Researching the Law of Sports: a Revised and Comprehensive Bibliography of Law-Related Materials Frank G

Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal

Volume 13 | Number 3 Article 7

1-1-1991 Researching the Law of Sports: A Revised and Comprehensive Bibliography of Law-Related Materials Frank G. Houdek

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Recommended Citation Frank G. Houdek, Researching the Law of Sports: A Revised and Comprehensive Bibliography of Law-Related Materials, 13 Hastings Comm. & Ent. L.J. 589 (1991). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_comm_ent_law_journal/vol13/iss3/7

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by FRANK G. HOUDEK*

Table of Contents I. B ooks ...... 594 II. Periodicals ...... 606 III. Government Publications ...... 607 A. Professional Sports Generally ...... 607 B. Antitrust and Professional Team Sports ...... 609 C. Broadcasting and Professional Sports ...... 612 D. Professional Sports Franchise Relocation ...... 616 E. B oxing ...... 618 F. College Athletics (See also "Drugs and Sports") ...... 621 G. Olympics and Other International Sports ...... 624 H. Drugs and Sports ...... 626 I. Taxation and Sports ...... 628 J. M iscellaneous ...... 630 IV. ALR Annotations ...... 632 V. Law Review Symposia ...... 635 VI. Law Review Articles ...... 640 A. Sports Governance ...... 640

t This bibliography combines and revises two earlier works previously published in CoMM/ENT Law Journal: Houdek, Sports and the Law: A Comprehensive Bibliography of Law-Related Materials, 2 COMM/ENT L.J. 177 (1979) and Houdek, Sports and the Law: A Comprehensive Bibliography of Law-Related Materials, Five Year Supplement (1979-1984), 6 COMM/ENT L.J. 921 (1984). The present work has been reorganized where necessary to reflect the increasing number and widening scope of materials published on sports and the law which has occurred since the original bibliography was published in 1979. This is especially apparent in the subject arrangement utilized for the "Law Review Articles" section. Materials published through December 1990 are included. * Law Library Director and Professor of Law, Southern Illinois University School of Law. B.A., 1971, J.D. (Order of the Coif), 1974, M.L.S., 1976, University of California at Los Angeles. The author gratefully acknowledges the patience, perseverance, and unequalled skill of Pamela Graham for her assistance in the preparation and maintenance of the data base used to compile the bibliography. HASTINGS COMM/ENT U.. [Vol. 13:589

1. Amateur and College Athletics ...... 640 2. Professional Sports ...... 641 B. College Athletics (See also "Sports Governance," "An- titrust," and "Discrimination in Athletics") ...... 642 1. In G eneral ...... 642 2. Rights of Student Athletes ...... 643 3. Rights and Obligations of Coaches ...... 645 4. NCAA Enforcement Procedures ...... 646 5. NCAA and State Action Doctrine ...... 647 6. Injuries and Workers' Compensation ...... 648 C. High School Athletics (See also "Discrimination in Athletics" and "Sports Injuries and Violence") ...... 649 D. International Athletics ...... 650 1. In G eneral ...... 650 2. Olympic Games ...... 651 E. Antitrust (See also "Player Restraint Rules") ...... 652 1. College and Amateur Athletics ...... 652 2. Broadcasting College Football-The NCAA Case... 652 3. Professional Sports Generally ...... 654 4. Professional Baseball ...... 656 5. Other Professional Sports ...... 658 6. Single Entity Treatment for Sports Leagues ...... 659 7. Labor Exemption ...... 660 F. Broadcasting ...... 661 1. In G eneral ...... 661 2. College (See also "Antitrust-Broadcasting College Football" for articles discussing NCAA decision) ... 662 3. Professional ...... 663 G. Discrimination in Athletics ...... 664 1. Racial Discrimination ...... 664 2. Sex Discrimination ...... 665 3. Discrimination Against the Handicapped ...... 669 H. Labor Relations (see also "Player Restraint Rules" and "Antitrust-Labor Exemption") ...... 670 1. In G eneral ...... 670 2. Arbitration ...... 670 3. Collective Bargaining ...... 672 4. Contract Enforcement ...... 673 5. D iscipline ...... 674 6. Players' Associations ...... 675 7. Player Compensation ...... 675 I. Player Restraint Rules ...... 676 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 591

1. In G eneral ...... 676 2. Reserve and Option Clauses ...... 677 3. Player Drafts and Eligibility Rules ...... 679 4. Free A gency ...... 680 J. Taxation ...... 681 K. Sports Injuries and Violence ...... 684 1. In G eneral ...... 684 2. Interscholastic Sports ...... 685 3. Civil Liability ...... 685 4. Criminal Liability ...... 688 5. Recreational Injuries ...... 689 6. Spectator Injuries and Violence ...... 691 7. Products Liability ...... 692 8. Sports M edicine ...... 693 L. Drugs and Sport ...... 694 M . Agents and Attorneys ...... 696 N. Licensing and Trademarks ...... 699 0. Sports Officiating ...... 699 P. Franchise Movements and League Expansion ...... 700 Q . M iscellaneous ...... 703 HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Author's Notes The organization of this Bibliography has undergone major revisions since it was first published in COMM/ENT in 1979 and later supple- mented in 1984. The type of materials remains basically the same, but the complexity of the divisions and subdivisions used to arrange the ever- growing body of periodical literature on sports and the law have been revised and expanded. The First Edition in 1979, for instance, presented LAW REVIEW ARTICLES in eight topics, with fifteen subdivisions. This rose to ten and twenty-one, respectively, in 1984 and now reaches seventeen topics and forty-two subdivisions in the present work. This proliferation of topics and subdivisions was required both by the sheer bulk to which the journal literature in this field has grown and by the variety of issues these pieces have addressed. In order to facilitate a researcher's use of this Bibliography, a continuous effort has been made to maintain an up-to- date list of subject headings that accurately reflects the various focal points of the vast majority of the published articles. For example, articles in some areas as Antitrust and Broadcasting seem to generally concerntrate either on professional or college sports. Consequently, the reader will find these topics subdivided along these lines. Other topic areas do not draw such a distinction, and the arrangement of articles in these topics reflect a different emphasis (e.g., Sports Injuries and Violence is divided more along the nature of the injury and the type of remedy than the level of the competition). Perhaps the major change in the arrangement of articles since the earlier version and its supplement is in the addition of totally new topic areas. Drugs and Sport became a predominant theme in the last half of the 1980s-the few articles existing at the time of the earlier works had been included in the Miscellaneous category. Other new topics are Li- censing and Trademarks, Sports Officiating, and Franchise Movements and League Expansion. Finally, a special word should be said about the topic of Player Restraint Rules, a new category extracted from the Labor Relations topic in the earlier works. This was done to clarify a murky section of the Bibliography, caused by the large volume of articles that the various aspects of this problem continue to produce (e.g., reserve and option clauses, player drafts, eligibility rules, free agency). The separate arrangement should help readers identify material in this area. The following are a few suggestions that may clarify the arrangement and use of this Bibliography: * Books are arranged alphabetically by author or editor. Each entry includes a brief annotation or description of the books table of contents. 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

* Periodicals is a list of journals and newsletters that regularly include articles on sports law. 0 Government Publications provides a comprehensive, annotated list of congressional reports, hearings, and other documents that deal primarily with legal issues pertaining to sports. The materials are divided among ten subject areas and are arranged in reverse chronological order within each area. 0 ALR Annotations are arranged alphabetically by title of the annotation. * Law Review Symposia are arranged alphabetically by title of the symposium, and each entry includes the names and authors of the various articles the entry contains. These articles are also included individu- ally within the Law Review Articles section of the Bibloiography. • Law Review Articles are assigned to subject headings according to the chief focus of the article. In some cases entries are repeated under several headings when the content of the article cuts across several areas. The topic of Miscellaneous was used for those items that did not fit within one of the designated categories and for which there were not enough items to justify a separate category. Also, the difficulty of accurately and consistently assigning subject headings to this many works suggests that the reader should check alternate headings to insure that everything of potential relevance is located. The table of contents should be consulted to gain familiarity with the subject headings and cross-references used to arrange these materials.

FRANK G. HOUDEK Carbondale,Illinois April 1991 HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

I Books

Appenzeller, Herb. Athletics and the Law. Charlottesville, VA: Michie Co., 1975. 262 pp. Written to answer questions often posed by coaches, athletes, and administrators involved in interscholastic and college sports concerning a host of law-related issues in athletics. Reviews trends in litigation, dis- ruptive behavior, married athletes, training rules and codes of conduct, athletic travel, women's athletics, the role of state associations, and the effect of federal legislation. The due process rights of athletes are also examined. Appenzeller, Herb. The Right to Participate:The Law and Individuals with Handicapping Conditions in Physical Education and Sports. Charlottesville, VA: Michie Co., 1983. 405 pp. Reviews legislation and case law relating to the involvement of individuals with impairments, disabilities, and handicapping conditions in physical education programs and sports activities. A variety of specific issues are explored. A directory of relevant sports organizations is included in an appendix. Appenzeller, Herb, editor. Sports and Law: ContemporaryIssues. Char- lottesville, VA: Michie Co., 1985. 274 pp. Composed of 33 topical sections written by various experts in the field of sports law, each examining an issue which is frequently involved in sports litigation. While many apply to all levels of competition, the general focus is on amateur issues. CONTENTS: 1) Sports Litiga- tion-A Perspective. 2) Administrative Issues. 3) Coaching Issues. 4) Student-Athlete Issues. 5) Sports Medicine Issues. 6) Officials and Spectator Issues. 7) Equipment and Facilities Issues. Appenzeller, Herb and Thomas Appenzeller. Sports and the Courts. Charlottesville, VA: Michie Co., 1980. 423 pp. CONTENTS: 1) Introduction. 2) Injuries to Athletes. 3) The Handi- capped Athlete. 4) Discrimination and the Athlete. 5) Additional Cases Involving the Athlete (Scholarships; Injuries and Workmen's Compensation; Eligibility; Privacy; Defamation). 6) The Administra- tor. 7) The Coach. 8) The Official. 9) The Spectator. 10) The Team Physician. 11) The Athletic Trainer. 12) Sports Facilities. 13) Sports Equipment. Arnold, Don E. Legal Considerations in the Administration of Public School Physical Education and Athletic Programs. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas, 1983. 372 pp. INCLUDES: 3) Examining the Law Related to Physical Education. 9) Physical Injuries. 10) Sports Products Liability. 11) Examining As- pects of the Law Related to Interscholastic Athletics. 15) Examining Allegations of Denial of Fourteenth Amendment Rights: Due Process and Equal Protection. 16) Sex Discrimination in Interscholastic Ath- 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

letics. 17) An Overview of the Education for All Handicapped Chil- dren Act of 1975 and Its Implications for Physical Education. Baley, James A. and David L. Matthews. Law and Liability in Athletics, Physical Education and Recreation. 2d ed. Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown Direct, 1989. 467 pp. CONTENTS: 1) The Incidence and Rationale for Law Suits. 2) The Nature of a Law Suit. 3) Limitations on Liability Immunity. 4) Legal Duties and Responsibilities. 5) Administrative Procedures for Preventing Lawsuits. 6) Violence in Sports. 7) Student and Faculty Rights. 8) Procedures for Reducing the Incidence of Injuries in Indi- vidual Sports. 9) Procedures for Reducing the Incidence of Injuries in Dual Sports. 10) Procedures for Reducing the Incidence of Injuries in Team Sports. 11) Safety in Outdoor Activities. 12) First Aid, Athletic Training, and Exercise Testing. 13) Use of Illegal Drugs by Athletes. 14) Special Problems. 15) Transportation. 16) Alternatives to Litiga- tion. 17) Legal Liability in the Future. Barnes, J. Sports and the Law In Canada. Toronto, Canada: But- terworths, 1987. 330 pp. An overview of sports law in Canada, with reference to American and Commonwealth sources as well as a thorough presentation of Cana- dian legal authorities. CONTENTS: 1) Sports Law and Social The- ory. 2) Sport and Government-Programs, Policies and Financing. 3) Legal Regulation of Sports. 4) Sport and Human Rights. 5) The Ca- nadian Concern: Hockey Violence and the Criminal Law. 6) Legal Standards in Sports Organization: Commercial Restraints and Free Competition. 7) Amateur Sport: Eligibility and Athletes' Rights. 8) Organization of Professional Sports Leagues. 9) Player-Management Relations in Professional Sports. 10) Compensation for Sports Injuries. Berry, Robert C., William B. Gould, and Paul D. Staudohar. Labor Relations in ProfessionalSports. Dover, MA: Auburn House Pub- lishing Co., 1986. 289 pp. CONTENTS: 1) Models for Understanding the Industrial Environ- ment. 2) The Sports Industry and the Legal Overlay. 3) Labor Rela- tions in Baseball. 4) Labor Relations in Football. 5) The Football Strike of 1982. 6) Labor Relations in Basketball. 7) Labor Relations in Hockey. 8) Unresolved Issues Facing Sports Unions. 9) The Future of Labor Relations in Sports Industries. Berry, Robert C. and Glenn M. Wong. Law and Business of the Sports Industries. Boston, MA: Auburn House Publishing Co., 1986. 570 PP. CONTENTS: Vol. 1, Professional Sports Leagues, including the following topics: Legal Structure of Professional Sports, Basic Agree- ments Controlling Sports, Representing the Player, Professional Sports Unions, and Management Perspectives on Sports Leagues and Clubs; Vol. 2, Common Issues in Amateur and Professional Sports, including the following topics: Amateur Athletic Associations, Sex Discrimina- HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. (Vol. 13:589

tion in Athletics, Tort Liability, Criminal Law and Sports, and Sports and the Media.

Blackman, Martin E. and Philip R. Hochberg, Co-Chairmen. (Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks, and Literary Property Course Handbook Series) Representing ProfessionalAthletes and Teams. New York, NY: Practising Law Institute, 1980-present. 712 pp. Materials distributed at annual continuing education program presented by the Practising Law Institute since 1980. Earlier programs had different titles but contained similar materials. Each year's program is designed to bring attendees up-to-date on the latest developments relating to a variety of professional sports topics (e.g., agent issues, franchise movements, trademark and property rights, player restraint issues, collective bargaining developments). Champion, Walter T. Fundamentals of Sports Law. Rochester, NY: Lawyers Co-Operative Publishing Co., 1990. 535 pp. A textbook with 6 major subdivisions: I-Torts (including negligence; liability of schools, coaches, referees, and physicians; products liability; participant injuries; spectator injuries; assumption of risk and contributory negligence; waivers; sovereign immunity; defamation and invasion of privacy; worker's compensation; damages); II-Constitutional Implications (including eligibility; "no pass, no play;" sex discrimination; discipline; and drug testing); III-Contracts; IV-Financial Consid- erations; V-Labor Law; VI-Antitrust for Practitioners. The Appendix includes standard player contracts, standard representation agreements, and a drug testing release form.

Drowatzky, John N. Legal Issues in Sport and Physical Education Man- agement. Champaign, IL: Stipes Publishing Co., 1984. 44 pp. Designed for use by coaches, physical education teachers, and school athletic administrators, this book provides a description of the standards used to judge performance in each of these areas. Dunkle, Margaret C. Title IX.What It Means and Doesn't Mean to Ath- letic Programs. Washington, DC: Association of American Col- leges, Project on the Status and Education of 1976. 24 pp. "Immaculata Conference: Women in Sports, November 11, 1976."

Dworkin, James B. Owners Versus Players: Baseball and Collective Bar- gaining. Boston, MA: Auburn House Publishing Co., 1981. 306 pp. CONTENTS: 1) Unionization of Professional Baseball Players, 1885- 1954. 2) The Formation and Development of the MLBPA. 3) The Impacts of Collective Bargaining: The Reserve Clause and Free Agency. 4) The Impacts of Collective Bargaining: Grievance and Sal- ary Arbitration. 5) The Impacts of Collective Bargaining: Other Monetary and Nonmonetary Issues. 6) Unionism. 7) Summary, Con- clusions, and Future Prospects. 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Edwards, Mary Frances, editor How to Recognize and Handle Recrea- tional Liability Cases: Sports Torts. Washington, DC: Association of Trial Lawyers of America, 1980. 271 pp. A compendium of papers presented at an ATLA seminar held in Bos- ton, Massachusetts on November 8, 1979. CONTENTS: Overview of Sports Torts; Tortious Interference with Contracts (C. Brega). The Spectator as Plaintiff (A. Goldsmith). The Contact Team Player as Plaintiff (R. Gerry). The Swimming Pool Injury (M. Mone). Ski Op- erators and Skiers-Responsibility and Liability (M. Farrow). Down- hill Skiers Recovery (J. Burgess). Torts on the Courts (C. Levin, B. Bortz). Responsibility Is Also Part of the Game (S. Langerman, N. Fidel). Potential Liability: A Guide to Referee's Rights (M. Narol, S. Dedopoulos). Gymnastics-The Participant, the Coach, and the Stan- dard of Care (A. Greenwald). Sporting Injuries: Meeting the Defenses (B. Cohen). The Promoters' Liability for Sports Spectator Injuries (B. Colapietro). Interference with Contractual Relations (C. Brega). Sports Violence and the Prosecution (G. Flakne, A. Caplan). Sports Violence and the Criminal Law (L. Hallowell, R. Meshbesher). Entertainment,Arts, and Sports Law: ALI-ABA Course of Study Materi- als, May 25-27, 1989, Los Angeles, California. Philadelphia, PA: American Law Institute-American Bar Association Committee on Continuing Professional Education, 1989. 1 v. Study materials prepared for a program sponsored with the cooperation of the ABA's Forum Committee on Entertainment and Sports In- dustries. INCLUDES: Tax Planning for Entertainers, Artists, and Athletes (T. Lawson, B. Stiglitz). Selected General Observations on Antitrust Law and Entertainment/Sports Practice (M. Oppenheimer). Athletes and Endorsement Contracts (P. Lester). Analysis of Relevant Labor, Employment Discrimination, and Humanitarian Relief Laws Affecting Sports, Arts, and Entertainment Industries (J. Fleming). Fishof, David and Eugene Shapiro. Putting It on the Line: The Negotiat- ing Secrets, Tactics, and Techniques of a Top Sports and Entertain- ment Agent. New York, NY: William Morrow and Co., Inc., 1983. 221 pp. Successful sports agent Fishof provides a "how to" guide to player contract negotiations by relating anecdotes about representing such cli- ents as Lou Pinella and Vince Ferragamo. A final chapter offers "tricks of the trade." Freedman, Warren. ProfessionalSports and Antitrust. New York, NY: Quorum Books, 1987. 147 pp. Topics include: Exemption and Non-Exemption of Professional Sports from the Antitrust laws; Aspects of Monopolies and Restraints of Trade in Professional Sports; Other Anti-Competitive Practices Against the Professional Athlete; State Regulation of Professional Sports; and Aspects of Tort and Contract Liability. HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Gallner, Sheldon. Pro Sports: The Contract Game. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. 231 pp. CONTENTS: I. Turning Pro. II. The Negotiation Process. III. Agents vs. Attorneys. IV. Substantive Negotiations. V. The League Jumpers. VI. The Owners: Why They Invest. VII. The Future. Ap- pendix (Forms): Standard Representation Agreement; Athlete's Ac- ceptance of a Representation Agreement; NBA Uniform Player Contract; Specimen Contract Between Club A and Superstar Jones Committing Club to Dolgoff Plan 71: Goldberger, Alan S. Sports Officiating: A Legal Guide. New York, NY: Leisure Press, 1984. 160 pp. CONTENTS: 1) Pregame Officiating Tasks. 2) Before the Game. 3) The Liability Trap. 4) Check-Up for Baseball and Softball Umpires. 5) Check-Up for Basketball Officials. 6.) Check-Up for Football Offi- cials. 7) Check-Up for Soccer Officials. 8) Check-up for Wrestling Of- ficials. 9) After the Game. 10) Sports Injuries. 11) Officials Associations. 12) The Last Call. Goldstein, Jeffrey H., editor Sports Violence. New York, NY: Springer- Verlag, 1983. 226 pp. A psychological review of sports violence, exploring and analyzing the causes and results. Offers suggestions for the reduction and control of violence in sports. Grieve, Andrew W. The Legal Aspects of Athletics. South Brunswick, NJ: A.S. Barnes, 1969. 183 pp. INCLUDES: 3) Supervision and Negligence. 4) Medical Aspects and Liability. 6) Legal Aspects of Spectator Injuries. 9) The Legality of Eligibility Standards Determined by Local School Officials. 12) The Legal Aspects of State Athletic Associations. Holmes, Grace W., editor. New Dimensions in Products Liability: Sports Injuries. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute of Continuing Legal Education, 1980. 348 pp. Includes several papers describing aspects of products liability litigation generally and one specifically on "Contact Sports Injury Cases" (M. Plant). Followed by an in-depth analysis of a hypothetical football helmet injury case, with many sample documents (e.g., depositions, in- vestigator's memorandum) and several "trial demonstrations", illus- trating direct, cross, and redirect examinations and final arguments that might be used in such a case. Horrow, Richard B. Sports Violence: The Interaction Between Private Lawmaking and the Criminal Law. Arlington, VA: Carrollton Press, 1980. 266 ,pp. CONTENTS: 1) Pressures Within Professional Sports Leagues Oper- ating to Suppress Litigation of Potential "During the Game" Criminal Law Violations. 2) Internal League Disciplinary Mechanisms Which Purport to Deal With "During the Game" Criminal Law Violations. 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

3) Factors Which Influence a Prosecutor's Decision Concerning Whether Or Not to use the Judicial System to Deal with "During the Game" Criminal Law Violations. 4) Analysis of Legal Elements of Assault and Battery, and the Relevant Defenses Employed in Previous Sports Violence Cases. Jennings, Kenneth M. Balls and Strikes: The Money Game in Profes- sional Baseball. New York, NY: Praeger, 1990. 273 pp. An examination of labor relations in professional baseball as illustrated by the confrontations between players and management from the perspective of several hundred collective bargaining participants (including union and management officials and union members). The book is divided into three parts: Part One reviews collective bargaining efforts from the first professional baseball team in 1869 to the present; Part Two discusses key participants in the process (owners, agents, media, managers, and players); and Part Three considers contemporary issues (drug and alcohol abuse, racial discrimination, and relationship between pay and performance). Jones, Michael, editor. Current Issues in Professional Sports: A Sympo- sium on ProfessionalSports. September, 13-15, 1979. Durham, NH: Whittemore School of Business and Economics, University of New Hampshire, 1980. 172 pp. CONTENTS: Establishing the Contractual Relationship Between the Representative and the Athlete (R. Sheperd). The NCAA, the Agent, and the Athlete (R. Berry). The Role of the Media in Sports (J. Craig). Revolutionizing Professional Sports Telecasting (P. Hochberg). The Use of Athletic Endorsements in Consumer Product Advertising (B. Mullin). Protecting and Promoting the Commercial Value of the Professional Athlete (M. Jones). The Reserve Clause: Recent Devel- opments (J. Quirk). Aspects of Athletic Injuries and Sports Medicine (D. Kay). Some Tort Aspects of Sports Injuries (R. Waters). The Re- lationship of the Baseball Players Association, Team Management, and the League (D. Fehr). Kaiser, Ronald A. Liability and Law in Recreation, Parks, and Sports. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986. 271 pp. Designed to help managers efficiently administer recreation programs by informing them about the legal risks connected with parks, recreation, sports, and leisure services. Uses the case method to teach the management of such risks, often by describing the unfortunate results of poor decisions made by others. INCLUDES: 4) Liability in Parks, Recreation, and Sports; 6) Liability of Recreation and Sports Facility Owners; 7) Liability in Recreation and Sports Activities; 8) Intentional Torts in Recreation and Sports; 9) Strict Liability in Recreation and Sports; 11) Risk Management Concepts; 12) Transferring Legal Risk by Leasing and Contracting. Lapchick, Richard E. and John Brooks Slaughter. The Rules of the Game: Ethics in College Sport. New York, NY: Macmillan Publish- ing Co., 1989. 242 pp. HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Contributions from a variety of authors, organized around four general themes: Sec. I-Historical Background; Sec. II-Ethical Dilemmas of the 1980s and 1990s (including equity in women's athletics, racial problems, recruiting, drugs, and agents on campus); Sec. III-Principals in the Equation (presentations from the perspectives of athletes, the media, coaches, athletic directors, the NCAA, and college presidents); Sec. IV-Policy Recommendations.

Lewis, Guy and Herb Appenzeller, editors. Successful Sport Manage- ment. Charlottesville, VA: Michie Co., 1985. 357 pp. A collection of topical chapters designed to provide a reference manual for those engaged in the management of sport and associated busi- nesses. Based on the view that successful management requires the same elements no matter what segment of the sports industry (professional or amateur, school or club) is involved, the book is separated into six basic parts: 1) Personnel Management; 2) Program Manage- ment; 3) Marketing Management; 4) Media and Information Manage- ment; 5) Facility Management; and 6) Legal Management.

Maloy, Bernard Patrick. Law in Sport: Liability Cases in Management and Administration. Indianapolis, IN: Benchmark Press, 1988. 202 pp. Intended to serve as source material for the study of the law of sports management, edited case decisions are used to highlight and clarify significant areas of responsibility for the sports administrator. The focus is on the practical issues of management liability. Notes and commentary accompany the case abstracts. General topics covered include facility management, immunity applications, athletic associations, physical education and athletic issues, and workmen's compensation. Nafziger, James A.R. International Sports Law. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Transnational Publishers, 1988. 250 pp. CONTENTS: 1) Introduction. 2) History of Organized International Sports Competition. 3) The Institutional and Legal Framework To- day. 4) Characteristics and Shared Goals of Sports Competition. 5) National Politics and Policy Options in International Sports. 6) Inter- national Legal Regulation of Politics in Sports. 7) Boycotts. 8) Impor- tant Social Issues in International Sports Law. 9) The Amateur Sports Act of 1978 (United States). 10) Conclusion. Noll, Roger, editor. Government and the Sports Business. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1974. 445 pp. CONTENTS: 1) The U.S. Sports Industry: An Introduction (R. Noll). 2) The Economic Theory of a Professional Sports League (J. Quirk, M. El Hodiri). 3) The Social Benefits of Restrictions on Team Quality (M. Canes). 4) Attendance and Price Setting (R. Noll). 5) Taxation and Sports Enterprises (B. Okner). 6) Labor Relations in Sports (J. Scoville). 7) Discrimination: The Case of Baseball (G. Scully). 8) Sports Broadcasting (I. Horowitz). 9) Subsidies of Stadi- ums and Arenas (B. Okner). 10) Self-Regulation of Baseball, 1909- 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

1971 (L. Davis). 11) Sports Leagues and the Federal Antitrust Laws (S. Rivkin). 12) Alternatives in Sports Policy (R. Noll). Bibliography. Riffer, Jeffrey K. Sports and Recreational Injuries. Colorado Springs, CO: Shepard's/McGraw-Hill, 1985. 623 pp. Analyzes the legal aspects of injuries to those participating in sports and recreational activities. Designed to help the reader find applicable authority easily, it is primarily organized in terms of potential defend- ants and then subdivided by specific sports or recreational activities. CONTENTS: 1) Liability of Commercial Recreational Establish- ments. 2) Liability of Fellow Participants. 3) Liability of Govern- ments. 4) Liability of Schools. 5) Landowner Liability to Gratuitous Recreational Users of Property. 6) Common Law Liability of Land- owners and Occupiers. 7) Products Liability. 8) Spectators. 9) Tradi- tional Defenses. 10) Exculpatory Agreements.

Ruxin, Robert H. An Athlete's Guide to Agents. Bloomington, IN: Indi- ana University Press, 1983. 163 pp. Answers various questions often posed by athletes seeking the assistance of an agent. Also includes information on how player drafts are conducted, as well as sample contract forms for player agents, investment managers, and financial managers.

