A Taxonomic Revision of Phytophthora Clade 5 Including Two New Species, Phytophthora Agathidicida and P
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Resin and Wax Holdings Ltd
RESIN AND WAX HOLDINGS LTD Resin and Wax Holdings Ltd Peat Extraction and Processing Project Resource Consent Application September 2019 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page INTRODUCTION 3 RESOURCE CONSENTS REQUESTED 4 SITE DESCRIPTION 4 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL 16 CONSULTATION 33 DISTRICT & REGIONAL PLAN ASSESSMENT 35 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 42 SUMMARY 48 2 DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITY 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose of this Document This document comprises an application by Resin and Wax Holdings Limited (RWHL) to Far North District Council (FNDC) and Northland Regional Council (NRC) for grant of resource consents to extract and process Kauri peat in Far North for recovery of natural waxes and resin. 1.2 Background Resin and Wax Holdings Ltd (RWHL) is a New Zealand company planning to establish extraction and processing operation at Kaimaumau for recovering resin and wax product from kauri peat. The peat harvesting will be from several farmland sites in Far North. The processing plant will be located on land owned by the local Iwi Te Runanga o Ngai Takoto (Ngai Takoto)at Kaimaumau. RWHL have agreements with the farm owners and Ngai Takoto (at their Sweetwater property) for access to the resource. Ngai Takoto has agreed to provide land for the process plant at Kaimaumau property as part of their strategy to reclaim and derive income from their unproductive Kaimaumau land. The resin and wax project is seen integral to the Iwi’s plan to develop their land and has their full support. The project has significant economic benefits for the region. It will generate $60 million in export earnings when fully implemented and will provide full-time employment to 50 people of which 80%+ will be local hire. -
Characterising the Growth Response and Pathogenicity of Phytophthora Agathidicida in Soils from Contrasting Land-Uses
Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Characterising the growth response and pathogenicity of Phytophthora agathidicida in soils from contrasting land-uses A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science at Lincoln University by Kai Lewis Lincoln University 2018 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science. Characterising the growth response and pathogenicity of Phytophthora agathidicida in soils from contrasting land-uses by Kai Lewis The genus Phytophthora (Oomycetes, Peronosporales, Pythiaceae) is responsible for several forest declines worldwide (i.e. jarrah dieback in Australia (P. cinnamomi) and sudden oak death in California and Europe (P. ramorum)). The recently described pathogen, P. agathidicida, is the causal agent of dieback in remnant stands of New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis), and poses a significant threat to the long-term survival of this iconic species. However, what is least understood are how key physicochemical parameters (e.g. soil pH and soil organic matter) influence growth and pathogenicity of P. -
Kauri Dieback Formative Research Report
Kauri Dieback Formative Research Report May 2010 Prepared by Matt Benson and Rashi Dixit © Synovate 2010 0 Contents Background and Objectives 2 Summary of Findings 6 1. Perceptions of Kauri and forest values 10 2. Perceptions of forest threats 13 3. Awareness of Kauri Dieback 15 4. Understanding and importance 20 5. Recognising Kauri Dieback 27 6. Complying with the correct behaviours 30 7. Response to signage and messages 40 8. Interviews with stakeholder organisations 55 Appendix 62 Contact Details 64 © Synovate 2010 1 Background and Objectives Background to this project • Kauri Dieback is a new disease that poses a significant threat to Kauri trees in the Upper North Island. • The disease is spread primarily via the movement of soil as a result of activities such as mountain biking, tramping and hunting. • In response to this new threat the New Zealand Government has funded a five-year programme aimed at containing the disease and managing high-value sites. • As part of this programme a communications strategy has been developed. • To assist in the development of specific and targeted communication activities, research is required to better understand attitudes and perceptions of high-risk users of affected or at-risk Kauri forests. • This report details the findings of this research. © Synovate 2010 3 The research objectives The objectives of the two stages are detailed below: Benchmarking Objectives – to establish a robust and repeatable measure of: • The proportion of the population of target areas (Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Waikato) who have undertaken a high-risk activity in the last 12 months • The level of prompted awareness of Kauri Dieback • The ability to identify a diseased tree • The level of awareness of the desired behaviours in relation to limiting its spread • The level of importance placed on the disease as a threat. -
