Domestic Violence Act “Shield Or Weapon of an Indian Women”: Two Sides of a Coin

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Domestic violence act “shield or weapon of an Indian women”: Two sides of a coin

Article · April 2018 DOI: 10.15614/ijpp.v9i01.11765

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Ritu Singh Kusha Pant G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar

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The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 2018, 9(1), 164-168 © 2018 Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/home/journal_detail/19#list ISSN-p-2229-4937,e-2321-368X DOI: https://doi.org/10.15614/ijpp.v9i01.11765 UGC Journal No 42790 and NAAS Rating 4.64 Domestic violence act “shield or weapon of an Indian women”: Two sides of a coin

Ritu Singh and Kusha Pant Amit K. Mishra Department of Human Development and Family Studies Amity School of Business College of Home Science, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture Amity University & Technology, Uttarakhand Noida, Utter Pradesh

Domestic violence refers to violence or other abuse by one person against another in a domestic setting, such as in marriage or cohabitation. In India, one out of every fourth Indian women is a victim of domestic violence at some point of her life or the other. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (2005) has been passed under Indian Constitution which ensures protection of women against violence of any kind occurring within the family and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. On the face of it, the law appears to be a “shield” or blessing for Indian women who are into abusive or violent relationships. However, another disturbing fact is that at times, women themselves have played an unpleasant and catalytic role in perpetrating violence against another woman like daughter-in-law, mother-in-law or female domestic helps. Second issue is that if it's male dominated society in some parts of India it's also female dominated in few other parts of it. Thirdly, nowadays, males and females both are equally involved in different crimes in the country like theft, murder, abduction etc. In light of all these facts, it can be said that if in most instances domestic violence is perpetrated by man in some instances it can be vice versa too. Instances exist whereby protective legal provisions for the benefit of women have been subjected to distortion and misuse and women have used PWDVA as “weapon” to wreak petty revenge and to settle scores. Deep scrutiny of PWDVA projects that “it” in an attempt towards “women and children welfare”, has granted Indian women an unconditional legal supremacy over men and created a society where men are deprived of their rights of “welfare”. The bottom-line therefore, is the fair incantation of legal provisions and their objective and honest implementation. The responsibility of this lies on the shoulders of we educated and elite group of the society.