Schubert, George W., Rodney K. Smith, and Jesse C. Trentadue. Sports Law. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co., 1986. 395 pp. A textbook designed to provide an overview of a broad range of issues arising in sports law, with a major emphasis on those related to amateur athletics. CONTENTS: 1) Regulation of College and University Athletics. 2) High School Athletics. 3) Limitations on Regulatory Authority. 4) Avoiding a Declaration of Ineligibility. 5) Representa- tion of the Professional Athlete. 6) Labor Law Developments in Sports Law. 7) Tort Liability. 8) Workmen's Compensation. 9) Criminal Liability. Scully, Gerald W. The Business of Major League Baseball. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1989. 212 pp. Analyzes modern professional baseball from an economic perspective, covering a range of topics divided into three main parts: 1) the organization and structure of baseball and the effect of league operating rules on the level of team performance and on the distribution of team playing strengths; 2) the business of baseball, including team revenue and costs; and 3) the player's market, including the player contribution to club revenue compared with player compensation. Sharp, Linda A. Sport Law. Topeka, KS: National Organization on Legal Problems of Education, 1990. 70 pp. Shropshire, Kenneth L. Agents of Opportunity: Sports Agents and Cor- ruption in Collegiate Sports. Philadelphia, PA: University of Penn- sylvania Press, 1990. 181 pp. HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

CONTENTS: I. Background- 1) The Business. 2) Unscrupulous, Un- ethical, Unqualified, and Criminal: Problems in the Sports-Agent In- dustry. 3) Knights of Columbus Rules: Existing Sports-Agent Regulations. 4) The Laws. 5) The Last Amateurs on Earth: Ama- teurism and Opportunity; II. Changes- 6) Existing on Air? Pay, Em- ployment, Loans, and Endorsements. 7) Let Them Turn Pro? Underclassmen, the Professional Draft, and Education. 8) "Shake 'em Hard in the Sports Side": Revision and Enforcement of Existing Laws and Regulations. 9) The Future of the Business. Shropshire, Kenneth L. Careersin Sports Law. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association, 1990. 70 pp. CONTENTS: 1) What is a Sports Lawyer? 2) Substantive Law. 3) Representative Positions. 4) Work Settings and Lifestyles. 5) Women and Minorities in Sports Law. 6) Ethical Considerations. 7) Regula- tion. 8) Advice to Students. 9) Future Considerations. Sloan, Philip. The Athlete and the Law. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Pub- lications, 1983. 152 pp. CONTENTS: 1) The Amateur Athlete. 2) The Professional Athlete. 3) Taxation of the Professional Athlete. 4) Professional Sports. Ap- pendices include 1980 MLB collective bargaining agreement and Uni- form Player's Contract; 1982 NFL collective bargaining agreement and Standard Player Contract; and 1980 NBA collective bargaining agreement. Sobel, Lionel. ProfessionalSports and the Law. New York, NY: Law- Arts Publishers, 1977. 839 pp. CONTENTS: 1) Professional Sports and the Antitrust Laws: The Anomaly That is Baseball. 2) Reserve and Option Clauses. 3) The Player Draft. 4) Professional Sports and the Labor Laws. 5) Inter- League "Wars." 6) League Mergers and Other Forms of Peace. 7) Discipline and Eligibility. 8) Buying and Moving Team Franchises. 9) Professional Sports and the Tax Laws: Tax Aspects of Team and League Operations. 10) Professional Sports Broadcasting. Appendix H (Forms): Uniform players Contract-Baseball; Standard Player Contract-NFL; Uniform Player Contract-NBA. NHL Standard Player's Contract. Sports In the Courts. Toronto, Canada: Canadian Bar Association-Onta- rio, 1987. 1 v. CONTENTS: 1) Professional Football Player in Canada and His Re- lationship with the Canadian Football League (J. Agro). 2) Agents- Should They Be Carrying the Ball? (D. Meehan). 3) Protective Equip- ment (R. Stradiotto). 4) Defending the Celebrity (A. Cooper). 5) The Right to Play (J. Laskin). 6) How Hard Can You Play? (W. McMur- try). 7) Sports Liability-The Operator's Nightmare (J. Olah). 8) Lia- bility of Coaches and Teams (J. Barnes). 9) Waiver-Release-Hold Harmless Agreements (W.D. Bark). 10) The Sports World-How to Obtain Insurance (H. Morland). 1991] SPORTs BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sports in the 80's: Legal and Business Challenges. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association, 1980. 1 v. Materials prepared for a symposium presented by the ABA Forum Committee on the Entertainment and Sports Industries, May 2-3, 1980. CONTENTS: 1) Professional Sport Leagues and Associations. 2) Cable and Satellite Communications' Impacts on Sports. 3) Ama- teur Sports. 4) Collective Bargaining in the '80's. 5) Trends in Sports Dispute Resolution. 6) Developments in Tax Policy and Planning. 7) Dilemmas for the Sports Attorney. 8) Contract Negotiations. 9) Man- aging and Marketing the Professional Athlete. Sports Law, 1982. Springfield, IL: Illinois Institute for Continuing Legal Education, 1982. 313 pp. CONTENTS: 1) Sports Law Update: Current Developments and Emerging Issues. 2) Ethical, Legal and Practical Considerations for the Attorney in Representation of Athletes. 3-4) Representing Sports Professionals. 5) Financial and Tax Planning for the Professional Ath- lete. 6) Sports Management: Representing the Team. Staudohar, Paul D. The Sports Industry and Collective Bargaining. 2d ed. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1989. 217 pp. Written for the sports fan who wants to know more about labor relations and understand the increasing influence of collective bargaining in professional sports. An interdisciplinary approach encompassing legal, economic, and psychological considerations is used to examine employment in the four major professional sports-baseball, football, basketball, and hockey-and to explain such key issues as free agency, salaries, drug abuse, and strikes. Tokarz, Karen. Women, Sports, and the Law: A ComprehensiveResearch Guide To Sex DiscriminationIn Sports. Buffalo, NY: William S. & Hein Co., 1986. 135 pp. An annotated listing of citations to books, articles, ALR annotations, cases, and statutes pertaining to sex discrimination in amateur, interscholastic, and professional sports. The lengthy introduction includes a chronologically arranged narrative of highlights from 20th century American women's sports. The bibliography also includes a short research guide, a list of relevant periodicals and newspapers, and the names and addresses of national sports associations. Trope, Mike. Necessary Roughness: The Other Game of Football Exposed by its Most Controversial Superagent. Chicago, IL: Contemporary Books, 1987. 224 pp. Another anecdotal examination of the role of the player agent offered by Trope, representative of many professional football standouts including Lawrence Taylor, Tony Dorsett, and Earl Campbell. Uberstine, Gary A. Covering All the Bases: A Comprehensive Research Guide to Sports Law. 2d ed. Buffalo, NY: William S. Hein & Co., 1988. 260 pp. HASTINGS CoMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

An extensive annotated bibliography of legal materials relating to sports law, accompanied by a brief outline of a general research strategy. Focuses primarily on issues related to participants in major team sports, both professional and amateur. Includes references to both pri- mary and secondary sources, including statutes, cases, ALR annotations, books, and articles. Organized by type of source and, where possible, further separated by topical categories (e.g., cases-agents, cases-amateur athletics). The annotations, particularly for the secondary authorities, provide sufficient description to assist the user in determining the content and relevance of the source. Uberstine, Gary A. Law of Professionaland Amateur Sports. New York, NY: Clark Boardman Co., 1988. 1 v. Oriented to the sports law practitioner, this book presents contributions by leading experts in their areas of sports law specialization. IN- CLUDES: Regulation of Player Agents and Lawyers (L. Sobel). An Overview of Collective Bargaining in Professional Sports (R. Berry). NFL Player Contract Negotiations (L. Steinberg). Eligibility and Dis- ciplinary Rules in Amateur Sports (R. Smith). Sex Discrimination and Equal Opportunity Issues in Sports (K. Tokarz). Liability for Sports- Related Injuries (R. Yasser). The Economics of Professional Sports (R. Noll). Sports Broadcasting (P. Hochberg, R. Garrett). Antitrust Issues in Professional Sports (J. Weistart). Sports Facility Develop- ment and Financing (R. Horrow, K. Stratos). Waicukauski, Ronald J. Law and Amateur Sports. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1982. 298 pp. Papers from "Law and Amateur Sports-Issues of the 80's," a national conference held in Indianapolis, August 1981, under the spon- sorship of the Indiana University School of Law Center for Law and Sports. CONTENTS: 1) Due Process in the Enforcement of Amateur Sports Rules (W. Buss). 2) Liability for Injuries in Sports Activities (C. Lowell). 3) Legal Approaches to Sex Discrimination in Amateur Athletics: The First Decade (M. Kadzielski). 4) The Amateur Sports Act of 1978 (R. Nafziger). 5) The Regulation of Academic Standards in Intercollegiate Athletics (R. Waicukauski). 6) Unsportsmanlike Conduct: The Student Athlete, the NCAA, and Agents (R. Ruxin). 7) Rule-Making in Interscholastic Sports: The Bases of Judicial Review (J. Weistart). 8) A Bibliography on Sports and the Law (K. Buckley). Weistart, John C. and Cym H. Lowell. The Law of Sports. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, Inc., 1979. 1154 pp. CONTENTS: 1) Regulation of Amateur Athletics. 2) Public Regula- tion of Sports Activities. 3) Legal Relationships in Professional Sports. 4) Enforcement of Professional Sports Contracts. 5) Antitrust Aspects of Sports Activities. 6) Collective Bargaining and Professional Sports. 7) Federal Income Taxation of Sports Activities. 8) Liability for Injuries in Sports Activities.

Wittenberg, Jeffrey D. Products Liability. Recreation and Sports Equip- ment. New York, NY: Law Journal Seminars-Press, 1987. 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

A comprehensive examination of products liability issues arising from recreational activity and sports equipment. Provides commentary as well as citations to and discussion of relevant cases and statutes. CON- TENTS: 1) Negligence. 2) Breach of Warranty. 3) Strict Liability in Tort: Design. 4) Strict Liability in Tort: Warning and Misrepresenta- tion. 5) Contributory Negligence, Assumption of Risk, Misuse, Causa- tion and Disclaiming Under the U.C.C. 6) Similarity of Events, Expert Testimony and Subsequent Remedial Measures. 7) Punitive Damages and Economic Loss. Wong, Glenn M. Essentials of Amateur Sports Law. Dover, MA: Au- burn House, 1988. 724 pp. CONTENTS: 1) Overview of Amateur Athletics and Sports Law. 2) The Court and Legal System in the United States. 3) Contract Law Applications to Amateur Athletics. 4) Amateur Athletic Associations. 5) The Amateur Athlete. 6) Legal Principles in Tort Law. 7) Applica- tion of Tort Law. 8) Sex Discrimination Issues. 9) Television and Me- dia Broadcasting. 10) Trademark Law. 11) Professional Careers and Player Agents. 12) Drug Testing in Amateur Athletics. 13) Addi- tional Legal Concerns in Amateur Athletics (e.g., Antitrust laws, Tax Laws, Gambling). Various sample agreements, contracts, and waivers are included in appendices. Woolf, Bob. Behind Closed Doors. New York, NY: Atheneum, 1976. 300 pp. Noted sports attorney and player representative Woolf provides personal reminiscences which illustrate the activities and role of a sports lawyer. Yasser, Ray, James R. McCurdy, and C. Peter Goplerud. Sports Law: Cases and Materials. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co., 1990. 498 pp. A textbook with court decisions, statutory materials, article excerpts, and accompanying notes and questions. Organized in three parts: I- Amateur Sports and the Law; II-Professional Sports Issues; III-Issues Common to Amateur and Professional Sports. Yasser, Raymond L. Torts and Sports: Legal Liability in Professional and Amateur Athletics. Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 1985. 163 pp. An examination of the entire range of tort-related issues which arise in the sports context. Each chapter considers a separate topic and includes edited extracts or discussions of "landmark cases" as well as an in-depth case study. Notes raising pertinent questions and issues and a bibliography for each subject make the book useful as a textbook as well as a treatise. CONTENTS: 1) Tort Liability of One Participant to Another. 2) The Spectator as Plaintiff. 3) Medical Malpractice in Athletics. 4) Products Liability for Defective Athletic Equipment. 5) Defamation and Invasion of Privacy. 6) Worker's Compensation Laws and Athletics. 7) Intentional Interference with Contractual Relations. HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [V/ol. 13:589

II Periodicals The Entertainment& Sports Law Journal. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami School of Law, v. 1-5, 1984-1988. Biannual. (continues as University of Miami Entertainment & Sports Law Review). The Entertainmentand Sports Lawyer. Chicago, IL: Forum Committee on the Entertainment and Sports Industries, American Bar Associa- tion. v. 1-, 1982-. Quarterly. Entertainment Law Reporter. Santa Monica, CA: Entertainment Law Reporter Publishing Co. v. 1-, 1979-. Monthly. Hastings Communications & Entertainment Law Journal (COMM/ENT). San Francisco, CA: Hastings College of the Law. v. 1-, 1977-. Quarterly. Journal of Copyright, Entertainment and Sports Law. Nashville, TN: Tennessee Bar Association, Copyright, Entertainment, and Sports Law Section. v. 1-, 1982-. Loyola Entertainment Law Journal. Los Angeles, CA: Loyola Law School. v. 1-, 1981-. Annual, 1981-1986. Semi-annual, 1987-. Marquette Sports Law Journal Milwaukee, WI: National Sports Law Institute. v. 1-, 1990-. Biannual. Sports and the Courts: Physical Education and Sports Law Quarterly. Winston-Salem, NC: Sports and the Courts, Inc. v. 1-, 1980-. Quarterly. Sports Industry News. Camden, ME: Game Point Publishing. v. 1-, 1982-. Weekly. Sports Law Reporter. Phoenix, AZ: Joseph Garagiola Jr. v. 1-, 1978-. Monthly. Sports Lawyer. Lakeland, FL: Sports Lawyers Association, Inc. Quarterly. University of Miami Entertainment & Sports Law Review. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami School of Law. v. 6-, 1989-. Biannual. (formerly Entertainment and Sports Law Journal). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

III Government Publications A. Professional Sports Generally

1982 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Employment Opportunities. Oversight Hearing on Equal Employment Opportunity in the National Football League. Hearing, 97th Cong., 2d Sess., June 10, 1982. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1982. 101 pp. Hearing to examine allegations of racial discrimination in NFL re- cruitment and hiring practices for managerial and coaching positions. Considers September 1980 study by Jomills H. Braddock II charging such discrimination. Witnesses included Ed Garvey, Jomills Braddock II, and former football players Kermit Alexander, Johnny Roland, and Roy Jefferson. 1980 United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on Crime. Excessive Violence in ProfessionalSports. Hear- ings, 96th Cong., 2d Sess., Sept. 30, Nov. 19, 1980. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1981. 313 pp. Considers H.R. 7903, the Sports Violence Act of 1980, which criminal- izes the use of excessive physical violence during professional sports events.

1977 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rules. Creating a Se- lect Committee on Professional Sports. House Report 95-41, 95th Congress, 1st Sess. Mar. 3, 1977. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1977. 3 pp. United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on Monopolies and Commercial Law. Rights of Professional Athletes. Hearing, 94th Cong., 1st Sess., Oct. 14, 1975. Washing- ton, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 197. 135 pp. Hearing to consider HR 2355 and HR 694 (texts, pp. 132-135), bills to prohibit anticompetitive practices by professional sport leagues by ban- ning baseball reserve clause, football option clause, antitampering rule, compensation (Rozelle) rule, blacklisting, and group enforcement of standard player contracts. United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Professional Sports. Inquiry Into Professional Sports. Hearing, 94th Cong., 2d HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Sess., Dec. 10, 1976, Jan. 3, 1977. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1977. 27 pp. Consideration by committee of its final report on various aspects of the sports industry. Includes industry submitted comments on report draft (pp. 20-27). United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Professional Sports. Inquiry Into Professional Sports. House Report 94-1786, 94th Cong., 2d Sess., Jan. 3, 1977. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1977. 761 pp. Final Report of committee established in May 1976 to investigate various aspects of the sports industry. Includes discussion and recommendations in the following areas: antitrust and baseball, labor relations, federal income tax treatment of player contracts and sports franchises, sports broadcasting regulations, gambling, and player safety problems. Appendices contain extensive background material and supporting documents.

1976 United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Professional Sports. Inquiry Into Professional Sports, Part 1. Hearings 94th Cong., 2d Sess., June 23-Aug. 10, 1976. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1976. 655 pp. Hearings to investigate various aspects of the sports industry as mani- fested in operations of the four major team sports of basketball, football, baseball, and hockey. Testimony focuses on recent court decisions and labor agreements, antitrust and baseball's business organization, tax treatment of player contracts and sport franchises, sports broadcasting regulations, control of player and spectator violence, and sports gambling. Witnesses include Bowie Kuhn (pp. 17-51, 114-158, 243-257), Pete Rozelle (pp. 78-114), Ed Garvey, Exec. Dir., NFL Players Assn. (pp. 207-242), Marvin Miller, Exec. Dir., Major League Players Assn. (pp. 365-388, 394-422), and Larry O'Brien (pp. 610-652). United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Professional Sports. Inquiry Into Professional Sports, Part 2. Hearings, 94th Cong., 2d Sess., Sept. 8-22, 1976. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1976. 532 pp. Continuation of hearings to investigate various aspects of the sports industry. Witnesses include James Michener (pp. 94-110), Bowie Kuhn (pp. 348-406, 425-441), Charles Feeney (pp. 406-425), Marvin Miller (pp. 452-470, 481-500). United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Professional Sports. Professional Sports and the Law. Committee Print, 94th Cong., 2d Sess., Aug. 1976. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1976. 83 pp. 19911 SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Background report reviewing the growth, organization, and legal ramifications of professional sports activities. Appendix includes the Arbitrator's decision in Messersmith case involving limits of contract reserve clauses in professional baseball (pp. 58-75).

1975

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Labor-Management Relations. Oversight Hear- ings On NationalFootball League Labor-ManagementDispute Hear- ings, 94th Cong., 1st Sess., Sept. 29, Oct. 2, 1975. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1975. 115 pp.

1972

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Special Subcommittee on Labor. Labor Relations in Professional Sports. Hearing, 92d Cong., 2d Sess., May 16-29, 1972. Washing- ton, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1972 108 pp. Hearings to examine the effectiveness of the National Labor Relations Act in Handling labor relations problems in professional sports. Wit- nesses include Ed Garvey, John Mackey, and Bill Curry (pp. 10-63); Larry Fleisher (pp. 65-72); and Theodore Kheel, NFL Management Rep. (pp. 73-94). United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. Federal Sports Act of 1972. Hearing, 92d Cong., 2d Sess., June 16-28, 1972. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1973. 288 pp. Hearings on a bill to establish a "Federal Sports Commission" with authority to promulgate regulations affecting professional sports TV policies, player drafting procedures, sale and movement of team franchises, and player contracts. Witnesses include Howard Cosell (pp. 93-111), Pete Rozelle (pp. 135-138, 150-173), Bowie Kuhn (pp. 174-193), Clarence Campbell (pp. 234-247), and Alan Eagleson (pp. 218-233).

B. Antitrust and Professional Team Sports 1982

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Profes- sional Sports Antitrust Immunity. Hearings, 97th Cong., 2d Sess., Aug. 16, Sept. 16, 20, 29, 1982. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1983. 453 pp. Considers various bills relating to professional sports antitrust immunity in the areas of league restrictions on team relocations and league rules for division of league or club revenues, including TV revenues, to reduce financial disparities among clubs. Bills prompted by court deci- HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589 sions rejecting NFL efforts to prevent the Oakland Raiders from relo- cating to Los Angeles on antitrust grounds.

1981

United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on Monopolies and Commercial Law. Antitrust Policy and ProfessionalSports. Hearings, 97th Cong., 1st and 2d Sess., July 14- 16, Dec. 10, 1981, Feb. 10, 24, Sept. 30, 1982. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1984. 667 pp. Reviews several bills regarding the applicability of antitrust law to various aspects of professional sports, including the elimination of baseball's exemption, exempting league relocation agreements from antitrust provisions, and restricting the exercise of exclusive territorial rights by professional leagues. Witnesses included football figures Pete Rozelle, George Halas, Ed Garvey, and Joe Kapp; legal scholars John Weistart, Gerald Scully, and Lionel Sobel; and government officials William Robertson (representing the L.A. Coliseum Commission) and Lionel Wilson (Mayor of Oakland).

1972

United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee No. 5. Antitrust Laws and Organized Professional Team Sports Including Considerationof the Proposed Merger of the Ameri- can and National Basketball Associations. Hearing, 92nd Cong., 2d Sess., July 27-Sept. 7, 1972. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1972. 348 pp. Witnesses included Larry Fleisher (pp. 146-156), Bowie Kuhn (pp. 174-214), Marvin Miller (pp. 214-222), Ed Garvey (pp. 253-267), and Walter Byers (pp. 267-300). United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Author- izing the Merger of Two or More Professional Basketball Leagues. Senate Report No. 92-1151, 92d Cong., 2d Sess., Sept. 18, 1972. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1972. 13 pp.

1971

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. ProfessionalBasketball. Hear- ing, 92d Cong., 1st Sess., Sept. 21-23, 1971; Nov. 15, 1971; Jan. 25- May 9, 1972. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1972. 1329 PP. Examined the authorization and antitrust implications of a merger of the two professional basketball leagues. 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

1965 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Profes- sionalSports Act of 1965. Senate Report No. 89-462, 89th Cong., 1st Sess., July 16, 1965. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1965. 16 pp. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. Professional Sports Antitrust Bill. Hearing, 89th Cong., 1st Sess., Feb. 18-24, 1965. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1965. 222 pp. 1964 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. Professional Sports Antitrust Bill. Hearing, 88th Cong., 2d Sess., Jan. 30-Feb. 18, 1964. Wash- ington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off, 1965. 385 pp. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Applica- bility of Antitrust Laws to Certain Aspects of Designated Organized Professional Team Sports. Senate Report No. 88-1303, 88th Cong., 2d Sess., Aug. 4, 1964. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1964. 11 pp. 1960 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Profes- sionalSports Antitrust Act of 1960. Senate Report No. 86-1620, 86th Cong., 2d Sess., June 20, 1960. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1960. 26 pp. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. Organized Professional Team Sports. Hearing, 86th Cong., 2d Sess., May 19-20, 1960. Washing- ton, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1960. 179 pp. "Hearings on the bill to make the antitrust laws and the Federal Trade Commission Act applicable to the organized professional team sport of baseball and to limit the application of such laws so as to exempt certain aspects of the organized professional team sports of baseball, football, basketball, and hockey."

1959 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. Organized Professional Team Sports. Hearings, 86th Cong., 1st Sess., July 28-31, 1959. Washing- ton, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1959. 256 pp. HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

1958 United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Applica- bility of Antitrust Laws to Organized Professional Team Sports. House Report No. 85-1720, 85th Cong., 2d Sess., May 13, 1958. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1958. 13 pp. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. Organized Professional Team Sports. Hearings, 85th Cong., 2d Sess., July 9-31, 1958. Washing- ton, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1958. 819 pp. "Hearings on bill to limit the applicability of the antitrust laws so as to exempt certain aspects of designated professional team sports."

1957

United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Anti- trust Subcommittee (Subcommittee No. 5). Organized Professional Team Sports. Hearings, 85th Cong., 1st Sess., June 17-Aug. 8, 1957. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1965. 3 parts, 3154 pp.

1952

United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on the Study of Monopoly Power. Organized Baseball. House Report No. 82-2002, 82d Cong., 2d Sess. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1952. 232 pp.

1951

United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on the Study of Monopoly Power. Study of Monopoly Power. Hearings, 82d Cong., 1st Sess., July 30-Oct. 24, 1951. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1951. 1643 pp. Part 6 relates to organized baseball.

C. Broadcasting and Professional Sports 1982

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. Cable Copyright and Signal Carriage Act of 1982. Hearing, 97th Cong., 2d Sess. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1983. 237 pp. Testimony offered by various cable television executives in opposition to professional sports owners proposal to prohibit cable TV retrans- mission of distant games while local games are in progress. Represent- 19911 SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

atives of the NHL, NFL, NBA, and USFL responded with their arguments favoring professional sports territorial exclusivity.

1978

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Communications. Sports Anti-Black- out Legislation: Oversight. Hearing, 95th Cong. 2d Sess., Apr. 28, 1978. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1979. 81 pp. Hearing held in Miami to consider effects of prohibiting TV blackouts of Miami Dolphins and other NFL games that are sold-out seventy- two hours before game time. United States. Federal Communications Commission. Fifth Annual Re- port of the Federal Communications Commission on the Effect of P.L. 93-107, The Sports Anti-Blackout Law. Committee Print, 95th Cong., 2d Sess., Dec. 1978. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1978. 101 pp. Published as a committee print by the Senate Committee on Com- merce, Science and Transportation. Appendices (pp. 51-101) contain statistical data on NFL teams relating to ticket sales and game nonattendance.

1977

United States. Federal Communications Commission. Fourth Annual Report of the Federal Communications Commission on the Effect of Public Law 93-107, The Sports Anti-Blackout Law, on the Broadcast- ing of Sold-out Home Games of ProfessionalFootball, Baseball, Bas- ketball, and Hockey. Committee Print, 95th Cong., 1st Sess., July 1979. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1977. 168 pp. Published as a committee print by the Senate Committee on Com- merce, Science and Transportation.

1976

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Communications. Cable Television Regulation Oversight, Part 1. Hearings, 94th Cong., 2d Sess., May 17-July 22, 1976. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1977. 632 pp. Pp. 571-631: Cable TV and Sports Programming. Witnesses include Bowie Kuhn (pp. 557-600), Don Ruck, NHL (pp. 600-610), John 0. Coppedge, chairman CATV subcomm. of NCAA (pp. 611-622), and Robert Hughes, president, Communications Properties, Inc. (pp. 623- 631). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice. Copyright Law Revision, Part 2. Hearings, 94th Cong., 1st Sess., June 12, July 10, 17, 23, 1975. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1976. pp. 683-1392. Pp. 785-825: Testimony by various sports figures related to limitations on CATV television of games copyright. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. Subcom- mittee on Communications. TV Blackout of Sporting Events. Hear- ing, 94th Cong., 1st Sess., Nov. 21, 1975. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1976. 43 pp. Concerns S. 2554, a bill to extend for 3 years the prohibition of TV blackouts when homegames are sold out 72 hours before game time. Opposition views of NFL and NHL are presented. United States. Federal Communications Commission. Third Annual Report of the FederalCommunications Commission on the Effect of PL 93-107, The Sports Antiblackout Law, on the Broadcasting of Sold-Out Home Games of ProfessionalFootball, Baseball Basketball, and Hockey. Committee Print, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1976. 419 pp. Published as a committee print by the Senate Committee on Commerce.

1975

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Communications. Sports Broadcast- ing Act of 1975. Hearings, 94th Cong., 1st Sess., Sept. 22, Oct. 29- 31, 1975. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1975. 158 pp. Hearings on HR 9566, a bill to make permanent the requirement that soldout football, basketball, baseball, or hockey games be made available for telecasts. United States. Federal Communications Commission. Second Annual Report of the FCC on the Effect of PL 93-107, The Sports Anti- Blackout Law. Committee Print, 94th Cong., 1st Sess., Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1975. 272 pp. Published as a committee print by the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Communications.

1974

United States. Federal Communications Commission. Report of the FCC on the Effect of PL 93-107 (Sports Anti-Blackout Law), on the 19911 SPORTs BIBLIOGRAPHY

Broadcasting of Sold-Out Home Games of Professional Football, Baseball, Basketball, and Hockey. Committee Print, 93d Cong., 2d Sess. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1974. 475 pp. Published as a committee print by the Senate Committee on Commerce.

1973 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. ProfessionalSports-TV Blackouts. House Report No. 93-483, 93d Cong., 1st Sess., Sept. 11, 1973. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1973. 10 pp. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Special Subcommittee on Investigations. Evaluation of the Necessity for Television Blackouts of ProfessionalSporting Events. Committee Print, 93d Cong., 1st Sess., Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1973. 136 pp. Report with conclusions and recommendations concerning the degree of protection needed by NFL clubs now provided with antitrust exemptions allowing TV blackouts of football in home territories of clubs. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Communications and Power. Profes- sional Sports Blackouts. Hearings, 93d Cong., 1st Sess., Aug. 1, 2 Sept. 5-7, 1973. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1973. 290 PP. Examines bills designed to prohibit TV hometown blackouts of professional and/or collegiate athletic events for which tickets are sold out. Also examines the impact such a blackout removal might have on league finances, the broadcast industry, including CATV and pay-TV, and on the general public.

1972 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. Subcom- mittee on Communications. Blackout of Sporting Events on TV. Hearings, 92d Cong., 2d Sess., Oct. 3-5, 1972. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1972. 224 pp. Witnesses included: Pete Rozelle (pp. 49-83) and Bowie Kuhn (pp. 130-142)

1969

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Communications and Power. Sub- HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

scription Television, 1969. Hearings, 91st Cong., 1st Sess., Nov. 18- 21, 24, Dec. 9-12, 1969. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1970. 486 pp. Includes testimony by witnesses with respect to the possible effect of subscription TV on professional sports, including Bowie Kuhn (pp. 303-346) and Pete Rozelle (pp. 367-403).

1961 United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Telecast- ing of ProfessionalSports Contests. Senate Report No. 87-1178, 87th Cong., 2d Sess., Sept. 13, 1961. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1961. 6 pp. United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Anti- trust Subcommittee (Subcommittee No. 5). Telecasting of Profes- sional Sports Contests. Hearing, 87th Cong., 1st Sess., Aug. 28, 1961. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1961. 73 pp. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Telecast- ing of ProfessionalSports Contests. Senate Report No. 87-1087, 87th Cong., 1st Sess., Sept. 20, 1961. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1961. 4 pp.

1953 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Broadcastingand Telecasting Baseball Games. Senate Report No. 83-387, 83d Cong., 1st Sess., June 10-, 1953. Washing- ton, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1953. 14 pp. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Broadcastingand Televising Baseball Games. Hearing, 83d Cong., 1st Sess., May 6-12, 1953. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1953. 206 pp.

D. Professional Sports Franchise Relocation 1985 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation, and Tourism. Profes- sionalSports. Hearings, 99th Cong., 1st Sess., Apr. 4, June 30, 1985. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1985. 416 pp. Considered H.R. 885 ("Professional Sports Franchise Community Protection Act") which would establish an Arbitration Board for matters regarding relocation of professional team franchises, and H.R. 1124 and similar H.R. 1796 ("Professional Sports Community Protec- 1991] 9 SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY tion Act") which would authorize professional leagues to enforce intraleague rules concerning relocation of member franchises and allow limited judicial review of league determinations on team relocations. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. ProfessionalSports Community Protection Act of 1985. Senate Report 99-69, 99th Cong., 1st Sess., May 21, 1985. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1985. 22 pp. Recommends passage of S. 259, authorizing leagues to enforce rules regarding relocation of member franchises, requiring teams to provide notice of intent to relocate, and allowing limited judicial review of league determinations on relocations and ownership termination. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. ProfessionalSports Community Protection Act of 1985. Hearings, 99th Cong., 1st Sess., Feb. 4, 20, 1985. Washing- ton, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1985. 171 pp. Hearings on bills to authorize professional leagues to enforce rules about relocation of franchises, team ownership, and revenue division (S. 259); and to establish a Professional Sports Arbitration Board to make decisions on team relocations (S. 287). Sports league commissioners testified, as well as government officials and representatives of player unions. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Profes- sional Sports Antitrust Immunity. Hearings, 99th Cong., 1st Sess., Feb. 6, Mar. 6, June 12, 1985. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1985. 429 pp. Hearings considered several bills related to professional sports franchise relocation and antitrust law, prompted in part by court decisions rejecting on antitrust grounds NFL efforts to prevent the Oak- land Raiders from moving to Los Angeles. Witnesses included Pete Rozelle (NFL Commissioner), Harry Usher (USFL Commissioner), and Gene Upshaw (Exec. Dir. of NFL Players Association).

