Some Aspects of Aramaic As Attested in Lebanese Place Names
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Issues in the Syntax of Arabic
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-65017-5 - The Syntax of Arabic Joseph E. Aoun, Elabbas Benmamoun and Lina Choueiri Excerpt More information 1 Issues in the syntax of Arabic 1.1 The Arabic language(s) Arabic belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic (Hamito- Semitic) family of languages, which includes languages like Aramaic, Ethiopian, South Arabian, Syriac, and Hebrew. A number of the languages in this group are spoken in the Middle East, the Arabian Peninsula, and Africa. It has been docu- mented that Arabic spread with the Islamic conquests from the Arabian Peninsula and within a few decades, it spread over a wide territory across North Africa and the Middle East. Arabic is now spoken by more than 200 million speakers excluding bilingual speakers (Gordon 2005). Although there is a debate about the history of Arabic (including that of the Standard variety and the spoken dialects) Arabic displays some of the typical characteristics of Semitic languages: root-pattern morphology, broken plurals in nouns, emphatic and glottalized consonants, and a verbal system with prefix and suffix conjugation. 1.1.1 The development of Arabic Classical Arabic evolved from the standardization of the language of the Qur’an and poetry. This standardization became necessary at the time when Arabic became the language of an empire, with the Islamic expansion starting in the seventh century. In addition to Classical Arabic, there were regional spo- ken Arabic varieties. It is a matter of intense debate what the nature of the historical relation between Classical Arabic and the spoken dialects is (Owens 2007). -
Pdf | 12.96 Mb
Lebanon Ongoing EU Interventions: Support to Vulnerable Communities and Refugees Production Date: 09 March 2015 ² Dayret Nahr El-Kabir Machta Hammoud AAridet Cheikh Zennad Kfar Chir Noun Hmairine Aamayer Hnaider Aamaret Kouachra El-Baykat Mazraat En-Nahriyé Khirbet Hayssa Daoud Aakkar Qbaiyat Mazareaa Halba Aakkar Jabal Akroum Jdidet Machha Ej-Joumeh Aakkar Nahr El Akkar El-Aatiqa Bezbina bared Ouadi El-Jamous Bebnine Zouq Bhannine Minie berqayel Khreibet Raouda-Aadoua Aakkar Nabi Merkebta Jdeidet Fnaydeq Tripoli Deir Mina N:3 Beddaoui Youcheaa El-Qaitaa Hrar Aammar jardins Qabaait Michmich Hermel Mina N:1 Beddawi El-Qobbe Aakkar Mina Aazqai Harf Mejdlaiya Jardin El Mhatra Es-Sayad Btermaz Zgharta Beit Mrah Harf Haouik Kfar Es-Srayj Es-Sayad Haouaret-Miniyé Ras Trablous Habou Beit Bakhaaoun tarane Sfiré Kfar Masqa Ez-Zeitoun Zoud Haql el Beit Bibnine Zgharta Aazimé Aain Qalamoun El-Faqs Barsa Et-Tiné-Miniyé Qarsaita Izal Aassoun Deir Sir El Hermel Nbouh Ed-Danniyé Nakhlé Bqarsouna Mimrine El Minieh-Dennie Enfé Kahf El-Malloul Qaa Baalbek Zgharta Bqaa Sefrine Heri El Koura Kousba Bednayel Ras Baalbek El-Koura Es-Sahel Halbata El Koura Fekehe Bcharre Kharayeb Kfar Bazaaoun El-Hermel Aabida Aain Sbouba Baalbek El Batroun Harabta Nabi Osmane Laboué Hsarat Chaat Aamchit Aarsal Jbayl Deir Jbeil El-Ahmar Blat Jbeil Yanouh Zibdine Youmine Jbayl Hsoun Jbayl Halate Maqné Nahr Ibrahim Iaat Nahlé Baalbek baalbek Mayrouba Hrajel Aaramoun Haouch Kfar Tall Safiyé Kesrouane Dane Baalbek Wavel Kesrwane Taraiya Jounie Kfar Haret Dibiane Majdaloun Sakhr -
Arabic and Contact-Induced Change Christopher Lucas, Stefano Manfredi
Arabic and Contact-Induced Change Christopher Lucas, Stefano Manfredi To cite this version: Christopher Lucas, Stefano Manfredi. Arabic and Contact-Induced Change. 2020. halshs-03094950 HAL Id: halshs-03094950 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03094950 Submitted on 15 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Arabic and contact-induced change Edited by Christopher Lucas Stefano Manfredi language Contact and Multilingualism 1 science press Contact and Multilingualism Editors: Isabelle Léglise (CNRS SeDyL), Stefano Manfredi (CNRS SeDyL) In this series: 1. Lucas, Christopher & Stefano Manfredi (eds.). Arabic and contact-induced change. Arabic and contact-induced change Edited by Christopher Lucas Stefano Manfredi language science press Lucas, Christopher & Stefano Manfredi (eds.). 2020. Arabic and contact-induced change (Contact and Multilingualism 1). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/235 © 2020, the authors Published under the Creative Commons Attribution -
