Guangxi Beibu Gulf Cities Development Project - Addendum to the Consolidated Environmental Impact Assessment (Two Newly Proposed Roads for Qinzhou City Subproject)

Addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment

Project Number: 43023-013 June 2017

PRC: Guangxi Beibu Gulf Cities Development Project - Addendum to the Consolidated Environmental Impact Assessment (Two Newly Proposed Roads for Qinzhou City Subproject)

Prepared by the Government of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region for the Asian Development Bank

This is an addendum to the EIA draft originally posted in December 2010 available on https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/guangxi-beibu-gulf-cities-development-project- environmental-impact-assessment-boa.

This environmental impact assessment addendum is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (As of 1 July 2010)

Currency Unit – Yuan (CNY) CNY 1.00 = $ 0.1471 $ 1.00 = CNY 6.80

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – As ian Development Bank ASEAN – Association of South-East Asian Nations BGEDZ – Beibu Gulf Economic Development Zone BMG – Beihai Municipal Government BOD – Biological Oxygen Demand CAST – Cyclic Activated Sludge Technology CEIA – Consolidated Environmental Impact Assessment COD – Chemical Oxygen Demand CNY – Chinese yuan dB(A) – A-Weighted Decibel DEI – Domestic EIA Institute DI – Design Institute ASEAN – Association of South East Asian Nations EA – Executing Agency EEM – External Environmental Monitor EIA – En vironmental Impact Assessment EIAI – EIA Institute EIS – Environmental Impact Statement EMP – Environmental Management Plan EMS – Environmental Monitoring Station EMU – Environmental Management Unit EPB – Environmental Protection Bureau EPD – Environmental Protection Department FMG – Fangchenggang Municipal Government FSR – Feasibility Study Report FYP – Five-Year Plan GDP – Gross Domestic Product GEPD – Guangxi Environmental Protection Department GHG – Greenhouse Gas GMS – Greater Mekong Subregion GPLG – Guangxi Project Leading Group GRO Grievance Redress Officer GZAR – Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region GZARG – Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Government IA – Implementing Agency IEE – Initial Environmental Evaluation IEM – Internal Environmental Monitor IES – International Environmental Specialist LEI – Licensed Environmental Institute MEP – Ministry of Environmental Protection NO2 – Nitrogen Dioxide

OEE – Onsite Environmental Engineer PBGECA – Pan-Beibu Gulf Economic Cooperation Area PIC – Project Implementing Company PLG – Project Leading Group PM10 – Particular Matter smaller than 10 micrometers PMO – Project Management Office POC – Project Operating Company PPCC – Project Public Complaint Center PPRD – P an-Pearl River Delta PPTA – Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PRC – People’s Republic of China QMG – Qinzhou Municipal Government QPEDA – Qinzhou Port Economic Development Area RP – Resettlement Plan SEA – Strategic Environmental Assessment SEPA – State Environmental Protection Administration SEPP – Soil Erosion Prevention Plan SO2 – Sulphur Dioxide SS – Suspended Solids TN – Total Nitrogen TP – Total Phosphorus TSP – Total Suspended Particulates WRB – Water Resource Bureau WWTP – Wastewater Treatment Plant

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

‰ – per mill (per thousand) ha – hectare kg/d – kilogram per day km – Kilometre km2 – square kilometre m – meter m2 – square meter m3 – cubic meter m3/d – cubic meters per day m3/s – cubic meters per second mg/m3 – milligrams per cubic meter mm – millimetre mu – unit of land area equal to 1/15 ha or 667 m2

NOTE

In the report, “$” refers to US dollars.

Disclaimer: In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS ABBREVIATIONS WEIGHTS AND MEASURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES PAGE viii A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1. Project Rationale 1 2. Project Objective, Outcome and Outputs 2 3. Environmental Categorization and Environmental Due Diligence 3 4. Major Environmental Risks and Anticipated Impacts 4 5. Major Project Benefits 4 6. Public Consultation and Grievance Redress Mechanism 5 7. Conclusions 6 B. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 7 1. Legal Framework 7 2. Institutional Framework 8 3. Approval Authorities and EIA Institute 8 C. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 10 1. Need for the Project 10 2. Special Features of the Project 10 3. Qinzhou Urban and Transport Master Plans 11 4. Binhai Highway and Road No. 2 North-Central 12 D. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 17 1. Overview of Guangxi 17 2. Description of the Environment of Qinzhou City 17 3. Assessment Boundaries and Applicable Standards 22 4. Justification of the Use of PRC standards 23 E. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 27 1. Incremental Environmental and Social Benefits 27 2. Scoping and Screening of Potential Impacts 28 3. Measures to Minimize Potential Adverse Impacts during Design Phase 28 4. Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Construction 29 5. Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Operation Phase 35 F. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 52 1. Environmental Considerations 52 2. With and Without Project Alternatives 52 3. Design Alternatives 53 G. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION 59 1. Information Disclosure and Public Consultations to Date 59

2. Consultation Results 60 3. Future Information Disclosure and Public Consultation Program 61 H. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 63 1. Objectives of Grievance Redress Mechanism 63 2. Current Practice in the PRC 63 3. Grievance Redress Mechanism for the Project 63 4. Types of Grievances Expected and Eligibility Assessment 64 5. GRM Steps and Timeframe 64 6. Special Considerations for Coastal Mangroves 65 I. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 67 1. Objectives 67 2. Mitigation Measures 67 3. Organizational Structure for Environmental Management 67 4. Monitoring, Inspection and Reporting 69 5. Mechanism for Grievance Redress and for Feedback and Adjustment 70 6. Environmental Management Capacity in Qinzhou 70 J. CONCLUSION 72 1. Overall Conclusion 72 2. Main Risks and Environmental Safeguard Assurances 72

APPENDIX 1: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN APPENDIX 2: STRATEGIC ANALYSIS APPENDIX 3: IMPACT OF BINHAI HIGHWAY ON MANGROVES AND MITIGATION MEASURES

LIST OF TABLES

Page Table 1: Applicable Environmental Guidelines ...... 7 Table 2: Applicable Environmental Standards ...... 8 Table 3: Major Engineering Parameters of Qinzhou Xincheng Road Network ...... 13 Table 4: Emission and Discharge Standards Applicable to Project ...... 23 Table 5: Ambient Environmental Quality Standards ...... 23 Table 6: Comparison of PRC Legislated Standards with World Bank Group’s EHS Guideline ...... 24 Table 7: Air Emission Limits for Diesel-Powered Non-Road Mobile Machinery ...... 29 Table 8: Dust Generation from a 5-Ton Construction Truck ...... 30 Table 9: Dust Suppression by Water Spray ...... 30 Table 10: Dust Suppression by Fences ...... 30 Table 11: Wastewater and Solid Waste from Construction Camp and Activities ...... 31 Table 12: Noise Levels of Selected Construction Equipment ...... 33 Table 13: Baseline Air Quality Monitoring Results for Two New Roads ...... 35 Table E-14: Predicted Hourly and Daily Average CO and NO2 for Two New Roads ...... 35 Table 15: CO and NO2 at Sensitive Receptors for Two New Roads ...... 36 Table 16: Baseline Acoustic Quality in Two New Roads ...... 36 Table 17: Estimated Noise Levels for Two New Roads ...... 37 Table 18: Distances of Meeting Noise Standards for Two New Roads ...... 38 Table 19: Noise Levels of Sensitive Receptors for Two New Roads ...... 38 Table 20: PRC Noise Limits for Construction Sites ...... 39 Table 21: Estimated Energy Savings and GHG Emission Reduction ...... 40 Table 22: Qinzhou Port Industrial Zone Emergency Response Plan ...... 43 Table 23: Nature Reserves and Historical and Cultural Relics in Qinzhou ...... 47 Table 24: Affected Physical Resources by the Two Project Roads ...... 48 Table 25: Comparison of Asphalt and Concrete Pavements ...... 54 Table 26: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Public Utility Conduit for Two New Roads ...... 54 Table 27: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Public Utility Conduit for Two New Roads ...... 55 Table 28: Comparison of Bridge Engineering Methods ...... 57 Table 29: Comparison of Lighting Schemes for Two New Roads ...... 57 Table 28: Comparison of Stormwater Pipe Materials ...... 58 Table 31: Public Information Disclosure for Two New Roads in Qinzhou ...... 59 Table 32: Demographic Features of Respondents for Two New Roads in Qinzhou ...... 59 Table 33: Public Consultation Results for Two New Roads in Qinzhou ...... 60 Table 34: Adoption / Rejection of Public Recommendations ...... 61