1984

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation, and Tourism. Profes- sional Sports Team Community Protection Act. Hearing, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., June 21, 1984. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1985. 139 pp. Hearing on bills that would establish procedures and criteria for a local right of first refusal when relocation of a major league sports franchise is considered. The counsel to the NFL Commissioner offered objec- tions to the bills because they failed to resolve antitrust issues and de- tailed the need for legislation to clarify league authority to regulate team relocations. Player union officials voiced opposition to legislation giving sports leagues antitrust law immunity. HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. ProfessionalSports Team Community Protec- tion Act. Senate Report 98-592, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., Aug. 9, 1984. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1984. 19 pp. Recommends passage of S. 2505, to establish procedures and criteria for use by professional sports leagues in determining whether a proposed franchise relocation is necessary and appropriate; and to establish an Arbitration Board to review league-approved moves. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. ProfessionalSports Team Community Protec- tion Act. Hearings, 98th Cong., 2d Sess. Apr. 27, May 12, 1984. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1984. 165 pp. Considers S. 2505, a bill seeking to establish procedures and criteria for a local right of first refusal when relocation of a major league sports franchise is considered. Mayors of several large cities affected by franchise relocations testified, along with various league executives and representatives of player unions.

E. Boxing 1989

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Commerce, Consumer Protection, and Competi- tiveness. Creation of a U.S. Boxing Corporation. Hearing, 101st Cong., 1st Sess., Apr. 27, 1989. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1989. 53 pp. Considers a bill to create a federal agency to develop health and safety standards, provide grants for state boxing regulation, and register and certify boxers and boxing personnel.

1988

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Commerce, Consumer Protection, and Competi- tiveness. Creation of a US. Boxing Corporation. Hearing, 100th Cong., 2d Sess., June 23, 1988. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1988. 104 pp. Considers a bill to create a federal agency to develop health and safety standards, provide grants for state boxing regulation, and register and certify boxers and boxing personnel. Witnesses included professional boxers Gerry Cooney and Pernell Whitaker, fight nfanager Lou Duva, and representatives of state athletic commissions and the World Box- ing Council. 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

1986

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Establishment of US. Boxing Commission. House Report 99-791, 99th Cong., 2d Sess., Aug. 14, 1986. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1986. 25 pp. Recommends passage of H.R. 2127 to establish a federal commission to develop minimum health, safety, and equipment standards; propose rule changes to ensure safety; maintain a boxing information database; and certify boxers and other boxing professionals.

1985

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation, and Tourism. Profes- sional Sports. Hearings, 99th Cong., 1st Sess., Apr. 4, June 30, 1985. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1985. 416 pp. Reviews a number of bills relating to professional and amateur boxing safety; all include provisions to establish a federal agency charged with developing regulations or standards for health, safety, and equipment. Medical experts offered views on boxing safety.

1983

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. CongressionalAdvisory Commission on Boxing. House Report No. 98-188, Part 2, 98th Cong., 1st Sess., June 13, 1983. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1983. 20 pp. Recommends passage of bill establishing a Congressional Advisory Panel on Boxer Safety to make recommendations regarding the establishment of minimum federal regulatory entity for standards development and implementation. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Labor. Standards. Federal Boxing Protection Act of 1983. Hearing, 98th Cong., 1st Sess., May 5, 1983. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1984. 125 pp. Considers H.R. 1751 which would establish a Department of Labor Boxing Commission charged with prescribing and enforcing regulations regarding fair labor practices in professional boxing. Among the witnesses were Robert Arum, boxing promoter, and Bert Sugar, pub- lisher and editor of Ring Magazine. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. CongressionalAdvisory Commission on Boxing. House Report No. 98-188, Part 1, 98th Cong., 1st Sess., May 16, 1983. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1983. 12 pp. HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Recommends passage of bill establishing the Congressional Advisory Commission on Boxing which would make recommendations regarding the establishment of minimum federal standards for professional boxing events. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation, and Tourism. Boxing Reform. Hearings, 98th Cong., 1st Sess., Feb. 15, Mar. 18, 1983. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1983. 286 pp. Hearings to examine the nature and extent of professional boxer injuries and safety problems, and the need for industry uniform regulation by the states or the federal government. Witnesses included Floyd Pat- terson, Jose Sulaiman, and Howard Cosell.

1979

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Labor Standards. Hearings on the Creation of a FederalBoxing Board. Hearings, 96th Cong., 1st Sess., Mar. 28-29, Apr. 3, 1979. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1979. 149 PP. Hearings to consider H.R. 2726, a bill to establish a Federal Boxing Board within the Department of Labor with responsibilities to pre- scribe and enforce fair labor standards for professional boxers and to protect them from undue risk of injury. A number of former boxers, including Floyd Patterson, Tony Zale, Carmen Basilio, Joe Walcott, and Willie Pep, testified, along with boxing promoters, broadcasters, and other officials.

1965

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Federal Boxing Commission. House Report No. 89- 784, 89th Cong., 1st Sess., Aug. 12, 1965. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1965. 10 pp. Report accompanies H.R. 8635. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Federal Boxing Commission: Hearings on H.R. 8635, H.R. 8676, H.R. 9140, H.R. 9196, H.R. 9426, H.R. 9633. Hearings, 89th Cong., 1st Sess., July 6-8, 1965. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1965. 242 pp.

1964

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. ProfessionalBoxing: Hearings 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

on S. 1182. Hearings, 88th Cong., 2d Sess., Mar. 24-31, 1964. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1964. 1597-1847 pp. Part 4, covering the Liston-Clay fight.

1961

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. ProfessionalBoxing: Hearings on S. 1474. Hearings, 87th Cong., 1st Sess., May 31-June 2, 1961. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1964. 1249-1595 pp. Part 3, Legislative.

1960

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. ProfessionalBoxing. Hearings, 86th Cong., 2d Sess., Dec. 5-14, 1960. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1961. 1247 pp. Part 2, Frank Carbo. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. ProfessionalBoxing. Hearings, 86th Cong., 2d Sess., June 14-15, 1960. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1960. 268 pp. Part 1, Jake LaMotta.

F. College Athletics (See also "Drugs and Sports") 1990

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Student Right-To-Know and Campus Security Act. House Report No. 101-883, 101st Cong., 2d Sess., Oct. 16, 1990. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1990. 18 pp. Conference report on S. 580, including provisions to require colleges and universities which receive Federal funding to report annually to the Department of Education on graduation rates of student athletes receiving athletic scholarships. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Student Right-to-Know and Campus Security Act. House Report 101-518, 101st Cong., 2d Sess., June 5, 1990. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1990. 19 pp. Recommends passage of bill requiring colleges which receive Federal funding to report annually on graduation rates of individuals receiving athletic scholarships. HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

1989 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education. Hearings on the Role of Athletics in College Life. Hearings, 101st Cong., 1st Sess., May 18, 24, 1989. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1989. 208 PP. Hearings examined various problems in intercollegiate athletics, including eligibility issues, academic performance, and the public report- ing of graduation rates. Testimony was offered by Richard Schultz, NCAA Executive Director, Donna Lopiano (Womens' Athletic Direc- tor, University of Texas), and Senator Bill Bradley and Representative Tom McMillen, both former college and professional athletes. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Re- sources. Student Athlete Right-To-Know Act. Senate Report 101- 209, 101st Cong., 1st Sess., Nov. 16, 1989. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1989. 11 pp. Recommends passage of S. 580, to require colleges receiving Federal funding to report annually on graduate rates of student athletes receiving athletic scholarships. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Re- sources. Student Athlete Right-To-Know Act. Hearing, 101st Cong., 1st Sess., Sept. 12, 1989. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1990. 149 pp. Considers S. 580, to require colleges receiving Federal funding to report annually on graduate rates of student athletes receiving athletic scholarships. Richard Schultz, NCAA Executive Director, testified, along with Rollie Massimino, Oscar Robertson, Bill Bradley, and Tom McMillen.

1984 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Supreme Court Decision in "NCAA v. University of Oklahoma." Hearing, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., Nov. 19, 1984. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1985. 91 pp. Examines the implications for college football television programs of the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in NCAA v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma, which held the NCAA's contracts for football TV rights to be in violation of antitrust laws. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Re- sources. Subcommittee on Education, Arts, and Humanities. Over- sight on College Athletic Programs. Hearing, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., June 26, 1984. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1984. 102 pp. 1991] SPORTs BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hearing examines alleged adverse effects of college sports program operations on student athletes. Offering testimony were former student athletes, sports commentators Howard Cosell and John Underwood, basketball coach Dean Smith, sociologist Harry Edwards, and several university officials.

1983 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Col- legiate Student-Athlete Protection Act of 1983. Hearings, 98th Cong., 1st Sess., Mar. 17, May 23, 1983. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1983. 214 pp. Hearing on bill that would provide an antitrust exemption allowing professional sports leagues to prohibit member teams from employing athletes before completion of college. This proposal was prompted by threatened suit by college football player Hershel Walker challenging USFL player eligibility rules preventing teams from signing college athletes.

1979 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Na- tional CollegiateAthletic Association-EnforcementProgram. Hear- ing, 96th Cong., 1st Sess., July 12, 1979. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1979. 137 pp. Hearing to review the NCAA response to a December 1978 subcommittee report recommending procedural reform of NCAA investiga- tory and hearing processes regarding member universities and student athlete eligibility.

1978

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Enforcement Program of the National Collegiate Ath- letic Association. Committee Print, 95th Cong., 2d Sess., Dec., 1978. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1978. 143 pp. Report presents findings and recommendations of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations inquiry into alleged injustices of NCAA policies and procedures for enforcing membership rules of conduct. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. NCAA Enforcement Program. Hearings, 95th Cong., 2d Sess., Feb. 27-Oct. 4, 1978. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1979. 1520 pp. Hearings to examine alleged injustices in NCAA procedures for enforcing membership rules of conduct focusing on investigation and HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589 hearing processes for determining the eligibility of universities and individual athletes for intercollegiate sports participation.

1973

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Special Subcommittee on Education. Protection of College Athletes. Hearing, 93d Cong., 1st Sess., Mar. 5, 19, 26-29, Apr. 2, 1973. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1973. 385 pp. Examines the dispute between the AAU and the NCAA. Hearings on bills designed to protect the freedom of student athletes and coaches to represent the United States in international amateur sports events without fear of suspension or sanctions by U.S. amateur athletic associations. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. Amateur Sports. Hearings, 93d Cong., 1st Sess., May 22-24, 1973. Washing- ton, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1973. 287 pp.

1967

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. Track and Field Disputes. Hearings, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., Aug. 17-18, 1967. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1967. 104 pp. Hearing on the controversy between the AAU, NCAA, and other amateur athletic associations, and their affiliates.

1965

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. NCAA- AA U Dispute. Hearings, 89th Cong., 1st Sess., Aug. 16-20, 23-27, 1965. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1965. 609 pp. Hearing on the controversy in administration of tract and field events in the United States. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. Providing for Settlement of Disputes Involving Amateur Athletics. Senate Re- port No. 89-753, 89th Cong., 1st Sess., Sept. 16, 1965. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1965. 10 pp.

G. Olympics and Other International Sports 1987

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Commerce, Consumer Protection and Competi- tiveness. 1988 Summer Olympics. Hearing, 100th Cong., 1st Sess., 19911 SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

July 30, 1987. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1988. 115 PP. Hearing examined issues affecting the 1988 Summer Olympics in Se- oul, focusing on the political situation in South Korea.

1984

United States. House. Committee on the Judiciary. US. Olympic Com- mittee. House Report 98-711, Part 1, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., Apr. 26, 1984. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1984. 6 pp. Recommends passage of bill to provide an income tax return checkoff system for contributions to a U.S. Olympic trust fund. United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on Administrative Law and Governmental Relations. U.S. Olympic Checkoff Act. Hearing, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., Mar. 8, 1984. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1984. 34 pp. Considers H.R. 1984, to provide an income tax return checkoff system for contributions of $1 to a U.S. Olympic trust fund for Olympic Com- mittee promotion of amateur athletics. Witnesses included various Olympic athletes and Don Miller, Executive Director of the U.S. Olympic Committee.

1983

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation, and Tourism. 1984 Summer Olympics. Hearing, 98th Cong., 1st Sess., Sept. 27, 1983. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1983. 78 pp. Reviews planning and preparation activities for the 1984 Summer Olympics to be held in Los Angeles. Peter Ueberroth, President of Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee, discussed LAOOC planning and financing activities, and Don Miller, Executive Director of the U.S. Olympic Committee, reviewed USOC organization and athletic programs. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation, and Tourism. Host- ing the 1986 Soccer World Cup. Hearing, 98th Cong., 1st Sess., Apr. 7, 1983. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1983. 79 pp. Hearing on a resolution to support U.S. hosting of the 1986 World Cup Soccer Championship.

1978

United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on Administrative Law and Governmental Relations. Ama- HASTINGS COM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

teur Sports Act of 1978. Hearings, 95th Cong., 2d Sess., June 21-22, 1978. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1978. 288 pp. Hearings to consider various bills designed to promote and coordinate U.S. amateur athletic activities through expansion of the authority of the U.S. Olympic committee, and the establishment of mechanisms for recognizing national governing bodies for each Olympic sport and resolving disputes between such bodies.

1977 United States. President's Commission on Olympic Sports. FinalReport of the President'sCommission on Olympic Sports. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1977. 2 v. Volume 1: Executive summary and Major Conclusions and Recom- mendations. Volume 2: Findings of Fact and Supporting Material.

H. Drugs and Sports 1989 United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on Crime. Anabolic Steroid Restriction Act of 1989. Hearing, 101st Cong., 1st Sess., Mar. 23, 1989. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1989. 90 pp. Hearing to examine problems with abuse of anabolic steroids by athletes and to consider H.R. 995, to establish penalties for use of the mail in the distribution of steroids. Carl Lewis testified about the nature and impact of steroid use by athletes, while others discussed the effect on health and issues involved in testing for use of anabolic steroids. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Steroids in Amateur and ProfessionalSports: The Medical and Social Costs of Steroid Abuse. Hearings, 101st Cong., 1st Sess., Apr. 3, May 9, 1989. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1990. 254 pp. Assesses concerns about and the extent of athlete abuse of anabolic steroids, focusing on use by professional football players. A number of football players, coaches, and executives offered their views, including Bill Fralic, Steve Courson, Marty Schottenheimer, Chuck Noll, Gene Upshaw, Pete Rozelle, and Joe Paterno.

1988 United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee on Crime. Legislation to Amend the Controlled Substances Act (Anabolic Steroids). Hearing, 100th Cong., 2d Sess., July 27, 1988. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1988. 105 pp. Considers a bill to restrict distribution and use of the anabolic steroid methandrosterolone in response to abuse by athletes to increase muscle 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY size and strength. The "Drug Policy of the National Football League" is included as supplementary material (pp. 13-28).

1987 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Health and the Environment. Medical Devices and Drug Issues. Hearings, 100th Cong., 1st Sess., Apr. 8, 21, May 4, 1987. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1987. 400 pp. A portion of this hearing considers problems with human growth hor- mone abuse, exploring whether HGH should be classified as a controlled substance and detailing concerns about HGH abuse by athletes (pp. 3-119). United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control. Sports and Drug Abuse Prevention. Hearing, 100th Cong., 1st Sess., Sept. 10, 1987. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1987. 209 pp. Assesses the extent of drug abuse in professional and amateur sports and the drug abuse prevention programs currently in place. Witnesses included Bowie Kuhn, Gene Upshaw, and Calvin Hill.

1986 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1986. House Report 99-972, Part 1, 99th Cong., 2d Sess., Aug. 14, 1986. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1986. 46 pp. Recommends passage of H.R. 5334 which would, among other things, establish an Advisory Commission on the Comprehensive Education of Intercollegiate Athletes to investigate issues associated with drug use by college athletes. United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control. Drug Abuse in the Workplace. Hearing, 99th Cong., 2d Sess., May 7, 1986. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1986. 240 pp. Peter Ueberroth, commissioner of major league baseball, testifies to the importance of a multifaceted approach to drug abuse control and relates the progress being made in reducing drug abuse among professional baseball players (pp. 9-27).

1984 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Re- sources. Subcommittee on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse. Sports and Drug Abuse. Hearing, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., Sept. 25, 1984. Wash- ington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1985. 63 pp. HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Examines drug abuse among student, amateur, and professional athletes and suggestions for prevention and rehabilitation programs. Wit- nesses included professional athletes Eugene Morris, Roosevelt Grier, Calvin Hill, Nancy Hogshead, and Tom McMillen.

1973

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcom- mittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency. Proper and Improper Use of Drugs by Athletes. Hearing, 93d Cong., 1st Sess., June 18, July 12-13, 1973. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1973. 843 pp. Witnesses included Wali Jones (pp. 104-124), Jack Scot (pp. 152-168), and Harold Connolly (pp. 272-288).

I. Taxation and Sports 1985 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Comprehensive Tax Reform, Part 4. Hearings, 99th Cong., 1st Sess., June 25-27, July 8, 1985. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1986. A continuation of hearings to review a comprehensive tax form proposal from the Administration. Includes testimony by the owners of the Philadelphia Phillies and Flyers professional sport franchises criticiz- ing the proposed repeal of the business entertainment deduction for tickets to sports events (pp. 3213-3266). United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Tax Reform Proposals: XXV (Entertainment Expenses and Accounting Issues). Hearing, 99th Cong., 1st Sess., Oct. 4, 1985. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1986. 488 pp. A continuation of hearings reviewing Administration proposal for comprehensive individual and corporate income tax reform. Includes testimony by several sports executives objecting to the proposed elimination of the federal income tax deduction for business-related purchase of sports event tickets, citing the adverse impact it would have on professional sports (pp. 55-159).

1982

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Sub- committee on Select Revenue Measures. Miscellaneous Tax Bills. Hearing, 97th Cong., 2d Sess., Mar. 16, 1982. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1982. 391 pp. Among various bills, considers H.R. 4990, designed to clarify the tax- exempt status of amateur sports organizations providing facilities or 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

equipment to foster national or international amateur sports competition. Testimony by several amateur sports officials supported the legislation, citing the inequity of current tax laws for national governing bodies responsible for developing programs in Olympic sports.

1981

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Sub- committee on Select Revenue Measures. Tax Issues Involved in the Sale or Transfer of Professional Sports Franchises. Hearing, 97th Cong., 1st Sess., May 1, 1981. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print Off., 1981. 82 pp. Considers H.R. 2557, which is designed to treat certain relocations of sports franchises as sales subject to capital gains tax. Also reviews the impact on the local community of the proposed relocation of the Oak- land Raiders football team.

1980

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Ef- fective Date of Basis Limitation for Player Contracts Acquired with the Purchaseof a Sports Franchise. House Report No. 96-911, 96th Cong., 2d Sess., Apr. 29, 1980. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1980. 7 pp. Recommends passage of H.R. 4103 to revise the effective date of basis allocation rules applying to the sale or exchange of a sports franchise.

1976

United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Internal Revenue Taxa- tion. Tax Revision Issues-1976 (H.R. 10612). 1: Tax Shelter In- vestments. Committee Print, 94th Cong., 2d Sess., Apr. 14, 1976. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1976. 127 pp. Published as a committee print by the Senate Committee on Finance. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Tax Reform Act of 1975. Hearings, 94th Cong., 2d Sess., Mar. 17-26, 1976. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1976. 1021 pp. Pp. 312-341: Testimony of Richard Stone (Senator, D-Fla.) concerning need for clarification of HR 10612 with regard to tax treatment of sports franchises. Pp. 609-661: Testimony by various sports witnesses on business and investment aspects of professional sports, including denial of tax shelter abuse by sports franchises. HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

1975

United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Internal Revenue Taxa- tion. Tax Shelters: Professional Sports Franchises. Committee Print, 94th Cong., 1st Sess., Sept. 11, 1975. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1975. 9 pp. Published as a committee print by the House Committee on Ways and Means. Describes the present law, its problems, and alternative approaches to sports enterprise taxation.

J. Miscellaneous 1988

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Employment Opportunities. Oversight Hearingon Discrimination in Tennis. Hearing, 100th Cong., 2d Sess., Oct. 6, 1988. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1989. 22 pp. Testimony offered examples of alleged racial discrimination in tennis and examined the need to increase black and other minority participation in the tennis industry and the professional ranks.

1980

United States. Commission on Civil Rights. More Hurdles to Clear: Women and Girls in Competitive Athletics. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1980. 87 pp.

1972

United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Crime. Organ- ized Crime in Sports (racing). Hearings, 92d Cong., 2d Sess., May 9- July 27, 1972. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1972. 4 v., 1853 pp.

1968

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. Sports Ar- bitration Board Report. Hearing, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., Feb. 1, 1968. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1968. 43 pp.

1963

United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Bribery in Sporting Contests. House Report No. 88-1053. 88th Cong., 1st Sess., Dec. 17, 1963. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1964. 4 pp. 1991] SPORTS BIBLIoRAPHY 631

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Bribery in Sporting Contests. Senate Report No. 88-593, 88th Cong., 1st Sess., Oct. 29, 1963. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1977. 3 pp.

1962 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Bribery in Sporting Contests. Senate Report No. 87-2003, 87th Cong., 2d Sess., Sept. 7, 1962. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1962. 8 pp. HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

IV Annotated Law Reports Annotations

Admission Tax: Validity of Municipal Admission Tax for College Foot- ball Games or Other College Sponsored Public Events, 60 A.L.R.3D 1027. Application of FederalAntitrust Laws as to ProfessionalSports, 18 A.L.R. FED. 489. Application of State Antitrust Laws to Athletic Leagues or Associations, 85 A.L.R.3D 970. Application of State Law to Sex Discrimination in Sports, 66 A.L.R.3D 1262. Baseball Player'sRight to Recover for Baseball-Related PersonalInjuries From Nonplayer, 55 A.L.R.4TH 664. Bribery in Athletic Contests, 49 A.L.R.2D 1234. Construction and Effect of "Rain Insurance" Policies Insuring Against Rainfall on the Date of Concert, Exhibition, Game, or the Like, 70 A.L.R.4TH 1010. Construction of Statute or OrdinanceProhibiting or Regulating Sports and Games on Sunday, 24 A.L.R.2D 813. Defamation of ProfessionalAthlete or Sports Figure, 54 A.L.R.4TH 869. Design on Recreational Object as Valid Trademark, 82 A.L.R. FED. 9. DisciplinaryProceedings Against Horse Trainer or Jockey, 52 A.L.R. 206. Eminent Domain: Public Taking of Sports or EntertainmentFranchise or Organization as Taking for Public Purpose, 30 A.L.R.4TH 1226. Employer's Termination of ProfessionalAthlete's Services as Constituting Breach of Employment Contract, 57 A.L.R.3D 257. Liabilityfor Injury or Death from Ski Lift, Ski Tow, or Similar Device, 95 A.L.R.3D 203. Liabilityfor Injury or Death of Participantin Automobile or Horse Race at Public Track, 13 A.L.R.4TH 623. Liability for Injury to One Attending Hockey Game or Exhibition, 14 A.L.R.3D 1018. Liabilityfor Injury to One Attending Wrestling or Boxing Match or Exhi- bition, 14 A.L.R.3D 993. Liability for Injury to or Death of Participant in Game or Contest, 7 A.L.R.2D 704. 19911 SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Liabilityfor Injury to or Death of Umpire, Referee, or Judge of Game or Contest, 10 A.L.R.3D 446. Liability of Manufacturer or Seller for Injury Caused by Toys, Games, Athletic or Sports Equipment, or Like Products, 78 A.L.R.2D 738. Liability of Operatorof Skiing, Tobogganing, or Bobsledding Facilitiesfor Injury to Patron or Participant,94 A.L.R.2D 1431. Liability of Owner or Operatorof Park or Other Premises on which Base- ball or Other Game is Played, for Injuries by Ball to Person on Nearby Street, Sidewalk, or Premises, 16 A.L.R.2D 1458. Liability of Owner or Operator of Skating Rink for Injury to Patron, 24 A.L.R.3D 911. Liability of Participant in Team Athletic Competition for Injury to or Death of Another Participant,77 A.L.R.3D 1300. Liability of Proprietorof Reducing Salon, Gymnasium, or Other Physical Fitness Institutionfor Injury to Patron, 88 A.L.R.2D 1112. Liability to One Struck by Golf Ball, 53 A.L.R.4TH 282. Liability to One Struck by Golf Club, 63 A.L.R.4TH 221. Liability to Spectator at Baseball Game Who is Hit by Ball or Injured as Result of Other Hazards of Game, 91 A.L.R.3D 24. Liability to Spectator at Basketball Game Injured as Result of Hazards of Game, 89 A.L.R.2D 1163. Products Liability: Competitive Sports Equipment, 76 A.L.R.4TH 201. Products Liability: Skiing Equipment, 76 A.L.R.4TH 256. ProductsLiability: Sufficiency of Evidence to Support ProductMisuse De- fense in Actions Concerning Athletic, Exercise, or Recreational Equipment, 50 A.L.R.4TH 1226. Ski Resort's Liabilityfor Skier's InjuriesResulting From Condition of Ski Run or Slope, 55 A.L.R.4TH 632. Skier's Liability for Injuries to or Death of Another Person, 24 A.L.R.3D 1447. Stadium: Validity of Government Borrowing or Expenditurefor Purposes of Acquiring, Maintaining or Improving Stadium for Use of Profes- sional Athletic Team, 67 A.L.R.3D 1186. State Regulation of Sporting Events as State Action Within Meaning of 42 USCS § 1983, 45 A.L.R. FED. 902. Tennis Club's Liability for Tennis Player's Injuries, 52 A.L.R.4TH 1253. 634 HASTINGS CoMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Tort Liability of Public Schools and Institutions of Higher Learningfor Accident OccurringDuring School Athletic Events, 35 A.L.R.3D 725. Validity of Regulation of Athletic Eligibility of Students Voluntarily Transferringfrom One School to Another, 15 A.L.R.4TH 885. Validity, Under Federal Law, of Sex Discrimination in Athletics, 23 A.L.R. FED. 664. Worker's Compensation: Student Athlete as "Employee" of College or University Providing Scholarship or Similar FinancialAssistance, 58 A.L.R.4TH 1259. 19911 SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