Wood Waste As a Raw Material Lionel K
Volume 18 Article 3 1-1-1930 Wood Waste as a Raw Material Lionel K. Arnold Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/amesforester Part of the Forest Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Arnold, Lionel K. (1930) "Wood Waste as a Raw Material," Ames Forester: Vol. 18 , Article 3. Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/amesforester/vol18/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ames Forester by an authorized editor of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE AMES FORESTER 17 Wood Waste as a Raw Material Lionel K. Arnold, Engineering Experiment Station It is estimated that the annual sawdust pile of the world would be several times as large as the largest skyscraper of New 'York. The sawclust is only about one-fifth of the total waste from the lumber industry. It is estimated that 62 per cent of each tree cut for lumber is wasted. This includes the limbs, top, and stump as well as the waste at the mill. From the sawlogs alone the waste is approximately 49 per cent. Unbreakable dolls and dynamite are only two of the many products made fl-om wood flour which is made from sawdust and other wood wastes. In spite of the immense quantities of sawdust and other wood wastes produced in the United States, we are importing in the neighborhood of 12 million pounds of wood flour every year at a cost of about 90 thousand dollars. -
Phosphite Barriers for Kauri Dieback – Scoping Exercise
PFR SPTS No. 13757 Phosphite Barriers for Kauri Dieback – Scoping Exercise Horner I November 2016 Phosphite Barriers for Kauri Dieback – Scoping Exercise. August 2016. PFR SPTS No.13757. This report is confidential to MPI. Confidential report for: The Ministry for Primary Industries 17802 DISCLAIMER Unless agreed otherwise, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited does not give any prediction, warranty or assurance in relation to the accuracy of or fitness for any particular use or application of, any information or scientific or other result contained in this report. Neither Plant & Food Research nor any of its employees shall be liable for any cost (including legal costs), claim, liability, loss, damage, injury or the like, which may be suffered or incurred as a direct or indirect result of the reliance by any person on any information contained in this report. CONFIDENTIALITY This report contains valuable information in relation to the Kauri Dieback programme that is confidential to the business of Plant & Food Research and MPI. This report is provided solely for the purpose of advising on the progress of the Kauri Dieback programme, and the information it contains should be treated as “Confidential Information” in accordance with the Plant & Food Research Agreement with MPI. PUBLICATION DATA Horner I. November 2016. Phosphite Barriers for Kauri Dieback – Scoping Exercise. A Plant & Food Research report prepared for: The Ministry for Primary Industries. Milestone No. 66367. Contract No. 66379. Job code: P/345160/03. SPTS No. 13757. Report approved by: Ian Horner Scientist, Pathogen Ecology and Control November 2016 Suvi Viljanen Science Group Leader, Plant Pathology November 2016 THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE FOR PLANT & FOOD RESEARCH LIMITED (2016) Phosphite Barriers for Kauri Dieback – Scoping Exercise. -
State of the Waitakere Ranges Heritage Area
STATE OF THE WAITĀKERE RANGES HERITAGE AREA 2018 2 Topic: Indigenous terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems 2.1 What is included in this topic The ‘Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services’ topic in the 2013 Monitoring Report is referred to as the ‘Indigenous terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems’ topic in this report. This change reflects the reference in section 7(2) (a) of the Act to indigenous terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems as heritage features. Figure 1 above shows the relationship and content of the topics in the 2013 Monitoring Report with the topics in the 2018 report. This section reports on the state of indigenous terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems by assessing the health of key ecosystem features (such as vegetation, threatened species, protected areas, fauna and water quality) and the threats to them (such as kauri dieback, pest plants and animals and catchment activities). A new section has been included in this topic on water quality in coastal lagoons (within the heritage area) and beaches adjacent to the heritage area. 2.2 Key findings Relevant heritage features (section 7 of the Act): 2(a), (c), (d), (g) Summary – state of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems • An additional 98 hectares of ‘protected’ land has been added (either as regional park land, local reserve, or as covenanted land); 87 hectares of this land is dominated by indigenous vegetation and 34 hectares contains ecologically significant indigenous habitat. • The proportion of threatened animal and plant species with stable or increasing population sizes is likely to have increased between 2012 and 2017. • Key roosting sites of the long-tailed bat within the heritage area have been identified. -