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Location Map of Proposed Two New Roads in Qinzhou ...... 13 Figure 3: Cross-Sectional Profile of Binhai Highway ...... 15 Figure 4: Cross-Sectional Profile of Road No. 2 North-Central ...... 15 Figure 4: Location Map of Spoil Site ...... 16 Figure 5: Distribution of Mangroves along the Binhai Highway ...... 20 Figure 6: Typical Cross-Section of Permeable Pavement ...... 41 Figure 7: Qinzhou Environmental Emergency Response Organizational Structure ...... 42 Figure 8: Lane Separators for Binhai Highway (A) and Road No. 2-North Central ...... 44 Figure 9: Safety Islands and Crosswalks for Qinzhou Road Network ...... 44 Figure 10: Barrier-Free Lane for Qinzhou Road Network ...... 45 Figure 11: Bus Shelter Design for Qinzhou Roads ...... 45 Figure 12: Flower Box for Qinzhou Roads ...... 46 Figure 13: Street Corner Green Space for Qinzhou Roads ...... 46 Figure 14: Dalanping WWTP (Operational since November 2015) ...... 51 Figure 15: Road Breaks (Left, Times/Year) and Reasons (Right) in Xiamen City ...... 55 Figure 16: First Information Disclosure for Two New Roads in Qinzhou ...... 59 Figure 17: Public Meetings for Two New Roads in Qinzhou ...... 60 Figure 18: Second Information Disclosure for Two New Roads in Qinzhou ...... 60 Figure 19: Proposed Project Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) ...... 66

A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. This report contains the results of the environmental assessment undertaken for the two newly proposed roads in Qinzhou----namely the Binhai Highway Expansion and Reconstruction and Dalanping Road No. 2 North-Central under the Guangxi Beibu Gulf Cities Development Project (the Project). It is an addendum to the Consolidated Environmental Impact Assessment (CEIA) dated December 2010. It is prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS 2009) on the basis of five domestic EIA reports that meet the requirements of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) EIA Law (2003) and associated regulations.

2. This addendum was prepared between February and May 2017 to reflect the changes in the Qinzhou Xincheng Urban Road Network and Related Infrastructure Subproject, and has incorporated directions and comments from ADB. During the 28 November – 2 December 2016 loan review mission, it was agreed that the eastern part of the Jingu Ring Road under the Qinzhou Subproject would be cancelled to avoid further delay in project implementation arising from land acquisition in two residential communities. The loan savings from the cancellation, lower contractual prices for other contract packages and lower financing charges during implementation (FCDI) are used for the expansion and reconstruction of the Binhai Highway and the construction of the Dalanping Road No. 2 North-Central.

3. The addendum draws on the domestic Feasibility Study Report (FSR), domestic Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), and technical, financial, economic and social due diligence analyses for the two newly added roads. It should be noted that a domestic EIA is not required in accordance with domestic EIA regulations1, in view of the Follow-Up Report on the EIS of the Qinzhou Port Linhai Industrial Park2. The Qinzhou Municipal Government (QMG) as the Implementing Agency (IA) is committed to full compliance with national laws and regulations and ADB safeguard policy requirements. As such, the QMG, through the Qinzhou Project Management Office (PMO), contracted a qualified EIA institute3 to prepare the domestic EIA document. An EIA specialist has also been engaged to provide advice and guidance to ensure the quality and compliance and prepare this addendum.

4. Including these two newly proposed roads, there are eight ADB-financed roads (or road sections) in total. The other six ADB-financed roads (or road sections) are either completed or under construction. The EMP for the six existing ADB-financed roads has been properly complied with.

1. Project Rationale

5. According to the Qinzhou Integrated Transportation Network Plan (2009-2025), an “One- Ring-Two-Horizontals-Four-Verticals-One-Link” expressway network will be built. The proposed

1 Consultations with GEPD and GDRC. 2 Follow-Up EIS to the Plan EIS of the Development of the Qinzhou Port Linhai Industrial Park, prepared by Beihai City Blue Sea Environmental Protection Services Co. Ltd., dated October 2014. The Plan EIS was prepared by the Guangxi Research Academy of Environmental Protection and approved by the GEPD in November 2008. As it currently stands, the Qinzhou Port Linhai Industrial Park covers five branch parks, including the Guangxi Qinzhou Petrochemical Industrial Park, Guangxi Qinzhou Forest and Pulp and Paper Industrial Park, Qinzhou Port Dalanping Logistics and Processing Industrial Park, Guangxi Qinzhou Duty-Free Zone and Qinzhou Port Administrative and Commercial Zone, with a total area of 122.26 km2. 3 Qinzhou Sanhe Environmental Protection Co. Ltd., with Class B EIA Certificate granted by the Ministry of Environmental Protection.

Binhai Highway Expansion and Reconstruction Project is an important section (Jinguang Bridge-Dalanping Road No. 4) of the overall Binhai Dadao (Blvd)----one section of one of the “Four Horizontals”, namely the Binhai Dadao. The Binhai Dadao goes through the east Port area, and is the main express route connecting the east Port area with the main city center, west Port area, central Port area, Sino-Malaysian Industrial Park, Sanniang Bay. It carries tremendous passenger and freight volumes. But the present road is narrow, unsafe and beyond repair. An expansion and reconstruction is proposed to meet the demands of projected passenger and freight transport needs and to improve the safety and other infrastructures (water supply pipes, sewage pipes, stormwater pipes, etc.).

6. The proposed Road No. 2 North-Central is a section of Road No. 2 as a trunk road. Road No. 2 has three sections; the north section is part of the Qinzhou Port New City Road Network Component financed by ADB; and the south section is financed by domestic funds. Both the north and south sections are now under construction. This proposed North-Central section will connect the two sections, making the three sections into one complete road.

7. Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZARG) is one of the 12 less-developed provinces and autonomous regions under the PRC’s Western Development Strategy. GZARG is located in southwestern PRC and has its distinct advantage of providing the nearest sea port access for neighbouring landlocked provinces of Guizhou, Yunnan, and Hunan as well as Sichuan and Chongqing farther in the west. Moreover, sharing a borderline of 1,020 kilometers (km) with Viet Nam and a shoreline of 1,595 km, GZARG has also been emerging as an important national multimodal transport and trade gateway to link southwest PRC with neighbouring countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Qinzhou occupies an important position in the national multimodal transport and trade gateway to GMS and ASEAN.

