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The History and Evolution of Payún Matrú Caldera, Mendoza Province, Argentina University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health - Honours Theses University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2012 The History and Evolution of Payún Matrú Caldera, Mendoza Province, Argentina Ryan Manton University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Manton, Ryan, The History and Evolution of Payún Matrú Caldera, Mendoza Province, Argentina, Bachelor of Science (Honours), School of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Wollongong, 2012. https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/54 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] The History and Evolution of Payún Matrú Caldera, Mendoza Province, Argentina Abstract A petrological and geochemical study was performed on rock samples collected from the retro-arc, Payún Matrú Caldera (36°24' S, 69°11' W) Mendoza Province, western Argentina. The caldera formed between 168 ± 4 ka and 86 ± 1 ka, with volcanic products in the area ranging from Pleistocene to Holocene (Germa et al., 2010). Payún Matrú is located on La Carbonilla Lineament, which also controls the location of at least 300 other volcanic vents. Field work was carried out over five days in late February 2012, 38 hand samples were collected and five trachyte dykes were identified within the northeast quadrant of the caldera’s topographic rim, with their strike and dip noted. Hernando et al. (2012) proposed the formation of a sub-volcanic magma chamber, with magma mixing being a dominant process. They further suggest that the influx of mafic material into the base of the chamber resulted in caldera formation. Germa et al. (2010) propose that the caldera formed from tectonic influences, due ot the regional extensional setting. More evidence was found for the former process within this research project. A comparison between the seven identified rock suites was conducted. From an analysis of petrological thin-sections, it was evident that the chamber had progressively evolved to its most mature state, immediately before caldera formation. The degree and type of dis-equilibrium textures within phenocrysts was noted, as well as the proportion of low- to high-temperature minerals. A comparison between photomicrographs and the major- and trace-element contents was made to determine the conditions in the chamber at a given point in time. A method which utilised digital elevation models to measure the physical attributes of lava flows around Payún Matrú was also used and tested to demonstrate the evolution of melts from the Payún Matrú magma chamber. It was found that the most likely cause of caldera formation was the over- pressuring of a zoned magma chamber, due to an influx of mafic material. This resulted in the eruption of only the evolved upper portion of the chamber, with the lower portion erupting post-caldera. This post- caldera flow eprr esents the most primitive flow, with a flat trace-element plot and a high proportion of ferromagnesian minerals. The chamber environment, post-caldera, is dominated by the crystallisation of mineral assemblages which have a high Al 2O3 content, and large ion-lithophile elements (LILE) such as Sr and Ba are accepted into the mineral assemblage. This is supported by the presence of large, unsieved sanidine phenocrysts in the petrological analysis. The waning of mafic material into the chamber is thought to have occurred after this period. The significance of this project is that it demonstrates the possible mechanisms for large, ash-flow, caldera- forming eruptions. Degree Type Thesis Degree Name Bachelor of Science (Honours) Department School of Earth & Environmental Science Advisor(s) Allan Chivas Keywords Lava, Viscosity, Caldera formation, Payúnia volcanic province This thesis is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/54 The History and Evolution of Payún Matrú Caldera, Mendoza Province, Argentina By Ryan Manton A thesis submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements of the Honours degree of Bachelor of Science in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Wollongong, 2012 The information in this thesis is entirely the result of investigations conducted by the author unless otherwise acknowledged, and has not been submitted in part, or otherwise, for any other degree or qualification. Ryan John Manton 9/10/2012 II ABSTRACT A petrological and geochemical study was performed on rock samples collected from the retro-arc, Payún Matrú Caldera (36°24' S, 69°11' W) Mendoza Province, western Argentina. The caldera formed between 168 ± 4 ka and 86 ± 1 ka, with volcanic products in the area ranging from Pleistocene to Holocene (Germa et al., 2010). Payún Matrú is located on La Carbonilla Lineament, which also controls the location of at least 300 other volcanic vents. Field work was carried out over five days in late February 2012, 38 hand samples were collected and five trachyte dykes were identified within the northeast quadrant of the caldera’s topographic rim, with their strike and dip noted. Hernando et al. (2012) proposed the formation of a sub-volcanic magma chamber, with magma mixing being a dominant process. They further suggest that the influx of mafic material into the base of the chamber resulted in caldera formation. Germa et al. (2010) propose that the caldera formed from tectonic influences, due to the regional extensional setting. More evidence was found for the former process within this research project. A comparison between the seven identified rock suites was conducted. From an analysis of petrological thin-sections, it was evident that the chamber had progressively evolved to its most mature state, immediately before caldera formation. The degree and type of dis-equilibrium textures within phenocrysts was noted, as well as the proportion of low- to high-temperature minerals. A comparison between photomicrographs and the major- and trace-element contents was made to determine the conditions in the chamber at a given point in time. A method which utilised digital elevation models to measure the physical attributes of lava flows around Payún Matrú was also used and tested to demonstrate the evolution of melts from the Payún Matrú magma chamber. It was found that the most likely cause of caldera formation was the over-pressuring of a zoned magma chamber, due to an influx of mafic material. This resulted in the eruption of only the evolved upper portion of the chamber, with the lower portion erupting post-caldera. This post-caldera flow represents the most primitive flow, with a flat trace-element plot and a high proportion of ferromagnesian minerals. The chamber environment, post-caldera, is dominated by the crystallisation of mineral assemblages which have a high Al2O3 content, and large ion- lithophile elements (LILE) such as Sr and Ba are accepted into the mineral assemblage. This is supported by the presence of large, unsieved sanidine phenocrysts in the petrological analysis. The waning of mafic material into the chamber is thought to have occurred after this period. The significance of this project is that it demonstrates the possible mechanisms for large, ash-flow, caldera-forming eruptions. III TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Location and Background ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Previous Field Work around Payún Matrú ................................................................................ 2 1.3 Aims and Objectives ................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 4 Regional Geology .................................................................................................................................. 8 2.1 The Andean Orogeny ................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 The Gondwanide Margin .........................................................................................................
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