Agathis Robusta and Agathis Australis Friends Friends
Plants in Focus, December 2016 Agathis robusta and Agathis australis Friends of GeelongBotanic Left: The Qld Kauri Agathis robusta, planted in the Albury BG in 1910, is the largest recorded in the Big Tree Register. Note gardener. [1] Right: The NZ Kauri Agathis australis, named Tane Mahuta (Lord of the Forest), in the Waipoua Forest is the largest known in NZ. Photo: Prof. Chen Hualin, CC BY-SA 4.0, zh.wikipedia.org Kauris (Agathis sp.) are conifers Conifers, along with the other Gymnosperms (Cycads and Ginkgoes), first appeared about 300 Ma (Million years ago) at the end of the Carboniferous when the world’s coal deposits were being laid down with the remains of the spore-producing trees of that period. The early conifers looked like modern Araucaria. These trees spread throughout the world and displaced their predecessors. The age of the seed plants had arrived. The conifers are a hardy lot. They survived the largest mass extinction the earth has known, 252 Ma, at the end of the Permian Period. But more challenges lay ahead. Sometime in the next 50 Myr (Million years) one of Gymnosperms gave rise to the flowering plants, the Angiosperms. By 100 Ma, in the Cretaceous period, Angiosperms were widespread. And so the battle began - and still continues to this day. The flowering plants have many features that make them more successful in many environments, so their take-over of many habitats was complete by about 65 Ma at the end of the age of the dinosaurs. But in the world’s harsh environments the conifers continue to not just survive, but flourish. -
Bud Rot and Other Major Diseases of Coconut, a Potential Threat to Oil Palm
1 Bud rot and other major diseases of coconut, a potential threat to oil palm Dollet Michel1, Hubert de Franqueville2 Michel Ducamp1 1CIRAD, TA A-98/F, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 2PalmElit - Parc Agropolis Bat.14 - 2214 Bd de la Lironde, 34980 Montferrier sur Lez INTRODUCTION Since the last quarter of the 20th century, it has had to be accepted that any pathogen can move from one continent to another, in a very short time, and affect any place on the planet. The best-known examples are animal and/or human pathogens. Reference will briefly be made to them as they are very concrete examples of the current epidemic context. However, this also applies for the spread of plant diseases that we have been witness to in the last thirty years. Not only do pathogens travel over long distances, they also “jump hosts”, be it in the Animal Kingdom or the Plant Kingdom. Climate changes may be conducive to such events. Using these data, we shall attempt to examine the possible risks of seeing pathogens of the coconut palm, Cocos nucifera, or even of other plants, attacking the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis. DISPERSAL/PROPAGATION OF ANIMAL AND HUMAN PATHOGENS Sars The first example involves SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) which was identified in humans in China at the end of 2002. At the beginning of 2003, a hotel in Hong Kong very close to the original focus was the starting point for an epidemic that affected Vietnam, Singapore and even Toronto in Canada within a few weeks. -
Components and Types of Varnishes
Components and types of Varnishes Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a thinner or solvent. However, different types of varnish have different components. After being applied, the film-forming substances in varnishes either harden directly, as soon as the solvent has fully evaporated, or harden after evaporation of the solvent through curing processes, primarily chemical reaction between oils and oxygen from the air (autoxidation) and chemical reactions between components of the varnish. Resin varnishes "dry" by evaporation of the solvent and harden almost immediately upon drying. Acrylic and waterborne varnishes "dry" upon evaporation of the water but will experience an extended curing period. Oil, polyurethane, and epoxy varnishes remain liquid even after evaporation of the solvent but quickly begin to cure, undergoing successive stages from liquid or syrupy, to tacky or sticky, to dry gummy, to "dry to the touch", to hard. Environmental factors such as heat and humidity play a very large role in the drying and curing times of varnishes. In classic varnish the cure rate depends on the type of oil used and, to some extent, on the ratio of oil to resin. The drying and curing time of all varnishes may be sped up by exposure to an energy source such as sunlight, ultraviolet light, or heat. Drying oil There are many different types of drying oils, including linseed oil, tung oil, and walnut oil. These contain high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Drying oils cure through an exothermic reaction between the polyunsaturated portion of the oil and oxygen from the air. -