8. The Guangxi Beibu Gulf Cities Development Project targets three major coastal cites at the heart of the Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone (GBGEZ). As a gateway to the GMS, ASEAN and Pan Beibu Gulf Economic Cooperation Area (PBGECA), the GBGEZ is expected to take a pivotal role for national economic and social development through strengthening the PRC–GMS–ASEAN sub-regional economic integration. Qinzhou, together with Beihai and Fangchenggang cities are faced with tremendous development opportunities and challenges. Despite the recent increase in public investment, urban infrastructure and service provision cannot match the increasing urban infrastructure demand, thereby leading to (i) inefficient transportation capacities, (ii) degradation of urban environment, (iii) deterioration in the quality of life, (iv) lack of investments, and (v) unbalanced socioeconomic development. Obsolete utility facilities and inadequate urban infrastructure result in lack of coverage, poor service standards and frequent service failures. This is particularly true for urban road networks and urban environmental protection facilities. These infrastructure bottlenecks constrain the full participation of the cities in the subnational and subregional cooperation programs, prevent them from deriving the maximum benefits from these programs, and eventually impede the full realization of these programs.

2. Project Objective, Outcome and Outputs

9. The impact of the project is the improved basic living conditions and socioeconomic development in 3 port cities (Beihai, Qinzhou, and Fangchenggang) to support PRC-ASEAN regional cooperation. The expected outcome is improved urban infrastructure services and environment of 5 project areas in 3 project cities.

10. In the previous RRP 4 , the project had 5 engineering components and 1 capacity development component. The Qinzhou Port Xincheng Urban Road Network and Related Infrastructure Component would generate the following outputs: 12.2 km of urban road network and related infrastructure, including 21.1 km of sewerage pipelines, 33.3 km of storm water drainage pipelines, 12.2 km of public utility conduit, street lighting and signage, and landscaping. With the previous adjustments in project scope and the cancellation of the cancellation of the east section of the Jingu Ring Road and the addition of the two newly proposed roads (i.e., the expansion and reconstruction of the Binhai Highway and the construction of the Dalanping Road No. 2 North-Central), the Qinzhou Xincheng Urban Road Network and Related Infrastructure Component now has 15.0 km of urban road network, 26.7 km of sewerage pipelines, 40.2 km of stormwater sewers, and iv) street light and signage, and (v) landscaping.

3. Environmental Categorization and Environmental Due Diligence

11. During project identification and preparation, the overall project was classified by ADB as environmental category A for the purpose of environmental impact assessment under the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009).5 Domestic EIAs have been prepared for all subprojects by qualified local institutes in accordance with the PRC Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (2003) using methodologies and standards consistent with relevant guidelines established by the PRC Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP). In compliance with ADB safeguard policy requirements, a consolidated EIA (CEIA) was prepared, and disclosed in ADB website on 10 December 2010.6

12. This addendum has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). It draws on the project-level FSR, domestic EIA, financial analysis, economic analysis and social diligences, as well as studies undertaken during the PPTA, including sector, strategic, technical, economic, social assessments, soil erosion prevention plans, and dialogue discussions undertaken during the Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) phase. The report contains the following chapters: (i) executive summary; (ii) national policy, legal and administrative framework; (iii) description of the project; (iv) description of the environment; (vi) anticipated potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures; (v) analysis of alternatives, (vi) information disclosure, consultation and participation; (vii) grievance redress mechanism; (viii) environmental management plan; and (ix) conclusion. A detailed description of the addendum environmental management plan (EMP) for the two newly added roads in Qinzhou is presented in Appendix 1. The EMP entails a summary of the anticipated impacts and mitigation measures, environmental monitoring program, public consultation program, responsibilities for implementation and supervision, institutional strengthening and training plan, reporting and supervision, work plan, cost estimates for environmental management, and mechanism for feedback and adjustment. Appendix 2 contains a strategic analysis for the Qinzhou Xincheng road network. Appendix 3 presents the results of a comprehensive due diligence analysis, undertaken by the Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, of the potential impact of the Binhai Highway on coastal mangroves and mitigation measures.

4 ADB. 2011. Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors on Proposed Loan to People’s Republic of China for the Guangxi Beibu Gulf Cities Development Project. November 2011. Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines. 5 ADB 2009, Safeguard Policy Statement, Asian Development Bank, Manila. 6 https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/guangxi-beibu-gulf-cities-development-project-draft.

4. Major Environmental Risks and Anticipated Impacts

13. The identified major regular impacts during the construction and operation phases include permanent and temporary acquisition of land, population resettlement, borrow and spoil, air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, impacts associated with solid waste disposal, ecosystems, occupational and community safety and health. Site-specific impacts and risks include the potential adverse effect of the Binhai Highway on the coastal mangrove forests.

14. Appropriate environmental mitigation and monitoring measures were defined for all anticipated impacts and identified risks, and are included in the addendum environmental management plans of the domestic EIAs. The addendum EMP for the newly added roads in Qinzhou is presented in Appendix 1 of this report. The EMP sets out the procedures and plans to carry out mitigation measures and monitoring requirements during sequential stages of the Project (Preconstruction, Construction and Operational phases). It consists of two plans, one for implementing mitigation measures and the other for carrying out environmental monitoring. For each impact, appropriate mitigation measures are described. Internal, external and compliance monitoring and supervision will be undertaken to ensure that environmental impacts will be minimized to acceptable levels. The domestic EIA and this addendum EIA conclude that all identified risks and anticipated impacts can be mitigated to acceptable levels if the measures defined in the EMP are carefully implemented and monitored. The environmental mitigation measures will be incorporated in the biding documents and bill of quantities of the civil works contracts. The loan implementation consulting services, which are already providing technical assistance on project management and capacity building for the overall project, will assist with the implementation of the EMP, monitor the environmental and social impacts, and conduct capacity building for EMP implementation and prepare environmental monitoring reports (EMRs) with special attention to the mangrove forests.

15. Local environmental protection, forestry and oceans bureaus will support the IA and Project Implementation Company (PIC) in implementing the EMP. Capacity building in environmental management, with special attention to the coastal mangrove forests, will be provided for the IA, PIC and construction contractor, to ensure their institutional capacity in managing environmental impacts and risks. The cost of special measures on mangrove forest protection and management has been incorporated into the overall project investment budget.

5. Major Project Benefits

16. The proposed two roads will benefit more than 4.04 million residents in Qinzhou (588,600 urban and 3,452,400 rural). Of the total beneficiary population, approximately 45.3% are women. Of these, the direct beneficiary population is projected to reach 620,000 by the year 2030, include 270,000 who will live in the Qinzhou Port area (including Sanniangwan) and 350,000 in the Sino-Malaysian industrial Park

17. The improved road networks in the three project cities and the adoption of energy- efficient LED lights for the project roads will lead to energy savings, improve air quality, enhance connectivity for promotion of regional cooperation, and improve environmental quality. It is estimated that approximately 666,000 liters of fuel can be saved for the first 20 years of operation of the road networks, as a result of the improved road conditions. The fuel savings, combined with LED lights, will result in the reduction of CO2 emission by 99,896 tons during the first 20 years of operation of project facilities, and the improvement of air quality in the project cities. More details on emission reductions are presented in section 5 vii) of this Chapter.