V Law Review Symposia

Athletics. 38 Law and Contemporary Problems 1-171 (1973). CONTENTS: Forward (J. Weistart). Collective Bargaining and the Professional Team Sport Industry (C. Lowell). An Economic Analysis of Team Movements in Professional Sports (J. Quirk). Economic Dis- crimination in Professional Sports (G. Scully). In the Wake of the Flood (J. Morris). Medical Practices in Sports (A. Ryan). Broadcast- ing and CATV: The Beauty and the Bane of Major College Football (P. Hochberg & I. Horowitz). Sport: A Philosophical Perspective (H. Slusher). A Troubled Cartel: The NCAA (J. Koch). The College Athlete and the Institution (H. Cross). Baseball Arbitration. 38 Arbitration Journal 24-35 (Dec. 1983). INCLUDES: Another Look at Baseball's Salary Arbitration (C. Grebey). Arbitration of Baseball Salaries: Impartial Adjudication in Place of Management Fiat (M. Miller). CurrentIssues in Entertainmentand Sports Law: A Symposium. 44 Law and Contemporary Problems 1-178 (Autumn 1981). INCLUDES: Judicial Review of Labor Agreements: Lessons from the Sports Industry (J. Weistart). Equine Law Symposium. 78 Kentucky Law Journal 435-703 (1989- 1990). INCLUDES: Thoroughbred Racing--Getting Back on Track (T. Meeker). Protecting Security Interest in Equine Collateral (R. Vance). Practice and Procedure Before Racing Commissions (J. Klein and R. Garrison). The Sale of Horses and Horse Interests: A Transactional Approach (R. Miller). Sales and Use Tax Planning for the Horse In- dustry (R. Craigo). The Priority Race: Winner Takes the Horse (R. Lester and D. Fleenor). Thoroughbred Certificate Law: A Proposal (C. Robertson). Fair Game: Law In Sport. 59 Law Institute Journal 532-555 (1985). CONTENTS: Legal Obligations of Running A Sporting Club (A. Nordlinger). Natural Justice Before Sporting Tribunals (T. Johnson). Defamation Is Not Always Cricket (B. Teague). Professional Sport and Restraint of Trade (B. Ward). Antitrust Laws and Professional Sports in America (J. Morris). Focus on Sports Law. 4 Journal of Contemporary Law 143-253 (1978). CONTENTS: "Blackouts" and the Public Interest: An Equitable Proposal (R. Peterson). Baseball-From Trial by Law to Trial by Auction (T. Boswell & R. McKeown). Monopsony Means Never Having to Say You're Sorry-A Look at Baseball's Minor Leagues (P. Shapiro). Tort Law and Participant Sports (D. Lambert). The Impact of the 1976 Tax Reform Act on the Owners of Professional Sports Teams (V. Strandell). HASTING~S COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Picking Up Blacked-Out Sports Events Via Satellite Dish Antenna: First Down and Goal to Go. 11 Columbia - VLA Journal of Law & the Arts 359-440 (1987). CONTENTS: Introduction (L. DuBoff). Pirating Satellite Signals of Blacked-Out Sports Events: A Historical and Policy Perspective (G. Roberts). Satellite Dish Antenna Reception: Copyright Protection of Live Broadcasts and the Doctrine of Anticipatory Infringement (C. McManis). Antenna Dilemma: The Exemption from Copyright Lia- bility for Public Performance Using Technology Common in the Home (F. Nevins). Calling Offensive Signals Against Unauthorized Showing of Blacked-Out Football Games: Can the Communications Act Carry the Ball? (D. Rice). ProfessionalSports and the Law-Symposium. 48 Los Angeles Bar Bul- letin 141-188 (1973). CONTENTS: The First Great Leap: Some Reflections on the Spencer Haywood Case (R. Simon). Some Modest Proposals for Collective Bargaining in Professional Sports (D. Miller). Tax Aspects of Buying, Selling and Owning Professional Sports Teams (L. Klinger). Televi- sion Sports Blackouts: Private Rights vs. Public Policy (L. Sobel). Recreational Torts. 18 Trial 28-41 (February 1982). INCLUDES: Ski Litigation: Elements of the Successful Case (W. Trine). Ski Law Symposium. 1985 Utah Law Review 761-918. INCLUDES: Antitrust Policy and Olympic Athletes: The United States Ski Team Goes for the Gold (A. Bradshaw). From Wright to Sunday and Beyond: Is the Law Keeping Up With the Skiers? (K. Feuerhelm, J. Lund, J. Chalat, and M. Kunz). Special Issue on Athletics in Higher Education. 10 Journal of College and University Law 167-224 (1983-1984). CONTENTS: Legal Accountability and the NCAA (J. Weistart). NCAA Enforcement Procedures Including the Role of the Committee on Infractions (F. Remington). Workers' Compensation and College Athletics: Should Universities Be Responsible for Athletes Who Incur Serious Injuries? Recent Cases Concerning the Rights of Student Athletes. Special Section on Sports and the Law. 10 Connecticut Law Review 251- 376 (1978). CONTENTS: Introduction: Bringing Sports Under Legal Control (S. Nelson). The Political Uses and Abuses of Sports (J. Nafziger & A. Strenk). Due Process and Its Future Within the NCAA (G. Martin). A Student-Athlete's Interest in Eligibility: Its Context and Constitu- tional Dimensions. Professional Football-Are Three One-Year Agreements Signed at One Sitting Actually One Contract? Are Play- ers "Public Figures"? The "Booby" Trap: Does the Violent Nature of Professional Football Vitiate the Doctrine of Due Care in Participant Tort Litigation? 1991] SPORT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sports and the Law. 14 Trial 24 (June 1978). INCLUDES: The Impact of Litigation on Professional Sports (B. Brody). Sports and the Law. 26 Trial 20-40 (June 1990). CONTENTS: Sports Torts: Emerging Standard of Care (M. Narol). Controlling Sports Violence (B. Nielsen). Sports Injury and Recrea- tional Tort Cases (J. Romano, A. Rossin, and H. McAfee). When Agents Pull the Strings (A. Gross). Sports Law Symposium. 67 Denver University Law Review 109-355 (1990). CONTENTS: Illegal Procedure: The National Football League Play- ers Union's Improper Use of Antitrust Litigation for Purposes of Col- lective Bargaining (N. Roman). Powell v. National Football League: The Eighth Circuit Sacks the National Football League Players Asso- ciation (E.Lock). NFL Free Agency: A Modest Proposal (B. Brody). Allocation of the Risks of Skiing: A Call for the Reapplication of Fun- damental Common Law Principles (A. Ferguson). Thoughts on Inter- national Professional Sports Leagues and the Application of United States Antitrust Laws (K. Shropshire). An Academic Game Plan for Reforming Big-Time Intercollegiate Athletics (R. Smith). Drug Test- ing of Student Athletes: Some Contract and Tort Implications (L. Pernell). Proposition 48 and the Business of Intercollegiate Athletics: Potential Antitrust Ramifications Under the Sherman Act (D. Klein and W. Briggs). The Aerobics Fitness Industry: Evolving Standards of Practice (G. Stahmer). Sports, Torts, Courts-SportsLitigation. 13 Trial 21-48 (Jan. 1977). CONTENTS: Responsibility Is Also Part of the Game (Langerman & Fidel). Sports Violence and the Criminal Law (Hallowell & Meshbesher). Sports Violence and the Prosecution (Flakne & Caplan). The Liability Path to Safer Helmets (Philo & Stine). The Case Against Artificial Turf (Epstein). In Defense of Artificial Turf (Troy). Symposium: Sports and the Law. 3 Western State University Law Re- view 185-283 (1976). CONTENTS: The Emancipation of Professional Athletes (L. Sobel). Congress Tackles Sports and Broadcasting (P. Hochberg). Title IX and the NCAA (J. Koch). The Aftermath of Flood v. Kuhn: Profes- sional Baseball's Exemption From Antitrust Regulation (P. Martin). Symposium on Athletics in Higher Education. 8 Journal of College and University Law 291-408 (1981-1982). CONTENTS: Introduction (P. Faccenda). Women in Athletics: Winning the Game but Losing the Support (A. Thomas and J. Shel- don-Wildgen). Taxing the Sale of Broadcast Rights to College Athlet- ics-An Unrelated Trade or Business? (L. Thompson and J. Young). Unsportsmanlike Conduct: The Student-Athlete, the NCAA, and Agents (R. Ruxin). Aiken v. Lieuallen and Peterson v. Oregon State University: Defining Equity in Athletics (E. Branchfield and M. HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Grier). Williams v. Hamilton: Constitutional Protection of the Stu- dent-Athlete. Symposium on Entertainment and Sports Law. 15 New England Law Review 545-780 (1979-1980). INCLUDES: Agents of Professional Athletes. Title IX and Intercol- legiate Athletics: HEW Gets Serious About Equality in Sports? The NCAA, Amateurism, and the Student Athlete's Constitutional Rights Upon Ineligibility. North American Soccer League v. National Football League: Applying "Rule of Reason" Analysis Under the Sherman Act to Private Bans on Cross-Ownership. On Finding Civil Liability Be- tween Professional Football Players: Hackbart v. CincinnatiBengals, Inc. Hockey's Reserve System and the Labor Exemption: McCourt v. California Sports, Inc. Symposium on PostsecondaryAthletics and the Law. 5 Journal of College and University Law 1-76 (1977). CONTENTS: An Overview of Legal Principles and Issues Affecting Postsecondary Athletics (W. Kaplin). Judicial Review of Rule-Mak- ing in amateur Athletics (C. Lowell). The Four Horsemen Ride Again: Cable Communications and Collegiate Athletics (P. Hoch- berg). Throw 'Em to the Lions (Or Bengals): The Decline and Fall of Sports Civilization As Seen Through the Eyes of a United States Dis- trict Court (H. Zuckman). Postsecondary Athletics and the Law: A Selected Bibliography (E. Edmonds). Symposium on PostsecondaryAthletics and the Law. 5 Journal of College and University Law 77-159 (1978-1979). CONTENTS: Antitrust Issues in the Regulation of College Sports (J. Weistart). Intercollegiate Athletics: Waning Amateurism and Rising Professionalism (S. Horn). Contract Law, Due Process, and the NCAA (J. Dickerson and M. Chapman). Postsecondary Athletics in an Era of Equality: An Appraisal of the Effect of Title IX (M. Kadzielski). Sports and the Handicapped: Section 504 of the Rehabil- itation Act of 1973 and Curricular, Intramural, Club and Intercollegi- ate Athletic Programs in Postsecondary Educational Institutions (A. Hermann). Symposium on Sports Law. 1982 Arizona State Law Journal 79-149. CONTENTS: The Regulation of Academic Standards in Intercollegi- ate Athletics (R. Waicaukauski). NCAA Rules and Their Enforce- ment: Not Spare the Rod and Spoil the Child-Rather Switch the Values and Spare the Sport (B. Brody). The Enforcement Procedures of the National Collegiate Athletic Association: An Abuse of the Stu- dent-Athlete's Right to Reasonable Discovery (D. Miller). Symposium on Sports Law. 18 New York Law Forum 815-933 (1973). CONTENTS: Sports and the Law: An Overview (L. Koppett). Sec- ond and Goal to Go: The Legislative Attack in the 92d Congress on Sports Broadcasting Practices (P. Hochberg). Legalization of Gam- bling on Sports Events (H. Samuels). The Business of Professional Sports: A Reexamination in Progress (R. Carlson). 1991] SPORTs BIBLIOGRAPHY 639

Symposium: Antitrust Issues In Amateur Sports. 61 Indiana Law Journal 1-84 (1985). CONTENTS: Introduction: Antitrust-The Emerging Legal Issues (J. Scanlan). The Economic Realities of Amateur Sports Organization (J. Koch). Antitrust and Amateur Sports: The Role of Noneconomic Values (W. Kirby and T. Weymouth). "Don't Talk of Fairness": The Chicago School's Approach Toward Disciplining Professional Athletes (R. Heidt). Alternative Broadcasting Arrangements After NCAA (B. Gregory and J. Busey). Symposium: ProfessionalSports and the Law. 18 William and Mary Law Review 677-760 (1977). CONTENTS: Introduction (B. Kuhn). Taxation of Professional Sports Teams After 1976: A Whole New Ballgame (H. Zaritsky). Player Discipline in Professional Sports: The Antitrust Issues (J. Weistart). Post-Merger Blues: Intra-League Contract Jumping (S. Heiner). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

VI Law Review Articles A. Sports Governance 1. Amateur and College Athletics

Administration of Amateur Athletics: The Time for An Amateur Athlete's Bill of Rights Has Arrived. 48 Fordham Law Review 53-82 (1979). Antitrust Policy and Olympic Athletes: The United States Ski Team Goes for the Gold. 1985 Utah Law Review 831-883 (1985). Government of Amateur Athletics: The NCAA-AA U Dispute. 41 Southern California Law Review 464-490 (1968). Jennings, Marianne Moody. Tarkanian: The Demise of Legal Accounta- bility for the NCAA; Clarification of State Action and a Shift in the Litigation Burden to Academic Administrators. 11 Whittier Law Re- view 77-109 (1989). Judicial Review of the NCAA's Bylaw 12-1. 29 Alabama Law Review 547-562 (1978). Koch, James V. The Economic Realities of Amateur Sports Organization. 61 Indiana Law Journal 9-29 (1986). Koch, James V. A Troubled Cartel: The NCAA. 38 Law and Contempo- rary Problems 135-150 (1973). Lowell, Cym H. FederalAdministrative Intervention in Amateur Athlet- ics. 43 George Washington Law Review 729-790 (1975). Lowell, Cym H. JudicialReview of Rule-Making in Amateur Athletics. 5 Journal of College and University Law 11-42 (1977). McGuire, John F. The NCAA-Institution Under ConstitutionalSiege. 2 Journal of College and University Law 175-191 (1974/75). The NCAA and State Action: Does the Creature Control Its Master? 16 Journal of Contemporary Law 333-355 (1990). Nafziger, J.A.R. Amateur Sports Act of 1978. 1983 Brigham Young University Law Review 47-99. Shropshire, Kenneth L. New Concepts of Contract Liabilities in College Sports: Member Institutionsv. The National CollegiateAthletic Asso- ciation. 11 Hastings COMM/ENT Law Journal 1-33 (1988). Smith, Rodney K. Reforming IntercollegiateAthletics: A Critique of the Presidents Commission's Role in the NCAA's Sixth Special Conven- tion. 64 North Dakota Law Review 423-462 (1988). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

State Open Records Law and the NCAA: Does the NCAA Qualify as a "GovernmentalBody" and, if so, May Its Members Invoke the Privi- lege of Self-CriticalAnalysis? 15 Journal of College and University Law 349-368 (1989). Tax-Exempt Status of Amateur Sports Organizations. 40 Washington and Lee Law Review 1705-1728 (1983). Weistart, John C. Legal Accountability and the NCAA. 10 Journal of College and University Law 167-180 (1983-1984). Wong, Glenn M. and Richard J. Ensor. Recent Developments in Ama- teur Athletics: The Organization'sResponsibility to the Public. 2 En- tertainment & Sports Law Journal 123-165 (1985). Wong, Glenn M. and Richard J. Ensor. The Impact of the US. Supreme Court's Antitrust Ruling on College Football. 3 Entertainment and Sports Lawyer 3-6 (Winter 1985).

2. ProfessionalSports

Affirmance of a Sports Commissioner's Power. 3 Glendale Law Review 322-328 (1978-1979). Clancy, Christopher H. and Jonathan A. Weiss. A Pine Tar Gloss on Quasi-Legal Images. 5 Cardozo Law Review 411-440 (1984). Closius, Phillip J. Not at the Behest of Nonlabor Groups: A Revised Prog- nosis for a Maturing Sports Industry. 24 Boston College Law Re- view 341-400 (1983). Goldman, Lee. Sports, Antitrust, and the Single Entity Theory. 63 Tu- lane Law Review 751-797 (1989). The Legality of Sports Leagues' Restrictive Admissions Practices. 60 New York University Law Review 925-955 (1985). Limits on the DiscretionaryPowers of ProfessionalSports Commissioners: A Historical and Legal Analysis of Issues Raised by the Pete Rose Controversy. 76 Virginia Law Review 1409-1439 (1990). Maintaining the Home Field Advantage: Rose v. Federal Court. 10 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 695-713 (1990). Roberts, Gary R. Sports Leagues and the Sherman Act: The Use and Abuse of Section I to Regulate Restraintson Intraleague Rivalry. 32 UCLA Law Review 219-301 (1984). Roberts, Gary R. The Antitrust Status of Sports Leagues Revisited. 64 Tulane Law Review 117-145 (1989). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [V'ol. 13:589

Roberts, Gary R. The Evolving Confusion of Professional Sports Anti- trust, the Rule of Reason, and the Doctrine of Ancillary Restraints. 61 Southern California Law Review 943-1016 (1988). Roberts, Gary R. The Single Entity Status of Sports Leagues Under Sec- tion 1 of the Sherman Act: An Alternative View. 60 Tulane Law Review 562-595 (1986). Weistart, John C. League Control of Market Opportunities: A Perspective on Competition and Cooperation in the Sports Industry. 84 Duke Law Journal 1013-1070 (1984). B. College Athletics (See also "Sports Governance," "Antitrust," and "Discrimination in Athletics") 1. In General

Achieving Educational Opportunity Through Freshmen Ineligibility and CoachingSelection: Key Elements in the NCAA Battle for Academic Integrity of IntercollegiateAthletics. 14 Journal of College and Uni- versity Law 383-398 (1987). Austin, Arthur D. The Legality of Ticket Tie-Ins in InterCollegiateAth- letics. 15 University of Richmond Law Review 1-37 (1980). Compensation for CollegiateAthletes: A Run for More Than the Roses. 22 San Diego Law Review 701-723 (1985). Davis, Robert N. Academics and Athletics on a Collision Course. 66 North Dakota Law Review 239-266 (1990). Edmonds, Edmund P. PostsecondaryAthletics and the Law: A Selected Bibliography. 5 Journal of College and University Law 65-76 (1977). Goldman, Lee. Sports and Antitrust: Should College Students Be Paid to Play? 65 Notre Dame Law Review 206-261 (1990). Howard, James J. Incentives Are Needed to Increase Graduation Rates of Scholarship Athletes. 10 Seton Hall Legislative Journal 201-212 (1987). Jensen, Erik M. Taxation, The Student Athlete, and the Professionalism of College Athletics. 1987 Utah Law Review 35-58 (1987). Judge, William J. Student-Athletes as Employees: Income Tax Conse- quences. 13 Journal of College and University Law 285-309 (1986). Kaplin, William A. An Overview of Legal Principlesand Issues Affecting PostsecondaryAthletics. 5 Journal of College and University Law 1- 9 (1977). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

McKenzie, Richard B. and E. Thomas Sullivan. Does the NCAA Exploit College Athletes? An Economics and Legal Reinterpretation. 32 An- titrust Bulletin 373-399 (1987). Pacey, P.L. The Courts and College Football: New Playing Rules Off the Field? 44 American Journal of Economics and Sociology 145-154 (1985). Rush, Sharon Elizabeth. Touchdowns, Toddlers, and Taboos: On Paying College Athletes and Surrogate Contract Mothers. 31 Arizona Law Review 549-614 (1989). Smith, Rodney K. An Academic Game Plan for Reforming Big-Time In- tercollegiate Athletics. 67 Denver University Law Review 213-278 (1990). Stokes, Jerome W.D. The Jan Kemp Case: No Penaltyfor Pass Interfer- ence. 16 Journal of Law and Education 257-270 (1987). Waicukauski, Ron. The Regulation of Academic Standards in Intercolle- giate Athletics. 1982 Arizona State Law Journal 79-108. Weistart, John C. Antitrust Issues in the Regulation of College Sports. 5 Journal of College and University Law 77-96 (1978-1979).

2. Rights of Student Athletes

Balancing Due Process and Academic Integrity In IntercollegiateAthlet- ics: The Scholarship Athlete's Limited Property Interest In Eligibility. 62 Indiana Law Journal 1151-1180 (1987). Carrafiello, Vincent A. Jocks Are People Too: The Constitution Comes to the Locker Room. 13 Creighton Law Review 843-862 (1980). Collegiate Athletic Participation: A Property or Liberty Interest? 15 Pa- cific Law Journal 1203-1230 (1984). Constitutional Law: Is the NCAA Eligible for a New Interpretation of State Action? 7 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 337-351 (1987). Constitutional Law- Wearing of Black Armbands by State University FootballPlayers Would Violate Establishmentof Religion Clause. 19 University of Kansas Law Review 316-325 (1969). Cross, Harry M. The College Athlete and the Institution. 38 Law and Contemporary Problems 151-170 (1973). Dickerson, Jaffe D. and Mayer Chapman. Contract Law, Due Process, and the NCAA. 5 Journal of College and University Law 107-121 (1978-1979). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Educating Misguided Student Athletes: An Application of Contract The- ory. 85 Columbia Law Review 96-129 (1985). Greene, Linda S. The New NCAA Rules of the Game: Academic Integ- rity or Racism? 28 St. Louis University Law Journal 101-151 (1984). Horn, Stephen. IntercollegiateAthletes: Waning Amateurism and Rising Professionalism. 5 Journal of College and University Law 97 (1979). Jennings, Marianne and Lynn Zioiko. Student-Athletes, Athlete Agents and Five Year Eligibility: An Environment of Contractual Interfer- ence, Trade Restraint and High-Stake Payments. 66 University of Detroit Law Review 179-220 (1988). Judicial Review of Disputes Between Athletes and the National Collegiate Athletic Association. 24 Stanford Law Review 903-929 (1972). Judicial Review of NCAA Decisions: Does the College Athlete Have a PropertyInterest in InterscholasticAthletics. 10 Stetson Law Review 483-505 (1981). Klein, Deborah E. and William B. Briggs. Proposition 48 and the Busi- ness of Intercollegiate Athletics: Potential Antitrust Ramifications Under the Sherman Act. 67 Denver University Law Review 301-340 (1990). Martin, Gordon A. The NCAA and the Fourteenth Amendment. 11 New England Law Review 383-404 (1976). Martin, Gordon A. The NCAA and Its Student-Athletes: Is There Still State Action? 21 New England Law Review 49-75 (Winter 1986). McGahey, Robert L. Comment on the FirstAmendment and the Scholar- Athlete. 6 Human Rights 155-167 (1977). McGuire, John F. The NCAA-Institution Under ConstitutionalSiege. 2 Journal of College and University Law 175-191 (1974/75). McKenna, Kevin M. Age Limitations and the National Collegiate Ath- letic Association: Discrimination Or Equating Competition? 31 St. Louis University Law Journal 379-407 (1987). McKenna, Kevin M. A Proposition With a Powerful Punch: The Legal- ity and Constitutionalityof NCAA Proposition 48. 26 Duquesne Law Review 43-77 (1987). The NCAA, Amateurism, and the Student-Athlete's ConstitutionalRights Upon Ineligibility. 15 New England Law Review 597-625 (1980). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

NCAA Eligibility Regulations and the Fourteenth Amendment-Where Is the State Action? 13 Ohio Northern University Law Review 433- 446 (1986). NCAA v. Tarkanian: May a Student Athlete Receive ConstitutionalPro- tection from the NCAA's Actions or Has the FinalDoor Been Closed? 57 UMKC Law Review 949-962 (1989). National CollegiateAthletic Association v. Tarkanian: The End of Judi- cial Review of the NCAA. 12 University of Hawaii Law Review 383- 404 (1990). The New NCAA Academic Standards: Are They Constitutional? Are They Effective? 4 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 411-426 (1987). Property Rights: Athletes Await the Call From the Referee of the Court- room. 2 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 219-242 (1985). Recent Cases Concerning the Rights of Student Athletes. 10 Journal of College and University Law 209-224 (1983-1984). A Student-Athlete's Interest in Eligibility: Its Context and Constitutional Dimensions. 10 Connecticut Law Review 318-349 (1978). Suits by Student-Athletes Against Colleges for Obstructing Educational Opportunity. 24 Arizona Law Review 467-496 (1982). Williams v. Hamilton: ConstitutionalProtection of the Student-Athlete. 8 Journal of College and University Law 399-408 (1981-1982). Yasser, Ray. The Black Athletes' Equal Protection Case Against the NCAA's New Academic Standards. 19 Gonzaga Law Review 83-103 (19831984).

3. Rights and Obligations of Coaches

The Authority of the College Coach: A Legal Analysis. 49 Oregon Law Review 442-454 (1970). Brown, Kevin M. Rubber Sole: Should College Basketball Coaches Ac- cept Sneaker Money? 7 Entertainment and Sports Lawyer 3-6 (Win- ter 1989). Dessem, R. Lawrence. Sex Discriminationin Coaching. 3 Harvard Wo- men's Law Journal 97-117 (1980). Equal Pay for Coaches of Female Teams: Finding A Cause of Action Under Federal Law. 55 Notre Dame Lawyer 751-776 (1980). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. (Vol. 13:589

Graves, Judson. Coaches in the Courtroom: Recovery in Actions of Breach of Employment Contracts. 12 Journal of College and Uni- versity Law 545-559 (1986). Marcotte, Paul. College Sacked: Football Coach Keeps His Job. 72 American Bar Association Journal 35 (April 1986). Poskanzer, Steven G. Spotlight On the Coaching Box: The Role of the Athletic Coach Within the Academic Institution. 16 Journal of Col- lege and University Law 1-42 (1989). State Open-Records Acts and the NCAA Bylaw Requiring Coaches to Dis- close Their "Athletically-Related" Outside Income: Emptying the Coaches' Pockets For Public Inspection? 16 Journal of College and University Law 497-520 (1990). Stoner, Edward N. and Arlie R. Nogay. The Model University Coaching Contract ("MCC"): A Better Starting Point For Your Next Negotia- tion. 16 Journal of College and University Law 43-92 (1989). Tort Liability - Athletic Coaches and Officials - Volunteers - Civil Immunity From Liability. 10 Seton Hall Legislative Journal 332- 336 (1987).

4. NCAA Enforcement Procedures Brody, Burton F. NCAA Rules and Their Enforcement: Not Spare the Rod and Spoil the Child-Rather Switch the Values and Spare the Sport. 1982 Arizona State Law Journal 109-131 (1982). Civil Rights Law: State Action-National Collegiate Athletic Association. v. Tarkanian. 12 Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 1106- 1120 (1989). Constitutional Carte Blanche for Quasi-Public Institutions?-National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Tarkanian. 24 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 543-560 (1989). The Effect of NCAA v. Board of Regents on the Power of the NCAA to Impose Television Sanctions. 18 Indiana Law Review 937-958 (1985). The FederalCourts Have Given the NCAA Back Its Home Court Advan- tage. 67 University of Detroit Law Review 29-94 (1989). Martin, Gordon A. Due Process and Its Future Within the NCAA. 10 Connecticut Law Review 290-317 (1978). McCormack v. National Collegiate Athletic Association: College Athletics SanctionsFrom an Antitrust and Civil Rights Perspective. 15 Journal of College and University Law 459-476 (1989). 1991) SpoRis BIBLIOGRAPHY

Miller, David K. The Enforcement Proceduresof the National Collegiate Athletic Association: An Abuse of the Student-Athlete's Right to Rea- sonable Discovery. 1982 Arizona State Law Journal 133-149 (1982). National Collegiate Athletic Association: FundamentalFairness and the Enforcement Program. 23 Arizona Law Review 1065-1102 (1981). The NCAA and State Action: Does the Creature Control Its Master? 16 Journal of Contemporary Law 333-355 (1990). NCAA v. Tarkanian: A Delegation of Unfettered Discretion. 39 Case Western Reserve Law Review 1423-1434 (1988-1989). Remington, Frank J. NCAA Enforcement ProceduresIncluding the Role of the Committee on Infractions. 10 Journal of College and Univer- sity Law 181-196 (1983-1984). Smith, Rodney K. The National Collegiate Athletic Association's Death Penalty: How Educators Punish Themselves and Others. 62 Indiana Law Journal 985-1059 (1986-1987). Wong, Glenn M. and Richard J. Ensor. The NCAA's Enforcement Pro- cedure-Erosion of Confidentiality. 4 Entertainment and Sports Lawyer 1-2, 13-17 (Summer 1985). Wright, Charles Alan. Responding to an NCAA Investigation, or, What to Do When an Official Inquiry Comes. 1 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 19-35 (1984).

5. NCAA and State Action Doctrine

The Battle in Both Courts: NCAA v. Tarkanian. 7 University of Miami Entertainment & Sports Law Review 151-166 (1989). Civil Rights Law: State Action-National Collegiate Athletic Ass'n. v. Tarkanian. 12 Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 1106- 1120 (1989). Constitutional Carte Blanche for Quasi-Public Institutions?-National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Tarkanian. 24 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 543-560 (1989). Constitutional Law: Is the NCAA Eligible for a New Interpretation of State Action? 7 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 337-351 (1987). The FederalCourts Have Given the NCAA Back Its Home Court Advan- tage. 67 University of Detroit Law Review 29-94 (1989). Jennings, Marianne Moody. Tarkanian: The Demise of Legal Accounta- bility for the NCAA; Clarification of State Action and a Shift in the HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Litigation Burden to Academic Administrators. 11 Whittier Law Re- view 77-109 (1989). Martin, Gordon A. The NCAA and Its Student-Athletes: Is There Still State Action? 21 New England Law Review 49-75 (Winter 1986). The NCAA and State Action: Does the Creature Control Its Master? 16 Journal of Contemporary Law 333-355 (1990). NCAA Eligibility Regulations and the Fourteenth Amendment-Where Is the State Action? 13 Ohio Northern University Law Review 433- 446 (1986). NCAA v. Tarkanian: May a Student Athlete Receive ConstitutionalPro- tection From the NCAA s Actions or Has the FinalDoor Been Closed? 57 UMKC Law Review 949-962 (1989). NCAA v. Tarkanian: The State Action Doctrine Facesa Half-CourtPress. 44 University of Miami Law Review 197-232 (1989). National CollegiateAthletic Association v. Tarkanian: A Death Knell for the Symbiotic Relationship Test? 18 Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 237-256 (1990). National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Tarkanian: The End of Judi- cial Review of the NCAA. 12 University of Hawaii Law Review 383- 404 (1990). State Action and the NCAA: Will Tarkanian Sport the Old Look? 4 En- tertainment & Sports Law Journal 385-409 (1987). The Student Athlete and the National CollegiateAthletic Association: The Need for A Prima Facie Tort Doctrine. 9 Suffolk University Law Review 1340-1371 (1975). VanCamp, Stephen R. Viewing State Action Through the Analytical Looking Glass. 92 West Virginia Law Review 761-793 (1990).

6. Injuries and Workers' Compensation

Ashman, Allan. Hut One, Hut Two, No Comp For You. 69 American Bar Association Journal 828-829 (1983). Joiner, W. Joseph. Should Kentucky Student Athletes Be Covered by the Workers' Compensation Statutes? 50 Kentucky Bench and Bar 16- 18 (Spring 1986). Rensing v. IndianaState University Board of Trustees: The Status of the College Scholarship Athlete-Employee or Student? 13 Capital Uni- versity Law Review 87-103 (1983). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Steinbach, Sheldon Elliot. Workmen's Compensation and the Scholarship Athlete. 19 Cleveland State Law Review 521-527 (1970). Workers' Compensation and College Athletics: Should UniversitiesBe Re- sponsiblefor Athletes Who Incur Serious Injuries? 10 Journal of Col- lege and University Law 197-208 (1983). Yasser, Ray. Are Scholarship Athletes at Big-Time ProgramsReally Uni- versity Employees?-You Bet They Are! 9 Black Law Journal 65-78 (1984).

C. High School Athletics (See also "Discrimination in Athletics" and "Sports Injuries and Violence")

Champion, Walter T. No Pass, No Play-Texas Style. 5 Entertainment Sports Lawyer 5-7, 26 (Fall 1986). Champion, Walter T. The Texas 'No Pass No Play' Controversy. 14 Thurgood Marshall Law Review 27-42 (1988-1989). Cypher, Elspeth B. School Committees May Agree to Implement Rules of Interscholastic Athletic Associations. 19 Suffolk University Law Re- view 453-457 (1985). Heard. No Pass, No Play-Take That Ball A way-Ay-Ay. 1 Texas Lawyer 8 (June 12, 1985). High School Athletics and Due Process: Notice of Eligibility Rules. 57 Nebraska Law Review 877-892 (1978). Liability of Schools and Coaches: The CurrentStatus of Sovereign Immu- nity and Assumption of the Risk. 39 Drake Law Review 759-774 (1989-1990). Lofty Neutrality: The Traditional Pregame Invocation Versus the First Amendment's Establishment Clause. 20 Cumberland Law Review 687-717 (1989-1990). Menora v. Illinois High School Association: Basketball Players' Free Ex- ercise Rights Compromised-Technical Foul. 1983 Wisconsin Law Review 1487-1503 (1983). Mullins, Charles E. Family Law Issues in High School Athletic Eligibil- ity: Equal Protection v. The Transfer Rule. 20 Journal of Family Law 293-322 (1982). "No Pass, No Play": Equal Protection Analysis Under the Federal and State Constitutions. 63 Indiana Law Journal 161-179 (1987-1988). No Pass, No Play Rules: An Incentive Or An Infringement? 19 Univer- sity of Toledo Law Review 87-133 (1987). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Petrie, J.T. Interscholastic Sports Eligibility--The Transfer Rule. 37 Washington State Bar News 17 (1983). State High School Athletic Associations: When Will A Court Interfere? 36 Missouri Law Review 400-410 (1971). Weistart, John C. Rule-Making in Interscholastic Sports: The Bases of Judicial Review. 11 Journal of Law and Education 291-336 (1982).