Kauri Tree Gum /Resin: 1840-1950
~ 0 ~ KAIHU THE DISTRICT NORTH RIPIRO WEST COAST SOUTH HOKIANGA HISTORY AND LEGEND REFERENCE JOURNAL NINE RICHES FROM THE HILLS VALLEYS AND SWAMPS 1780-1900 PART ONE KAURI TREE GUM /RESIN: 1840-1950 PART TWO TIMBER BONANZA ~ 1 ~ CHAPTERS PART ONE PART TWO CHAPTER ONE TIMBER BONANZA GUM/RESIN FROM THE KAURI PAGE 107 PAGE 3 CHAPTER TWO CHAPTER ONE THE GUM FIELDS SAD DEMISE OF THE MIGHTY KAURI PAGE 8 FORESTS PAGE 108 CHAPTER THREE THE KAURI GUM DIGGERS CHAPTER TWO PAGE 26 HARVESTING TIMBER PAGE 112 CHAPTER FOUR CHARACTERS OF THE GUM FIELDS CHAPTER THREE PAGE 53 TIMBER MILLING: HOKIANGA AND KAIPARA HARBOUR’S CHAPTER FIVE PAGE 119 NEWS OF THE DAY: GUM INDUSTRY PAGE 72 CHAPTER FOUR 1888: KAURI TIMBER COMPANY CHAPTER SIX PAGE 177 THE 1898 KAURI-GUM INDUSTRY COMMISSION SOURCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE 78 PAGE 213 CHAPTER SEVEN GUM EXTRACTION PLANTS PAGE 96 ~ 2 ~ Note: Please remember that Kaihu or Whapu is the name given to the area at the mouth of the Kaihu River now known as Dargaville. Opanaki was the name of the area known as Kaihu today. The change was made towards the end of the nineteenth century. ~ 3 ~ PART ONE 1 GUM/RESIN FROM THE KAURI TREE WHY DID THOSE GIANTS OF THE FOREST DISAPPEAR? Tens of thousands of years ago, giant Kauri trees (Agathis Australis) formed vast forests over much of Northland. Before the Europeans arrived and begun to cut down the existing Kauri for timber, a lot of these great forests had disappeared, probably due to changing forces of nature and climate. -
Phytophthora Taxon Agathis (PTA)
Phytophthora taxon Agathis (PTA) Commonly known as PTA, Phytophthora taxon Agathis is a soil and water-borne microscopic oomycete (a disease causing agent) that only affects the ‘Lower risk/conservation dependant’, kauri (Agathis australis) causing foliage yellowing, canopy thinning, and development of lesions on the lower trunk and roots and tree death. Recent research suggests that PTA is a distinct and previously undescribed species of Phytophthora. Phytophthora taxon Agathis has been isolated from the margin of bleeding lesions it induces and from the soil underneath both healthy and unhealthy trees (Beever et al. 2009). Phytophthora taxon Agathis causes a number of symptoms, more commonly known as ‘kauri dieback disease’ or ‘kauri collar rot’ (Beever et al. 2009) in kauri forests in New Zealand. Symptoms affect both old and young trees (Waipara et al. 2010) and include yellowing of foliage, loss of leaves, canopy thinning and dead branches. Bleeding lower trunk and root lesions may also develop, resulting in excessive bleeding of resin (gummosis). These lesions may eventually girdle the trunk, leading to tree mortality (Beever et al. 2009). The selective mortality of kauri Photo credit: Auckland Regional Council caused by this disease may lead to changes in forest composition, with Phytosanitary stations utilising TriGene, a disinfectant, have been installed forest dominance likely to shift towards unaffected podocarp species along public walking tracks to assist visitors with removal of potentially such as rimu, Dacrydium cupressinum (Beever et al. 2009). PTA spore infested soil from their footwear and equipment (Waipara et al. The native range and known introduced range outside of New Zealand 2010). -
The Management of Kauri Forests :A Historical Review of Government Policy and a Proposal for the Future
THE MANAGEMENT OF KAURI FORESTS :A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF GOVERNMENT POLICY AND A PROPOSAL FOR THE FUTURE Abstract The his tor^^ of government and naiioizal attitudes toward kauri forestry in New Zealand from the early 19th century to the prtsent is examined. The most seviour shortcomings have been the inability to recognize that kauri management may have a place in New Zealand forest pruclice, and the stopgo attitude toward research which has held back any real pro- gress. The Government's "New Kauri Policy" is discussed and sug- gestions made for its better implementation. INTRODUCTION In the Direct01 of Forests' report of 1960 (A.J.H.R., p 18) we read: "No national activity in the whole history of New Zealand has received so much lip service as indigcnous forestry. ." This paper is an attempt to review government policy on kauri management. It begins when kauri was king and sup- suplied most of the timber for the infant colony. At that timc there was so much timber that no one ever thought it would run out. However, a little over one hundred years ago the first notes of cautioln were sounde~d,although it tooik fifty years more before much notice was taken and by then it was almost too late for the indigenous forests of New Zealand. Even when the Forest Service was set up in 1919 and commenced a definite policy of forest protection the attitude toward the indigenous forest had a curious ambivalence. On one hand, it was thought that the native forests could not be managed and were thus not worth considering on economic grounds.