18. The project will improve mobility and access, and sanitation and public health and will enable sustained economic growth, industrial and tourism development, urbanization, and environmental improvement of project cities. A total of 620,000 people will directly benefit from the project. The project will create 500 person-years of direct employment opportunities during the project construction period (2017-2019), with estimated earnings amounting to CNY 2.50 million from direct employment. Employment priorities will be given to vulnerable groups including the poor and ethnic minorities (20%). A social development plan has been developed. A gender action plan (GAP) has been prepared. The GAP will help to ensure: (i) increased women’s participation in the project, including a target for at least 20% employment for women, ethnic minorities and poor; (ii) participation and gender sensitive trainings on public road safety and environmental awareness programs; (iii) participation in capacity building activities; and (iv) appropriate gender targets, indicators and sex-disaggregated data for project monitoring and evaluation.

19. The project serves as a valuable demonstration project to support basic urban infrastructure development in other cities in western provinces. This is achieved through: (i) enhancing the synergy of environmental and transportation infrastructure; (ii) improving technical designs, such as integrating climate change adaptation measures of proper slope protection and erosion control for roads; (iii) enhancing the coordination and integration of infrastructure planning and management; and (iv) strengthening the administrative capacities of local agencies. Demonstrative features include the public utility conduit in Qinzhou which is widely used in developed countries, rarely in the PRC, and permeable pedestrian pathways that will reduce surface runoff and peak flood and increase climate resilience.

20. The project’s capacity building initiatives will ensure the sustainable operations and viability of the new facilities, while facilitating operational and managerial improvements to existing infrastructure. Through organizational restructuring and the re-engineering of operations and maintenance, existing infrastructure services will improve. The improved technical designs will result in lowered pavement and network maintenance costs, enhancing the long-term sustainability of the road assets.

6. Public Consultation and Grievance Redress Mechanism

21. During the preparation of the original Qinzhou component, key government stakeholders and environmental experts have been consulted throughout the national EIA process. Several rounds of consultation, including web-posting draft domestic EIAs, questionnaire surveys, neighbourhood meetings, site visits and formal and informal discussions with local stakeholders were carried out. The comments and suggestions received from the survey covered dust prevention control, traffic congestion management, noise reduction, proper implementation of mitigation measures and operational supervision by the local environmental protection bureau (EPB), and employment opportunities for local communities. The IA, DI, EIA institute and newly engaged project preparation consultants (specifically for the two newly proposed roads) have conducted extensive site visits and consultations with the local communities. A comprehensive study of the potential impact of the Binhai Highway on the coastal mangroves and mitigation measures was undertaken by the Guangxi Mangrove Research Center. The field surveys as part of the mangrove study revealed neither endangered nor protected species. The stakeholder and expert comments and suggestions have been incorporated into the domestic EIAs, the original CEIA and this addendum.

22. The original Qinzhou component has been under implementation. A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) already exist to prevent and address community concerns, reduce risks, and

assist the project to maximize environmental and social benefits. A grievance officer has been appointed in the GPMO since the start of the PPTA. The PIC in Qinzhou has established a Project Public Complaints Center (PPCC) in the road network area. Environmental management training has been provided to the GPMO, PPCC and contractors on the GRM. Additional training will be provided to the new contractor during the implementation of the two new roads.

7. Conclusions

23. This EIA addendum concludes that the project will have substantial socioeconomic and environmental benefits resulting from improvements in urban transportation. Conventional engineering designs with proven records of reliable performance will be adopted for the construction of roads, and for the installation of related municipal infrastructures along the roads. The feasibility was carefully examined against local conditions including future demand projections for road traffic and concluded as adequate. Alternative analyses were also complemented to select the most appropriate options. Particular attention was given to the coastal mangroves along the Binhai Highway, by examining various design option and selecting the design options that will effectively protect the mangroves. The new infrastructure will be environmentally sound in its design, siting, construction and operation. Although adverse environmental impacts are anticipated during the construction and operation of the project, mitigation measures set out in the environmental management plan and closely scrutinized following the environmental monitoring plan are expected to fully mitigate these potential impacts, with particular attention to the protection of mangrove forests in the project area. The residual impacts, including those on the coastal mangroves, are assessed to be insignificant.

B. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

1. Legal Framework

24. The environmental management system in the PRC consists of a well-defined hierarchy of regulatory, administrative and technical institutions. At the national level, the People’s Congress has the authority to proclaim national environmental laws; the State Council promulgate the national environmental regulations; and the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) issue the environmental guidelines. The provincial and local governments can also issue provincial and local environmental regulations and guidelines in accordance with the national ones. In addition, the local ordinances, national and local environmental standards and national and local five-year environmental protection plans form an important part of the legal framework.

25. The major laws that established the PRC legal and administrative framework for environmental and natural resource management include, among others, the Environmental Protection Law (1989, amended in 2015 and effective 1 May 2015), Environmental Impact Assessment Law (2003, amended in 2016 and effective 1 September 2016), Water Law (2002, amended in July 2016), Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law (2008), Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law (2000, amended in August 2015), Solid Waste Pollution Prevention and Control Law (2005, amended in 2016), Soil Erosion Control Law (1991, amended in 2010 and effective 1 March 2011), Marine Environment Protection Law (2000, amended in December 2016), Law of Protection of Wild Fauna (2004, amended in July 2016), Flood Prevention Law (1998, amended in July 2016), Fishery Law (1987, amended in December 2013) and Forest Law (1998, amended in August 2009), Land Administration Law (1999, amended in July 2014), Highway Law (1998, amended in August 2009), Energy Conservation Law (2008, amended in July 2016) and Urban and Rural Planning Law (2008, amended in April 2015). The major regulations pertaining to environmental impact assessment of this project entail the Regulation on Environmental Protection of Construction Projects (1998), Regulation on EIA of Plans and Programs (2009), Regulation on Protection of Terrestrial Wild Fauna (1992) and Regulation Nature Reserves (1994).

26. The implementation of the laws and regulations is supported to a series of management and technical guidelines. The major management and technical guidelines applicable to this project are provided in Table 1.

Table 1: Applicable Environmental Guidelines Guideline Code/Year Guideline on Jurisdictional Authorities for Approval of EIAs of Construction Projects 2009 Guideline on EIA Classification of Construction Projects 2015 Guideline on Environmental Information Disclosure (Trial) 2007 Interim Guideline on Public Participation in EIA 2006 Technical Guideline on EIA: General HJ 2.1-2016 Technical Guideline on EIA: Surface Water HJ 610-2016 Technical Guideline on EIA: Atmospheric Environment HJ 2.2-2008 Technical Guideline on EIA: Acoustic Environment HJ 2.4-2009 Technical Guideline on EIA: Ecological Impacts HJ 19-2011 Guideline on EIA of Highway Projects JTGB 03-2006 Guideline on Design of Environmental Protection for Highways JTJ/T B04-2015 Technical Specifications on Water and Soil Conservation of Development and GB50433-2008 Construction Projects

27. The environmental standard system that supports the implementation of the environmental protection laws and regulations in the PRC can be classified into two categories by function –– pollutant emission/discharge standards and ambient environmental quality standards. The pollutant emission/discharge standards and the ambient environmental standards applicable to this project are provided in Table 2.

