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Bearing in Mind : Birth, Fathers, Ritual, and 'Reproductive Consciousness' in Transpersonal Anthropological Perspective

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Bearing in Mind : Birth, Fathers, Ritual, and 'Reproductive Consciousness' in Transpersonal Anthropological Perspective Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Bearing in Mind Birth, Fathers, Ritual, and 'Reproductive Consciousness' in Transpersonal Anthropological Perspective A thesis presented in partial fulfilmentof the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy III Social Anthropology at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand. Gregg Lahood 2006 Abstract Bearing in Mind: Birth, Fathers, Ritual, and 'Reproductive Consciousness ' in Transpersonal Anthropological Perspective is an exploration of 'unusual' psycho­ spiritual experiences among a small group of procreative fathering males in New Zealand and the viewing of these experiences through a transpersonal anthropological lens. I have used the transpersonal literature and the anthropological record, coupled with fieldwork among contemporary males to explore some of their more 'non­ ordinary' responses to childbirth, paying close attention to the symbolic and therapeutic dimension implicated in their participation.) Frequently their narratives suggest psychological encounters with death and transpersonal states of consciousness. This research examines these states of consciousness, the broad cultural context from which they arise and their relationship to birthing. Two basic themes are explored: 1) the social shaping of birth as a transpersonal event and ritual at the time fathers joined their partners in birthing during the late 1960s, and 2) an investigation of the transpersonal experience itself. Such phenomena have wide anthropological ramifications which opens a third theme for exploration: the possible parallels with more traditional, shamanistic, and/or indigenous midwifery and obstetrical manoeuvres (and therefore religion) - these parallels will be outlined and explored. This thesis relies heavily on a reinterpretation of the transpersonal and anthropological literature; however it is the fieldwork (gathering birth stories from men and women) that is crucial because it is the transpersonal content of their stories that drives the theoretical component. ) The term 'non-ordinary' pertains to NOSe or non ordinary states of consciousness (see glossary), I Acknowledgements I am indebted to the following people; all of the fathers, mothers (including my own) and midwives who participated in this research and all of the people who offered anecdotal material and insights into their personal birthing experiences. I am especially grateful to my anthropological supervisors Kathryn Rountree and Graeme MacCrae. I would like to acknowledge my brothers Mark and Jeff and for their financialassistance. Special thanks to my transpersonal 'elders'; John Heron and Stan Grof who read earlier drafts of some of the following chapters. Two friends and co­ workers deserve special acknowledgment for their support and encouragement and many useful conversations - Sue Ewan and midwife Judy Cottrell. I would like to thank the library staff at Massey University for their endless patience and helpfulness; Bill Taylor and Danny MacIntyre for their ongoing and support. Finally a special thanks to editors Marcie Boucouvalas (Journal of Transpersonal Psychology) and Bruce Greyson (Journalof Near-Death Studies) who have published versions of chapters 8 and 9 in their respective journals. 11 Table of Contents Abstract I 11 Acknowledgements 11 11 Table of Contents III 1 Introduction: Conceiving Men 1 2 Method and Ethics 27 3 Anthropology and Reproductive Consciousness 47 4 The Emergence of Transpersonal Anthropology 101 5 Womb Envy: The Hell of the Hungry Ghosts 129 6 Running the Gauntlet: Re-cognising Male Reproductive Manoeuvres 183 7 The Fathers' Shore: Transpersonal Comprehensions at the Site of Birth 221 8 Skulls at the Banquet: Near Birth as Nearing Death? 268 9 Spiritual Emergency: Three Male Reproductive Crises 301 10 Conclusions 327 Appendix 1 The Attack of the Flower People 332 Appendix 2 Original Thesis Plan 377 Appendix 3 Information Sheet and Consent Form 382 Glossary of Terms 385 Bibliography 386 III 1 Introduction: Conceiving Men The time has come in science to pay credence to reports of transpersonal experiences as presented in the ethnographic, folkloristic, theological and mystical literatures pertaining to peoples around the world (Charles Laughlin 1988:20). The psychedelic revolution of the middle sixties in drugs, music and lifestyles might seem to be and often was apolitical. But the sense that there was something drastically wrong with the American system, that the whole middle-class career pattern was some kind