Syllable Structure in Spoken Arabic: a Comparative Investigation
Syllable Structure in Spoken Arabic: a comparative investigation Rym Hamdi*, Salem Ghazali** & Melissa Barkat-Defradas *** * Laboratoire Dynamique Du Langage - UMR CNRS 5596 (Lyon) ** I.S.L.T. Université 7 novembre à Carthage (Tunisia) *** Laboratoire ICAR-Praxiling - UMR CNRS 5191 (Montpellier) [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] intervals ('C) is higher in the North African dialects than in Abstract those of the Middle East, which suggests the presence of a The aim of this study is to demonstrate that rhythm variation more complex syllabic structure in the Western dialects. across Arabic dialects is to a great extent correlated with the These values of 'C are also found to be higher compared different types of syllabic structure observed in these dialects, to other stress-timed languages such as English [7]. especially with regard to the relative complexity of onsets and In this paper, we will provide additional data from a detailed codas. The main focus is on the relationship between syllabic investigation of the frequencies of different types of syllables structures on the one hand, and rhythm classes based on in three Arabic dialects in an attempt to establish a direct segmental duration on the other. Rhythmic variations in relationship between syllable structure type and rhythm Arabic dialects based on proportions of vocalic and tendency. consonantal intervals were described in [1] following Furthermore, most studies on Arabic dialectology have experimental procedures put forth by [2]. The present included differences in syllable structure, especially between investigation consists in computing the frequency of the Western and the Eastern dialect, among the feature that occurrence of the different types of syllables in Moroccan, distinguish between these dialects. -
Writing Arabizi: Orthographic Variation in Romanized
WRITING ARABIZI: ORTHOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN ROMANIZED LEBANESE ARABIC ON TWITTER ! ! ! ! Natalie!Sullivan! ! ! ! TC!660H!! Plan!II!Honors!Program! The!University!of!Texas!at!Austin! ! ! ! ! May!4,!2017! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! _______________________________________________________! Barbara!Bullock,!Ph.D.! Department!of!French!&!Italian! Supervising!Professor! ! ! ! ! _______________________________________________________! John!Huehnergard,!Ph.D.! Department!of!Middle!Eastern!Studies! Second!Reader!! ii ABSTRACT Author: Natalie Sullivan Title: Writing Arabizi: Orthographic Variation in Romanized Lebanese Arabic on Twitter Supervising Professors: Dr. Barbara Bullock, Dr. John Huehnergard How does technology influence the script in which a language is written? Over the past few decades, a new form of writing has emerged across the Arab world. Known as Arabizi, it is a type of Romanized Arabic that uses Latin characters instead of Arabic script. It is mainly used by youth in technology-related contexts such as social media and texting, and has made many older Arabic speakers fear that more standard forms of Arabic may be in danger because of its use. Prior work on Arabizi suggests that although it is used frequently on social media, its orthography is not yet standardized (Palfreyman and Khalil, 2003; Abdel-Ghaffar et al., 2011). Therefore, this thesis aimed to examine orthographic variation in Romanized Lebanese Arabic, which has rarely been studied as a Romanized dialect. It was interested in how often Arabizi is used on Twitter in Lebanon and the extent of its orthographic variation. Using Twitter data collected from Beirut, tweets were analyzed to discover the most common orthographic variants in Arabizi for each Arabic letter, as well as the overall rate of Arabizi use. Results show that Arabizi was not used as frequently as hypothesized on Twitter, probably because of its low prestige and increased globalization. -