D. International Athletics 1. In General

Baragwanath, David. The Tour. New Zealand Law Journal 221-228 (October 1985). Dobray, Debra. A Survey of Legal Issues Facing the Foreign Athlete. 4 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 1-17 (1987). Evans, Andrew C. Freedom of Trade Under the Common Law and Euro- pean Community Law: The Case of the Football Bans. 102 Law Quarterly Review 510-548 (1986). The Executive's Foreign Relations Power and the New York Courts-A Case of UnwarrantedDeference. 18 Columbia Journal of Transna- tional Law 557-578 (1980). Hamlin, Philip K. The 1981 Springbok Tour of New Zealand. 4 Auck- land University Law Review 313-325 (1982). InternationalSports: Have States Succeeded Athletes as the Players? 6 Dickinson Journal of International Law 403-436 (1988). Nafziger, James A.R. Legal Aspects of a United States Foreign Sports Policy. 8 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 837-855 (1975). Nafziger, James A.R. NonaggressiveSanctions in the InternationalSports Arena. 15 Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 329- 342 (1983). Nafziger, James A.R. and Andrew Strenk. The Political Uses and Abuses of Sports. 10 Connecticut Law Review 259-289 (1978). Nafziger, James A.R. The Regulation of TransnationalSports Competi- tion: Down from Mount Olympus. .5 Vanderbilt Journal of Transna- tional Law 180-212 (1971). Power, Vincent J.E. Injunctions and Rugby Tours: The Irish Experience. New Zealand Law Journal 220 (October 1985). Ramphal, Shridath S. Apartheid Sport. New Zealand Law Journal 1-3 (January 1985). 19911 SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Shropshire, Kenneth L. Thoughts on InternationalProfessional Sports Leagues and the Application of United States Antitrust Laws. 67 Denver University Law Review 193-212 (1990). Silance. Interaction of the Rules in Sports Law and the Laws and Treaties Made by Public Authorities. Olympic Review 619 (1977).

2. Olympic Games

Antitrust Policy and Olympic Athletes: The United States Ski Team Goes for the Gold. 1985 Utah Law Review 831-883 (1985). Edwards, Harry. Perspectives on Olympic Sportpolitics: 1968-1984. 9 Black Law Journal 38-50 (1984). Goldberg, Victor P. Television and the Quest for Gold: The Unofficial Paper of the 1984 Olympics. 79 Northwestern University Law Re- view 1172-1182 (1984). Guarding the Olympic Gold: Protecting the Marketability of Olympic Trademarks Through Section 110 of the Amateur Sports Act of 1978. 16 Southwestern University Law Review 461-503 (1986). Is the International Olympic Committee Amenable to Suit in a United States Court? 7 Fordham International Law Journal 61-82 (1983- 1984). Nadel, Paul J. The Gold Stops Here. 7 Los Angeles Lawyer 42-45 (July- August 1984). Nafziger, James A.R. Diplomatic Fun and the Games: A' Commentary on the United States Boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. 17 Wil- lamette Law Review 67-81 (1980). Olympic Challenge: Women Sue for 5 and 10-K Races. 70 American Bar Association Journal 42 (March 1984). Playing By the Rules? A Legal Analysis of the United States Olympic Committee-Soviet Olympic Committee Doping Control Agreement. 25 Stanford Journal of International Law 611-646 (1989). PoliticalAbuse of Olympic Sport. 14 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 155-185. (1982). Rich, Frederic C. The Legal Regime for a Permanent Olympic Site. 15 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 1- 53 (1982). Sanders, Barry A. Sponsorships and Licensing: Legal Lessons From the 1984 Olympics. 3 Entertainment and Sports Lawyer 1-2, 16-18 (Summer 1984). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Vedder, Christoph. The International Olympic Committee: An Ad- vanced Non-Governmental Organization and the InternationalLaw. 27 German Yearbook of International Law 233-258 (1984).

E. Antitrust (See also "Player Restraint Rules") 1. College & Amateur Athletics

Anti-trust Law-National Collegiate Athletic Association Held Subject to the Rule of Reason Test of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. 7 Cumber- land Law Review 505-515 (1977). Antitrust Policy and Olympic Athletes: The United States Ski Team Goes for the Gold. 1985 Utah Law Review 831-883 (1985). Austin, Arthur D. The Legality of Ticket Tie-Ins in IntercollegiateAth- letics. 15 University of Richmond Law Review 1-37 (1980). Klein, Deborah E. and William B. Briggs. Proposition 48 and the Busi- ness of Intercollegiate Athletics: Potential Antitrust Ramifications Under the Sherman Act. 67 Denver University Law Review 301-340 (1990). Kirby, Wendy T. and T. Clark Weymouth. Antitrust and Amateur Sports: The Role of Noneconomic Values. 61 Indiana Law Journal 31-51 (1986). McKenzie, Richard B. and E. Thomas Sullivan. Does the NCAA Exploit College Athletes? An Economics and Legal Reinterpretation. 32 An- titrust Bulletin 373-399 (1987). National Collegiate Athletic Association's Certification Requirement: A Section 1 Violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. 9 Valparaiso Law Review 193-219 (1974). Scanlan, John. Introduction: Antitrust-The Emerging Legal Issue. 61 Indiana Law Journal 1-7 (1986). Tackling Intercollegiate Athletics: An Antitrust Analysis. 87 Yale Law Journal 655-679 (1978). Weistart, John C. Antitrust Issues in the Regulation of College Sports. 5 Journal of College and University Law 77-96 (1979).

2. Broadcasting College Football-The NCAA Case [NCAA v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma, 468 U.S. 85 (1984)]

Antitrust Law-N.CA.A. Rules that Limit the Number of Televised Inter- collegiate Football Games Violate Section 1 of the Sherman Act. 10 Thurgood Marshall Law Review 632-644 (1985). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Antitrust Law-NCAA Thrown for a Loss By Court's TraditionalAnti- trust Blitz. 18 Creighton Law Review 917-952 (1984-1985). Antitrust and Nonmarket Goods: The Supreme Court Fumbles Again- National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Board of Regents. 60 Washington Law Review 721-737 (1985). Antitrust-BreakingAway From the NCAA: The Deregulation of College Football Television. 1984 Arizona State Law Journal 581-600 (1984). Antitrust-Price Fixing-NCAA May Not Establish Price and Output Level of Televised College Football Games. 16 Seton Hall Law Re- view 170-191 (1986). Beaird, J. Ralph. College Football Television and Antitrust Laws. 19 Georgia State Bar Journal 186-190 (1983). Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma v. National Collegiate Athletic Association: Antitrust Violations in College Football. 29 St. Louis University Law Journal 207-228 (1984). The Commercialization of College Football: The Universities of Oklahoma and Georgia Learn an Antitrust Lesson in NCAA v. Board of Regents. 12 Pepperdine Law Review 515-534 (1985). Did the Supreme Court Fumble?: The Supreme Court's Failure to En- dorse a Market Power Threshold to the Application of the Rule of Reason for Cases Under Section I of the Sherman Act in NCAA v. Board of Regents. 27 Boston College Law Review 579-607 (1986). FinalScore: Board of Regents 3, NCAA O-Supreme CourtAffirms Tenth Circuit's Finding That NCAA Television Plan Constituted Restraint of Trade. 62 Denver University Law Review 377-388 (1985). Greenspan, David. College Football's Biggest Fumble: The Economic Impact of the Supreme Court's Decision in National Collegiate Ath- letic Association v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma. 33 Antitrust Bulletin 1-65 (1987). Hickman, William. The NCAA and Televised College Football: Does Economic Efficiency Score Points? 11 Oklahoma City University Law Review 323-355 (1986). NCAA v. Board of Regents and a Truncated Rule of Reason: Retaining Flexibility Without Sacrificing Efficiency. 27 Arizona Law Review 193-210 (1985). NCAA v. Board of Regents: Is the Rule of Reason Unreasonable? 1985 Detroit College of Law Review 201-214 (1985). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

NCAA v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma: Has the Supreme Court Abrogated the Per Se Rule of Antitrust Analysis? 19 Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 437-472 (1985). NCAA v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma: The NCAA's Television Plan is Sacked by the Sherman Act. 34 Catholic Univer- sity Law Review 857-887 (1985). NCAA v. Board of Regents: Supreme Court Intercepts Per Se Rule and Rule of Reason. 39 University of Miami Law Review 529-547 (1985). National CollegiateAthletic Association v. Board of Regents of the Univer- sity of Oklahoma and University of Georgia Athletic Association. 61 Chicago-Kent Law Review 593-609 (1985). Oklahoma Routs NCAA 7-2 in the Television Bowl: National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma. 6 University of Bridgeport Law Review 333-358 (1985). Ponsoldt, James F. The Unreasonableness of Coerced Cooperation: A Comment Upon the NCAA Decision's Rejection of the Chicago School. 31 Antitrust Bulletin 1003-1044 (1986). Rowe, Karol K. NCAA v. Board of Regents: A Broadeningof the Rule of Reason. 11 Journal of College and University Law 377-397 (1984). Wong, Glenn M. and Richard J. Ensor. The Impact of the U.S. Supreme Court's Antitrust Ruling on College Football. 3 Entertainment and Sports Lawyer 3-6 (Winter 1985).

3. ProfessionalSports Generally [for player issues, see "Player Restraint Rules'1

Antitrust and ProfessionalSport: Does Anyone Play by the Rules of the Game? 22 Catholic University of America Law Review 403-426 (1973). Antitrust & ProfessionalSports' Eligibility Rules: The Past, the Present, and the Future. 1 Fordham Entertainment, Media & Intellectual Property Law Forum 65-89 (1990). Antitrust Analysis in ProfessionalSports Management Cases: The Public Cries "Foul!" 25 Arizona Law Review 995-1021 (1983). Antitrust Law: ProceduralSafeguard Requirements in Concerted Refus- als to Deal: An Application to ProfessionalSports-Denver Rockets v. All-Pro Management, Inc. 10 San Diego Law Review 413-424 (1973). 19911 SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Antitrust Laws: Application of FederalAntitrust Laws as to Professional Sports. 18 A.L.R. FED 489 (1974). Antitrust Regulation of Sports Leagues: Interview With David Stern, NBA Commissioner. 1 Antitrust 24-28 (Summer 1987). Cross-Ownership Ban. 4 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 203-209 (1984). Dewey, Addison E. ProfessionalAthletes-Affluent Elitists or Victims of the Reserve System? An Emerging Paradox-CourtsProtect Such Athletes From Antitrust Law Violations but Collective Bargaining Has Resulted in Antitrust Immunity for Leagues and Club Owners. 8 Ohio Northern Law Review 453-479 (1981). Jones, J.C. and D.K. Davies. Not Even Semitough: Professional Sport and Canadian Antitrust. 23 Antitrust Bulletin 713-742 (1978). Keating, Kenneth B. The Antitrust Threat to Professional Team Sports. 1959 Antitrust Law Symposium 23-30 (1959). Keith, Maxwell. Developments in the Application of Antitrust Laws to ProfessionalTeam Sports. 10 Hastings Law Journal 119-138 (1958). Kempf, Donald G. The Misapplication of Antitrust Law to Professional Sports Leagues. 32 Depaul Law Review 625-633 (1983). Kurlantzick, Lewis S. Thoughts on ProfessionalSports and the Antitrust Laws: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Commission v. National Football League. 15 Connecticut Law Review 183-208 (1983). Leavell, Jerome F. and Howard L. Millard. Trade Regulation and Pro- fessional Sports. 26 Mercer law Review 603-616 (1975). The Modern Trend in Antitrust and ProfessionalSports. 22 Albany Law Review 272-286 (1958). Morris, John P. Fair and Square: Antitrust Laws and ProfessionalSports in America. 59 Law Institute Journal 552-555 (1985). Morris, John P. Keeping the Game Fairand Square-AntitrustLaws and ProfessionalSports in America. 59 Australian Law Journal 476-481 (1985). O'Dea, John F. ProfessionalSports and the Antitrust Laws. 9 Hastings Law Journal 18-35 (1957). Pierce, Samuel R., Jr. Organized Professional Team Sports and the Anti- trust Laws. 43 Cornell Law Quarterly 566-616 (1958). ProfessionalSports: Has Antitrust Killed the Goose That Laid the Golden Egg? 45 Antitrust Law Journal 290-314 (1976). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Riga, Peter J. ProfessionalSports and the Public Interest: A Kick in the Grass. 7 Whittier Law Review 551-589 (1985). Roberts, Gary R. The Evolving Confusion of Professional Sports Anti- trust, the Rule of Reason, and the Doctrine of Ancillary Restraints. 61 Southern California Law Review 943-1016 (1988). Schneiderman, Michael. ProfessionalSport: Involuntary Servitude and the Popular Will. 7 Gonzaga Law Review 63-82 (1971). Shropshire, Kenneth L. Thoughts on International Professional Sports Leagues and the Application of United States Antitrust Laws. 67 Denver University Law Review 193-212 (1990). The Super Bowl and the Sherman Act: Professional Team Sports and the Antitrust Laws. 81 Harvard Law Review 418-434 (1967). Tagliabue, Paul J. Antitrust Developments in Sports and Entertainment. 56 Antitrust Law Journal 341-359 (1987). Topkis, Jay H. Monopoly in Professional Sports. 58 Yale Law Journal 691-712 (1949).

4. ProfessionalBaseball

Antitrust Laws and ProfessionalBaseball. 19 Intramural Law Review of New York University 235-251 (1964). Antitrust Laws-The Applicability of Federaland State Antitrust Laws to the Sport of Baseball. 1973 University of Toledo Law Review 594- 610 (1971). Applicability of the Antitrust Laws to ProfessionalBaseball. 2 Memphis State University Law Review 299-312 (1972). Baseball-An Exception to the Antitrust Laws. 18 University of Pitts- burgh Law Review 131-148 (1956). BaseballPlayers and the Antitrust Laws. 53 Columbia Law Review 242- 258 (1953). Baseball Remains Exempt From Antitrust Laws. 4 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 197-203 (1984). Baseball'sAntitrust Exemption: The Limits of Stare Decisis. 12 Boston College Industrial and Commercial Law Review 737-746 (1971). Berger, Robert G. After the Strikes: A Reexamination of Professional Baseball's Exemption from the Antitrust Laws. 45 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 209-226 (1983). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 657

Classen, H. Ward. Three Strikes and You're Out: An Investigation of ProfessionalBaseball's Antitrust Exemption. 21 Akron Law Review 369-390 (1988). Constitutional Law-Baseball and the Anti-Trust Laws-A Game or a Conspiracy? 24 Notre Dame Lawyer 372-383 (1949). ConstitutionalLaw-Commerce and Supremacy Clauses Exempt Profes- sional Baseball From State Antitrust Statute. 35 Fordham Law Re- view 350-355 (1966). ConstitutionalLaw-Preemption-Baseball's Immunity from State Anti- trust Law. 13 Wayne Law Review 417-425 (1967). Eckler, John. Baseball--Sport or Commerce? 17 University of Chicago Law Review 56-78 (1949). Federal Anti-Trust Law-Monopolies-Baseball. 22 University of Kan- sas City Law Review 173-175 (1953-54). Gromley, Charles. Baseball and the Anti-Trust Laws. 34 Nebraska Law Review 597-612 (1955). Johnson, Frederic A. Baseball, ProfessionalSports and the Antitrust Acts. 2 Antitrust Bulletin 678-701 (1957). Keefe, Arthur John. Positively Mr. Kipling? Absolutely Mr. Kuhn! 58 American Bar Association Journal 651-652 (June 1972). Lockman, John S. Baseball as Interstate Commerce within the Meaning of the Anti-Trust Laws. 5 Intramural Law Review of New York University 206-220 (1950). Martin, Philip L. The Aftermath of Flood v. Kuhn: Professional Base- ball's Exemption from Antitrust Regulation. 3 Western State Uni- versity Law Review 262-283 (1976). The Monopoly in Baseball. 18 University of Cincinnati Law Review 203- 216 (1949). Monopsony in Manpower: Organized Baseball Meets the Antitrust Laws. 62 Yale Law Journal 576-639 (1953). Morris, John P. In the Wake of the Flood. 38 Law and Contemporary Problems 85-98 (1973). Neville, John W. Baseball and the Antitrust Laws. 16 Fordham Law Review 208-230 (1947). Neville, John W. Who's on First? 36 Michigan State Bar Journal 13-20 (Apr. 1957). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Rogers, C. Paul. Judicial Reinterpretationof Statutes: The Example of Baseball and the Antitrust Laws. 14 Houston Law Review 611-634 (1977). Seymour, Harold. Ball, Bat and Bar. 6 Cleveland-Marshall Law Review 534-544 (1957). Shapiro, Paul W. Monopsony Means Never Having to Say You're Sorry-- A Look at Baseball's Minor Leagues. 4 Journal of Contemporary Law 191-209 (1978).

5. Other ProfessionalSports

Antitrust: Preseason Football Tickets and Tie-ins. 1975 Washington Uni- versity Law Quarterly 495-506 (1975). Brown, Lori J. The Battle: From the Playingfield to the Courtroom- United States FootballLeague v. National FootballLeague. 18 Uni- versity of Toledo Law Review 871-918 (1987). Ducker, Bruce. Pros Offside? The Antitrust Laws and Professional Sports. 76 Case and Comment 32-37 (Sept.-Oct. 1971). Eppel, John P. Professional Sports. 33 Antitrust Law Journal 69-75 (1967). Gray, John A. and Stephen J.K. Walters. Is the NFL An Illegal Monop- oly? 66 University of Detroit Law Review 5-32 (1988). Holford, Elyzabeth Joy. Punt, Impasse, or Kick: The 1987 NFLPA Anti- trust Action. 22 Akron Law Review 61-79 (1988). Matchpoint: Agents, Antitrust, and Tennis. 64 University of Detroit Law Review 481-503 (1987). Metanias, George Andrew, Thomas Joseph Cryan, and David W. John- son. A CriticalLook at Professional Tennis Under Antitrust Law. 4 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 57-100 (1987). The National Basketball Association Salary Cap: An Antitrust Violation? 59 Southern California Law Review 157-181 (1985). North American Soccer League v. National Football League: Applying "Rule of Reason" Analysis Under the Sherman Act to Private Bans on Cross-Ownership. 15 New England Law Review 697-740 (1980). Touchdown or Bring the Ball Back For A 15 Yard Penalty: Ramifications of Holding That the NationalFootball League is a Monopoly In Pro- fessional Football. 1987 Detroit College of Law Review 1151-1180 (1987). 19911 SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Tying Arrangements in the Sale of Season Tickets. 47 Temple Law Quar- terly 761-770 (1974). The USFL Suit, Antitrust, and Sports: Interview With Howard Cosell. 1 Antitrust 22-26 (Winter 1987).

6. Single Entity Treatmentfor Sports Leagues

Blecher, M. and H. F. Daniels. ProfessionalSports and the "Single En- tity" Defense Under Section One of the Sherman Act. 4 Whittier Law Review 217-238 (1982). Glick, J. ProfessionalSports FranchiseMovements and the Sherman Act: When and Where Teams Should Be Able to Move. 23 Santa Clara Law Review 55-94 (1983). Goldman, Lee. Sports, Antitrust, and the Single Entity Theory. 63 Tu- lane Law Review 751-797 (1989). Grauer, Myron C. Recognition of the National FootballLeague as a Sin- gle Entity Under Section 1 of the Sherman Act: Implications of the Consumer Welfare Model. 82 Michigan Law Review 1-59 (1983). Grauer, Myron C. The Use and Misuse of the Term "Consumer Wel- fare" Once More to the Mat on the Issue of Single Entity Status for Sports Leagues Under Section 1 of the Sherman Act. 64 Tulane Law Review 71-116 (1989). Gray, John A. Section 1 of the Sherman Act and Control Over NFL Franchise Locations: The Problem of Opportunistic Behavior. 25 American Business Law Journal 123-159 (1987). Kurlantzick, Lewis S. Thoughts on ProfessionalSports and the Antitrust Laws: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Commission v. National Football League. 15 Connecticut Law Review 183-208 (1983). Lazaroff, Daniel E. Antitrust Analysis and Sports Leagues: Re-Examin- ing the Threshold Questions. 20 Arizona State Law Journal 953-988 (1988). Lazaroff, Daniel E. The Antitrust Implications of Franchise Relocation Restrictions in ProfessionalSports. 53 Fordham Law Review 157- 219 (1984). The Legality of Sports Leagues' Restrictive Admissions Practices. 60 New York University Law Review 925-955 (1985). N.F.L. 's Final Victory Over Smith v. Pro-Football,Inc.: Single Entity- Interleague Economic Analysis. 27 Cleveland State Law Review 541-564 (1978). HASTINGS CoMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Roberts, Gary R. Sports Leagues and the Sherman Act: The Use and Abuse of Section I to Regulate Restraints on IntraleagueRivalry. 32 UCLA Law Review 219-301 (1984). Roberts, Gary R. The Antitrust Status of Sports Leagues Revisited. 64 Tulane Law Review 117-145 (1989). Roberts, Gary R. The Single Entity Status of Sports Leagues Under Sec- tion 1 of the Sherman Act: An Alternative View. 60 Tulane Law Review 562-595 (1986). Rosenbaum, Thane N. The Antitrust Implications of ProfessionalSports Leagues Revisited: Emerging Trends In the Modern Era. 41 Univer- sity of Miami Law Review 729-822 (1987). A Substantive Test for Sherman Act Plurality: Applications for Profes- sional Sports Leagues. 52 University of Chicago Law Review 999- 1031 (1985). Weistart, John C. League Controlof Market Opportunities: A Perspective on Competition and Cooperation in the Sports Industry. 84 Duke Law Journal 1013-1070 (1984).

7. Labor Exemption

Application of the Labor Exemption After the Expiration of Collective BargainingAgreements in ProfessionalSports. 57 New York Univer- sity Law Review 164-202 (1982). The Effect of Collective Bargainingon the Baseball Antitrust Exemption. 12 Fordham Urban Law Journal 807-839 (1984). The Eighth CircuitSuggests A Labor Exemption From Antitrust Laws For Collectively Bargained Labor Agreements in ProfessionalSports. 21 St. Louis University Law Journal 565-594 (1977). Flood in the Land of Antitrust: Another Look at ProfessionalAthletics, the Antitrust Laws and the Labor Law Exemption. 7 Indiana Law Review 541-578 (1974). Gould, William B. Players & Owners Mix It Up. 8 California Lawyer 56-59, 103 (Aug. 1988). Hockey's Reserve System and the Labor Exemption: McCourt v. Califor- nia Sports, Inc. 15 New England Law Review 765-780 (1980). Jacobs, Michael S. and Ralph K. Winter Jr. Antitrust Principlesand Col- lective Bargaining by Athletes: Of Superstars in Peonage. 81 Yale Law Journal 1-29 (1971). 19911 SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Lock, Ethan. Powell v. National Football League: The Eighth Circuit Sacks the National FootballLeague Players Association. 67 Denver University Law Review 135-154 (1990). Lock, Ethan. The Scope of the Labor Exemption in ProfessionalSports. 1989 Duke Law Journal 339-419 (1989). McCormick, Robert A. and Matthew C. McKinnon. ProfessionalFoot- ball's Draft Eligibility Rule: The Labor Exemption and the Antitrust Laws. 33 Emory Law Journal 375-440 (1984). The NFL Players Association's Agent Certification Plan: Is It Exempt From Antitrust Review? 26 Arizona Law Review 699-714 (1984). Nelson, Paul. ProfessionalSports and the Non-Statutory Labor Exemp- tion to FederalAntitrust Law: McCourt v. CaliforniaSports, Inc. 11 University of Toledo Law Review 633-653 (1980). The Nonstatutory Labor Exemption and Player Restraints in Professional Sports: The Promised Land or A Return to Bondage? 4 Entertain- ment and Sports Law Journal 283-331 (1987). Of Hoops, Labor Dupes and Antitrust Ally-Oops: Fouling Out the Salary Cap. 62 Indiana Law Journal 95-125 (1986). Roberts, Barry S. and Brian A. Powers. Defining the Relationship Be- tween Antitrust Law and Labor Law: Professional Sports and the CurrentLegal Background. 19 William and Mary Law Review 395- 467 (1978). Roberts, Gary R. Reconciling Federal Labor and Antitrust Policy: The Special Case of Sports League Labor Market Restraints. 75 Ge- orgetown Law Journal 19-98 (1986). Tagliabue, Paul J. Antitrust Developments in Sports and Entertainment. 56 Antitrust Law Journal 341-359 (1987).

F. Broadcasting (See also "Antitrust-Broadcasting College Football" for articles discussing NCAA decision)

1. In General

Copyright Protectionfor Live Sports Broadcasts: New Statutory Weapons With Constitutional Problems. 31 Federal Communications Law Journal 277-301 (1979). Copyright Protection For Live Sports Telecasts. 29 Baylor Law Review 101-117 (1977). HASTINGS CoMMi/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Copyright Protectionfor Sports Broadcasts and the Public's Right of Ac- cess. 15 Idea 385-404 (1971). Copyrights-In General- Unauthorized Rediffusion of Live and Film Telecasts of Sports Events to Home Viewers Held Non-Actionable. 68 Harvard Law Review 712-714 (1955). Cryan, Thomas Joseph, James S. Crane, and Michael J. Marcil. The Fu- ture of Sports Broadcasting: An International Question. 10 Seton Hall Legislative Journal 213-273 (1987). First Right of Refusal Provision. 4 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 103-108 (1984). Garrett, Robert Alan and Philip R. Hochberg. Sports Broadcastingand the Law. 59 Indiana Law Journal 155-193 (1984). McManis, Charles R. Satellite Dish Antenna Reception: Copyright Pro- tection of Live Broadcasts and the Doctrine of Anticipatory Infringe- ment. 11 Columbia-VLA Journal of Law & the Arts 387-402 (1987). The Nature and Effect of Major Sports' Restrictions on Radio and Televi- sion BroadcastingRights Under the Sherman Act. 21 George Wash- ington Law Review 466-482 (1953). Nevins, Francis M. Antenna Dilemma: The Exemption from Copyright Liability for Public Performance Using Technology Common in the Home. 11 Columbia-VLA Journal of Law & the Arts 403-411 (1987). Peterson, Robert A. "Blackouts" and the Public Interest: An Equitable Proposal. 4 Journal of Contemporary Law 143-168 (1978). The PropertyRight in a Sports Telecast. 35 Virginia Law Review 246-263 (1949). Roberts, Gary R. PiratingSatellite Signals of Blacked-Out Sports Events: A Historical and Policy Perspective. 11 Columbia-VLA Journal of Law & the Arts 363-386 (1987). Sports Anti-Siphoning Rules for Pay Cable Television: A Public Right to Free TV? 53 Indiana Law Journal 821-840 (1978). Super Stations-Localor NationalBroadcasters. 4 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 129-139 (1984).

2. College

The Deregulation of Televised College Football. 2 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 79-88 (1984). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gregory, Byron L. and J. Craig Busey. Alternative BroadcastingAr- rangementsAfter NCAA. 61 Indiana Law Journal 65-84 (1986). Gulland, Eugene D., J. Peter Byrne, and Sheldon Elliot Steinbach. Inter- collegiate Athletics and Television Contracts: Beyond Economic Jus- tifications in Antitrust Analysis of Agreements Among Colleges. 52 Fordham Law Review 717-731 (1984). Hochberg, Philip R. The Four Horsemen Ride Again: Cable Communi- cations and CollegiateAthletics. 5 Journal of College and University Law 43-54 (1977). Hochberg, Philip R. and Ira Horowitz. Broadcasting and CATV. The Beauty and the Bane of Major College Football. 38 Law and Con- temporary Problems 112-128 (1973). Thompson, Larry R. and J. Timothy Young. Taxing the Sale of Broad- cast Rights to College Athletics--An Unrelated Trade or Business? 8 Journal of College and University Law 331-345 (1981). Unfair Competition and Exclusive Broadcastsof Sporting Events. 48 Yale Law Journal 288-302 (1938).

3. Professional

Baltimore Orioles,Inc. v. Major League Baseball PlayersAssociation: The Right of Publicity in Game Performancesand Federal Copyright Pre- emption. 36 UCLA Law Review 861-888 (1989). Cryan, Thomas Joseph and James S. Crane. Sports on the Superstations: The Legal and Economic Effects. 3 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 35-56 (1986). Hickey, Terence N. Television Broadcasts of Boxing Matches. 16 Mar- quette Law Review 260-266 (1932). Hochberg, Philip R. Congress Kicks a Field Goal: The Legislative Attack in the 93d Congress on Sports Broadcasting Practices. 27 Federal Communications Bar Journal 27-79 (No. 3, 1974). Hochberg, Philip R. Congress Tackles Sports and Broadcasting. 3 West- ern State University Law Review 223-249 (1976). Hochberg, Philip R. Second and Goal to Go: The Legislative Attack in the 92d Congress on Sports Broadcasting Practices. 18 New York Law Forum 841-890 (1973). The Last Legal Monopoly: The NFL and Its Television Contracts. 4 En- tertainment & Sports Law Journal 357-384 (1987). HASTNGS Co3MM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Meaning of "Game Site" in Televised Football Exemption. 61 Denver Law Journal 159-160 (1984). NFL's Home Game Black-Out Exemption. 4 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 209-213 (1984). Poolingof Local BroadcastingIncome in the American BaseballLeague- Antitrust and ConstitutionalIssues. 32 Syracuse Law Review 841- 878 (1981). ProfessionalFootball Telecasts and the Blackout Privilege. 57 Cornell Law Review 297-312 (1972). Quinn, James W. and Irwin H. Warren. Professional Team Sports New Legal Arena: Television and the Player's Right of Publicity. 16 Indi- ana Law Review 487-516 (1983). Recent Development: National Football League v. Beachland Ventures, Inc. 6 University of Miami Entertainment & Sports Law Review 139-153 (1989). Rice, David M. Calling Offensive Signals Against UnauthorizedShowing of Blacked-Out Football Games: Can the CommunicationsAct Carry the Ball? 11 Columbia-VLA Journal of Law & the Arts 413-440 (1987). Ross, Stephen F. An Antitrust Analysis of Sports League Contracts With Cable Networks. 39 Emory Law Journal 463-497 (1990). The Seventh Circuit Beans PerformerPublicity Rights in Baseball's Tele- cast Rights Rhubarb. 8 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 75-91 (1988). Shipley, David E. Three Strikes and They're Out at the Old Ball Game: Preemption of Performers' Rights of Publicity Under the Copyright Act of 1976. 20 Arizona State Law Journal 369-421 (1988). Shooshan, Harry M. Confrontation with Congress: Professional Sports and the Television Antiblackout Law. 25 Syracuse Law Review 713- 745 (1974). Sobel, Lionel S. Television Sports Blackouts: Private Rights vs. Public Policy. 48 Los Angeles Bar Bulletin 169-174, 182-188 (1972).

