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Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System – 2006

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Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System – 2006 Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System – 2006 A Ministry of Justice Publication under Section 95 of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 October 2007 Section 95 Criminal Justice Act 1991 Section 95 (1) The Secretary of State shall in each year publish such information, as he considers expedient for the purpose of: (a) enabling persons engaged in the administration of justice to become aware of the financial implications of their decisions; or (b) facilitating the performance of such persons of their duty to avoid discriminating against any persons on the ground of race or sex or any other improper ground. (2) Publication under subsection (1) above shall be effected in such a manner, as the Secretary of State considers appropriate for the purpose of bringing the information to the attention of the persons concerned. © Crown copyright 2007 ISBN ISSN This publication is available on the Ministry of Justice website: http://www.justice.gov.uk/publications/statistics.htm ii Section 95 The Authors Alex Jones Lawrence Singer With thanks to: Davnet Cassidy Chris Lewis Christine Magill iii Section 95 iv Section 95 Contents Page List of tables vi Executive summary ix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Developments in ethnic monitoring 3 Chapter 3 Victims and homicide 9 Chapter 4 Stop and searches – including under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act and Terrorism Act 23 Chapter 5 Arrests and cautions 37 Chapter 6 Prosecutions and sentencing 55 Chapter 7 Youth offending 69 Chapter 8 Probation 83 Chapter 9 Prisons 87 Chapter 10 Complaints against the police, prison and probation services 93 Chapter 11 Deaths in custody 97 Chapter 12 Practitioners in the Criminal Justice System 101 Appendices 117 Bibliography 122 Useful references 125 Contact points 128 Official publications on race and gender 128 v Section 95 List of tables Page Table A Proportion (%) of ethnic groups at different stages of the criminal justice process, England and Wales, 2005/6 ix Table 3.1 Racist incidents for all police force areas 1998/9 to 2005/6 14 Table 3.2 Racially or religiously aggravated offences recorded by police forces by offence type, 2004/5 and 2005/6, with clear-up rates for England and Wales 15 Table 3.3 Number of persons cautioned or prosecuted at magistrates' courts and the Crown Court for racially aggravated offences, by age group and result, 2005 16 Table 3.4 Homicides currently recorded1 by ethnic appearance of victim and police force area: England and Wales, combined data for 2003/04 to 2005/06 20 Table 3.5 Ethnic appearance of currently recorded homicide victims by ethnicity of principal suspect, England and Wales, combined data for 2003/4, 2004/5 and 2005/6 21 Table 3.6 Relationship of currently recorded homicide victims to principal suspect, by ethnic appearance of victim, England and Wales, combined data for 2003/4, 2004/5 and 2005/6 21 Table 3.7 Apparent method of killing of currently recorded homicide victims, by ethnic appearance of victim, England and Wales, combined data for 2003/4, 2004/5 and 2005/6 21 Table 4.1 Stop and searches of persons under s1 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, and other legislation, by ethnic appearance, 2005/6 27 Table 4.2 ‘Stop and searches’ of persons under s1 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, and other legislation, per 1,000 population, by police force area and ethnic appearance, 2004/5 and 2005/6 28 Table 4.3 Percentage of stop and searches under s1 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, and other legislation by reason for search and ethnic appearance, for selected police force areas, 2004/5 and 2005/6 29 Table 4.4 Percentage of ‘stop and searches’ under s1 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and other legislation resulting in an arrest, by police force area and ethnicity, 2004/5 and 2005/6 32 Table 4.5 ‘Stop and searches’ of persons under s60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, by police force area and ethnic appearance, 2005/6 33 Table 4.6 Total stop and searches under s44 (1) and (2) of the Terrorism Act 2000 by police force area and ethnicity, 2004/5 and 2005/6 34 Table 4.7 Stop and searches of vehicle occupants under s44(1) of the Terrorism Act 2000 and resultant arrests by ethnicity, selected areas, 2005/6 35 vi Section 95 Table 4.8 Stop and searches of pedestrians under s44(2) of the Terrorism Act 2000 and resultant arrests by ethnicity, selected areas, 2005/6 36 Table 5.1 Total arrests for notifiable offences, by police force and ethnic appearance, 2005/6 40 Table 5.2 Total arrests for notifiable offences per 1,000 