economy, which consists in a new way of exploiting the environment and especially wild mammals by hunting, is surprising in point of ampleness: between the (Spanţov phase), which precedes Gumelniţa culture, and the A2 phase of the Gumelniţa culture, we witness an augmentation of more than 50 % in point of hunting remains. The causes are hard to identify, but among them, there may be, in our opinion, climatic changes and cultural evolutions (new ideas, communities, etc.). The studies concerning the fauna remains also show an evolution in the hard animal materials industry during this period. So, the Neolithic is characterized by the manufacturing and use of bone tools made out of remains of domestic animals, while the end of the period (Chalcolithic) is marked by a change in point of the osseous materials used, which comes mainly from wild animals.

This work was supported by two grants of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS – UEFISCDI, project numbers PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-1015 and PN-II-RU-TE-2011-3-0133. Exploitation and economical importance of wild species in the worked osseous industry on some Hungarian Late Neolithic sites

Zsuzsanna Tóth (H-1088 Budapest, Múzeum Krt. 4/B, Hungary) [email protected]

The Late Neolithic time period in Hungary is characterised by the growing importance of game as well in the archaeozoological material, as worked osseous industry. The comparison of several sites of the period all over Hungary offers the possibility to shed more light on the raw material circulation and economical role of wild animal species. The sites chosen for the study have different cultural background, located both on the territory of the Tisza-Herpály-Csőszhalom and Lengyel Cultural Complexes. Common is, that relatively numerous worked osseous assemblage is known and studied from the sites. Aszód yielded one of the most numerous osseous assemblage of the time, having a special affinity to red deer antler exploitation, manufacture and exchange, suggesting a special economic role of this raw material. Öcsöd on the Great Hungarian Plain shows a completely different picture with a clear preference for domesticated species, especially cattle, as raw material, neglecting wild species. Polgár in comparison, though not fully studied yet, suggests wild animals having an increased importance both in religious and economical sense. Alsónyék on the southern Lengyel territory yielded an enormous amount of worked osseous industry with a shaping picture of special preference for wild animals. More on economical basis I try to show, that in Late Neolithic the worked osseous assemblages already show differences in raw material procurement and preference between sites.

Artefacts made of bone and horn from the Chalcolithic site of Polianitsa in the North-east of Bulgaria

Natalia Skakun (Institut de la culture matérielle, Académie des Sciences de Russie, Saint- Petersbourg) [email protected] Boriana Mateeva (Musée national d'histoire «Sborianovo», ville de Isperikh, Bulgarie) [email protected]

The Polianitsa tell, in the north-east of Bulgaria, in the district of Tyrgovishtkoi, dates back to the end of the Chalcolithic. The authors present the industry on stag bones and horns coming from the ancient levels of this site. Two thirds of the series include objects made of stag bone and an artefact made out of the horn of a domestic animal, while the other objects are made of bone. The macroscopic and traceological analyses allow us to propose a description of their manufacturing technique, of their functional destination and of the way in which they were used. The results of this research highlight the specifics of the osseous industry pertaining to the Neolithic and Chalcolithic in Bulgaria and in Romania.

The research is executed on grant of RHSF-CNRS No. 11-21-17003/Fra .

Aquatic animals, a source of raw material for the hard animal materials industry during the Neolithic in Southern Romania

Valentin Radu (Muzeul Național de Istorie a României) [email protected]

The exploitation of the aquatic animal resources grew during the Neo-Eneolithic period, the climax being reached during the Gumelnita period. From an alimentary perspective, the most wanted classes were the bivalves and the fish. Once the meat was consumed, the remaining tough materials were sometimes used to manufacture different objects needed for the daily life. So, shells were used to make adornments, but also as tools or recipients. Fish bones and bird bones were used as adornments and a turtle shell as a vessel. Although this raw matter was available in large quantities, the manufacturing of objects made of water animal bones remains nevertheless limited quantitatively.

The research was supported by a grant IDEI Landscape and human co-evolution patterns in the wetland area of Balta Ialomiţei (PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0982).

The production of bevelled tools on oyster shells : modalities and goals of this production during Early Chalcolithic in Sardinia

Laura Manca (Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche e dell’Antichità – Università di Sassari ; Aix-Marseille Université - CNRS - UMR 7269 LAMPEA) [email protected]

The exploitation of molluscs’ valves is attested for the production of tools and ornaments on several prehistoric sites of the Sardinian coast. These shells’ productions show that the human occupation on the coast is not only related to food needs, but also to collecting raw materials. This activity played an important role in the economy of production. The new datas reached through the techno-economical study of the eneolithic collection coming from Su Coddu (Selargius, Sardaigne, Italie), located near a coastal ponds area, reveal a new item category: the bevelled tools on oysters’ valves. The morphology and the measurements of these tools have been studied as well as the technical traces left on them. Several experimentations have been conducted in order to improve the technological study. They have helped identifying the traces of debitage and shaping, depending on the state of the raw material (dry and fresh). They have also enabled to discuss the topic of storage blocks of raw material. Thanks to this approach it has been possible to estimate the techno-economical role played by the shell raw material, to propose a typological classification of the finished tools, to determinate more precisely the goals of production and to restitute the operational sequences. Finally, the production of bevelled tools out of oyster’s valves is put in perspective, in the general system of animal ressources exploitation of Su Coddu and on a larger scale in the general panorama of production of the Sardinian Early Chalcolithic.