G. Discrimination in Athletics 1. Racial Discrimination

Eitzen, D. Stanley and Norman R. Yetman. Immune From Racism? 9 Civil Rights Digest 3-13 (Winter 1977). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Greene, Linda S. The New NCAA Rules of the Game: Academic Integ- rity or Racism? 28 St. Louis University Law Journal 101-151 (1984). Racism in Sports. 55 Social Science Quarterly 919-966 (1975). Scully, Gerald W. Economic Discrimination in ProfessionalSports. 38 Law and Contemporary Problems 67-84 (1973). Yasser, Ray. The Black Athletes' Equal Protection Case Against the NCAA s New Academic Standards. 19 Gonzaga Law Review 83-103 (1983-1984).

2. Sex Discrimination

The Application of Title IX to School Athletic Programs. 68 Cornell Law Review 222-235 (1983). Athletics: Application of State Law to Sex Discrimination in Sports. 66 A.L.R.3d 1262-1274. Blair v. Washington State University: Making State ERA s a Potent Rem- edy for Sex Discrimination in Athletics. 14 Journal of College and University Law 575-589 (1988). Branchfield, Edward and Melinda Grier. Aiken v. Lieuallen and Peter- son v. Oregon State University: Defining Equity in Athletics. 8 Jour- nal of College and University Law 369-398 (1981). Caliendo, Nat S. Title IX Policy Interpretation. 6 Journal of College and University Law 78-79 (1980). The Case for Equality in Athletics. 22 Cleveland State Law Review 570- 584 (1973). Civil Rights in the Locker Room: Ludke v. Kuhn. 2 COMM/ENT, A Journal of Communications and Entertainment Law 645-669 (1980). Constitutional Law-Equal Protection-Sex Discrimination Against Males in Athletics-PhysiologicalDifferences are Valid Reasons to Exclude Boys from Girls' Athletic Teams: Clark v. Arizona Inter- scholastic Association. 6 Whittier Law Review 151-75 (1984). Constitutional Law-Equal Protection--Sex Discrimination in High School Athletics Unreasonable. 19 New York Law Forum 166-174 (1973). ConstitutionalLaw-Sex Discrimination-TheFemale High School Ath- lete. 50 Chicago-Kent Law Review 169-179 (1973). HAMTNGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Cox, Thomas. A. Intercollegiate Athletics and Title IX. 46 George Washington Law Review 34-64 (1977). Dessem, R. Lawrence. Sex Discrimination in Coaching. 3 Harvard Wo- men's Law Journal 97-117 (1980). Equal Pay for Coaches of Female Teams: Finding A Cause of Action Under FederalLaw. 55 Notre Dame Lawyer 751-776 (1980). Equal Protection Scrutiny of High School Athletics. 72 Kentucky Law Journal 935-950 (1983-1984). Equality in Athletics: The Cheerleader v. the Athlete. 19 South Dakota Law Review 428-446 (1974). Fabri, Candace J. & Elaine S. Fox. The Female High School Athlete and Interscholastic Sports. 4 Journal of Law and Education 285-300 (1975). Gaal, John, Louis P. DiLorenzo, and Thomas S. Evans. HEW's Final "Policy Interpretation" of Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics. 6 Journal of College and University Law 345-361 (1979-1980). Gaal, John and Louis P. DiLorenzo. The Legality and Requirements of HEW'S Proposed "Policy Interpretation" of Title IX and Intercolle- giate Athletics. 6 Journal of College and University Law 161-194 (1979-1980). Haffer v. Temple University: A Reawakening of Gender Discrimination in IntercollegiateAthletics. 16 Journal of College and University Law 137-150 (1989). Half-Court Girls' Basketball Rules: An Application of the Equal Protec- tion Clause and Title IX. 65 Iowa Law Review 766-798 (1980). Hawaii'sEqual Rights Amendment: Its Impact on Athletic Opportunities and Competition for Women. 2 University of Hawaii Law Review 97 (1979). Hetzel, James V. Gender-Based Discrimination in High School Athletics. 10 Seton Hall Legislative Journal 275-297 (1987). Hitchens, Donna J. A Litigation Strategy on Behalf of the Outstanding High School Female Athlete. 8 Golden Gate University Law Review 423-442 (1979). Ingram, John D. and John S. Bellaver. Sex Discrimination in Park Dis- trict Athletic Programs. 64 Women Lawyers Journal 33-38 (Winter 1978). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

IrrebuttablePresumption Doctrine: Applied to State and Federal Regula- tions Excluding Femalesfrom Contact Sports. 4 University of Day- ton Law Review 197-210 (1979). Jewett, Susan. The Equal Rights Amendment and Athletics. 1 Harvard Women's Law Journal 53-85 (1978). Johnson, Christina. The Evolution of Title IX: Prospectsfor Equality in Intercollegiate Athletics. 11 Golden Gate University Law Review 759-800 (1981). JudicialDeference to Legislative Reality: The Interpretationof Title IX in the Context of Collegiate Athletics. 14 North Carolina Central Law Journal 601-627 (1984). Kadzielski, Mark A. PostsecondaryAthletics in an Era of Equality: An Appraisalof the Effect of Title IX. 5 Journal of College and Univer- sity Law 123-141 (1979). Kadzielski, Mark A. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972: Change or Continuity? 6 Journal of Law and Education 285-300 (1977). Koch, James V. Title IX and the NCAA. 3 Western State University Law Review 250-261 (1976). Kuhn, Janet Lammersen. Title I: Employment and Athletics Are Outside HEWs Jurisdiction. 65 Georgetown Law Journal 49-77 (1976). Martin, James P. Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics: Scoring Points for Women. 8 Ohio Northern Law Review 481-497 (1981). McDonald, Eugene J. Title IX Athletics. 6 Journal of College and Uni- versity Law 73-77 (1980). Olympic Challenge: Women Sue for 5 and 10-K Races. 70 American Bar Association Journal 42 (Mar. 1984). Pennsylvania Constitution-EqualRights Amendment-Sex Discrimination- InterscholasticSports. 14 Duquesne Law Review 101-110 (1975). Petrie v. Illinois High School Association: Gender Classification and High School Athletics. 14 John Marshall Law Review 227-241 (1980). Podgers, James. New Title IX Game Plan: Lawyers to Get the Ball. 66 American Bar Association Journal 28-29 (Jan. 1980). Riffer, Jeffrey K. An Overview of Sex Discrimination in Amateur Athlet- ics. 6 COMM/ENT, A Journal of Communications and Entertain- ment Law 621-651 (1984). 668 HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Seha, Ann M. The Administrative Enforcement of Title IX in Intercolle- giate Athletics. 2 Law and Inequality: Journal of Theory and Prac- tice 121-326 (1984). Sex Discrimination and Intercollegiate Athletics. 61 Iowa Law Review 420-496 (1975). Sex Discriminationand IntercollegiateAthletics: PuttingSome Muscle on Title IX. 88 Yale Law Journal 1254-1279 (1979). Sex Discrimination: Another Hurdle on the Road to Equality. 7 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 167-175 (1987). Sex Discrimination-Girls'High School Basketball Rules Held Unconstitu- tional. 16 Journal of Family Law 345-351 (1978). Sex Discrimination in Athletics. 21 Villanova Law Review 876-903 (1976). Sex Discrimination in Athletics: Conflicting Legislative and JudicialAp- proaches. 29 Alabama Law Review 390-425 (1978). Sex Discrimination in High School Athletics. 57 Minnesota Law Review 339-371 (1972). Sex Discriminationin High School Athletics: An Examination of Applica- ble Legal Doctrines. 66 Minnesota Law Review 1115-1140 (1982). Sex Discrimination in Interscholastic High School Athletics. 25 Syracuse Law Review 535-574 (1974). Sex Discrimination-TitleIX of the Education Amendments of 1972 Pro- hibits All-Female Teams in Sports Not Previously Dominated by Males. 14 Suffolk University Law Review 1471-1485 (1980). Sexual Equality In High School Athletics: the Approach of Darrin v. Gould. 12 Gonzaga Law Review 691-706 (1977). Skilton, Robert H. The Emergent Law of Women and Amateur Sports: Recent Developments. 28 Wayne Law Review 1701-1757 (1982). Stroud, Kenneth M. Sex Discriminationin High School Athletics. 6 In- diana Law Review 661-682 (1973). Thomas, Ann Victoria and Jan Sheldon-Wildgen. Women in Athletics: Winning the Game but Losng the Support. 8 Journal of College and University Law 295-330 (1981). Title IX and IntercollegiateAthletics: Adducing CongressionalIntent. 24 Boston College Law Review 1243-1282 (1983). Title IX and IntercollegiateAthletics: HEW Gets Serious About Equality in Sports? 15 New England Law Review 573-596 (1980). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Title IX: Women's Collegiate Athletics in Limbo. 40 Washington and Lee Law Review 297-312 (1983). Title IX's Promise of Equality of Opportunity in Athletics: Does It Cover the Bases? 64 Kentucky Law Journal 432-464 (1975). Tokarz, Karen L. Separate But Unequal EducationalSports Programs: The Need for a New Theory of Equality. 1 Berkeley Women's Law Journal 201-245 (1985). Touchdown, But a Flag on the Play. Antidiscriminationin Collegiate Ath- letics and Recovery of Public Interest Attorney Fees Under Blair v. Washington State University. 24 Willamette Law Review 525-538 (1988). Validity, Under Federal Law, of Sex Discrimination in Athletics. 23 A.L.R. Fed 664-683. Vella, Susan. Re Blainey and Ontario Hockey Association: Removal of "No Female Athletes Allowed" Signs in Ontario. 3 Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 634-643 (1989). Villalobos, P. Michael. The Civil Rights RestorationAct of 1987: Revital- ization of Title IX. 1 Marquette Sports Law Journal 149-169 (1990). Where the Boys Are: Can Separate Be Equal in School Sports? 58 South- ern California Law Review 1425-1466 (1985). Women and Athletics: Toward a Physicality Perspective. 5 Harvard Wo- men's Law Journal 121-142 (1982). Wong, Glenn M. and Richard J. Ensor. Sex Discriminationin Athletics: A Review of Two Decades of Accomplishments and Defeats. 21 Gon- zaga Law Review 345-393 (1985-1986). Yellow Springs Exempted Village School District Board of Education v. Ohio High School Athletic Association: Sex Discrimination in High School Athletics. 47 UMKC Law Review 109-120 (1978).

3. DiscriminationAgainst the Handicapped

The Disabled Student Athlete: Gaining a Place on the Playing Field. 5 COMM/ENT, A Journal of Communications and Entertainment Law 517-548 (1983). Hermann, Anne Marie Canali. Sports and the Handicapped: Section 504 of the RehabilitationAct of 1973 and Curricular,Intramural, Club and Intercollegiate Athletic Programs in Postsecondary Educational Institutions. 5 Journal of College and University Law 143-159 (1979). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Wheelchair Participationin Road Racing: A Right, Not a Privilege. 13 Pacific Law Journal 1117-1156 (1982).

H. Labor Relations (See also "Player Restraint Rules" and "Antitrust-Labor Exemption") 1. In General

The Balance of Power in ProfessionalSports. 22 Maine Law Review 459- 480 (1970). Closius, Phillip J. Not at the Behest of Nonlabor Groups: A Revised Prog- nosis for a Maturing Sports Industry. 24 Boston College Law Re- view 341-400 (1983). Del Rey, Alfred J. U.S. Immigration Proceduresand the Employment of Alien Performers and Sports Personalities. 1 Journal of Copyright, Entertainment & Sports Lawyer 119-133 (1982). Gilroy, Thomas P. and Patrick J. Madden. Labor Relations in Profes- sional Sports. 28 Labor Law Journal 768-776 (1977). Hoffman, Robert B. Is the NLRB Going to Play the Ball Game? 20 La- bor Law Journal 239-246 (1969). Kovach, Kenneth A. ProfessionalFootball Penalizedfor Delay of Game: The Coming Strike in the National FootballLeague. 33 Labor Law Journal 306-310 (1982). Labor Law-ProfessionalBaseball Not Exempt from FederalLabor Laws- Kansas City Royals Baseball Corp. v. Major League Baseball Players Association. 5 Florida State University Law Review 137-144 (1977). Volz, Marlin M. The Release of a NFL FootballPlayer: Injury Grievance Procedure. 1 Annual Labor and Employment Law Institute 191- 213 (1984). Weistart, John C. Judicial Review of Labor Agreements: Lessons from the Sports Industry. 44 Law and Contemporary Problems 109-146 (1981). Zollers, Frances E. From Gridiron to Courtroom to Bargaining Table: The New National Football League Agreement. 17 American Busi- ness Law Journal 133-153 (1979).

2. Arbitration

Abrams, Roger I. Sports Labor Relations: The Arbitrator's Turn at Bat. 5 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 1-12 (1988). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arbitration of Grievance and Salary Disputes in Professional Baseball: Evolution of a System of Private Law. 60 Cornell Law Review 1049- 1074 (1975). Arbitration of Professional Athletes'. Contracts: An Effective System of Dispute Resolution in ProfessionalSports. 55 Nebraska Law Review 362-382 (1976). Chelius, James R. and James B. Dworkin. An Economic Analysis of Fi- nal-Offer Arbitration as a Conflict Resolution Device. 24 Journal of Conflict Resolution 293-310 (1980). Dworkin, James B. How Final-Offer Arbitration Affects Baseball Bar- gaining. 100 Monthly Labor Review 52-53 (Mar. 1977). Dworkin, James B. Salary Arbitration in Baseball: An ImpartialAssess- ment After Ten Years. 41 Arbitration Journal 63-69 (Mar. 1986). Ensor, Richard J. Comparison of ArbitrationDecisions Involving Termi- nation in Major League Baseball, The National Basketball Associa- tion, and the NationalFootball League. 32 St. Louis University Law Journal 135-169 (1987). Grebey, C. Raymond. Another Look at Baseball's Salary Arbitration. 38 Arbitration Journal 24-30 (December 1983). Miller, Marvin J. Arbitration of Baseball Salaries: ImpartialAdjudica- tion in Place of Management Fiat. 38 Arbitration Journal 31-35 (Dec. 1983). Pinch-Hittingfor Baseball's Present System-Impartial Arbitration as a Method of Dispute Resolution. 14 U.C. Davis Law Review 691-709 (1981). Rings, Kevin A. Baseball Free Agency and Salary Arbitration. 3 Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution 243-262 (1987). Seitz, Peter. Footnotes to Baseball Salary Arbitration. 29 Arbitration Journal 98-103 (June 1974). Seitz, Peter. The Transplanting of Industrial Relations Tissues and Or- gans; or, Is the Baseball Salary Arbitration System Compatible With Interest Arbitration In the Private Sector, Generally. 28 New York University Conference On Labor 347-358 (1975). Wong, Glenn M. A Survey of Grievance Arbitration Cases in Major League Baseball. 41 Arbitration Journal 42-62 (March 1986). Wong, Glenn M. Major League Baseball's GrievanceArbitration System: A Comparison With Nonsport Industry. 12 Employee Relations Law HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589 Journal 464-490 (1986). (Also published in 38 Labor Law Journal

84-99 (1987).)

3. Collective Bargaining

Bergmann, Thomas J. and James B. Dworkin. Collective Bargaining in the Rozelle Rule: An Analysis of Labor Management Relations in ProfessionalFootball. 7 Akron Business Journal 35 (1978). Berry, Robert C. and William B. Gould. A Long Deep Drive to Collective Bargaining: Of Players, Owners, Brawls, and Strikes. 31 Case West- ern Reserve Law Review 685-813 (1981). Dworkin, James B. Collective Bargainingin Baseball: Key Current Is- sues. 39 Labor Law Journal 480-486 (1988). Dworkin, James B. and Thomas J. Bergmann. Collective Bargainingand the Player Reservation/CompensationSystem in ProfessionalSports. 4 Employee Relations Law Journal 241-256 (1978). Garvey, Ed. Foreword to 'The Scope of the Labor Exemption in Profes- sional Sports': A Perspective On Collective Bargaining in the NFL. 1989 Duke Law Journal 328-338 (1989). Jacobs, Michael S. and Rolph K. Winter Jr. Antitrust Principlesand Col- lective Bargaining by Athletes: Of Superstars in Peonage. 81 Yale Law Journal 1-29 (1971). Jones, M.E. and R.H. Waters. An Insider's View from the Stands: Col- lective Bargaining in Baseball, Football and Basketball. 25 New Hampshire Bar Journal 109-120 (1984). Lock, Ethan. Employer UnfairLabor PracticesDuring the 1982 National Football League Strike: Help on the Way. 6 University of Bridgeport Law Review 189-226 (1985). Lock, Ethan. Powell v. National Football League: The Eighth Circuit Sacks the National Football League Players Association. 67 Denver University Law Review 135-154 (1990). Lock, Ethan. Section 10(j) of the National Labor Relations Act and the 1982 National Football League Players Strike: Wave That Flag. 1985 Arizona State Law Journal 113-144 (1985). Lowell, Cym H. Collective Bargainingand the Professional Team Sport Industry. 38 Law and Contemporary Problems 3-41 (1973). McCormick, Robert A. Baseball's Third Strike: The Triumph of Collec- tive Bargainingin ProfessionalBaseball. 35 Vanderbilt Law Review 1131-1169 (1982). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

McCormick, Robert A. Labor Relations in ProfessionalSports - Lessons in Collective Bargaining. 14 Employee Relations Law Journal 501- 512 (1988). Miller, David G. Some Modest Proposals for Collective Bargaining in ProfessionalSports. 48 Los Angeles Bar Bulletin 155-160 (1972). National Hockey League's Faceoff with Antitrust: McCourt v. California Sports, Inc. 42 Ohio State Law Journal 603-626 (1981). Roman, Neil K. Illegal Procedure: The National FootballLeague Play- ers Union's Improper Use of Antitrust Litigationfor Purposes of Col- lective Bargaining. 67 Denver University Law Review 111-134 (1990). Shulman, Daniel S. and Bernard M. Baum. Collective Bargainingin Pro- fessional Athletics-The NFL Money Bowl. 50 Chicago Bar Record 173-181 (1969). Sloane, Arthur A. Collective Bargaining in Major League Baseball: A New Ball Game and Its Genesis. 28 Labor Law Journal 200-210 (1977).

4. Contract Enforcement

Baseball and the Law-Yesterday and Today. 32 Virginia Law Review 1164-1177 (1946). Brennan, James T. Injunction Against Professional Athletes Breaching Their Contracts. 34 Brooklyn Law Review 61-71 (1971). Contractual Rights and Duties of the ProfessionalAthlete-Playing the Game in a Bidding War. 77 Dickinson Law Review 352-400 (1973). Employment Contract: Employers' Termination of ProfessionalAthlete's Services as Constituting Breach of Employment Contract. 57 A.L.R.3d 257. Enforceability of ProfessionalSports Contracts- What's the Harm In It? 35 Southwestern Law Journal 803-823 (1981). Enforcement Problems of Personal Service Contracts in ProfessionalAth- letics. 6 Tulsa Law Journal 40-60 (1969). Equity--Enforcement of Personal Service Contracts by Injunction- Machen v. Johansson. 34 Tulane Law Review 621-625 (1960). Equity---Injunctions-Negative Covenant in Personal Employment Con- tracts-Boxing. 5 New York Law Forum 456-459 (1959). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Graves, Judson. Coaches in the Courtroom: Recovery in Actions for Breach of Employment Contracts. 12 Journal of College and Uni- versity Law 545-559 (1986). Heiner, S. Phillip. Post Merger Blues: Intra-League Contract Jumping. 18 William and Mary Law Review 741-760 (1976-1977). Injunctionsin ProfessionalAthletes' Contracts-An Overused Remedy. 43 Connecticut Bar Journal 538-555 (1969). Johnson, Alex M. Jr. The Argument for Self-Help Specific Performance: Opportunistic Renegotiation of Player Contracts. 22 Connecticut Law Review 61-127 (1989). Kyer, Clifford Ian. A Case Study in Party Stipulation of Remedy: The N.H.L. Standard Player's Contract. 39 University of Toronto Faculty Law Review 1-29 (1981). Lawson, John D. Injunction-Contractfor PersonalServices-Mutuality. PhiladelphiaBall Club v. Lajoie, S. Ct. Penn., 1902; American Base- ball & Athletic Exhibition Co. v. Harper,Cir. Ct., St. Louis, 1902. 54 Central Law Journal 449-454 (June 2, 1902). Marcotte, Paul. College Sacked: Football Coach Keeps His Job. 72 American Bar Association Journal 35 (Apr. 1986). ProfessionalAthletic Contracts and the Injunctive Dilemma. 8 John Mar- shall Journal of Practice and Procedure 437-456 (1975). Professional Football-Are Three One-Year Agreements Signed At One Sitting Actually One Contract? Are Players "Public Figures"?: Chuy v. PhiladelphiaEagles Football Club. 10 Connecticut Law Re- view 350-364 (1978). Stoner, Edward N. and Arlie R. Nogay. The Model University Coaching Contract ("MCC"): A Better Starting Point For Your Next Negotia- tion. 16 Journal of College and University Law 43-92 (1989). Uberstine, Gary A. and Richard J. Grad. The Enforceability of Sports Contracts: A Practitioner'sPlaybook. 7 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 1-25 (1987). Yeam, Kevin W. New Remedial Developments in the Enforcement of PersonalService Contractsfor the Entertainment and Sports Indus- tries: The Rise of Tortious Bad Faith Breach of Contract and the Fall of the Speculative Damage Defense. 7 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 27-43 (1987). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

5. Discipline

Contract Matters and Disciplinary Procedures In ProfessionalSport. 39 Saskatchewan Law Review 213-258 (1974-1975). Discipline in Professional Sports: The Need for Player Protection. 60 Georgetown Law Journal 771-798 (1972). Heidt, Robert H. "Don't Talk of Fairness" The Chicago School's Ap- proach Toward Disciplining ProfessionalAthletes. 61 Indiana Law Journal 53-64 (1985). Horse Racing: DisciplinaryProceedings Against Horse Traineror Jockey. 52 A.L.R.3d 206. John, Tony. Fair Go: NaturalJustice Before Sporting Tribunals. 59 Law Institute Journal 538-540 (1985). Limits on the DiscretionaryPowers of ProfessionalSports Commissioners: A Historical and Legal Analysis of Issues Raised by the Pete Rose Controversy. 76 Virginia Law Review 1409-1439 (1990). Maintaining the Home Field Advantage: Rose v. Federal Court. 10 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 695-713 (1990). Weistart, John C. Player Discipline in ProfessionalSports: The Antitrust Issues. 18 William and Mary Law Review 703-739 (1977).

6. Players' Association

Alyluia, Kenneth. ProfessionalSports Contracts and the Players' Associa- tion. 5 Manitoba Law Journal 359-385 (1973). Balfour, Alan. The Longest Strike in US. ProfessionalSports History: Jai Alai-Part I(?). 41 Labor Law Journal 394-409 (1990). Dabscheck, Braham. Player Associations and Professional Team Sports. 4 Labour and Society 225 (1979). DiscriminatoryDischarge in a Sports Context: A Reassessment of the Bur- den of Proofand Remedies Under the National Labor Relations Act. 53 Fordham Law Review 615-638 (1984). Krasnow, Erwin G. and Herman M. Levy. Unionization and Profes- sional Sports. 51 Georgetown Law Journal 749-782 (1963).

7. Player Compensation

Chelius, James R. and James B. Dworkin. Free Agency and Salary De- termination in Baseball. 33 Labor Law Journal 539-545 (1982). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Compensation Planningfor the ProfessionalAthlete. 7 Southern Univer- sity Law Review 235-254 (1981). Crum., J.V. III Issues in Income Tax Planningfor the Team Sport Player. 3 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 115-130 (1986). Harmelink, Philip J. and David W. Vignes. Tax Aspects of Baseball Player Contracts and Planning Opportunities. 59 Taxes 535-546 (1981). Lowell, Cym H. Planning ContractualDeferred Compensation Arrange- ments for ProfessionalAthletes. 10 Tax Advisor 68-75 (1979). Mischak, Robert M. NonqualifiedDeferred Compensation Arrangements for ProfessionalAthletes. 7 Entertainment and Sports Lawyer 7-12 (Winter 1989) The National Basketball Association Salary Cap: An Antitrust Violation? 59 Southern California Law Review 157-181 (1985). Of Hoops, Labor Dupes and Antitrust Ally-Oops: Fouling Out the Salary Cap. 62 Indiana Law Journal 95-125 (1986). Sports Law: Antitrust Suit Fails to Knock Off NBA's Salary Cap. 6 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 231-241 (1986). Suggestions for the New Collective-BargainingAgreement in Professional Basketball: The Legacy of the Albert King Case. 19 Connecticut Law Review 1001-1020 (1987). Wietmarschen, Donald A. Planningfor the Professional Athlete: De- ferred Compensation Arrangements & Loans in Lieu of Compensa- tion. 8 Ohio Northern Law Review 499-511 (1981).

I. Player Restraint Rules 1. In General

Application of the Labor Exemption After the Expiration of Collective BargainingAgreements in ProfessionalSports. 57 New York Univer- sity Law Review 164-202 (1982). The Battle of the Superstars: Player Restraints in Professional Team Sports. 32 University of Florida Law Review 669-700 (1980). Carlson, Robert S. The Business of Professional Sports: A Reexamina- tion in Progress. 18 New York Law Forum 915-933 (1973). Goldstein, Seth M. Out of Bounds Under the Sherman Act? Player Re- straintsin ProfessionalTeam Sports. 4 Pepperdine Law Review 285- 312 (1977). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 677

Lee, Brian E. A Survey of Professional Team Sport Player-Control Mechanisms Under Antitrust and Labor Law Principles: Peace At Last. 11 Valparaiso University Law Review 373-434 (1977). The Legality of the Rozelle Rule and Related Practices In the National Football League. 4 Fordham Urban Law Journal 581-596 (1976). Less Restrictive Alternatives for Achieving and Maintaining Competitive Balance in Professional Sports. 30 Arizona Law Review 889-907 (1988). McCormick, Robert A. Labor Relations in ProfessionalSports - Lessons in Collective Bargaining. 14 Employee Relations Law Journal 501- 512 (1989). Organized Baseball and the Law. 46 Yale Law Journal 1386-1390 (1937). Player ControlMechanisms in ProfessionalTeam Sports. 34 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 645-670 (1973). A Player's View of the NFL Reserve System. 4 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 129-189 (1987). Roberts, Barry S. and Brian A. Powers. Defining the Relationship Be- tween Antitrust Law and Labor Law: Professional Sports and the CurrentLegal Background. 19 William and Mary Law Review 395- 467 (1978). Roberts, Gary R. Reconciling Federal Labor and Antitrust Policy: The Special Case of Sports League Labor Market Restraints. 75 Georgetown Law Journal 19-98 (1986). Roberts, Gary R. Sports League Restraints on the Labor Market: The Failure of Stare Decisis. 47 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 337-405 (1986). Schneiderman, Michael. ProfessionalSport: Involuntary Servitude and the Popular Will. 7 Gonzaga Law Review 63-82 (1971). Shapiro, Daniel I. The ProfessionalAthlete: Liberty or Peonage? 13 Al- berta Law Review 212-241 (1975). The Sherman Act: Football'sPlayer Controls-Are They Reasonable? 6 California Western Law Review 133-146 (1969). Thornley, Arthur and Daniel H. Kruger. The Crisis of Player Mobility: The NFL Strike of 1982. 38 Labor Law Journal 48-62 (1987). Ward, Brian. Fair Play: ProfessionalSport and Restraint of Trade. 59 Law Institute Journal 545-551 (1985). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

2. Reserve and Option Clauses

Allison, John R. Professional Sports and the Antitrust Laws: Status of the Reserve System. 25 Baylor Law Review 1-25 (1973). Antitrust Law-Baseball Reserve System-Concerted Conspiracy-Stare Decisis-Congressional Inaction-Professional Baseball Remains Exempt from State and Federal Anti-Trust Law. 48 Notre Dame Lawyer 460-474 (1972). Antitrust-Servitude in Professional Sport-McCourt v. California Sports, Inc. 2 Whittier Law Review 559-574 (1980). Baseball and the Reserve Clause. 1 New York Law School Student Law Review 159-164 (1952). Baseball's Antitrust Exemption and the Reserve System: Reappraisal of an Anachronism. 12 William and Mary Law Review 859-877 (1971). Baseball Law. 17 Law Notes 207-208 (1914). Curt Flood at Bat Against Baseball's "Reserve Clause." 8 San Diego Law Review 92-109 (1971). Dewey, Addison E. ProfessionalAthletes-Affluent Elitists or Victims of the Reserve System? An Emerging Paradox-CourtsProtect Such Athletes From Antitrust Law Violations But Collective Bargaining Has Resulted in Antitrust Immunity for Leagues and Club Owners. 8 Ohio Northern Law Review 453-479 (1981). Enten, Harold N. Baseball and the Reserve Clause. 1 New York Law School Student Law Review 159-164 (1951). Hockey's Reserve System and the Labor Exemption: McCourt v. Califor- nia Sports, Inc. 15 New England Law Review 765-780 (1980). Holahan, William L. The Long-Run Effects of Abolishing the Baseball Player Reserve System. 7 Journal of Legal Studies 129-137 (1978). Johnson, Frederic A. The Law of Sports: The Unique Performer's Con- tract and the Antitrust Laws. 2 Antitrust Bulletin 251-266 (1957). Legal Implications of the Reserve Clause in ProfessionalSports. 3 Glen- dale Law Review 63-79 (1978-1979). Martin, Philip L. The Labor Controversy in Professional Baseball: The Flood Case. 23 Labor Law 567-571 (1972). National Hockey League Reserve System: A Restraint of Trade? 56 Uni- versity of Detroit Journal of Urban Law 467-535 (1979). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Nearly a Century in Reserve: Organized Baseball: Collective Bargaining and the Antitrust Exemption Enter the 80's. 8 Pepperdine Law Re- view 313-366 (1981). Reserve Clauses in Athletic Contracts. 2 Rutgers Camden Law Journal 302-321 (1970). Sobel, Lionel S. The Emancipation of ProfessionalAthletes. 3 Western State University Law Review 185-222 (1976). Sport in Court: The Legality of ProfessionalFootball's System of Reserve and Compensation. 28 UCLA Law Review 252-290 (1980). Stayton, John W. Baseball Jurisprudence. 44 American Law Review 374-393 (1910). Steinberg, David. Application of the Antitrust and Labor Exemptions to Collective Bargainingof the Reserve System in ProfessionalBaseball. 28 Wayne Law Review 1301-1346 (1982).