Table 2: Applicable Environmental Standards Standard Code Comprehensive Standard on Emission of Air Pollutants GB 16297-1996 Standard on Emission of Odour Pollutants GB 14554-1993 Standard on Pollutant Discharges from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants GB 18918-2016 Wastewater Standards for Discharge into Municipal Sewers GB/T 31962-2015 Limits and Measurement Methods for Exhaust Pollutants from Diesel Engines of Non-Road GB 20891-2014 Mobile Machinery (I, II) Noise Limit for Construction Sites GB 12523-2011 Noise Limit for Industrial Enterprises GB 12348-2008 Ambient Air Quality Standard GB 3095-2012 Surface Water Quality Standard GB 3838-2002 Marine Water Quality Standard GB 3097-1997 Ambient Acoustic Quality Standard GB 3096-2008

2. Institutional Framework

28. In the PRC, the enforcement of environmental laws and regulations rests with the environmental protection authorities within each level of government. At the national level, the Ministry of Environmental Protection is the regulatory, enforcement and supervision authority. Each province has an environmental protection department (EPD). The environmental management authority at the municipal and county level is the environmental protection bureau (EPB). These authorities are supported by environmental monitoring centers and environmental protection research institutes.

29. In February 2015, MEP released a directive on opening environmental monitoring services to the private sector.7 Prior to this directive, only government-operated environmental monitoring centers and stations were allowed to provide environmental monitoring services, including those for the purpose of EIA studies. Now service-based environmental monitoring is open to the private sector only while government-operated environmental monitoring centers / stations are responsible for regular ambient environmental quality monitoring and compliance monitoring.

3. Approval Authorities and EIA Institute

30. In accordance with domestic EIA regulations8, a domestic EIA is not required in view of the Follow-Up Report on the EIS of the Qinzhou Port Linhai Industrial Park9. Nevertheless, the

7 Ministry of Environmental Protection. 2015. Directive on Promoting the Opening of Environmental Monitoring Services to the Private Sector. Huanfa [20150 No. 20, 5 February 2015. 8 Consultations with GEPD and GDRC. 9 Follow-Up EIS to the Plan EIS of the Development of the Qinzhou Port Linhai Industrial Park, prepared by Beihai City Blue Sea Environmental Protection Services Co. Ltd., dated October 2014. The Plan EIS was prepared by the Guangxi Research Academy of Environmental Protection and approved by the GEPD in November 2008. As it currently stands, the Qinzhou Port Linhai Industrial Park covers five branch parks, including the Guangxi Qinzhou Petrochemical Industrial Park, Guangxi Qinzhou Forest and Pulp and Paper Industrial Park, Qinzhou Port Dalanping

Qinzhou Municipal Government (QMG) as the Implementing Agency (IA) is committed to full compliance with national laws and regulations and ADB safeguard policy requirements. As such, the QMG, through the Guangxi Qinzhou Linhai Industrial Investment Co. Ltd. (Linhai), contracted a qualified EIA institute10 to prepare the domestic EIA document. An EIA specialist has also been engaged to provide advice and guidance to ensure the quality and compliance and prepare this addendum. The Guangxi Mangrove Research Center was retained to conduct a comprehensive due diligence analysis of the potential impact of the Binhai Highway on the coastal mangroves and mitigation measures.

Logistics and Processing Industrial Park, Guangxi Qinzhou Duty-Free Zone and Qinzhou Port Administrative and Commercial Zone, with a total area of 122.26 km2. 10 Qinzhou Sanhe Environmental Protection Co. Ltd., with Class B EIA Certificate granted by the Ministry of Environmental Protection.

C. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

1. Need for the Project

31. Lying in the southern part of the GZAR, Qinzhou, together with Beihai and Fangchenggang, that the Guangxi Beibu Gulf Cities Development Project targets are three major coastal cites at the heart of the Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone (GBGEZ). As a gateway to the GMS, ASEAN and PBGECA, the GBGEZ is expected to take a pivotal role for national economic and social development through strengthening the PRC–GMS–ASEAN subregional economic integration. The GBGEZ's key development thrusts aim to promote not only GZAR's economic and social development but to share its benefits with neighbouring landlocked provinces of Guizhou, Yunnan, and Hunan as well as Sichuan and Chongqing further to the west. In spite of such potential, Beihai, Qinzhou, and Fangchenggang are less developed medium-sized cities and difficult to meet the requirements of their potential strategic roles in the sub-regional and sub-national programs. This is particularly true for urban road networks and related infrastructures. The transport bottlenecks constrain the full participation of the cities in the subnational and subregional cooperation programs, prevent them from deriving the maximum benefits from these programs, and eventually impede the full realization of these programs.

2. Special Features of the Project

32. Climate Mitigation and Resilience. The project will support ADB’s climate change initiatives such as encouraging the use of energy-efficient technologies to improve economic efficiency and environmental quality and enable sustainable development. The improvement in road conditions will reduce fuel consumption, and the adoption of LED lights for the two roads will reduce electricity consumption. The combined fuel and electricity savings will reduce GHG emissions Meanwhile, the adoption of permeable blocks for pedestrian lanes will reduce surface runoff and flooding and thus increase the climate resilience of Qinzhou city

33. International Trade for Regional Integration. The road facilities built under the project will facilitate efficient trans-shipment, lowering handling costs and reducing trans-shipment delays for goods crossing the border. The project thus will help accomplish the PRC national strategies on western development as well as regional cooperation and economic integration with GMS, ASEAN and Pan-Beibu Gulf countries. Moreover, the Qinzhou port, which the project roads will serve, is one of the only marine gateways in southwestern PRC to the international market for land-locked neighbouring provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, Chongqing and Hunan.

34. Introduction of Public Utility Conduit in Qinzhou Xincheng Road Network. The public utility conduit has the advantage of minimizing urban land acquisition and reducing the cost and public annoyance of repeated opening the road surface for maintenance and repairs of public utility pipelines for power, gas, water, sewage, heating and telecommunication. It is commonly used in developed countries, only in a few large cities in the PRC. The project will thus have a demonstration effect for the use of public utility conduits in Guangxi and the rest of the PRC.

35. Introduction of Sponge City Feature to the Binhai Highway in Qinzhou. Permeable pedestrian sideways will be adopted in the two proposed roads. The Sponge City feature will help reduce surface runoff and the risk of flooding.

36. Universal Design for Urban Infrastructure and Public Facilities. The project will support capacity development of barrier-free and universal design in urban infrastructure and public facilities to guide city district becoming more friendly and conscious for elderly and vulnerable people.

37. Human-Centered Urban District and Transport Planning. The project will provide capacity development support for pursuing human-centered district and transport planning, including: (a) transport planning for industrial emergency response, (b) district land use planning to benefit local poor and migrate workers, and (c) road safety by considering functions of urban roads to effectively separate heavy industrial vehicles passing through mixed neighborhoods.

