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I the ANC CHAPLAINCY THE ANC CHAPLAINCY: A RELIGIO–POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE by MICAH MHLUPHEKI NTHALI Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF THEOLOGY in the DEPARTMENT OF CHURCH HISTORY AND CHURCH POLITY at the UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA SUPERVISOR: PROF. JERRY PILLAY i DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this dissertation: The ANC Chaplaincy: A religio–political perspective is my own work and that all sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. Furthermore, I have not previously submitted it in its entirety or in part to any university for a degree. Signed………………….. Date……………………………… Micah Mhlupheki Nthali Signed…………………………….Date……………………………… Prof.J Pillay (Promoter) ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge the following person‟s inputs and contributions to the difficult and laborious work, which met with various challenges. First and foremost I would like to extend my gratitude to Prof J. Pillay, for his scholarly guidance; the sampled five members and officials interviewees each from the following structures, namely: the ANC Youth League (ANCYL); ANC Women‟s League(ANC WL);ANC uMkhonto weSizwe Veteran‟s League(ANCVL); and the uMkhonto weSizwe Military Veteran‟s Association(MKVA) plus the officials and members of the ANC Provincial Executive Committee(PEC). I also extend my gratitude to the interviewees for their responses and for agreeing that I use their names for educational purposes. My thanks for the following people for their advice and help: Cde.M Ndlovu, Cde. MJ Msibi, Cde J. Nyalunga, Cde.W Nkatha, Cde.TPN Nyoni, Cde. T Shabangu, Cde. L Ngomane, Cde.Dr.MJ Sibiya, Pastor WD Ndlovu, Bishop NT Sithole, Pastor R Swarts, Cde. S Mzangwe.Elder DB Ndlovu (Session Clerk) whom I thank very much for understanding what I was going through with my studies, the members of the Session and the St.James Congregation which God has allowed that I pastor on a part time basis. My thanks to my beloved wife Rachel Thelma Nthali and sons Mlungisi Nthali, Bonga Nthali for their understanding and prayers, and the other family members who gave moral and spiritual support are Musa Solomon Nthali, and Lorraine Nthali. Last but not least I would like to express my gratitude to the editor, Rev. G Alston for taking his time to edit this dissertation thoroughly. To all of the above I shall forever be indebted. Thank you very much and God bless you. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents Iv Chapter One: Introduction to the Study of Religion and Politics 1.1 Historical Background 1 1.2 Research Problem 3 1.3 Research Objectives 6 1.4 Literature Review 7 1.5 Research Methodology 9 1.6 Research Design 13 1.7 Outline of Chapters 15 Chapter Two: Historical Background of Religion and Politics in South Africa 2.1 Introduction 18 2.2 The Early Relationship between Church and State 19 2.3 Religion and Politics in South Africa 26 2.3.1 A Brief History and Contribution of John Phillip: 1775-1851 29 2.3.2 A Brief History and Contribution of Bishop Colenso: 1814-1883 32 2.3.3 A Brief History and Contribution of Ntsikana: 1790-1821 33 2.3.4 A Brief History and Contribution of Andrew Murray: 1828-1917 36 2.3.5 A Brief History and Contribution of Tiyo Soga: 1829-1871 41 2.3.6 A Brief History and Contribution of Nehemiah Tile 43 2.4 The Role of the Dutch Reformed Church and the racist State 48 2.5 The Role of the English Speaking Churches and the racist State 53 2.6 The Role of the Ethiopian Church Movement and the racist State 64 iv 2.6.1The Role played by Rev. Nehemiah Tile 68 2.6.2The Role played by Mangena Mokone 68 2.6.3The Role played by Matta Dwane 69 2.7 African National Congress and Religion 73 Chapter Three: The ANC and three Epochs of the History of Religion and Politics in South Africa 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 The Historical Epochs of the ANC 93 3.2.1 The Period between 1912 and 1976 94 3.2.2 The Period between 1976 and 1990 110 3.2.3 The Period between 1990 – 2017 114 3.3 The Exploration of the Presidential Administrations 120 3.3.1 President Nelson Mandela 126 3.3.2 The Thabo Mbeki Administration 2000-2009 135 3.3.3 The Jacob Zuma Administration 2009-2018 144 3.4 The Exploration of Integrated Questions 153 3.5 Responses from questionnaire 155 3.5.1 Where are you from and how would you describe yourself and the role you play in the ANC? 155 3.5.2 Can religion and politics work together or separately? 157 3.5.3 What role has religion played in shaping South African politics? 159 3.5.4 What would your opinion be to the notion that the ANC was established to be God‟s vehicle to liberate God‟s people from all forms of struggles and oppression in South Africa? 160 3.5.5 What evidence do you have that if indeed the ANC was used by God as His tool to liberate His people from the bondage of colonialism and apartheid? 162 v 3.5.6 Why, out of so many other organizations, was the ANC the one committed to the people of South Africa‟s freedom, democracy and a better life for all? 163 3.5.7 What could have led the founder group when the ANC was formed to establish a Chaplaincy within their organization? 