3. Player Drafts and Eligibility Rules

Anderson, Mark F. The Sherman Act and ProfessionalSports Associa- tions' Use of Eligibility Rules. 47 Nebraska Law Review 82-90 (1968). Antitrust-Restraint of Trade-Group Boycott-NFL College Draft. 15 Duquesne Law Review 747-756 (1977). Application of Antitrust Laws to ProfessionalSports' Eligibility and Draft Rules. 46 Missouri Law Review 797-828 (1981). Burkow, Steven H. and Fred L. Slaughter. Should Amateur Athletes Re- sist the Draft? 7 Black Law Journal 314-346 (1981). Herschel Walker v. National Football League: A Hypothetical Lawsuit Challenging the Proprietyof the National FootballLeague's Four-or- Five Rule Under the Sherman Act. 9 Pepperdine Law Review 603- 640 (1982). Lock, Ethan and J. Michael Gratz. A Legal and StatisticalAnalysis of the NationalFootball League Player Draft: Chicago, New York, De- troit, It's All the Same Pick. 2 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 47-74 (1982). Lock, Ethan and J. Michael Gratz. A Legal and StatisticalAnalysis of the NationalFootball League Scheduling Format: Most Teams Can't Win for Losin'. 3 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 51-77 (1983). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

McCormick, Robert A. and Matthew C. McKinnon. ProfessionalFoot- ball's Draft Eligibility Rule: The Labor Exemption and the Antitrust Laws. 33 Emory Law Journal 375-440 (1984). The NBA's Four Year Rule: A Technical Foul? 1972 Law and the Social Order 489-506 (1972). The NFL Draft and the Antitrust Laws-The PlayerDraft of the National FootballLeague Held To Violate the FederalAntitrust Laws. (Smith v. Pro-Football, 420 F. Supp. 738, D.D.C. 1976) 41 Albany Law Review 154-161 (1977). The NationalFootball League Eligibility Rule and Antitrust Law: Illegal Procedure. 19 Valparaiso University Law Review 729-763 (1985). ProfessionalFootball's Four-or-Five-Year Eligibility Rule: High Time to Punt. 14 Memphis State University Law Review 517-548 (1984). Professional Sports' Eligibility Rules: Too Many Players on the Field. 1986 University of Illinois Law Review 1233-1253 (1986). Simon, Richard K. The First Great Leap: Some Reflections on the Spen- cer Haywood Case. 48 Los Angeles Bar Bulletin 149-154 (1973). Sports Law: Antitrust Suit Fails to Knock Off NBA's Salary Cap. 6 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 231-241 (1986).

4. Free Agency

Antitrust-ProfessionalFootball-The Rozelle Rule as an UnreasonableRe- straint of Trade. 26 University of Kansas Law Review 121-132 (1977). Brody, Burton F. NFL Free Agency: A Modest Proposal. 67 Denver University Law Review 155-164 (1990). Illegal Procedure-TheRozelle Rule Violates the Sherman Antitrust Act. 59 Marquette Law Review 632-654 (1976). The Messersmith Decision and the 1976 Basic Agreement: Baseball's Emancipation Proclamation. 46 University of Missouri at Kansas City Law Review 239-281 (1977). NationalFootball League Restrictionson Competitive Biddingfor Players' Services. 24 Buffalo Law Review 613-641 (1975). Rings, Kevin A. Baseball Free Agency and Salary Arbitration. 3 Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution 243-262 (1987). The Sherman Act and Professional Team Sports: The NFL Rozelle Rule Invalid Under the Rule of Reason: Mackey v. National Football League. 9 Connecticut Law Review 336-345 (1977). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Singman, Bruce H. Free Agency and the National Football League. 8 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 259-274 (1988). Sport in Court: The Legality of ProfessionalFootball's System of Reserve and Compensation. 28 UCLA Law Review 252-290 (1980). Suggestions for the New Collective-BargainingAgreement in Professional Basketball: The Legacy of the Albert King Case. 19 Connecticut Law Review 1001-1020 (1987). The True Story of What Happens When the Big Kids Say, "'it'smy football, and you'll either play by my rules or you won't play at all." 55 Nebraska Law Review 335-361 (1976).

J. Taxation

Ambrose, James F. Recent Tax Developments Regarding Purchases of Sports Franchises-The Game Isn't Over Yet. 59 Taxes 739-762 (1981). Amortization and Valuation of Intangibles: The Tax Effect Upon Sports Franchises. 12 Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 159-178 (1978). Baker, William H. The Tax Significance of Place of Residencefor Profes- sional Athletes. I Marquette Sports Law Journal 1-39 (1990). Beskin, Jay R., Douglas A. Hanson and John A. Nelson. Taxation: Sub- stance v. Form and Other Esoterica. 62 Chicago-Kent Law Review 657-685 (1986). Blum, Marc P. Valuing Intangibles: What Are The Choices For Valuing ProfessionalSports Teams? 45 Journal of Taxation 286-288 (1976). Boxing, Wrestling, and Combative Sports - N.J. Stat. Ann. 5:2A-1. 10 Seton Hall Legislative Journal 327-331 (1987). Braun, Steven and Michael Pusey. Taxation of Professional Sports 'Teams. 7 Tax Adviser 196-206 (1976). Closius, Philip J. and Douglas K. Chapman. Below Market Loans: From Abuse to Misuse-A Sports Illustration. 37 Case Western Re- serve Law Review 484-514 (1987). Connors, John. The Role of Self-Incorporationby ProfessionalAthletes in Today's Tax Climate -After TEFRA and TRA '84. 2 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 1-31 (1984). Craigo, Richard W. Sales and Use Tax Planningfor the Horse Industry. 78 Kentucky Law Journal 601-614 (1989-1990). Crum, J.V. III Issues in Income Tax Planningfor the Team Sport Player. 3 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 115-130 (1986). HASTINGS CoMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Dickenson, Charles and Zook Sutton. The Effect of the 1976 Tax Re- form Act on the Ownership of Professional Sports Franchises. 1 CoMM/ENT, A Journal of Communications and Entertainment Law 227-275 (1977). Gombinski, Steven J. and Gary P. Kaplan. Demise of the Tax-Motivated Personal Service Corporation. I Journal of Copyright, Entertain- ment & Sports Law 74-118 (1982). Harmelink, Philip J. and David W. Vignes. Tax Aspects of Baseball Player Contracts and Planning Opportunities. 59 Taxes 535-546 (1981). Harwood, S. J. Valuation of Player Contracts When Acquiring a Profes- sional Baseball Team-An Analysis of Selig v. United States. 61 Taxes 670-677 (1983). Histrop, Lindsay Ann. Taxation of Canadian Resident Athletes and Art- ists Performingin the United States. 32 Canadian Tax Journal 1060- 1083 (1984). Histrop, Lindsay Ann. The Taxation of Amateur Athlete 'Reserve Funds'. 33 Canadian Tax Journal 1123-1153 (1985). Horvitz, Jerome S. and Thomas E. Hoffman. New Tax Developments in the Syndication of Sports Franchises. 54 Taxes 175-184 (1976). IRS Rules on College Sports Contributions. 162 Journal of Accountancy 18 (July 1986). IRS Strikes Out in Attempt to Revoke Tax-Exempt Status of Amateur Baseball Organization. 5 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 282- 286 (1985). Jensen, Erik M. Taxation, The Student Athlete, and the Professionalism of College Athletics. 1987 Utah Law Review 35-58 (1987). Jones, John B. Jr. Amortization and Nonamortization of Intangibles in the Sports World. 53 Taxes 777-788 (1975). Judge, William J. Student-Athletes as Employees: Income Tax Conse- quences. 13 Journal of College and University Law 285-309 (1986). Kaplan, Richard L. IntercollegiateAthletics and the UnrelatedBusiness Income Tax. 80 Columbia Law Review 1430-1473 (1980). Klinger, Leslie S. Professional Sports Teams: Tax Factors in Buying, Owning and Selling Them. 39 Journal of Taxation 276-280 (1973). Lee, Robert W. The Taxation of Athletic Scholarships: An Uneasy Ten- sion Between Benevolence and Consistency. 37 University of Florida Law Review 591-614 (1985). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Maclean, D.M. Prizemoney in Sport: Kelly's Case. 14 Australian Tax Review 156-161 (1985). Mischak, Robert M. Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Arrangements for ProfessionalAthletes. 7 Entertainment and Sports Lawyer 7-12 (Winter 1989) Murphy, Nina R. Revenue Ruling 84-132: Sidelined, But Not Forgotten. 19 University of Richmond Law Review 301-315 (1985). Powers, Michael. "It's Not Over Till It's Over." 3 Entertainment and Sports Lawyer 3-6 (Fall 1984). ProfessionalSports Franchisingand the IRS. 14 Washburn Law Journal 321-329 (1975). The ProfessionalSports Team as a Tax Shelter-A Case Study: The Utah Stars. 1974 Utah Law Review 556-573 (1974). Raabe, William Jr. ProfessionalSports FranchisesAnd the Treatment of League Expansion Proceeds. 57 Taxes 427-430 (1979). Randall, Gary C. Athletic Scholarships and Taxes: Or a Touchdown in Taxes. 7 Gonzaga Law Review 297-309 (1972). The Sale of Minor League BaseballPlayers During Liquidation-The Ap- plication of Corn Products to DepreciableProperty. 45 Temple Law Quarterly 291-304 (1972). The Selig Case and Amortization of Player Contracts: Baseball Continues Its Winning Ways. 6 CoMM/ENT, Hastings Journal of Communica- tions and Entertainment Law 423-446 (1984). Sheppard, Lee A. Charitable Contributions: IRS Punts on College Ath- letic Ruling. 26 Tax Notes 116-117 (Jan. 14, 1985). Strandell, Valerie Nelson. The Impact of the 1976 Tax Reform Act on the Owners of ProfessionalSports Teams. 4 Journal of Contempo- rary Law 219-232 (1978). Tax Planningfor the ProfessionalAthlete and the Impact of the Tax Re- form Act of 1986. 5 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 73-94 (1988). Tax PlanningIssues Affecting InternationalEntertainers and Athletes. 9 Fordham International Law Journal 97-133 (1985-86). Thomas, Henry I. Income Averaging and the ProfessionalAthlete: A Re- examination. 19 New England Law Review 335-375 (1984). Thompson, Larry R. and J. Timothy Young. Taxing the Sale of Broad- cast Rights to College Athletics-An Unrelated Trade or Business? 8 Journal of College and University Law 331-345 (1981-82). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [V/ol. 13:589

Touchdowns and Taxes: Are Athletic Scholarships Merely Disguised Compensation? 8 American Journal of Tax Policy 127-165 (1989). Van de Ven, Martha A. and Steven A. Kauffman. Merits of Incorporat- ing the Athlete. 9 Tax Adviser 478-482 (1978). Weill, Jay R. Depreciation of Player Contracts-The Government Is Ahead at the Half 53 Taxes 581-591 (1975). Wietmarschen, Donald A. Planningfor the Professional Athlete: De- ferred Compensation Arrangements and Loans in Lieu of Compensa- tion. 8 Ohio Northern Law Review 499-511 (1981). Wray, Donald G. and Scott R. Barnard. Taxation on Nonresident Ath- letes and Entertainers Performing in Canada. 34 Canadian Tax Journal 1150-1163 (1986). Zaritsky, Howard M. Amortizing A Sports Team's Player Contract: An Analysis of First Northwest Industries. 52 Journal of Taxation 88-91 (1980). Zaritsky, Howard M. Taxation of ProfessionalSports Teams After 1976: A Whole New Ballgame. 18 William and Mary Law Review 679- 702 (1977).

K. Sports Injuries and Violence 1. In General

Battaglia, Victor F. Blood on Our Hands: Should a Civilized Society Tol- erate Boxing? 5 Delaware Lawyer 4-7 (Spring 1987). Controlling Violence in ProfessionalSports. 2 Glendale Law Review 323- 335 (1978). DiNicola, Ronald A. and Scott Mendeloff. Controlling Violence in Pro- fessional Sports: Rule Reform and the Federal Professional Sports Violence Commission. 21 Duquesne Law Review 843-916 (1983). Liability in ProfessionalSports: An Alternative to Violence? 22 Arizona Law Review 919-938 (1980). Luntz, Harold. Compensation for Injuries Due to Sport. 54 Australian Law Journal 588-601 (1980). Peterson, Terri L. and Scott A. Smith. The Role of the Lawyer on the Playing Field: Sports Injury Litigation. 7 Barrister 10-13, 20 (Sum- mer 1980). Rathie, D.S. Sporting Injuries and the Law. 18 University of Queensland Law Journal 101-106 (1988). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sports Violence: A Matter of Societal Concern. 55 Notre Dame Lawyer 796-813 (1980). Uniform Health and Safety Standardsfor ProfessionalBoxing: A Prob- lem in Search of a Federal Solution? 15 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 259-294 (1984). Violence in Professional Sports: A Proposal for Self-Regulation. 3 COMM/ENT Law Journal 425-453 (1981). Worker's Compensation and College Athletics: Should UniversitiesBe Re- sponsiblefor Athletes Who Incur Serious Injuries? 10 Journal of Col- lege and University Law 197-208 (1983-1984).

2. InterscholasticSports

Davis, Melonie L. Sports Liability of Coaches and School Districts. 39 Federation of Insurance & Corporate Counsel Quarterly 307-319 (1989). Karns, Jack E. Negligence and Secondary School Sports Injuries in North Dakota: Who Bears the Legal Liability? 62 North Dakota Law Re- view 455-485 (1986). School Liability for Athletic Injuries: Duty, Causation, and Defense. 21 Washburn Law Journal 315-341 (1982). Silas, Faye A. Tough to Tackle: Student Sports Suits Rising. 70 Ameri- can Bar Association Journal 32-33 (May 1984).

3. Civil Liability

Aftermath of a Tragedy---Liability of the New York State Athletic Com- mission for Injuries Suffered in a Prizefight. 14 Syracuse Law Re- view 79-84 (1962). Assault and Battery-Liabilityfor Injuries Received in Athletic Contests. 26 Michigan Law Review 322-323 (1927). Assumption of Risk and Vicarious Liability in Personal Injury Actions Brought by ProfessionalAthletes. 1980 Duke Law Journal 742-765. Baseball Player's Right to Recover for Baseball-RelatedPersonal Injuries From Nonplayer. 55 A.L.R.4th 664. The "Booby" Trap: Does the Violent Nature of ProfessionalFootball Viti- ate the Doctrine of Due Care in Participant Tort Litigation?: Hackbart v. Cincinnati Bengals, Inc. 10 Connecticut Law Review 365-376 (1978). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Carbonneau, Thomas E. The Liabilityfor Injuries to Sports Participants and Spectators: A Consideration of the Relevance of Assumption of the Risk Principlesin Sports Litigation. 2 Potomac Law Review 65- 111 (1979). Civil Liability: An Alternative to Violence in Sporting Events. 15 Ohio Northern University Law Review 243-261 (1988). Compensating Injured ProfessionalAthletes: The Mystique of Sport Ver- sus Traditional Tort Principles. 55 New York University Law Re- view 971-97 (1980). A Course of Action for Florida Courts to Follow When Injured Sports Par- ticipants Assert Causes of Action. 4 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 257-282 (1987). Epstein, Robert K. The Case Against Artificial Turf 13 Trial 42-45 (Jan. 1977). FederalJurisdiction-Torts-Federal District Court in Diversity Suit May Not Refuse JurisdictionOver ProfessionalFootball Player's Claimfor Damages Resulting from Blow Intentionally Inflicted-Applicable Tort Standard for Recovery is Reckless Misconduct. 11 Rutgers Camden Law Journal 497-506 (1980). Hofeld, Albert F. Athletes-Their Rights and Correlative Duties. 19 Trial Lawyer's Guide 383-405 (1976). Injuries Resulting from NonintentionalActs in Organized ContactSports: The Theories of Recovery Available to the Injured Athlete. 12 Indi- ana Law Review 687-711 (1979). Judicial Scrutiny of Tortious Conduct in ProfessionalSports: Do Profes- sionalAthletes Assume the Risk of Injuries Resulting from Rule Vio- lations? Hackbart v. CincinnatiBengals, Inc. 17 California Western Law Review 149-68 (1980). Lambert, Dale J. Tort Law and ParticipantSports: The Line Between Vigor and Violence. 4 Journal of Contemporary Law 211-217 (1978). Langerman, Samuel and Noel Fidel. Responsibility Is Also Part of the Game. 13 Trial 22-25 (Jan. 1977). Liability of Participant in Team Athletic Competition for Injury to or Death of Another Participant. 77 A.L.R.3D 1300. Liability of Schools and Coaches: The CurrentStatus of Sovereign Immu- nity and Assumption of the Risk. 39 Drake Law Review 759-774 (1989-1990). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

London v. Basi-Negligence-Duty of Care-Sport Involving Physical Coittact-Existence of Duty-Breach-Foul Tackle. 15 Melbourne University Law Review 756-762 (1986). Mandel, Bernard. Negligent Design of Sports Facilities. 16 Cleveland- Marshall Law Review 275-283 (1967). Markus, Richard M. Sport Safety: On the Offensive. 8 Trial 12-13 (July/Aug. 1972). Narol, Mel. Sports Torts: Emerging Standard of Care. 26 Trial 20-24 (June 1990). Negligence-A Professional Football Player Owes a Duty to All Partici- pants to Refrain from Reckless Misconduct in the Course of a Profes- sional Football Game. 15 Gonzaga Law Review 867-879 (1980). Negligent Design of Sports Facilities. 10 Personal Injury Commentator 59-63 (No. 4, 1967). On Finding Civil Liability Between Professional Football Players: Hackbart v. CincinnatiBengals, Inc. 15 New England Law Review 741-764 (1980). Organized Baseball and the Law. 19 Notre Dame Lawyer 262-272 (1944). Participant'sLiability ForInjury To A Fellow Participantin An Organized Athletic Event. 53 Chicago-Kent Law Review 97-108 (1976). ProfessionalSports and Tort Liability: A Victory for the Intentionally In- jured Player. 1980 Detroit College Law Review 687-709. The Racers' Assumption of Risk: What Is It? 9 George Mason Univer- sity Law Review 159-183 (1986). The Sports Court: A Private System to Deter Violence in Professional Sports. 55 Southern California Law Review 399-440 (1982). Todaro, Gerald J. Allocation of Risk Based on the Mechanics of Injury in Sports: A Proposed Presumption of Non-Fault. 10 COMM/ENT, Hastings Journal of Communications and Entertainment Law 33-60 (1987). Tort Law-Reckless Misconduct in Sports. 19 Duquesne Law Review 191-198 (1980). Tort Liability - Athletic Coaches and Officials - Volunteers - Civil Immu- nity From Liability. 10 Seton Hall Legislative Journal 332-336 (1987). Tort Liabilityfor Players in Contact Sports. 45 University of Missouri at Kansas City Law Review 119-129 (1976). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Tort Liability in Professional Sports. 44 Albany Law Review 696-718 (1980). Tort Liability in Professional Sports: Battle in the Sports Arena- Hackbart v. Cincinnati Bengals. 57 Nebraska Law Review 1128- 1139 (1978). Tort Liability of Public Schools and Institutions of Higher Learning for Accident Occurring During School Athletic Events. 35 A.L.R.3D 725. Torts: Athlete States Cause of Action for Injury During a Professional Football Game. 19 Washburn Law Journal 646-651 (1980). Torts-CivilLiability of Athletes-ProfessionalFootball Player May Have Tort Claim for Injuries Intentionally Inflicted During Football Game. 84 Dickinson Law Review 753-768 (1980). Torts-Assumption of Risk-A ProfessionalFootball Player Assumes the Risk of Receiving a Blow, Delivered Out of Anger and Frustration But Without Specific Intent to Injure, During A Game. 12 Georgia Law Review 380-392 (1978). Torts in Sports-Deterring Violence in Professional Athletics. 48 Ford- ham Law Review 764-793 (1980). Torts in Sports-"I'llSee You in Court!" 16 Akron Law Review 537-553 (1983). Torts-ParticipantIn Athletic Competition States Cause of Action ForIn- juries Against Other Participant. 42 Missouri Law Review 347-354 (1977). Troy, F. E. In Defense of Synthetic Turf. 13 Trial 46-48 (Jan. 1977). Violence in Athletics: A Judicial Approach. 3 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 223-242 (1986). Zuckman, Harvey L. Throw 'Em to the Lions (Or Bengals): The Decline and Fall of Sports Civilization As Seen through the Eyes of a United States District Court. 5 Journal of College and University Law 55- 63 (1977).

4. Criminal Liability

Consent In CriminalLaw: Violence In Sports. 75 Michigan Law Review 148-179 (1976). The Consent Defense: Sports, Violence, and the CriminalLaw. 13 Amer- ican Criminal Law Review 235-248 (1975). 1991] SPoRTs BIBLIOGRAPHY

ControllingSports Violence: Too Late for the Carrots - Bring on the Big Stick. 74 Iowa Law Review 681-712 (1989). CriminalLaw: Consent as a Defense to CriminalBattery-The Problem of Athletic Contests. 28 Oklahoma Law Review 840-845 (1975). Flakne, Gary W. and Allan H. Caplan. Sports Violence and the Prosecu- tion. 13 Trial 33-35 (Jan. 1977). Hallowell, Lyle and Ronald I. Meshbesher. Sports Violence and the CriminalLaw. 13 Trial 27-29, 32 (Jan. 1977). Hechter, William. The CriminalLaw and Violence In Sports. 19 Crimi- nal Law Quarterly 425-453 (1977). It's Not How You Play the Game, It's Whether You Win or Lose: The Need for CriminalSanctions to Curb Violence in ProfessionalSports. 12 Hamline Law Review 71-90 (1988). Letourneau, Gilles and Antoine Manganas. Violence in Sports: Eviden- tiary Problems in Criminal Prosecutions. 16 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 577-600 (1978). Nielsen, Bradley C. Controlling Sports Violence. 26 Trial 26-31 (June 1990). Perelman, Richard B. Violence in Professional Sports: Is It Time for Criminal Penalties? 2 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 75-109 (1982). A ProposedLegislative Solution to the Problem of Violent Acts by Partici- pants During ProfessionalSporting Events: The Sports Violence Act of 1980. 7 University of Dayton Law Review 91-111 (1981). Slonim, Scott. Goal of Crime Bill to Curb Sports Violence. 66 American Bar Association Journal 1188-1189 (1980). Sports Violence as Criminal Assault: Development of the Doctrine by Ca- nadian Courts. 1986 Duke Law Journal 1030-1054 (1986). Sprotzer, Ira. Violence in ProfessionalSports: A Need for FederalRegula- tion. 86 Case & Comment 3-12 (May-June 1981). Violence in Professional Sports. 1975 Wisconsin Law Review 771-790 (1975).

5. Recreational Injuries

Assumption of Risk After Sunday v. Stratton Corporation: The Vermont Sports Injury Liability Statute and Injured Skiers. 3 Vermont Law Review 129-146 (1978). 690 HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Blalock, Joyce. The SportingSuit. 53 American Bar Association Journal 58-62 (1967). Bowling Alley Tort Liability. 16 Cleveland-Marshall Law Review 284- 290 (1967). Butler, Jim. Outdoor Sports and Torts: An Analysis of Utah's Recrea- tional Use Act. 1988 Utah Law Review 47-111 (1988). Chalat, James H. and Lea A. Kroll. The Development of the Standardof Care in Colorado Ski Cases. 15 Colorado Lawyer 373-382 (1986). Cohen, Bernard S. Gymnastics Litigation: Meeting the Defenses. 16 Trial 34-36 (Aug. 1980). Ferguson, Arthur B. Allocation of the Risks of Skiing: A Call for the Reapplication of FundamentalCommon Law Principles. 67 Denver University Law Review 165-192 (1990). Greenwald, Andrew E. Gymnastics Litigation: The Standard of Care. 16 Trial 24-26 (Aug. 1980). Hagglund, C.E. Ski Liability. 32 Federation of Insurance Counsel Quarterly 223-233 (1982). Herbert, David L., William G. Herbert, and Susan M. Collins Berger. A Trial Lawyer's Guide to the Legal Implications of Recreational,Pre- ventive and Rehabilitative Exercise Program Standards of Care. 11 American Journal of Trial Advocacy 433-452 (1988). Lambert, Thomas F. Sports Promoters' Liability: Golf. 29 ATLA Law Reporter 9-10 (Feb. 1986). Lindgren, Penny P. and Davidson Ream. Participantsin HazardousRec- reational Activities. 27 For the Defense 5-9 (Dec. 1985). Lisman, Carl H. Ski Injury Liability. 43 University of Colorado Law Review 307-320 (1972). Negligence-Ski Lifts-Common Carriers-HighestDegree of Care. 1 Washburn Law Journal 316-321 (1961). The Negligent Golfer. 18 New York University Intramural Law Review 167-178 (1963). O'Kane, Harry J. and William Lynch Schaller. Injuries From Errant Golf Balls: Liability Theories and Defenses. 37 Federation of Insur- ance & Corporate Counsel Quarterly 247-272 (1987). Quinn, Terence R. Litigating Youth Sports Injuries: Meeting the As- sumption-of-Risk Defense. 22 Trial 76-84 (Mar. 1986). 19911 SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Romano, John F. and Thomas Taggart. Anatomy of a Recreational Tort Case. 5 American Journal of Trial Advocacy 457-484 (1982). Romano, John F., Allen E. Rossin, and Helen Wagner McAfee. Sports Injury and Recreational Tort Cases. 26 Trial 32-34 (June 1990). Rosenblatt, Albert M. After the Fall. 5 Trial 44-45 (Feb./Mar. 1969). Rosenblatt, Albert M. Ski Area Liability: What the Courts Say. 18 Harvard Law School Bulletin 12-15, 29-30 (Jan. 1967). Ski Area Liability for Downhill Injuries. 49 Insurance Counsel Journal 36-49 (1982). Stahmer, Gregory M. The Aerobics Fitness Industry: Evolving Standards of Practice. 67 Denver University Law Review 341-355 (1990). Surviving the "Chubasco": Liability of CaliforniaBeach Communitiesfor Natural Conditions of Unimproved Public Property. 23 San Diego Law Review 723-740 (1986). Todaro, Gerald J. Sports Medicine Malpractice: Informed Consent and the RecreationalAthlete. 21 Trial 34-38 (May 1985). Tort Liability and Recreational Use of Land. 28 Buffalo Law Review 767-794 (1979). Trine, William A. Ski Litigation: Elements of the Successful Case. 18 Trial 32-36, 75-76 (Feb. 1982). Utah's Inherent Risks of Skiing Act: Avalanche from Capitol Hill. 1980 Utah Law Review 355-368 (1980). Wells, David. Liability of Ski Area Operators. 41 Denver Law Center Journal 1-11 (1964).

6. Spectator Injuries and Violence Broadbent, G.P. Football Violence: The Courts' New Red Card. 131 So- licitors' Journal 1136-1138 (1987). Carbonneau, Thomas E. The Liabilityfor Injuries to Sports Participants and Spectators: A Consideration of the Relevance of Assumption of the Risk Principlesin Sports Litigation. 2 Potomac Law Review 65- 111 (1979). Dunlavey, James. Heads Up! The Defense of Assumption of the Risk in Relation to Sports Spectator Injury Cases Is Alive and Well. 8 Los Angeles Lawyer 32-37 (Apr. 1985). Evans, Andrew C. Freedom of Trade Under the Common Law and Euro- pean Community Law: The Case of the Football Bans. 102 Law Quarterly Review 510-548 (1986). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Gregory, I. Francis II. and Arthur H. Goldsmith. The Sports Spectator as Plaintiff: The Prudent Patron, the Duty to Duck, and the Flying Puck 16 Trial 26-29 (Mar. 1980). Liability for Injured Baseball Spectators Under Rudnick v. Golden West Broadcasters: Still Playing the Same Old Game? 12 Western State University Law Review 345-358 (1984). Owner Liabilityfor Intentional Torts Committed by ProfessionalAthletes Against Spectators. 30 Buffalo Law Review 565-586 (1981). The Promoters' Liability for Sports Spectator Injuries. 46 Cornell Law Quarterly 140-158 (1960). Redmond-Cooper, Ruth. The Legal Aftermath of the Heysel Disaster. 135 New Law Journal 957-958 (1985). Salter, Michael. Judicial Responses to Football Hooliganism. 37 North- ern Ireland Legal Quarterly 280-292 (1986). Salter, Michael. The Judges v. The FootballFan: A Sporting Contest? 36 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 351-357 (1985). Sanders, Jane Ann. Violence in the Stands: When Fans and Players Meet. 53 Insurance Counsel Journal 264-275 (1986). Spectators Sue for Injuries. 23 Trial 84 (Feb. 1987). Strike One, and You're Out: Should Ballparks Be Strictly Liable to Base- ball Fans Injured by Foul Balls? 19 Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 589-621 (1985). A Survey of Domestic and InternationalSanctions Against Spectator Vio- lence at Sporting Events. 11 Houston Journal of International Law 415-438 (1989). Tanick, Marshall H. and Martin D. Munic. Baseball Law in Minnesota: From Foul Balls to Family Court. 45 Bench & Bar of Minnesota 16- 22 (Apr. 1988). Torts: Liability of Exhibitors to Spectators at Public Exhibitions: As- sumption of the Risk. 24 California Law Review 429-441 (1936). Trivizas, Eugene. DisturbancesAssociated With FootballMatches: Types of Incidents and Selection of Charges. 24 British Journal of Crimi- nology 361-383 (1984). The War on Soccer Hooliganism: The European Convention on Spectator Violence and "Misbehavior"at Sports Events. 27 Virginia Journal of International Law 603-653 (1987). Zollman, Carl. Injuries From Flying Baseballs to Spectators at Ball Games. 24 Marquette Law Review 198-204 (1940). 1991] SPomRs BIBLIOGRAPHY

7. Products Liability

Merritt, William C. The FootballHelmet vs. ProductsLiability. 39 Fed- eration of Insurance & Corporate Counsel Quarterly 393-407 (1989). Philo, Harry M. and Gregory Stine. The Liability Path to Safer Helmets. 13 Trial 38-40 (Jan. 1977). Practical Trial Suggestions: Products Liability of Sport Equipment Sup- pliers. 28 Defense Law Journal 332-347 (1979). Products Liability: Competitive Sports Equipment. 76 A.L.R.4th 201. Quade, Vicki. Sports Injuries: Suits Threaten Manufacturers. 71 Ameri- can Bar Association Journal 34 (May 1985). Rottmann, Allison. Plaintiffs' Creative Product Testing Proved That A Football Helmet Had Failed To Prevent A Student's Spinal Cord In- jury. 32 ATLA Law Reporter 356-357 (1989). Wilkinson, Allen P. Sports Products Liability: It's All Part of the Game-Or Is It? 17 Trial 58-62, 106-107 (Nov. 1981).