Comparing and Contrasting Classical Arabic, Lebanese, Moroccan and Maltese Versions
JE;:ZYKI ORIENTALNE W PRZEKLADZIE IV ORIENTAL LANGUAGES IN TRANSLATION VOL. IV Krakow 2013 ed. by M. Piela, A. Zaborski MARTIN R. ZAMMIT Water Turned Into Wine: Comparing And Contrasting Classical Arabic, Lebanese, Moroccan And Maltese Versions University OfMalta Abstract Typologically, the modem Maltese language is poised between the Arabic dialectal bundle, on the one hand, and Romance languages, particularly Sicilian and Italian, on the other. Moreover, Maltese is unevenly poised between eastern and western dia lectal varieties of Arabic, with a considerable inclination towards the Maghribi dia lects. One way of observing the varying degrees of correspondence between Maltese and Arabic is to compare and contrast Arabic (Classical, Lebanese, and Moroccan) and Maltese translations of a literary text, in this case, an excerpt from the Gospel of St. Jolm. Lebanese and Moroccan represent eastern and western Arabic typologies re spectively. The arbitrary choice of a relatively short excerpt - Jolm 2: 1-12 -precludes any accurate pronouncements about the areal affiliationls of the Arabic element in Maltese. The aim of this study is limited to the consideration of issues of fonnal correspondence and translation equivalence via the textual segmentation of the four versions under consideration. 1. Introduction One can safely state that Maltese is the closest language to Arabic. It is derived from Arabic varieties which entered the Maltese archipelago at the time of the Arab 99 Martin R. Zammit conquest (AD 870 onwards) and later. Subsequently, from around the twelfth cen tury onwards, whatever form of Arabic spoken in Malta started being exposed to prolonged contact with Sicilian and other Romance varieties, emerging as a lingua rna 1t en s i by the 15 th century. -
La Vallée Du Nahr Ibrahim : L’Hinterland De Byblos
La vallée du Nahr Ibrahim : l’hinterland de Byblos Le terrain d’étude est constitué par le bassin versant du Nahr Ibrahim, l’Adonis de l’Antiquité, fleuve majeur de la façade méditerranéenne du Mont Liban, dont l’estuaire se situe un peu au sud de la cité antique de Byblos qui est classée au Patrimoine mondial par l’UNESCO. Il offre donc un territoire d’une grande richesse, tant au plan environnemental qu’au plan historique. Sanctuaire dit de Yanouh (municipalité de Mghaïra). Temple gréco-romain et basilique paléochrétienne. Objectifs et Approche : Au chapitre III de la Mission de Phénicie, Ernest Renan décrit le fleuve Adonis, les restes remarquables des principaux temples romains de la vallée, à Machnaqa, à Afqa et à Mghaïra- Yanouh où il note la présence d’un « petit monticule de ruines » au sud du sanctuaire gréco-romain, correspondant à un habitat ancien, véritable tell qui n’est pas documenté par les sources écrites anciennes. E. Renan signale l’existence de nécropoles rupestres à Aaqoura et à Tadmor ainsi que des vestiges épigraphiques, dont les fameuses inscriptions de l’empereur Hadrien qui réglementent la gestion forestière, notant que ces gravures sont particulièrement présentes autour du gros bourg de Qartaba, à l’entrée de la haute vallée. En 1938, Daniel Krencker et Willy Zschietzschmann publient une somme monumentale avec des relevés architecturaux des temples du Liban dont ceux de la vallée du Nahr Ibrahim. Dans les années 1960-1970, l’architecte Haroutune Kalayan procède, pour la Direction Générale des Antiquités, aux premiers dégagements et à une reconstruction partielle du temple principal de Mghaïra. -
Croft's Cycle in Arabic: the Negative Existential Cycle in a Single Language