Osseous industry in the Chalcolithic settlement of Târgu Frumos. A historical interpretation of the technological data

Andreea Vornicu (Universitatea "Alexandru Ioan Cuza", Iaşi, Romania) [email protected]

Osseous objects represent an artefact category very little analyzed for the Chalcolithic period in , despite their informational potential. The set under analysis comes from the settlementt of Târgu Frumos, a typical deposit for the final stage of the Precucuteni culture. It includes 200 items, a significant number by comparison to other contemporary deposits. Starting from the macro- and microscopic reading of the technical stigmata, the methods and procedures used in the manufacturing process are then identified. Moreover, the degree of transformation of the raw material and the investment in the debitage are also evaluated. All these results allow for a technological characterization of the deposit. Putting these results face to face to those obtained starting from other contemporary industries from deposits situated on the actual territory of Romania, Moldavia and Ukraine, we have managed to identify a group of deposits sharing the same technical knowledge. Elements foreign to this tradition are also present in the settlement from Târgu Frumos: these objects were imported from southern cultural environments.

The end of the Eneolithic in the Bărăgan Plain: the hard animal material industry Cernavoda I culture from the settlement Săveni-La Movile, Ialomiţa County

Cătălina Cernea (Muzeul Județean Ialomița, România) [email protected] Florin Vlad (Muzeul Județean Ialomița, România) [email protected] Radu Coman (Muzeul Județean Ialomița, România) [email protected]

The eneolithic settlement Săveni-La Movile from the south of the Bărăgan Plain is located on the high terrace of the Ialomiţa River, in the South-South East of the Săveni village (Ialomiţa County). The archaeological survey was conducted by F. Vlad and R. Coman during 1996-2000. A preventive digging (2001), coordinated by F. Vlad was followed by the systematic archaeological researches started in 2007 and continuing till present days. The settlement stratigraphy consists in a layer with dispersed fragments belonging to Boian culture, Giuleşti phase (not an inhabiting level itself), the Cernavoda I culture level and the burial necropolis dated to the transition period from Chalcolithic to Bronze Age, Bronze Age and the second Iron Age. The Cernavoda I culture level has a maximum thickness of 0,80 m and it was divided in two inhabiting levels (Lev. I, Lev. II). Level I represent the oldest Cernavoda I inhabiting sequence from Săveni. It is characterized by a compact, brown-grey sediment with a thickness of 0,30-0,40 m. The second level consists in a 0,25-0,40 m thick, grainy, brown-grey sediment. The hard animal material industry inventory studied here belongs to Cernavoda I culture and looks, compared to ceramics or lithic assemblages, poorly represented, both quantitative and typological. Other features of the whole analyzed material would be the poorly preserved state and the high degree of fragmentation.

Knowledge of osseous materials during the age of the first metals (starting from the portable art from Bodaki, site of the Tripolje culture)

Natalia Skakun (Institut de la culture matérielle, Académie des Sciences de Russie, Saint- Petersbourg) [email protected] Anaick Samzun (Inrap Centre Ile-de-France-UMR 8215 «Trajectoire», Nanterre) [email protected] Boriana Mateeva ( Musée national d'histoire «Sborianovo», ville de Isperikh, Bulgarie) [email protected] V. Terekhina (Institut de la culture matérielle, Académie des Sciences de Russie, Saint- Petersbourg) [email protected]

During the age of the first metals, in numerous cultures, the osseous materials continue to be often used as raw materials, in the place of stone and metal, to manufacture various common tools and artefacts, well represented in the portable art of the Chalcolithic cultures of SE Europe. In this way, on the territory of western Ukraine, among the artefacts associated to the Tripolje culture, an important place goes to the tools made of antler, horns and bones. For instance, at the site of Bodaki (4th mil. B.C.), the indicates a remarkable know-how for the manufacturing of this type of objects (Skakun 2004). The members of the Tripolje culture therefore used all the procedures known for these periods: knapping by extraction, sawing, scraping, cutting, drilling, pointing and polishing. Among the artefacts made of bone discovered, there are of antlers with sawing marks and wastes of bones. In the lithic inventory, thanks to the traceological analysis, we were able to notice a group of tools related to the manufacturing of tools out of bones. These tools are: knives, side-scrapers, burins, polishers. Moreover, the bone industry of Bodaki includes are pressure-flakers out of antler, numerous awls used to work on skins and leather, needles used to prepare nets, “estèques” used to flatten ceramic objects, and one used to till the land, and also a sort of big pick probably used to extract silex. Among the exceptional objects, we can mention a harpoon, a fishkook for fishing, a preform of unidentified object made of antler with an engraved ornament and drillers, and canines of boars bearing two holes at their end. Consequently, the bone industry of Tripolje offers a whole range of tools and objects testifying the ability of manufacturing bone objects of the respective economy during the Eneolithic Age.

The research is executed on grant of RHSF-CNRS №11-21-17003/Fra.

Technological study of bone tools from a Neolithic site (Kamiltepe), Southern Caucasus region, and the mutual visible influences from different areas.

Bushra Taha (Seminari d'Arqueologia Prehistòrica del Pròxim Orient- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) [email protected]

The goal of this presentation is to make known the bone tools from the Neolithic site of Kamiltepe in the Qarasu Valley, in the Southern Caucasus. The Neolithic in this region is until now not very well known. This particular region has traditionally been considered a land bridge of influences from northern, eastern and southern Caucasus, and as well as from further regions such as Anatolia, Mesopotamia and Levant. The ongoing analysis of the rich collection of bone industry from Kamiltepe (Azerbaijan) is yielding good results in this aspect, bringing new light about the technical knowledges and habits of Neolithic communities in southern Caucasus. Moreover, comparison with similar assemblages will allow identifying cultural, technical and economical particularities, interregional networks and contacts within a wide region. We provide the preliminary results of the bone tools technological study and present a firstessay concerning influences in technology and typology from neighbouring regions.