8. Sports Medicine

Balbi, Lonny. The Liability of Professional Team Sports Physicians. 22 Alberta Law Review 247-269 (1984). Davis, James H. "Fixing" the Standard of Care: Motivated Athletes and Medical Malpractice. 12 American Journal of Trial Advocacy 215- 237 (1988). Herbert, David L., William G. Herbert, and Susan M. Collins Berger. A Trial Lawyer's Guide to the Legal Implicationsof Recreational, Pre- ventive and Rehabilitative Exercise Program Standards of Care. 11 American Journal of Trial Advocacy 433-452 (1988). Kelly, G.M. Prospective Liabilities of Sports Supervisors. 63 Australian Law Journal 669-685 (1989). King, Joseph H. Duty and Standard of Carefor Team Physicians. 18 Houston Law Review 657-705 (1981). Malpractice on the Sidelines: Developing a Standard of Care for Team Sports Physicians. 2 COMM/ENT, A Journal of Communications and Entertainment Law 579-600 (1980). Russell, Charles V. Legal and Ethical Conflicts Arising From the Team Physician'sDual Obligations to the Athlete and Management. 10 Se- ton Hall Legislative Journal 299-325 (1987). HASTINGS COMWfENT L.J. (Vol. 13:589

Ryan, Allan J. Medical Practices in Sports. 38 Law and Contemporary Problems 99-111 (1973). Sandefer, G. Larry. College Athletic Injuries: Does the Buoniconti Case CreateA Duty ofAn Athlete Not to Play? 63 Florida Bar Journal 34- 36 (Feb. 1989). Shafer, Nathaniel. Sports Medicine. 9 Lawyers Medical Journal 2d 31- 109 (1980). Todaro, Gerald J. Allocation of Risk Based on the Mechanics of Injury in Sports: A Proposed Presumption of Non-Fault. 10 COMM/ENT, Hastings Journal of Communications and Entertainment Law 33-60 (1987). Todaro, Gerald J. Sports Medicine Malpractice: Informed Consent and the Recreational Athlete. 21 Trial 34-38 (May 1985).

L. Drugs and Sport

An Analysis of Public College Athlete Drug Testing Programs Through the UnconstitutionalCondition Doctrine and.the FourthAmendment. 60 Southern California Law Review 815-850 (1987). Brock, Stephen F. and Kevin M. McKenna. Drug Testing In Sports. 92 Dickinson Law Review 505-570 (1988). Cochran, J. Otis. Drug Testing of Athletes and the United States Consti- tution: Crisis and Conflict. 92 Dickinson Law Review 571-607 (1988). Does the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Drug Testing Program Test Positive If It Is Subjected to ConstitutionalScrutiny? 37 Drake Law Review 83-102 (1987). Drugs, Athletes, and the NCAA: A Proposed Rule for Mandatory Drug Testing in College Athletics. 18 John Marshall Law Review 205-236 (1984). Evans, John. The NCAA Program: Out of Bounds but Still in Play. 19 Journal of Law & Education 161-191 (1990). Freundenberger, Tim. Eliminating Drug Use in Sports - Utilizing Con- tractual Remedies. 6 Entertainment and Sports Lawyer 1-2, 13-28 (Summer 1987). Hengstler, Gary A. Pirates v. Parker: Drug Testimony Sparks Lawsuit. 72 American Bar Association Journal 28 (July 1986). Is Innocence Forever Gone? Drug Testing High School Athletes. 54 Mis- souri Law Review 425-442 (1989). 19911 SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Johnson, Alex M. and James F. Ritter. The Legality of Testing Student- Athletes for Drugs and the Unique Issue of Consent. 66 Oregon Law Review 895-951 (1987). Lock, Ethan and Marianne Jennings. The Constitutionality of Mand- atory Student-Athlete Drug Testing Programs: The Bounds of Pri- vacy. 38 University of Florida Law Review 581-613 (1986). Lock, Ethan. The Legality Under the National Labor Relations Act of Attempts by NationalFootball League Owners to Unilaterally Imple- ment Drug Testing Programs. 39 University of Florida Law Review 1-54 (1987). Mandatory Drug Testing of College Athletes: Are Athletes Being Denied Their Constitutional Rights? 16 Pepperdine Law Review 45-75 (1988). The NCAA Declares War: Student-Athletes Battle the Mandatory Drug Test. 16 Capital University Law Review 673-700 (1987). The NCAA Drug-Testing Program and the California Constitution: Has California Expanded the Right of Privacy? 23 University of San Francisco Law Review 253-290 (1989). Pernell, LeRoy. Drug Testing of Student Athletes: Some Contract and Tort Implications. 67 Denver University Law Review 279-300 (1990). Pernell, LeRoy. Random Drug Testing of Student Athletes by State Uni- versities in the Wake of Von Raab and Skinner. 1 Marquette Sports Law Journal 41-91 (1990). Playing By the Rules? A Legal Analysis of the United States Olympic Committee-Soviet Olympic Committee Doping Control Agreement. 25 Stanford Journal of International Law 611-646 (1989). The Privacy Expectation: A Comparison of Federaland California Con- stitutionalStandards for Drug Testing in Amateur Athletics. 17 Has- tings Constitutional Law Quarterly 533-565 (1990). Random Urinalysis: Violating the Athlete's Individual Rights? 30 How- ard Law Journal 93-142 (1987). Ranney, James T. The Constitutionalityof Drug Testing of College-Ath- letes: A Brandeis Brieffor a Narrowly-Intrusive Approach. 16 Jour- nal of College and University Law 397-424 (1990). Roberts, Thomas T. Sports Arbitration. 10 Industrial Relations Law Journal 8-11 (1988). 696 HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Rose, Laurence M. and Timothy H. Girard. Drug Testing in Professional and College Sports. 36 University of Kansas Law Review 787-821 (1988). Roth, Norma. Sports Policies Toward the Use of Drugs by Players. 31 Boston Bar Journal 28-31 (July-Aug. 1987). Scanlan, John A. Playing the Drug-Testing Game: College Athletes, Reg- ulatory Institutions, and the Structures of ConstitutionalArgument. 62 Indiana Law Journal 863-983 (1986-1987). Spicer, Robert E. Drug Testing, Student Athletes, and the Constitution. 13 Virginia Bar Association Journal 11-17, 26 (Winter 1987). Thurston, Jim. Chemical Warfare: Battling Steroids in Athletics. 1 Mar- quette Sports Law Journal 93-148 (1990). Wong, Glenn M. and Richard J. Ensor. Major League Baseball and Drugs: Fight the Problem or the Player? 11 Nova Law Review 779- 813 (1987).

M. Agents and Attorneys

Agents of ProfessionalAthletes. 15 New England Law Review 545-572 (1980). The Agent-Athlete Relationship in Professionaland Amateur Sports: The Inherent Potentialfor Abuse and the Need for Regulation. 30 Buf- falo Law Review 815-849 (1981). Allen, Richard B. Lawyers, Law, and Baseball. 64 American Bar Asso- ciation Journal 1530-1535 (1978). Athlete Agents: Regulate. 5 Georgia State University Law Review 45.1- 457 (1988). Benitez, Miriam. Of Sports, Agents, and Regulations-The Need for a Different Approach. 3 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 199-221 (1986). Criminal Liability of Sports Agents: It Is Time to Reline the Playing Field. 24 Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 273-316 (1990). Ehrhardt, Charles W. and J. Mark Rodgers. Tightening the Defense Against Offensive Sports Agents. 16 Florida State University Law Review 633-674 (1988). Elmore, Len. The Agent's Role in ProfessionalSports: An Athlete's Per- spective. 31 Boston Bar Journal 6-8 (July-Aug. 1987). Etter, W.F. Representing the ProfessionalAthlete. 37 Washington State Bar News 12-16 (October 1983). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Federal Mail Fraud Statute: The Government's Colt 45 Renders Norby Walters and Lloyd Bloom Agents of Misfortune. 10 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 315-333 (1990). Fraley, Robert E. and F. Russell Harwell. Sports Law and the "Evils" of Solicitation. 9 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 21-42 (1989). Fraley, Robert E. and F. Russell Harwell. The Sports Lawyer's Duty to Avoid Differing Interests: A PracticalGuide to Responsible Represen- tation. 11 Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Jour- nal (CoMM/ENT) 165-217 (1989). Golenbock, Peter. Now Calling Signals, the Lawyer-Agent. 2 Juris Doc- tor 49-52 (October 1971). Gross, Albert. When Agents Pull the Strings. 26 Trial 36-40 (June 1990). Jeans, James W. Appointed Counsel. 12 Litigation 53-54, 70-71 (Fall 1985). Jennings, Marianne and Lynn Zioiko. Student-Athletes, Athlete Agents and Five Year Eligibility: An Environment of ContractualInterfer- ence, Trade Restraint and High-Stake Payments. 66 University of Detroit Law Review 179-220 (1988). Kohn, Gary P. Sports Agents Representing ProfessionalAthletes: Being Certified Means Never Having to Say You're Qualified. 6 Entertain- ment and Sports Lawyer 1-2, 7-20 (Winter 1988). Korn, Peter L. Never Be A Sports Lawyer. 11 Barrister 12 (Winter 1984). Kosin, Phil. Diamond Classics: Baseball Lawyers Make Mark. 71 American Bar Association Journal 34-35 (Oct. 1985). Massey, Craig. The Crystal Cruise Cut Short: A Survey of the Increasing Regulatory Influences Over the Athlete-Agent in the National Foot- ball League. 1 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 53-78 (1984). Matchpoint: Agents, Antitrust, and Tennis. 64 University of Detroit Law Review 481-503 (1987). The NFL Players Association's Agent Certification Plan: Is It Exempt From Antitrust Review? 26 Arizona Law Review 699-714 (1984). Nimoy, Adam B. and Jackson D. Hamilton. Attorneys and the Califor- nia Athlete Agencies Act: The Toll of the Bill. 7 CoMM/ENT, Has- tings Journal of Communications and Entertainment Law 551-574 (1985). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. (V/ol. 13:589

The Offer Sheet: An Attempt to Circumvent NCAA Prohibitionof Repre- sentationalContracts. 14 Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 187- 211 (1980). Out of Bounds: Time to Revamp Texas Sports Agent Legislation. 43 Southwestern Law Journal 1091-1118 (1990). Peterson, Terri L. and Scott A. Smith. The Role of the Lawyer on the Playing Field: Sports Injury Litigation. 7 Barrister 10-13, 20 (Sum- mer 1980). Regulating the Professional Sports Agent: Is California in the Right Ballpark? 15 Pacific Law Journal 1231-1259 (1984). Regulation of Sports Agents: Since at First It Hasn'tSucceeded, Try Fed- eral Legislation. 39 Hastings Law Journal 1031-1078 (1988). Remick, Lloyd Zane and David Spencer Eisen. The PersonalManager in the Entertainment and Sports Industries. 3 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 57-86 (1986). Ring, Bart Ivan. An Analysis of Athlete Agent Certification and Regula- tion: New Incentives With Old Problems. 7 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 321-335 (1987). Ruschmann, Paul A. Are Sports Agents Facing A Regulatory Blitz? 65 Michigan Bar Journal 1124-1127 (1986). Ruxin, Robert H. Unsportsmanlike Conduct: The Student-Athlete, the NCAA, and Agents. 8 Journal of College and University Law 347- 367 (1981). Shropshire, Kenneth L. Athlete Agent Regulation: Proposed Legislative Revisions and the Need for Reforms Beyond Legislation. 8 Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal 85-112 (1989). Shulruff, Lawrence. The Football Lawyers. 71 American Bar Associa- tion Journal 45-49 (Sep. 1985). Smith, Frederick. Sports Attorneys: Scoring from the Sidelines. 1 Cali- fornia Lawyer 40-43, 65 (Dec. 1981). Sobel, Lionel S. The Regulation of Sports Agents: An Analytical Primer. 39 Baylor Law Review 701-786 (1987). The Sporting Lawyers of Cincinnati. 4 Cincinnati Bar Association Jour- nal 16-21 (Summer/Fall 1978). Sports Agents Representing Athletes: The Need for Comprehensive State Legislation. 24 Valparaiso University Law Review 481-519 (1990). Sullivan, Michael J. Remedying Athlete-Agent Abuse: A Securities Law Approach. 2 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 53-77 (1984). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

A Survey of State Athlete-Agent Legislation: Origins and Effects. 16 Jour- nal of College and University Law 433-448 (1990). Williams, Weldon C. Gladiator Traps: A Primeron the Representation of Black Athletes. 9 Black Law Journal 263-279 (1986). Woods, Richard P. and Michael R. Mills. Tortious Interference With an Athletic Scholarship: A University's Remedy for the Unscrupulous Sports Agent. 40 Alabama Law Review 141-186 (1988).

N. Licensing and Trademarks

The Gay Olympics: San Francisco Arts & Athletics v. United States Olympic Committee. 8 Pace Law Review 373-425 (1988). Guarding the Olympic Gold: Protecting the Marketability of Olympic Trademarks Through Section 110 of the Amateur Sports Act of 1978. 16 Southwestern University Law Review 461-503 (1986). Hammer, Robert S. Licensee Discipline and Due Process. 12 Connecti- cut Law Review 870-882 (1980). Jacoby, Jacob and Robert Lloyd Raskopf. Disclaimersin Trademark In- fringement Litigation: More Trouble Than They Are Worth. 76 Trademark Reporter 35-58 (Jan.-Feb. 1986). Nadel, Paul J. The Gold Stops Here. 7 Los Angeles Lawyer 42-45 (July- Aug. 1984). A Sad Time for the Gay Olympics: San FranciscoArts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee. 56 University of Cincinnati Law Review 1487-1524 (1988). Sanders, Barry A. Sponsorships and Licensing: Legal Lessons From the 1984 Olympics. 3 Entertainment and Sports Lawyer 1-2, 16-18 (Summer 1984). Schinner, Michael G. Establishing a Collegiate Trademark Licensing Program: To What Extent Does an Institution Have an Exclusive Right to Its Name? 15 Journal of College and University Law 405- 429 (1989). Trademark Protection of Public Spectacles: BOSTON ATHLETIC Changes the Rules. 10 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 335-351 (1990). Trademarks: Protection of Merchandising Properties in Professional Sports. 21 Duquesne Law Review 927-964 (1983). Wong, Glenn M. Recent Trademark Law Cases Involving Professional and IntercollegiateSports. 1986 Detroit College of Law Review 87- 119 (1986). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

0. Sports Officiating

Decreasing Sports Violence Equals Increasing Officials' Liability. 3 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 127-137 (1983). Kelly, G.M. Prospective Liabilities of Sports Supervisors. 63 Australian Law Journal 669-685 (1989). Lewis, Darryl M. Halcomb, and Frank S. Forbes. A Proposalfor a Uni- form Statute Regulating the Liability of Sports Officials for Errors Committed in Sports Contests. 39 DePaul Law Review 673-708 (1990). Narol, Melvin S. Courts May Soon Be Asked to Be Monday-Morning Quarterbacks. 3 Entertainment and Sports Lawyer 11-13 (Summer 1984). Narol, Melvin S. Protecting the Rights of Sports Officials: Cases of Per- sonal Injury and Damage to Reputation. 23 Trial 64-71 (Jan. 1987). Narol, Melvin S. and Stuart Dedopoulos. Defamation: A Guide to Referees' Rights. 16 Trial 42-44 (Jan. 1980). Narol, Melvin S. and Stuart Dedopoulos. PotentialLiability: A Guide to Referees'Rights: PotentialLiability. 16 Trial 18-21, 53 (Mar. 1980). Narol, Melvin S. and Stuart Dedopoulos. Kill the Umpire: A Guide to Referees' Rights. 15 Trial 32 (Mar. 1979). Sports Liability: Blowing the Whistle on the Referees. 12 Pacific Law Journal 937-964 (1981).

P. Franchise Movements and League Expansion

Anticipating an Instant Replay: City of Oakland v. Oakland Raiders. 17 U.C. Davis Law Review 963-1007 (1984). Antitrust Law and the Sports League Relocation Rules. 18 Golden Gate University Law Review 35-55 (1988). Beisner, John. Sports Franchise Relocation: Competitive Markets and Taxpayer Protection. 6 Yale Law & Policy Review 429-448 (1988). "Can We Save Our Ball Club?'" The Availability of Injunctive Relieffor a Municipality to Prevent the Threatened Breach of a Stadium Lease Agreement by a Professional Sports Franchise. 2 COMM/ENT, A Journal of Communications and Entertainment Law 97-124 (1979). City of Oakland v. Oakland Raiders: Defining the Parametersof Limit- less Power. 1983 Utah Law Review 397-414. 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

ConstitutionalLaw-California Eminent Domain Statute Allows ,the Tak- ing of Any Type of Property Interests-City of Oakland v. Oakland Raiders. 6 Whittier Law Review 135-149 (1984). The Constitutionality of Taking a Sports Franchise by Eminent Domain and the Need for Federal Legislation to Restrict Franchise Reloca- tion. 13 Fordham Urban Law Journal 553-596 (1985). ControllingProfessional Sports Team Relocations: The Oakland Raiders' Antitrust Case and Beyond. 17 Rutgers Law Journal 283-319 (1986). Davis, Robert N. Congress to Tackle Legislation on Franchise Reloca- tions. 3 Entertainment and Sports Lawyer 2, 20 (Winter 1985). Eisen, Jeffrey M. FranchiseRelocation in Major League Baseball. 4 En- tertainment & Sports Law Journal 19-56 (1987). Eminent Domain and the Commerce Clause Defense: City of Oakland v. Oakland Raiders. 41 University of Miami Law Review 1185-1221 (1987). Eminent Domain: Condemnation of ProfessionalFootball Franchises and the Commerce Clause Defense. 28 Howard Law Journal 773-794 (1985). Eminent Domain Exercised-Stare Decisis or a Warning: City of Oak- land v. Oakland Raiders. 4 Pace Law Review 169-193 (1983). Eminent Domain: Public Taking of Sports or EntertainmentFranchise or Organization as Taking for Public Purpose. 30 A.L.R.4TH 1226. FranchiseFlight and the Forgotten Fan: An Analysis of the Application of Antitrust Laws to the Relocation of ProfessionalFootball Franchises. 15 University of Baltimore Law Review 567-590 (1986). Franck, Richard L. and Karsten E. Bredesen. Recent Developments in Condemnation Law. 17 Urban Lawyer 751-763 (1985). Glick, J. ProfessionalSports FranchiseMovements and the Sherman Act. When and Where Teams Should Be Able to Move. 23 Santa Clara Law Review 55-94 (1983). Gorton, Slade. Professional Sports Franchise Relocation: Introductory I Views From the Hill. 9 Seton Hall Legislative Journal 1-6 (1985). Gray, John A. Section 1 of the Sherman Act and Control Over NFL Franchise Locations: The Problem of Opportunistic Behavior. 25 American Business Law Journal 123-159 (1987). Gray, John A. and Stephen J.K. Walters. Is the NFL An Illegal Monop- oly? 66 University of Detroit Law Review 5-32 (1988). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

JurisdictionalLimitations on Intangible Property in Eminent Domain: Focus on the Indianapolis Colts. 60 Indiana Law Journal 389-411 (1985). Keeping the Home Team at Home. 74 California Law Review 1329-1372 (1986). Keeping Possession of the Ball: The Use of Eminent Domain to Prevent the Relocation of Professional Sports Franchises. 32 Washington University Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law 333-346 (1987). Lazaroff, Daniel E. The Antitrust Implications of Franchise Relocation Restrictions in ProfessionalSports. 53 Fordham Law Review 157- 219 (1984). The Legality of Sports Leagues' Restrictive Admissions Practices. 60 New York University Law Review 925-955 (1985). NFL's Membership Admissions Procedure. 4 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 213-216 (1984). Public Use in Eminent Domain: Are There Limits After Oakland Raiders and Poletown? 20 California Western Law Review 82-108 (1983). Quirk, James. An Economic Analysis of Team Movements in Professional Sports. 38 Law and Contemporary Problems 42-66 (1973). Sackman, Julius L. Public Use-Updated. 1983 Institute on Planning, Zoning & Eminent Domain 203-235 (1983). Smolker, Gary. Prisoners of Oakland: Triumph of Power Over Sports- manship. 16 Journal of the Beverly Hills Bar Association 174-175 (1982). Staudohar, Paul D. Team Relocation in Professional Sports. 36 Labor Law Journal 728-733 (1985). Taking the Oakland Raiders: A Theoretical Reconsideration of the Con- cepts of Public Use and Just Compensation. 32 Emory Law Journal 857-899 (1983). Weistart, John C. League Control of Market Opportunities: A Perspective on Competition and Cooperation in the Sports Industry. 84 Duke Law Journal 1013-1070 (1984). Who Said "There's No Place Like Home?": FranchiseRelocation in Pro- fessional Sports. 10 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 163-197 (1990). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wong, Glenn M. Of Franchise Relocation, Expansion and Competition in Professional Team Sports: The Ultimate Political Football? 9 Se- ton Hall Legislative Journal 7-79 (1985). York, Daniel S. The Professional Sports Community Protection Act: Congress' Best Response to Raiders? 38 Hastings Law Journal 345- 375 (1987).

Q. Miscellaneous

Allen, Richard B. Lawyers, Law, and Baseball. 64 American Bar Asso- ciation Journal 1530-1535 (1978). The America's Cup Race of 1988 A Competitionfor Sailors or Solicitors? 7 University of Miami Entertainment & Sports Law Review 177-190 (1989). Baron, Ronald L. Sports Law: The Attorney's Role Expands. 49 Texas Bar Journal 832-836 (1986). Boswell, Thomas M. and Richard B. McKeown. Baseball-From Trial by Law to Trial by Auction. 4 Journal of Contemporary Law 171- 189 (1978). Boxer's Right to Fightfor Championship Title. 4 Loyola Entertainment Law Journal 216-228 (1984). Boxing, Wrestling, and Combative Sports - N.J. Stat. Ann. 5:2A-1. 10 Seton Hall Legislative Journal 327-331 (1987). Bribery in Athletic Contests. 49 A.L.R.2d 1234. Caporale, Robert L. Litigation and Sports. 31 Boston Bar Journal 23-27 (July-Aug. 1987). The Classification of Athletes and Entertainersas Plaintiffs in Defamation Suits. 4 Entertainment & Sports Law Journal 333-356 (1987. Cochran, Mark W. The Infield Fly Rule and the Internal Revenue Code: An Even FurtherAside. 29 William and Mary Law Review 567-577 (1988). The Common Law Origins of the Infield Fly Rule. 123 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1474-1481 (1975). ConstitutionalLaw-Due Process-HorseTrainer Held Strictly Liablefor the Condition of Horses. 8 Florida State University Law Review 365-375 (1980). Constitutional Law: Cubs Lose on Justice Ward's Error. 7 Loyola En- tertainment Law Journal 371-384 (1987). 704 HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

ConstitutionalLaw: Leaving the FourthAmendment at the Turnstile. 31 Oklahoma Law Review 395-402 (1978). Court: Coach Didn't Prove Actual Malice. 12 News Media & the Law 14-15 (1988). Curie, David. "On Higher Ground". Baseball and the Rule of Flood vs. Kuhn. 8 Legal Reference Services Quarterly 29-62 (Spring-Summer 1988). Del Rey, Alfred J. US. Immigration Proceduresand the Employment of Alien Performers and Sports Personalities. 1 Journal of Copyright, Entertainment & Sports Law 119-133 (1982). Ehrenberg, Ronald G. and Michael L. Bognanno. The Incentive Effects of Tournaments Revisited: Evidence From the European PGA Tour. 43 Industrial and Labor Relations Review 74-88 (1990). Flynn, John J.A Comment on "The Common Law Origins of the Infield Fly Rule". 4 Journal of Contemporary Law 241-247 (1978). Interstate HorseracingAct of 1978: An Evaluation. 12 Connecticut Law Review 883-919 (1980). Joy in Wrigleyville? The Mighty Cubs Strike Out in Court. 8 CoMM/ ENT, Hastings Journal of Communications and Entertainment Law 289-300 (1986). Keeping the Illusion Alive: The Public Interest in ProfessionalSports. 12 Suffolk University Law Review 48-96 (1978). Klein, Jewel N. and Ray H. Garrison. Practice and Procedure Before Racing Commissions. 78 Kentucky Law Journal 477-515 (1989- 1990). Koppett, Leonard. Sports and the Law: An Overview. 18 New York Law Forum 815-839 (1973). A Legal Con undrum- Transsexuals in Athletics. I COMM/ENT, A Jour- nal of Communications and Entertainment Law 369-417 (Spring 1978). Lehn, Kenneth. Property Rights, Risk Sharing, and Player Disability in Major League Baseball. 25 Journal of Law and Economics 343-366 (1982). Lester, R. David and David E. Fleenor. The Priority Race: Winner Takes the Horse. 78 Kentucky Law Journal 615-658 (1989-1990). Linder, Douglas 0. Strict Constructionism and the Strike Zone. 56 UMKC Law Review 117-120 (1987). 1991] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Macaulay, Stewart. Images of Law in Everyday Life: The Lessons of School, Entertainment,and Spectator Sports. 21 Law & Society Re- view 185-218 (1987). Meeker, Thomas H. Thoroughbred Racing-GettingBack on Track. 78 Kentucky Law Journal 435-445 (1989-1990). Miller, Robert S. The Sale of Horses and Horse Interests: A Transac- tional Approach. 78 Kentucky Law Journal 517-600 (1989-1990). Nelson, Stephen. Introduction: Bringing Sports Under Legal Control. 10 Connecticut Law Review 251-258 (1978). Newman, Pamela J. Managing Risk and Insurance in the Entertainment and Sports Industries. 5 Entertainment and Sports Lawyer 11-13 (Spring 1987). Nordlinger, Angela. Fair Share: Legal Obligations of Running a Sport- ing Club. 59 Law Institute Journal 533-537 (1985). Penner, Gerald M. Syndication of a Sports Team. 3 Entertainment and Sports Lawyer 1, 10-14 (Fall 1984). Peterson, Robert A. "Blackouts" and the Public Interest: An Equitable Proposal. 4 Journal of Contemporary Law 143-168 (1978). The ProfessionalAthlete and the First Amendment: A Question of Judi- cial Intervention. 4 Hofstra Law Review 417-448 (1976). Rapson, Donald J. A "Home Run" Application of EstablishedPrinciples of Statutory Construction: UCC Analogies. 5 Cardozo Law Review 441-453 (1984). Robertson, Cary. Thoroughbred Certificate Law: A Proposal. 78 Ken- tucky Law Journal 659-703 (1989-1990). Saiman, Martin S. Coliseum Use Arrangements: Rome to the Superdome. 81 Case and Comment 3-9 (Nov.-Dec. 1976). Samuels, Howard J. Legalization of Gambling on Sports Events. 18 New York Law Forum 897-914 (1973). Scanlan, John A. and Granville E. Cleveland. Past As Prelude: The Early Origins of Modern American Sports Law. 8 Ohio Northern University Law Review 433-452 (1981). Selfridge v. Carey: The First Amendment's Applicability to Sporting Events. 46 Albany Law Review 937-979 (1982). Slusher, Howard S. Sport: A Philosophical Perspective. 38 Law and Contemporary Problems 129-134 (1973). HASTINGS COMM/ENT L.J. [Vol. 13:589

Sports and the Law. 5 Oklahoma City University Law Review 659-682 (1980). Stadium: Validity of Government Borrowing or Expenditurefor Purposes of Acquiring, Maintaining, or Improving Stadium for Use of Profes- sionalAthletic Team. 67 A.L.R.3D 1186. Take Me Out to the Ball Game. 25 Fordham Law Review 793-794 (1957). Tanick, Marshall H. Basketball in Minnesota Law: From Warehouses to Wagering. 46 Bench & Bar of Minnesota 20-24 (October 1989). Teague, Bernard. Fair Comment: Defamation is Not Always Cricket. 59 Law Institute Journal 541-544 (1985). Telias, Bradley S. Horse Racing and the Law: A Legislative Proposalto Harness Race-Fixing. 9 Fordham Urban Law Journal 253-277 (1980-1981). Vance, Richard A. ProtectingSecurity Interests in Equine Collateral. 78 Kentucky Law Journal 447-476 (1989-1990). Watson, John. The Three That was Four. 54 American Bar Association Journal 777-780 (1968). Wise, Richard M. The Athlete As Public Figurein Light of Gertz v. Rob- ert Welch, Inc., or Torts in Sports: The Role of the Courts. 6 COMM/ENT, Hastings Journal of Communications and Entertain- ment Law 325-368 (1984).