Linguistics 2020; aop David Wilmsen* Croft’s cycle in Arabic: The negative existential cycle in a single language https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0021 Abstract: Thenegativeexistentialcyclehasbeenshowntobeoperativein several language families. Here it is shown that it also operates within a single language. It happens that the existential fī that has been adduced as an example of a type A in the Arabic of Damascus, Syria, negated with the standard spoken Arabic verbal negator mā, does not participate in a negative cycle, but another Arabic existential particle does. Reflexes of the existential particle šay(y)/šē/šī/ši of southern peninsular Arabic dialects enter into a type A > B configuration as a univerbation between mā and the existential particle ši in reflexes of maši. It also enters that configuration in others as a uni- verbation between mā, the 3rd-person pronouns hū or hī, and the existential particle šī in reflexes of mahūš/mahīš.Atthatpoint,theexistentialparticlešī loses its identity as such to be reanalyzed as a negator, with reflexes of mahūš/mahīš negating all manner of non-verbal predications except existen- tials. As such, negators formed of reflexes of šī skip a stage B, but they re- enter the cycle at stage B > C, when reflexes of mahūš/mahīš begin negating some verbs. The consecutive C stage is encountered only in northern Egyptian and southern Yemeni dialects. An inchoate stage C > A appears only in dialects of Lower Egypt. Keywords: Arabic dialects, grammaticalization in Arabic, linguistic cycles, standard negation, negative existential cycle, southern Arabian peninsular dialects 1 Introduction The negative existential cycle as outlined by Croft (1991) is a six-stage cycle whereby the negators of existential predications – those positing the existence of something with assertions analogous to the English ‘there is/are’–overtake the role of verbal negators, eventually replacing them, if the cycle continues to *Corresponding author: David Wilmsen, Department of Arabic and Translation Studies, American University of Sharjah P.O. -
Bridge of Civilizations the Near East and Europe C
Bridge of Civilizations The Near East and Europe c. 1100–1300 edited by Peter Edbury, Denys Pringle and Balázs Major Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-327-0 ISBN 978-1-78969-328-7 (e-Pdf) © the individual authors and Archaeopress 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Printed Word Publishing This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents Notes on Contributors �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ix Introduction ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xiii Castles and Warfare 1� Constructing a Medieval Fortification in Syria: Margat between 1187 and 1285 ���������������1 Balázs Major 2� Applying the Most Recent Technologies in Archaeological and Architectural Documentation at Margat ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 23 Bendegúz Takáts 3� Al-Marqab Citadel (Margat): Present Possibilities and Future Prospects ������������������������� 35 Marwan Hassan 4� New Research on the Medieval Water-Management System of Crac des Chevaliers �������� 54 Zsolt Vágner and Zsófia E. Csóka 5� The -
THE QUR'an in ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT.Pdf
THE QUR’AN IN ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT The Qur’an in Its Historical Context is a remarkable work of primary source scholarship on the Qur’an. While most studies address the Qur’an through the retrospective lens of later Islamic commentaries, the present work presents a contextual perspective. The reader is challenged herein to consider, first, the great debates over the meaning of the Qur’an and, second, the new research that claims to present a definitive solution to those debates. In Part 1, the authors consider, and advance, theories for a new understanding of the Qur’an’s interpretation. The question of Christoph Luxenberg’s Syro-Aramaic reading is debated, as is the importance of newly discovered early Arabic inscriptions. In Part 2, the authors place the Qur’an within the Late Antique religious milieu, demonstrating its conversation with Jewish and Christian literature. In Part 3, the authors consider the Islamic tradition of Qur’an interpretation, and ask how scientific research relates to religious