Keywords: marriage, abuse, domestic violence, women

Domestic violence causes far more pain than the visible marks of “Mr. X went to meet his wife to settle a fight and promised her a bruises and scars. It is devastating to be abused by someone whom gift. When they met, they chatted for a while and then came the you love and think loves you in return. surprise. He lovingly asked his wife to turn around and close her All the victims of domestic violence need assistance and deserve eyes. When she did, thinking that he has got her a necklace, he put a justice irrespective of any discrimination by caste, creed, age and clutch wire around her neck and choked her to death, revealed a gender. police officer on Manoj Kumar Case who chocked her wife to death “In the noisy lobby of the Delhi State Legal Services Authority, a in suspicion of her extra-marital affair”(Bhardwaj, 2017). 23-years-old married woman was waiting for a lawyer to take up her “The Tandoor Murder Case of Naina Sahni in 1995 is one of the case. While narrating the abuse and violence she has faced from her dreadful incident of a woman being killed and then burnt in a tandoor husband and his family over the last three-four years, she revealed by her husband. This incidence was an outcome of suspicion of physical torture, starvation, three miscarriages, dowry demands and extra-marital affairs of wife which led to marital discord and abuse death threats”(Sen, 2016). of all sorts” (Kumar, 2010). “A software engineer allegedly killed his wife, cut the body into “It was a mistake to educate my daughter and send her to IIT. I pieces and hid it in a deep freezer for nearly two months in Dehra Dun should have saved money for her dowry instead.” These words were in October 2010. The incident came to light when brother of the 33- spoken by the distressed father of Manjula Devak, who committed year-old victim Anupama Gulati lodged a police complaint after he suicide after being harassed for dowry by her in-laws and jobless did not get satisfactory reply from the engineer about his sister's husband”(Aravamudan, 2017). whereabouts. According to Dehra Dun SSP G S Martolia, Rajesh Today, we are living in a society where girl fetuses are aborted in banged Anupama' shead against a wall following a quarrel after worry of paying dowry at the time of their marriage; where which she fell unconscious. Later, he strangulated her in a fit of rage, women are harassed within the four walls of their marital homes cut the body into pieces and stashed them into a deep freezer”(ITGD; because of dowry demands, suspicion of extramarital affairs, Bureau, 2010). being poor home managers etc. and; where women take their own lives to get rid of domestic violence. Almost every day, Indian newspapers are full of such news which Correspondence should be sent to Dr. Ritu Singh aptly portrays domestic violence against women. Domestic violence Department of Human Development and Family Studies refers to violence or other abuse by one person against another in a College of Home Science, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture domestic setting, such as in marriage or cohabitation. Domestic & Technology, Uttarakhand violence is any behavior involving physical, psychological, E-mail: [email protected] Indian Journal of Positive Psychology 2018, 9(1), 164-168 165 sexual or verbal abuse. It is any form of aggression intended to hurt, Voice against domestic violence: formation of PWDVA damage, or kill an intimate person. It not only violates the human 2005 right but also violates one in terms of economic, health, mental and social perspective. Because of the orthodox and reckless mindset of Stop violence against women as these depressing incidences of our Indian society that “women are physically and emotionally domestic violence against women illuminates the most weaker than the males”, domestic violence against women in India is unfortunate behavior of men against women. omnipresent and has been abounding with each passing day. All Despite this discrimination being widespread, a culture of silence across our country, women are being tortured, beaten and killed pervades around it and women are still expected to bear with it behind the closed doors of homes. silently. Our traditional and orthodox mindset expects them to bear all these sufferings without any protest. However, ultimately Indian Domestic violence against women in India women and society has taken its call at domestic violence against Hinduism portrays man and woman as the two halves of the divine women and protested against it. Voices have been raised against body. Hindu history has witnessed super-women like Gargi, Maitreyi these inhuman practices at many platforms but all went in vain with and Sulabha, whose ability of reasoning was far superior to that of no concrete actions towards it. Efforts had also been made to bring ordinary individuals. Many female goddesses like Saraswati, Durga, about cultural change by creating awareness, educating people and Laxmi, Kali, etc. are being worshipped across the country since ages. through legal actions. History of voices for women rights dates back Most of the Indian Rivers like Ganga, Yanuma, Saraswati, to 19th century. Bhagirathi, Godavari etc are also named after women. During Vedic It is Raja Ram-Mohan Roy who can be called the creator of period, they say that women were respected. They had freedom to get women's rights movements. He was responsible for bringing about education and make their own decisions. socio-legal changes pertaining to the de-legitimization of child But, in practice it was contrary. Women were always considered marriage, sati pratha and legitimization of widow remarriage. In inferior to men. They were dominated and many times abused by 1829, his mobilization against sati pratha