population aged ten and over, by police force area and ethnicity, 2004/5 and 2005/6 41 Table 5.3 Arrests resulting from a stop and search under s1 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, as a percentage of total arrests for notifiable offences, by police force area and ethnic appearance, 2005/6 42 Table 5.4 Percentage breakdown by ethnic appearance of those arrested for notifiable offences by offence group, selected areas, 2005/6 43 Table 5.5 Percentage breakdown by ethnic appearance for age groups of those arrested for notifiable offences, selected areas, 2005/6 46 Table 5.6 Number of persons cautioned for notifiable offences, by police force area and ethnic appearance, 2005 48 Table 5.7 Percentage of arrests which resulted in a caution for notifiable offences, by police force area and ethnic appearance, 2005/6 49 Table 5.8 Percentage breakdown by ethnic appearance for age groups of persons cautioned for notifiable offences, selected areas, 2005 50 Table 5.9 Percentage breakdown by ethnic appearance of persons cautioned for notifiable offences, by offence group, selected areas, 2005 52 Table 6.1 Prosecutions for indictable offences at magistrates' courts by outcome and ethnic appearance of defendant, selected areas, 2005 58 Table 6.2 Persons sentenced for indictable offences at magistrates' courts by outcome and ethnic appearance of defendant, selected areas, 2005 59 Table 6.3 Persons tried for indictable offences at the Crown Court by outcome and ethnic appearance, selected areas and England and Wales, 2005 60 Table 6.4 Persons sentenced for indictable offences at the Crown Court by outcome and ethnic appearance of defendant, selected areas, 2005 63 Table 6.5 Persons sentenced for indictable offences at the Crown Court by outcome, offence type and ethnic appearance, 2005 66 Table 7.1 Percentage of offences dealt with by Youth Offending Teams by offence group and self-defined ethnicity, selected areas, 2005/6 71 Table 7.2 Pre-court decisions for offences where defendants are aged 10-17 by decision and self-defined ethnicity, selected areas, 2005/6 74 Table 7.3 Sentencing for offences committed by 10-17-year-olds by self-defined ethnicity, selected areas, 2005/6 77 Table 8.1 Percentage of persons starting court order supervision by the Probation Service, by ethnic group and area, 2005 85 Table 8.2 Percentage of persons starting pre- or post-release supervision by the Probation Service, by ethnic group and area, 2005 86 vii Section 95 Table 9.1 Population in prison establishments by self-identified ethnic group, gender, British Nationals and all Nationalities, 30 June 2006. 89 Table 9.2 Prison population by ethnic group, type of prisoner, age group, offence group and sentence length, 30 June 2006 90 Table 9.3 Sentenced prisoners by court sentencing area, received into prison establishments, by ethnicity, year ending March 2006 91 Table 9.4 Sentenced prison receptions by offence type and ethnicity, year ending March 2006 92 Table 10.1 Police recorded ethnicity of complainant, year ending March 2006 95 Table 10.2 Outcome of completed complaints of discriminatory behaviour, by police force area, 2005/6 96 Table 11.1 Deaths in or following contact with the police by ethnicity, gender, age and cause of death, England and Wales, 2005/6 98 Table 11.2 Self-inflicted deaths in prison by self-identified ethnicity, gender, age and cause of death, 2005/6 99 Table 11.3 Deaths in prison resulting from natural and other causes by self-identified ethnicity, gender, age and cause of death, 2005/6 100 Table 12.1 Police Service staff by ethnicity, 2005/6 (as at 31 March 2006) 103 Table 12.2 Prison Service staff by ethnicity, 2005/6 (as at 31 March 2006) 106 Table 12.3 Probation Service staff in post by ethnicity 2005/6 107 Table 12.4 Crown Prosecution Service staff by ethnicity, 2005/6 108 Table 12.5 Employment in the Criminal Justice System, 2005/6 109 Appendix A1 Estimated population aged ten and over by ethnic origin and police force area, mid-2005 118 Appendix A2 Estimated population aged ten and over, percentage by ethnic origin and police force area, mid-2005 119 Appendix B Correspondence of ethnic classifications 120 viii Section 95 Executive summary General Findings1 This report provides details of how members of the Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) community in England and Wales are represented in our Criminal Justice System. As a statistical publication, it does not aim to provide a detailed commentary on the figures. Nevertheless, analysis here shows that members of our Black communities are seven times more likely than their White counterparts to be stopped and searched, three and a half times more likely to be arrested, and six times more likely to be in prison. Many criminal justice agencies are, however, employing proportionately more people from BME communities.
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