of pointless game playing, had obvious political implications (Robert Bellah 1976:78). Since the death of the psychedelic movement, the 'bad science' of the LSD researchers has now been resurrected in the guise of a new branch of psychology, transpersonal psychology (Jay Stevens 1987:500). This thesis is a set of deconstructive and reconstructive arguments to do with a hypothesis that experiences of transpersonal consciousness might occur among New Zealand fathers engaged in birthing. The thesis is also a re-examination of male birthing rituals. So, after Laughlin (above), I am paying credence to the reports of transpersonal experiences from fathers engaged in birthing. When I set out to do this study I had little idea of what to expect or what would emerge - only that I would take a transpersonal framework to the stories I gathered 'among the fathering males'. If I found transpersonal elements in their stories, I would write about them. One of the central themes of this research is that the recent fathers' at-birth- revolution (Reed 2005) really begins in the 'psychedelic '60s' in Northern California, and the counter-cultural values in the fathers' at-birth-revolution in New Zealand, are mimetic of the radical 'happenings' of San Francisco between about 1964 and 1971 1 which, as is well known, were tantamount to a religious [read 'spiritual', 'transpersonal'] revolution (Glock & Bellah et al 1976). Another central theme is the construction of modern day birth as a ritual site and the potential for transpersonal experiences to emerge from participating in 'birth as ritual' . The first halfof this thesis should probably be called 'clearing a path' because my two research subjects: 'fathers at birth' and 'transpersonal consciousness' both emerge out of cultural and research paradigms that have denied or devalued these phenomena. I wanted to criticize these epochs specificallyfo r their ambivalent attitudes toward birth and spiritual consciousness. Furthermore transpersonal anthropology (the impulse to research transpersonal states of consciousness as a form of data gathering in the anthropological field) has a fascinating history which is also linked to currents that came to flourishthrough the dramatic counter-cultural uprisings of the 1960s. We could include among these currents feminist research, the ecology movements (e.g. deep ecology and eco-feminism) and transpersonal psychology. I believe transpersonal anthropology is an appropriate research tool for this study because some fathers involved in birthing during this historical period were explicitly interested in transpersonal states of consciousness and were sensitive to them. Transpersonal psychology then, argues for a plausible role of religious experience within the context of our human material condition of embodiment and emplacement within the living world of which we are a part. Transpersonal psychology, to a degree, can be seen as re-evaluated psychoanalytic theory (which is an important ancestor of the transpersonal movement) and two of the movement's most central and respected theoreticians Stan Grof (1985) and Michael Washbum (2003) are psychoanalysts. Transpersonal theory has attempted to link and extend both Freud and lung's theoretical perspectives. A basic assumption of 2 psychoanalytic theory is the notion that early childhood experiences can cause trauma and neurosis. Melanie Klein and others explored the idea fu rther by looking at pre­ oedipal states of human development. With transpersonal psychology the search for trauma and 'self is pushed even fu rther back along the ontogenetic pathway to the experience of birth and beyond (this 'beyond' is similar to the Jungian concept of the collective unconscious). Grof and others argue that an echo of these earliest states is found in adult spiritual states of consciousness but that they can also have traumatic and pathological elements to them (1985). Therefore transpersonal states among fathering males participating in childbirth may well catalyze psychodynamic materials consisting of their own perinatal/birth (see glossary) components and aspects of the psyche that Jung recognized as the collective unconscious (see chapters 7, 8 and 9). The sub-discipline, transpersonal anthropology, explores the relationship between non-ordinary states of consciousness and culture. Transpersonal states tend to have certain recognisable features: they are felt to be an unusually potent body-mind-world event, they are information-bearing, expansive and numinous (after Jung), and the event is felt by the participant to somehow extend the boundaries of human consciousness. They can have an 'other worldly' transcendent aspect or a 'present centred', 'here now' quality, often referred to as 'embodied' or immanent (e.g. Washburn 2003). They are identifiedby high arousal and
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