created required public men. The violence against women is a centuries-old phenomenon. It opinion to make the practice a criminal offence. The aim was to has been performed in the name of religion, social customs and make woman's life more humane and to protect her against violence. rituals within the premises of home which is considered to be the During the colonial period, there were provisions under the IPC and temple of warmth, respect, security and safety of its members. But CrPC. However, before 1983, there were no specific provisions for some women, it is a place that endangers their lives and breeds pertaining to violence within the home. Husbands could be some of the most drastic forms of domestic violence against them convicted under the general provisions of murder, abetment to usually perpetrated by males which mostly happen to be their suicide, causing hurt and wrongful confinement. But, none of these husbands. India is predominantly a patriarchal society wherein most provisions took into account the real problem of domestic violence of the customs and values are made infavor of men placing them at in its totality, that is, in terms of its magnitude, type and of course superior position like only male child can perform last rites of his nature of offenders. parents, male child carries the name of the family etc. During the Fourth World Conference on Women at Beijing in The patriarchal system has continued since the time of Treta and 1995, 189 UN member-states adopted the Beijing Declaration and Dvapara Yuga. In Mahabharat, firstly, we cite the violence against Platform for Action, which specified the need to take steps to Draupadi, in which Yudhishtir betted his wife Draupadi in gambling eliminate violence against women. After this, Government of India and lost her to Duryodhana. Following she was attempted to be undertook some steps to protect women against domestic violence. stripped in the royal palace. Secondly, we witness that how brutally Most of the Western countries passed laws against domestic Raja Kans killed seven newborn babies of his sister Devaki. Further, violence in the 1970s but in India, efforts were being made to draft a in Ramayana, we observe agnipariksha of Goddess Sita to prove her bill on domestic violence exclusively only during 1990s. In the light purity and faithfulness towards Lord Rama.All these incidents of the “Government of India Report on Platform for Action: Ten highlight the perpetuation of violence against women under Years after Beijing” and the rising crime scenario in the country, the patriarchal system in ancient India. need was felt for a special law on domestic violence. Initiatives Though, women today have proved themselves in almost every started with the collaborative efforts of United Nations field, this gender based discrimination and supremacy of men over Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and Lawyers' Collective women and henceforth domestic violence against women is Rights Initiative (LCWRI). A delegation of representatives from increasing day by day with every passing decade and continues till women's groups and State Women's Commissions met the then date with much greater frequency, magnitude and varied nature. HRD Minister regarding the imperative need to enact a special law According to United Nation Population Fund Report, 2005 (as cited on domestic violence. It finally resulted in the drafting of the Bill on in Kumar, 2010), around two-third of married Indian women are domestic violence, that is, “Protection of Women from Domestic victims of domestic violence and as many as 70% of married women Violence the Act 2005”, which was passed by Parliament in in India between the age of 15 and 49 are victims of beating, rape or September 2005 and came into force in October 2006, that is, 21st forced sex. century. How contradictory is that on one hand we worship goddesses and Protection of women from domestic violence act (2005) quote examples of women like PT Usha, Lata Mangeshkar, Kalpana Section 3 of the Act says that any act, omissions or commission or Chawala, Anju George, Deepa Malik, Deepa Karmakar, PV Sindhu, conduct of the respondent shall constitute domestic violence in case Sania Mirza, Mithali Raj, Geeta Phogat, etc. (the list is never ending) it: in front of others. On the other hand, we hardly hesitate to burn or torture someone's daughter for the sake of money and honor. (a) Harms or injures or endangers the health, safety of life, limb or 166 SINGH ET AL./ DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT “SHIELD OR WEAPON OF AN INDIAN WOMEN” well-being, whether mental or physical, of the aggrieved or tends to man can also be the victim of domestic violence. do so and includes causing physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and Rare but other real side of domestic violence in India emotional abuse and economic abuse; or (b) Harasses, harms, injures or endangers the aggrieved person with a There is no question that domestic violence directed against women view to coerce him or any other person related to her to meet any is a serious and bigger problem, but domestic violence against men unlawful demand for any dowry or other property or valuable is also increasing gradually in India. The supremacy of men in the security; or society makes one believe that they are not vulnerable to domestic (c) Has the effect of threatening the aggrieved person or any person violence. However, there are a growing number of men who are at related to her by any conduct mentioned in clause (a) or clause (b); or the receiving end. Many males have reported incidences of assault against females like pushing, slapping, grabbing, hitting etc. In (d) Otherwise injures or causes harm, whether physical or mental, to India, compared to violence against