tradition. Collectively the essays herein present a new approach to the study of the Qur’an. This approach will allow scholars to shed new light on the Qur’anic passages that have been shrouded in mystery and debate. It will also illuminate the Qur’an’s relationship to Judaism and Christianity, thereby demonstrating the Qur’an’s place in a shared Jewish–Christian–Islamic tradition. As this collection of distinguished authors represents a distinct sub-field within Qur’anic Studies, students and specialists will welcome this volume in order to get to know the state-of-the-art methods within this specific sphere of scholarship. -
Management Has Reviewed the Request for Inspection of The
MAN AGEME NT RESPONSE TO REQUEST FOR INSPECTION PANE L REVIEW OF THE LEBANON: WATER SUPPLY AUGMENTATION PROJECT (P125184); GREATER BEIRUT WATER SUPPLY (P103063) AND ITS ADDITIONAL FINANCING (P165711) Management has reviewed the Request for Inspection of the Lebanon: Water Supply Augmentation Project (Pl25184); Greater Beirut Water Supply (Pl 03063) and its Additional Financing (P16571 l), received by the Inspection Panel on August 6, 2018 and registered on September 12, 2018 (RQ 18/05). Management has prepared the following response. October 12, 2018 CONTENTS Abbreviations and Acronyms iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY V I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. THE REQUEST 1 III. PROJECT BACKGROUND 3 IV. SPECIAL ISSUES 6 V. MANAGEMENT'S RESPONSE 7 Map Map 1. IBRD No. 43987 Annexes Annex 1. Claims and Responses Annex 2. Location of Environment Sensitive Areas and Large Water Infrastructure in Lebanon Annex 3. Lebanese Law No. 3 7 for Cultural Properties Annex 4. Summary of Potential Dam and Non-Dam Alternative Sources Annex 5. Extract from 2014 "Assessment of Groundwater Resources of Lebanon" Annex 6. Consultations Carried out for the Lebanon Water Projects Annex 7. Information Booklet on the Grievance Redress Mechanism Annex 8. Communication with Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) iii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AFGBWSP Additional Financing Greater Beirut Water Supply AC Appeal Committee BAP Biodiversity Action Plan BMLWE Beirut Mount Lebanon Water Establishment CDR Council for Development and Reconstruction CESMP Construction Environmental and Social Management Plan -
Polyglotism and Identity in Modern-Day Lebanon by Sarya Baladi
Polyglotism and Identity in Modern-Day Lebanon by Sarya Baladi 1. Introduction Lebanon is known as the true meeting place of Middle Eastern, Arab, and European culture, an incredible mix that is illustrated by the unquestionable and unique polyglotism used daily by both the ancient and the modern Lebanese.1 Sélim Abou, a prominent Lebanese philosopher and anthropologist, defines bilingualism in Arabic- French Bilingualism in Lebanon as “the double language through which the subject, individual or group expresses paradoxically his/her/their unique personality. It therefore appears like a cultural experience, specified by the way it affects the bilingual.”2 Modern-day Lebanon, embodying Abou’s definition of bilingualism, is often referred to as a ‘bilingual’ or even ‘trilingual’ country, since the Arabic, French, and English languages are all widely used by the Lebanese. The greeting “Hi! Kifak? Ça va?” is a stereotypical marker of Lebanese linguistic identity as it illustrates the prevalence of this polyglotism and fusion of cultures in the quotidian lives of the people of Lebanon. Polyglotism is usually not a common phenomenon to occur in a given society. It arises from peaceful or violent outside political intervention, bringing with it a new language that is eventually used by the common people. The people of Mount Lebanon originally spoke Syriac and Aramaic languages, but the multiple invasions by and interactions with different conquering powers led to the introduction of modern Lebanese polyglotism. Arabic was brought to the Levant during the spread of Islam through the Arab conquests of the 7th century and has been used in the Middle East ever since.