3. Qinzhou Urban and Transport Master Plans

38. The Qinzhou Urban Master Plan (QUMP) covers the timeframe of 2008 to 2025. The QUMP establishes the strategic direction of building the city into an “open Qinzhou” (China- ASEAN-oriented international transport hub, logistics center and gateway for south-western PRC), “modern Qinzhou” (Beibu Gulf-oriented coastal industrial hub, modern port city with economic vitality and coordinated urban-rural development) and “unique Qinzhou” (a liveable and commerce-friendly city with south-western culture, coastal landscape and south-east Asia culture). The city is divided into two urban districts: Qinnan district in the south and Port district in the north. The Xincheng area where the proposed Qinzhou Xincheng road network is located will be built into a full-serviced residential community with a population of 170,000 by 2025 for the workers of the entire Port district. Environmental function zones are designated and air, surface water, marine water and acoustic quality targets are set for the planning periods. Major pollution targets include centralized sewage treatment and sanitary garbage disposal of respectively 80% and 95% by 2012, 85% and 98% by 2020 and 90% and 100% by 2025. Ecological buffers zones and green belts are planned between and within the urban clusters. The green cover target is 40% or 9 m2 per capita by 2012, 43% or 13 m2 per capita by 2020 and 45% or 14 m2 per capita by 2025. The transport plan includes a well-covered public transit system. The QUMP has also established zoning restrictions on future urban expansion by dividing the urban area into three categories: i) forbidden areas, where any urban development will not be allowed; ii) restricted areas, where the development will be controlled to a level consistent with its environmental and ecological carrying capacity; and iii) areas suitable for urban expansion. Moreover, the master plan also covers an emergency preparedness response plan (fire, flood, earthquake, chemical spills, etc.). The proposed road network is situated in the Xincheng area designated under the QUMP as suitable for residential development.

39. According to the Qinzhou Integrated Transportation Network Plan (2009-2025), an “One- Ring-Two-Horizontals-Four-Verticals-One-Link” expressway network will be built. The “One Ring” refers to Ring Road North-Ring Road West-Ring Road South-Port Entry Highway-South to North Highway. The “Two Horizontals” includes: 1) the Jinhaiwan Dajie (outside the Ring Road), with the function of connecting the ring roads to South-North Expressway, Liu-Jing Expressway and Donggang Dadao and servicing external transport and the transport between the main city center and Sino-Malaysian Industrial Park, Qinzhou Port area and Sanniang Bay; and 2) Binhai Highway, with the main function of a gateway through the Qinzhou Port and Sanniang Bay and a connection of west Port area, central Port area, Sino-Malaysian Industrial Park and Sanniang Bay with external areas.

40. The “Four Verticals” entail: 1) Beibu Gulf Dadao (south of the Ring Road), with the main function of connecting ring roads with port-entry highway, Liu-Jing Expressway, servicing the traffic of the main city center, Binhai New City and Sino-Malaysian Industrial Park, connecting

directly the South-North Expressway, and servicing external transport; 2) Port-Entry Highway, with the main function of serving as a main freight route for speed transport in / out of the west Port, and connecting the Port with the main city center; 3) Donggang Dadao-Liu-Jing Expressway Connecting Line, with the main function of connecting route for all Liu-Jing Expressway feeding roads, serving as a freight route and express route for central Port area, and connecting the main city center with Sino-Malaysian Industrial Park, Qinzhou Port and Sanniang Bay; and 4) Qin-Xi Highway, with the main function of a freight route between Donggang Dadao and Sanniang Bay.

41. The “One Link” refers to the East Extension of the Ring Road (South), with the main function of connecting the ring roads, Port-Entry Highway and Donggang Dadao.

42. The proposed Binhai Highway Expansion and Reconstruction Project is an important section (Jinguang Bridge-Dalanping Road No. 4) of the overall Binhai Dadao (Blvd). It goes through the east Port area, and is the main express route connecting the east Port area with the main city center, west Port area, central Port area, Sino-Malaysian Industrial Park, Sanniang Bay. It carries tremendous passenger and freight volumes. But the present road is narrow, unsafe and beyond repair. An expansion and reconstruction is proposed to meet the demands of projected passenger and freight transport needs and to improve the safety and other infrastructures (water supply pipes, sewage pipes, stormwater pipes, etc.).

43. The proposed Road No. 2 North-Central is a section of Road No. 2 as a trunk road. Road No. 2 has three sections; the north section is part of the Qinzhou Xincheng road network component financed by ADB; and the south section is financed by domestic funds. Both the north and south sections are now under construction. This proposed North-Central section will connect the two sections, making the three sections into one complete road.

4. Binhai Highway and Road No. 2 North-Central

44. The ADB-financed roads are the second phase of the road network for the Xincheng district. The domestically financed first phase is now near completion. Xincheng is a new fully- serviced residential district with a purpose to serve the Qinzhou port industrial zone. The planned population for the Xincheng district is 170,000 by 2025. The ADB financed road network consists of eight sections of urban artery class I road, with a total length of 15,540 m. The location map of the two newly proposed roads in relation to the other roads under the ADB- financed Qinzhou Xincheng road network and associated infrastructures and to the overall Qinzhou road network is shown in Figure 1.

45. The major engineering parameters of the updated Xincheng road network and associated infrastructures are provided in Table 3.

Figure 1: Location Map of Proposed Two New Roads in Qinzhou

Table 3: Major Engineering Parameters of Qinzhou Xincheng Road Network Parameter Measurement Class Design Speed No. 1 Road Road 2,331-m long x 60-m wide Urban artery road 60 km/h North Storm sewer 5,580 m class II Sewerage 2,836 m Public utility conduit 2,331 m No. 2 Road Road 1,454-m long x 60-m wide Urban artery road 60 km/h North Storm sewer 3,870 m class II (Phase II) Sewerage 3,400 m Public utility conduit 1,454 m No. 3 Road Road 1,312 m long x 50 m wide Urban artery road 50 km/h

North Storm sewer 3,140 m class II (Phase II) Sewerage 3,080 m Public utility conduit 1,312 m 1 st Street Road 2,639 m long x 50-m wide Urban artery road 50 km/h Storm sewer 7,020 m class II Sewerage 6,520 m Public utility conduit 2,639 m 3rd Street Road 627 -m long x 50-m wide Urban artery road 50 km/h (Phase II) Storm sewer 2,560 m class II Sewerage 1,410 m Public utility conduit 627 m Jingu Outer Ring Road 2, 046-m long x 40-m wide Urban secondary road 40 km/h Road Storm sewer 5, 720 m class II (Phase II) Sewerage 2, 010 m Public utility conduit 2, 046 m No. 2 Road Road 572.5-m long x 60- wide Urban artery road 60 km / hr North Central Storm sewer 1,542 class I (Phase III) Sewerage 1,246 Public utility conduit 0 Binhai Road 4,000-m long x 86-m wide Urban artery road 80 km / hr Highway Storm sewer 10,749 class I (near-term) Sewerage 5,948 Urban expressway Public utility conduit 0 (medium-term) Total Road 14,981.5-m long Street lights LED light every 35 m Landscaping 28.3% Public utility conduit 10,409 m Storm sewer 40 ,181 m Sewerage 26, 746 m Source: Domestic feasibility study report, August 2010, April 2017.

46. In 2009 Jingu (renamed Xincheng, or new city) was designated as a full-serviced residential area with a planned population of 170,000 or 2/3 of the people living in the port district. The proposed road network will enable the development of the Xincheng residential district, supporting development of Qinzhou port industrial zone and of Qinzhou city as a whole.

47. A cross-section profile of the Binhai Highway is shown in Figure 2. A cross-section profile of the Road No. 2 North-Central is shown in Figure 3. For the two newly added roads, the borrow is estimated at 146,200 m3. The non-ADB financed roads in the Xincheng road network are estimated to produce 4.17 million m3 of spoil soil. The borrow for the two new roads will come from the spoil. After spoil-borrow balance, the quantity of permanent spoil will be 117,400 m3. The spoil site is located 1 km north-east of Road No. 2 North-Central (Figure 4). It has a capacity of 150,000 m3.