women, violence against men is the aggrieved person. less frequent. But in the recent time, it has taken a deadly shape. This is a special law for women who are victims of domestic “Out of 90,000 to one lakh cases investigated every year, nearly violence. It gives them relief from domestic violence. Under this law, 10,000 complaints of dowry harassment turn out to be false. A total victim can approach either the 'Protection Officer' or the 'Service of 63,343 married men committed suicide in 2012, with a fair Provider' or the police or a Magistrate directly. As soon as the amount of them having faced domestic problems" revealed Amit complaint has been filed, the judge or the Magistrate can order many Gupta of Hridaya, a men's rights organization. He further adds that a different measures in order to ensure the protection and well-being of survey has found that mothers beat their daughters eight times more the aggrieved person, which includes: than mothers-in-law do, but no one discusses that”(Anwar, 2015). ● Protection order: It includes ordering the offender to stop all acts "Domestic violence against men and his family is not recognized by of violence. the law. The general perception is that men cannot be victims of ● Residence order: As woman cannot be evicted from the shared violence. This helps women get away scot-free, says Rukma Chary, household, magistrate can order the offender not to sell their house or General Secretary, Save Indian Family Foundation” (Desai, 2013). to pay the rent at another house or leave their shared house. Prevention of Women from Domestic Violence Act (2005) …the ● Monetary relief: It is about ordering the offender to pay money as name itself clarifies the too much importance or power given to per the injuries of the victim. Here, injuries could be physical, mental women under this act, irrespective of their actual victimization. and emotional. Domestic Violence against men is not just hitting. It is an abuse or ● Custody order: It includes letting the victim to have the temporary misuse of the power granted to women. custody of her children while the proceedings under the act are going “A social researcher, Anil Kumar, feels that the situation is even on. worse for men. Fear of being away from children and a false dowry ● Interim order/ex parte order: It says that the court can pass an case being filed against them, makes their condition more inferior interim order to prevent violence before the final order. In the then women. Manoj Kumar, a resident of Bangalore, approached the absence of the other party to the dispute, an exparte order can be police after he was assaulted by his wife. The cops not only ridiculed passed. him, but said that they will call his wife and ask her to file a case The offender, if found guilty, is liable to a jail sentence of up to one against him. Later on, he took his own life” (Desai, 2013). year and a 20,000 rupee fine. Including medical costs, victim can be “Thirty three-year-old Santosh Raj faced similar difficulty but provided with a share in husband's earnings and property. chose to fight instead of giving up. His world crashed down when his No doubt, if we can once ignore the legal working pattern in India, wife hired goons to attack him and to beat his parents, brothers and it can be said that implementation of this act has given relief and life sister. 'My wife accused me of impotency and demanded money. If I to many women who were victims of domestic violence. A few more was impotent, then she would have come to know on the first night gruesome real and reported cases of domestic violence in India are as itself. Why did she have to wait for three months? She demanded 1 follows: crore for a divorce. My father somehow brought this amount down “Navin (name withheld), an engineer from Tamil Nadu, got to 35 lakh. As per the arrangement, 15 lakh was paid and the married in 2007 and flew to the United States, where he was working remaining amount was to be paid after the divorce was finalized. for a long time. Things went horribly wrong when the recession But, they soon started asking for the remaining amount. I knew that struck. On the verge of losing his job, he asked his wife to go back to they wouldn't stop harassing me if I gave them 20 lakh, so I went India along with their two-year-old daughter. After returning to underground for some time,' says Santosh” (Banerji, 2015). India, his wife pressed charges under Section 498A of the IPC “The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (dowry harassment and domestic violence) on him. He was arrested can be used by women as a 'shield or a sword' only to protect at the airport and got bail after five months” (Anwar, 2015). themselves from violence and not to cause violence on their male “Harassed with imprisonment and visits to courts during the nine- life partners, Madras High Court Bench”(Imranullah, 2015). year legal battle, an insurance agent, Pankaj Chavda, studied law to “Rattan Kumar (39), a software engineer, talks about his unstable fight rape charges leveled by his wife. Acquitted by courts, he later wife and how she was used by her father to make his life miserable. slapped Rs 50 lakh defamation suit against his wife for implicating 'My father-in-law was an egomaniac who wanted to dominate me, to him and a friend in a false rape case” (Khan, 2015). treat me like a slave. When I objected, they filed these charges What do you think? In India, ONLY WOMEN are the victims of against me. Ican't explain the pain I felt,' he said. Kumar is now domestic violence and NOT MEN? If yes, then ask yourself- Is it raising his children alone while waiting for the trial to right to see domestic violence from gender biased lens? At times, a begin”(Dhillon, 2017). Indian Journal of Positive Psychology 2018, 9(1), 164-168 167