165 3.5.8 Has the ANC‟s original mission changed, remained the same or enhanced by religious and political persuasions within it? 166 3.5.9 Does the ANC still have the same views as they had in 1912 about religion and politics in its new dispensation as a ruling party in South Africa? 167 3.5.10 What would your opinion be of the people who maintain that the ANC‟s foundation is built on Godly values? 169 3.5.11 What role do you think was played by the Chaplaincy during and in the struggle for freedom and democracy? 170 5.5.12 What can you say in so far as the importance of religion and politics co-operating and working together going forward even in the secular South Africa? 172 3.5.13 Is there any connection that you can recollect in your experience that points out between religion and politics that undergirds the ANC‟s thinking and work? 173 3.5.14 What would you say, if you were to analyse the past Presidential Administrations of Mandela and Mbeki with the current Administration of President Zuma and the ANC Chaplaincy? 175 5.5.15 What can you recommend to the ANC for the ministry to do when it is formed? When do you think is opportune time to embark upon such a process, and who should be tasked to lead this process, the religious sector or the ANC Chaplaincy or both, why and how? 177 vi Chapter Four: The Mission and the three Ministries of the ANC Chaplaincy 4.1 Introduction 183 4.2 Background 184 4.3 The Establishment, Tasks and Structure of the ANC Chaplaincy 187 4.3.1 The Establishment of the ANC Chaplaincy 187 4.3.2 The Structure and Tasks of the ANC Chaplaincy 188 4.4 The Terms of Reference for the ANC Chaplaincy 189 4.5 The ANC Religious Desk 190 4.6 The Ministries of the ANC Chaplaincy 194 4.6.1 The Ministry of Spiritual Development 194 4.6.2 The Ministry of Revolutionary Morality 199 4.6.3 The Ministry of Pastoral Care 206 4.7 The Commission for Religious Affairs 208 4.7.1 The Spiritual Function 208 4.7.2 The Political Function 208 4.7.3 The National Religious Function 209 4.8 The ANC Chaplaincy 209 4.9 The Birth of the Interfaith Movement in South Africa 210 4.10 The National Religious Leaders Forum 211 4.11 The Establishment of the National Interfaith Leaders Council in South Africa 214 4.11.1 Introduction 214 4.11.2 The Objectives of the National Interfaith Council in South Africa 214 4.11.3 The Background of the National Interfaith Council in South Africa. 214 4.11.4 A New Chapter in the Evolution of the Interfaith Movement 220 vii 4.12. Conclusion 224 Chapter Five: Research Methodologies, Analysis and Recommendations 5.1 Introduction 226 5.2 Research Methodologies 228 5.3 Summary of Chapters 234 5.4 Analysis of Extracted Information 235 5.4.1 Where are you from and how would you describe yourself and the role you play in the ANC? 236 5.4.1 Where are you from and how would you describe yourself and the role you play in the ANC?` 237 5.4.3 What would your opinion be of the notion that the ANC was established to be God‟s vehicle to liberate God‟s people from all forms of struggles and oppression in South Africa? 237 5.4.5. What evidence do you have that if indeed the ANC was used by God as His tool to liberate His people from the bondage of colonialism and apartheid? 238 5.4.6 Why, out of so many other organizations, was the ANC the one committed to the people of South Africa‟s freedom, democracy and a better life for all? 238 5.4.7 What could have led the ANC founder group when it formed to establish a Chaplaincy within their organization? 239 5.4.8 Has the ANC‟s original mission changed, remained the same or enhanced by religious and political persuasions within it? 239 5.4.9 Does the ANC still have the same views as 1912 about religion and politics in its new dispensation as a ruling party in South Africa? 240 viii 5.4.10 What would your opinion be of the people who maintain that the ANC‟s foundation is built on Godly values? 240 5.4.10 What would your opinion be of the people who maintain that the ANC‟s foundation is built on Godly values? 241 5.4.12 What can you say in as far as the importance of religion and politics cooperating and working together going forward even in the secular South Africa? 241 5.4.13 Is there any connection that you can recollect in your experience that points out between religion and politics that undergirds the ANC‟s thinking and work? 242 5.4.14 What would you say, if you were to analyse the past Presidential Administrations of Mandela and Mbeki with the current Administration of President Zuma and the ANC Chaplaincy? 243 5.4.15 What can you recommend as ANC the ministry to do when it is formed? When do you think is opportune time to embark upon such a process, and who should be tasked to lead this process, the religious sector or the ANC Chaplaincy or both, why and how? 244 5.5 Recommendations 244 5.5.1 To the Faith Based Organizations 245 5.5.2 To the Government 250 5.5.3 To the ANC as a Ruling Party 254 5.6.
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