Figure 2: Cross-Sectional Profile of Binhai Highway

Figure 3: Cross-Sectional Profile of Road No. 2 North-Central

Spoil Site

Figure 4: Location Map of Spoil Site

D. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

1. Overview of Guangxi

48. Guangxi is a mountainous region. The Nanling Mountains are found in the northeast border, with the Yuecheng Mountains and Haiyang Mountains being its shorter branching ridges. Nearer to the center of the region are the Dayao Mountains and the Daming Mountains. To the north there are the Duyao Mountains and the Fenghuang Mountains, while on the southeast border there are the Yunkai Mountains. The highest point is Mount Mao'er located in the Yuecheng Mountains, at 2,141 m. Many rivers cut valleys through the mountains. Most of these rivers form the tributary basin of the West River: Guangxi has a short coastline on the Gulf of Tonkin. Important seaports include Beihai, Qinzhou and Fangchenggang. Guangxi has a subtropical climate. Summers are generally long and hot. Average annual temperature is 170C to 23° C , while average annual precipitation is 1,250 to 1,750 mm. The Guangxi has a rich and diverse ecosystem partly due to the subtropical climatic conditions and topography. Over 6,000 plant species and a variety of wild animals exist.

2. Description of the Environment of Qinzhou City

2.1 Overview

49. Qinzhou is located in the central-southern shoreline of the Beibu Gulf in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR) between E 100°11′~109°9′ and N 21°35′~22°28′. The territory covers 10,728 km2. The city center is 110 km away from Nanning, 120 km away from Beihai, and 40 km away from Fangchenggang.

50. Located in the north are mountains, including the Liuwan Mt., Luoyang Mt. and Shiwandashan Mt., and the south faces the Beibu Gulf. The north and west are dominated by medium-height hills of 250 m in elevation. The central region consists of low-hills, depressions and alluvial plains. The east comprises low hills. The south is composed of relatively flat coastlines and alluvial plains, including the Qinjiang river delta.

51. The project site is situated in Jingu community. The topology is characterized by declining elevation from north (hills) to south (bay). The central area is mainly occupied by shrimp ponds, the northern area is mudflat. The western and northern parts consist of small hills with an average elevation between 25 m ~ 49 m, compared to an elevation of 7 m in the southern and central areas.

52. The project area is characterized by tropical monsoon climate with average annual precipitation at 1,765 mm. The average annual temperature is between 220C and 22.60C. The wet season overlaps with the hot summer months of June to September. The area is not prone to earthquakes, with the strongest ever recorded being 3.5 on the Richter scale. In accordance with the PRC Seismic Classification Standards (GB 18036-2001), the area has a peak seismic acceleration factor 0.05 g/s and design seismic intensity of VI.

2.2 Natural Resources

53. Qinzhou is abundant in mineral resources such as pottery clay, plaster, kaolin, manganese, titanium, quartz sand, limestone and coal. The proven reserve of plaster is 313 million tons, pottery clay is 1.71 million tons, manganese is 3.03 million tons, titanium is 275 hundred tons, kaolin is 4.20 million tons, and lead-zinc is 1.15 million tons.

54. Qinzhou is home to 32 rivers with a catchment area greater than 100 km2, including Qinjiang, Maolingiang, Nanliujiang and Dafengjiang. The total catchment area totals more than 6,000 km2, average annual runoff of 5.01 billion m3, and average yearly water resource volume of 10.42 billion m3. There are some 4,450 water storage facilities with a total capacity of 812 million m3.

55. With abundant sunshine and rainfall and fertile soils, Qinzhou has more than 211,600 ha of cultivated land. Grown here are rice, corn, sweet potato, sugarcane, peanut, banana, pineapple and lychee, longan. The total length of coastlines is 520 km. The total area of intertidal mudflats amounts to 172 km2 (including 60 km2 of sandy beaches) that are home to hundreds of marine plants, fishes and animals. Qinzhou has 540,000 ha of forests, with a forest cover of 52%. Mangrove protection is a priority for Qinzhou. The well-known mangrove protection areas include the Qinzhou bay mangrove forest nature reserve and Maowei bay mangrove forest nature reserve.

56. Situated between mountains and sea, Qinzhou enjoys abundant tourism resources. Qinzhou is awarded by the State Tourism Bureau the title of excellent national tourism city. The Sanniang bay is the home of China white dolphin. Other tourist attractions include the Bazhaigou valley (adventure, summer resort, sightseeing, and recreation) and the Longmen islands (marine park). In 2009, Qinzhou received 3.02 million tourists and the tourism revenues amounted to CNY 1.2 billion or an increase of 56.2% and 48.8% respectively over 2008.

2.3 Environmental Quality

57. Environmental monitoring data in 2009 showed that the air quality in Qinzhou city was rated as excellent; and the surface water quality and acoustic quality as good. Specifically, the air quality met the requirements of class II of the national ambient air quality standards (GB 3 3095-2012), with the annual average concentration of PM10 being 0.062 mg/m compared to the 3 3 3 class II threshold of 0.10 mg/m , nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 0.012 mg/m (vs. 0.04 mg/m ), and 3 3 sulphur dioxide (SO2) at 0.013 mg/m (vs. 0.06 mg/m ). The average urban noise level was 50.6 dB(A). According to official monitoring data for December 2016, the air quality met the class II of the national ambient air quality standard for 24 days or 77.4%. The primary pollutant was PM2.5.

58. Most of the monitored sections water quality parameters met the applicable national surface water quality standards, but COD and DO concentrations in some locations violated the applicable standards in the low-flow season. The water quality of the Jingu river (within the project’s area of influence) meets the class II or III of the PRC Surface Water Quality Standards (GB 3838-2002). The marine water quality meets the class III of the PRC Marine Water Quality Standards (GB 3097-1997).

2.4 Socioeconomic Development

59. Qinzhou municipality administers two counties (Lingshan and Pubei) and three districts (Qinnan district, Qinbei district and Qinzhou port economic development zone), with total area of 10,800 km2. It has a total registered population of approximately 3,711,900 (end of 2009), of which 35% or 1,299,170 are urban, and increased to 4.4 million at the end of 2014, of which 36% were urban. The main three ethnic minorities are Zhuang, Yao, and Miao.

60. In 2009, Qinzhou’s GDP reached CNY 39.6 billion, with an increase of 15.3% over 2008, and reached CNY 85.50 billion by 2014 or an increase of 9.8% over 2013. The value added of

the first, second and third industry increased by 6.0%, 19.2% and 18.8% respectively for 2009, and 4%, 13.9% and 7% respectively for 2014. The GDP per capita is CNY 20,093 (equivalent to US$ 2,939) for 2009, and CNY 27,064 (equivalent to US$4,406) by 2014. The per-capita annual disposable income for urban residents in 2009 was CNY 15,768, or an increase of 12.1%, and reached CNY 25,425 for 2014 or an increase of 7.3% over 2013. The per-capita annual net income for farmers was CNY 4,843 for 2009 or an increase of 9.3% over 2008, and reached CNY 8,892 for 2014 or an increase of 10.2% over 2013. Average annual wage of workers is CNY 21,659 for 2009, with increase of 18.22% over 2008, and reached to CNY 46,332 for 2014 or an increase of 19.4% over 2013. In 2009, the newly added employees totalled at 16,500 persons, and rural-urban labour transfer increased by 72,000 persons; in 2014, the newly added employees totalled at 25,400 persons, and rural-urban labour transfer increased by 65,100 persons.