Our Society isn't sympathetic to harassed men. Men who speak out state as well as central governments on a petition filed by about their woes are considered 'unmanly'. And if they come Venkatakrishna who challenged the constitutional validity of forward, their agony finds no place under Indian Constitution. various provisions under Protection of Women from Domestic They can't report and their verdict is not acceptable. Violence Act 2005. He claimed that his wife demanded Rs 2 crore as Flaws in protection of women from domestic violence compensation and had obtained an injunction from a magistrate court restraining him from alienating his properties. "A significant act (2005) aspect of the matter is that the whole section of women is excluded There are basically two fundamental problems in this law. First, it is from the purview of Act branding the men as the sole cause of overwhelmingly gender biased in favor of women and second, the domestic violence. Such a gender bias is apparent in Section 19 potential for misuse is shocking. This act clearly singles out men as where it says that a woman cannot be removed from shared perpetrators of domestic violence and assumes that only women are household. Protection is alone given to women and there is no victims because, as per this law, only a woman can file a complaint protection to the abuses of wife. Hence, the provision under different against her male partner. A man, who is a victim of domestic Sections of DV Act (relating to residence, protection, custody and violence, has no rights under this law. However, it has been other reliefs) are unconstitutional and are liable to be struck down, comprehensively proven in numerous studies that women are no less the petitioner had claimed” (Kumari, 2013). abusive as men in intimate relationships. Giving such Domestic violence against men is today's reality and the time has comprehensive legal powers to women while withholding protection come to speak up against it. Come forward, raise your voice and to male victims is equivalent to systematic legal harassment of men. stand for the cause. In the western world, the domestic violence laws are gender neutral and provide protection to the victims, both men and women. The fact Only amendment made so far in favor of men that the Indian version explicitly prohibits any male victim to seek India's Supreme Court in 2014 said that women are increasingly relief under this law defies all logic and is beyond comprehension. misusing the tough anti-dowry law to harass their husbands and in- The second significant flaw in this law is that it lends itself to such laws. The judges said the law was enacted to help women, but it was easy misuse that women will find it hard to resist the temptation to being used as "a weapon by disgruntled wives". The court has now 'teach a lesson' to their male relatives and will file frivolous and false ordered the police to follow a nine-point checklist before arresting cases. This law also provides lots of rights to women without anyone on a dowry complaint (“India court says”, 2014). Now, requiring them to be responsible. At the very minimum, it should be husbands and in-laws cannot be arrested immediately after a made gender neutral, offering protection to both men and women. complaint is registered against them. The police will have to be Also, provisions for stringent punishments need to be incorporated satisfied first about the need of the arrest. Such similar reforms need into the law to prevent misuse. Moreover, the law needs to be made to be made under PWDVA 2005 too and it has to be tailored as per the more practical by differentiating between various degrees of need of the hour, considering men and women as having equal conflicts and by unambiguously defining what constitutes domestic chance of being victim of domestic violence. violence. Asa human, it's our moral responsibility to look at domestic “DCW chairperson Swati Maliwal said that she was surprised to violence cases with gender neutral lens. Both gender should be see men walking into her office to lodge complaints about wives equally treated and trusted under PWDVA. In the stride of inflicting mental, emotional and even physical torture on them. Most empowering women, men should not be ignored. So, instead of seem genuine so we are not turning them away, she added. Further, being adamant feminist, need of the hour is to be true humanist. Rajesh Vakharia, President of the Save Indian Family Foundation, highlighted that if men have to approach a women's commission to Conclusion lodge complaints, it shows that there is a genuine need for a body to In India, it's only women who are recognized as the victims of address such issues. He further added that there is an animal welfare domestic violence. To ensure the protection of women against ministry with a budget of Rs 15,000 crore, there is a woman and child violence, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (2005) welfare ministry but nothing for men" (Chatterjee, 2016). was passed under Indian Constitution. This law appears to be a Now a days, in some part of our country, male victims of domestic “shield” or blessing for Indian women who are into abusive or violence are coming forward to raise their voices against this violent relationships. But, the flipside of this scenario also exists. concealed evil. “On 24thJanuary 2017, city-based Ameen Shareeff Instances exist where protective legal provisions for the benefit of started off his 35,000 km expedition, in which he covered29 States women have been subjected to distortion and misuse and women and three Union Territories, to highlight the issue of domestic have used PWDVA as “weapon”. As per this law, only a woman in violence against men and to encourage men share their dark India can file a complaint against her male partner and there are no experiences. Ameen, who claimed himself a victim of domestic rights reserved under it for men suffering from domestic violence. violence, said that there is a widespread impression that men are the Abuse against men is no more a laughing matter today. Foremost, aggressors and women the victims. However, it need not always be replacement of the word men/women to person and husband/wife to so”(Devalla, 2017). “In 2010, hundreds of husbands gathered in spouse in domestic violence act is most needed so as to make it Chandigarh and Shimla to voice their opinion for men's rights and gender neutral. Besides this, “punishment for misuse of act by protection against domestic violence subjected to them by their complainant” clause must be added under PWDVA so that women wives and other family members. It reflects the need for a special law can't falsely accuse their husbands. The fact is domestic violence is a for curbing domestic violence against men in present times”(Kumar, serious problem and a neutral and unprejudiced law is needed to 2010). protect the genuine victims of domestic violence, irrespective of The Karnataka high court in March 2013 ordered notice to the gender. The perpetrators of domestic violence need to be 168 SINGH ET AL./ DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT “SHIELD OR WEAPON OF AN INDIAN WOMEN”

appropriately punished and dealt with. Let the punishment be equal Devalla, R. (2017). Out to help male victims. The Hindu. Retrieved from for all who do domestic violence. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/out-to-help-male- victims-of-domestic-violence/article18070900.ece Dhillon, A. (2017, August 20). The tide of unfairness turns in India as women abuse References shield law. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved fromhttp://www.smh.com.au Anwar, T. (2015). Flipside of dowry law: Men recall how section 498(A) is unfairly used /world/the-tide-of-unfairness-turns-in-india-as-women-abuse-shield-law- against them. First Post. Retrieved from http://www.firstpost.com/india/flipside-of- 20170809-gxsuh6.html dowry-law-men-recall-how-section-498a-is-unfairly-used-against-them- Imranullah, S. M. (2015). Domestic Violence Act only a shield. The Hindu. Retrieved 2172943.html from http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/domestic-violence-act-only- Aravamudan, G. (2017). IIT scholar Manjula Devak's suicide shows that in India, a-shield/article7820925.ece dowry is still a silent killer of women. First Post. Retrieved from http://www. India court says women misusing dowry law (2014). Retrieved from http://www. firstpost.com /living/iit-scholar-manjula-devak-suicide-shows-that-in-india-dowry- bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-28140205 is-still-a-silent-killer-of-women-3538163.html ITGD Bureau (2010). Software engineer kills wife, chops body into pieces in Dehradun. Banerji, R. (2015). These cases highlight the pathetic state of male sexual harassment India Today. Retrieved from http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/software-engineer- laws in the country. India Times. Retrieved from http://www.indiatimes.com/news kills-wife-chops-body-into-pieces-in-dehradun/1/123059.html /india/these-cases-highlight-the-pathetic-state-of-male-sexual-harassment-laws-in- Khan, S. (2015). Man, LLB, turns tables on wife rape charge. The Times of India. the-country-247504.html Retrieved from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Man-LLB- Bhardwaj, A. (2017). Delhi man promises wife a surprise, asks her to close eyes, then turns-tables-on-wifes-rape-charge/articleshow/47090584.cms strangles her. Hindustan Times. Retrieved from http://www.hindustantimes.com/ Kumar, A. (2010). Domestic violence in India: Causes, consequences and remedies. delhi-news/delhi-man-promises-wife-a-surprise-asks-her-to-close-eyes-then- Youth Ki Awaaz. Retrieved from https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2010/02/ strangles-her/story-7RksAc43fM3MDf2e9PD0vK.html domestic-violence-in-india-causes-consequences-and-remedies-2/ Chatterjee, A. (2016). When men are victims. The Telegraph India. Retrieved from Kumari, P. V. (2013). Harassed husband challenges Domestic Violence Act. The Times https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160522/jsp/7days/story_86896.jsp of India. Retrieved from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru Desai, D. (2013). When husbands are victims of domestic violence. The Times of India. /Harassed-husband-challenges-Domestic-Violence-Act/articleshow/19082232. Retrieved fromhttp://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/ cms TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref Sen, S. (2016). Ten years on, where does the domestic violence act stand. Live Mint. =TOIBG%2F2013%2F11%2F19&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=25&EntityId= Retrieved from http://www.livemint.com/Politics/oin3GVsX0EJkR8uccpniIJ/Ten- Ar02500&AppName=1 years-on-where-does-the-Domestic-Violence-Act-stand.html

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