2.5 Area of Influence of Xincheng Road Network

61. The proposed road network is situated in the western part of the Qinzhou port. Consisting of 8 sections, the proposed road network has a total length of 14,981.5 m. To its west is the Jingu river; to its south is the phase I of the domestically-financed Xincheng road network which is near completion; to the east is an industrial area for logistics and light industries separated by the Dananping no. 4 road; and to the north are forested hills. The water quality of Jingu river meets the class III of the PRC Surface Water Quality Standards (GB 3838- 2002). The Qinzhou bay lies approximately north of the proposed road network. The water quality of the bay index meets the class III of the PRC Marine Water Quality Standards (GB 3097-1997).

62. The landform along the whole alignment is dominantly flat which minimizes the volume of cut-and-fill. The area consists primarily of aquacultural ponds (mostly shrimp), scattered farm plots (mostly vegetables) and forest parcels. Within the 200-m road corridors there are eight small communities. Field surveys have revealed that there are no nature reserves, cultural or historical relics within the area of direct influence.

63. As of February 2017, six of the ADB-financed roads (i.e., Phase II of the Qinzhou Xincheng Road Network) are under construction. For the area of influence as a whole, the landscape has changed significantly since 2010 (when the CEIA was prepared). The shrimp and fish ponds have by and large reclaimed into urban development land, although some still remain. For Road No. 2 North-Central section, the corridor is characterized by reclaimed flat barren land, with scattered small clusters of settlements. Along the Binhai Highway corridor, there are forested land, grassland, farmland and villages. To its north is the greater Qinzhou Xincheng Road Network area (Phases I, II and III). To its south is the coastline of the Qinzhou bay. Within the right of way (redline) are highway green space and residential and commercial buildings which are mostly concentrated at the two ends of the proposed expansion and reconstruction. Field surveys and literature review by the design institute (DI), implementing agency (IA) and international environmental specialist (IES) have indicated that there are no protected areas or protected species for the two newly added roads under the Qinzhou Xincheng Road Network Component. However, there exist 2.5 ha of mangroves along the western section of the highway. The mangroves consist of a larger area approximately 2.2 ha and 4 small strips of 0.3 ha. They are located about 3 meters from the redline of the expanded highway. The construction of the highway will not require any removal of mangroves. The location of the mangroves in relation to the Binhai Highway is provided in Figure 5. A close-up of the mangroves and the parameters of the expanded Binhai Highway can be found in the bottom of the photo exhibits below.

64. The comprehensive due diligence study on the impact of the Binhai Highway on the coastal mangroves was conducted by the Guangxi Mangrove Research Center. There are 35.27 mu mangroves in the project area. Major tree species include Aegiceras corniculata, Avicennia marulta and Kandeli, forming two floras of Aegiceras corniculata + Avicennia marina and Aegiceras corniculatae + Kandelia candel + Avicennia marina. The average height and average base diameter of mangrove forest in these areas are higher than that of the same flora in Guangxi province. The average density in this area is 297 plants /100 m2, with total 69,838 mangrove plants. In the forest edge, there are semi-mangrove plants, including Hibiscus tiliaceus and Excoecaria agallocha. There are also salt-tolerant plants including Clerodendrum inerme, Canavalia roseasea, Pluchea indica Less, and Ipomoea pes-caprae. In the high tidal line, there are also salt tolerant plants, including Suaeda australis Moq and Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.), etc. No endangered species and protected species were found. This mangrove forest was divided into 5 sections because of human activities and the fragmentation index FI is 2.13 trees / m2. It has a large fragmentation with low habitat integrity.

65. Major stress factors for mangrove forests include high-voltage power line base, breeding ponds, sea reclamation, construction waste, and marine garbage. Marine garbage possesses the highest threat. Ranking behind it are the construction wastes and high voltage power line bases. Other threats are relatively small.

66. More discussion can be found in the impact and mitigation section of the ensuing chapters and Appendix 3.

Binhai Hwy

Mangroves

Figure 5: Distribution of Mangroves along the Binhai Highway

Shrimp ponds (note hills to north and northeast) -- 2009

Dominant landforms (pond and hill) -- 2009 Existing road and settlement (background) -- 2009

Road No. 2 North Section (Phase II, ADB- Road No. 2 North-Central Section (Phase III, financed) under construction – proposed for ADB-financing) – January 2017. January 2017 Land (previously shrimp and fish pond) has been acquired and reclaimed for urban development

Binhai Highway – January 2017 Binhai Highway – January 2017 (Existing 4-lane highway will be expanded into (Existing 4-lane highway will be expanded into 6-lane, proposed for ADB financing) 6-lane, proposed for ADB financing)

Existing Highway Redline Expanded Highway mangrove e

Expanded mangrove Highway Redline

3. Assessment Boundaries and Applicable Standards

67. For the Qinzhou Xincheng road network, the assessment boundary covers the entire area where the roads are distributed. Road No. 2 North-Central is situated in the Qinzhou Xincheng road network area, and was included in the assessment boundary of the original EIA and CEIA. The Binhai Highway is immediately adjacent to the original Qinzhou Xincheng road network, and its assessment boundary is defined as 200 m from the redline on both sides of the road.

68. The emission and discharge standards that are applicable to the two road are provided in Table 4. The applicable ambient environmental quality standards are provided in Table 5. A comparison of the PRC legislated standards with the World Bank Group’s EHS Guidelines in presented in Chapter 6 and Table 6.

Table 4: Emission and Discharge Standards Applicable to Project Code Title Air emission GB 16297-1996 Comprehensive Air Pollutant Emission Standards (see Table D-4) Wastewater discharge GB/T 31962-2015 Standards for Wastewater Discharged into Municipal (For all road subprojects) Sewerage Networks Noise GB 12523-2011 Noise Limits for Construction Sites Source: Domestic EIAs, August 2010, April 2017.

Table 5: Ambient Environmental Quality Standards Air Surface Water Marine Water Noise Subproject (GB 3095-2012) (GB 3838-2002) (GB 3097-1997) (GB 3096-2008) Qinzhou Xincheng Road Class II Class III Class III Class II and IVa Network Note: a) GB 3095-2012, PRC Ambient Air Quality Standard; b) GB 3838-2002, PRC Surface Water Quality Standard; c) GB 3097-1997, PRC Marine Water Quality Standard; and c) GB 3096-2008, PRC Ambient Acoustic Quality Standard. Source: Domestic EIAs, August 2010, January 2017.

4. Justification of the Use of PRC standards

69. ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) requires projects to apply pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international good practices as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines. The project compared PRC legislated standards with the World Bank Group’s EHS Guidelines, and concluded that the application of PRC legislated standards was justified. The justification is based on several observations:

70. The World Bank Group’s EHS Guidelines partly suggest the use of internationally recognized standards in case of absence of national legislated standards. In this project, this clause applies to ambient air quality and ambient water quality standards: (i) The General EHS Guidelines on Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality state that “Projects with significant sources of air emissions, and potential for significant impacts to ambient air quality, should apply national legislated standards, or in their absence, the current WHO Air Quality Guidelines or other internationally recognized sources”. Given the availability of national legislated standards, the application of other internationally recognized standards is not justified; (ii) The General EHS Guidelines on Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality state that “Projects with significant sources of air emissions, and potential for significant impacts to ambient air quality, should prevent or minimize impacts by ensuring that emissions do not result in pollutant concentrations that reach or exceed relevant ambient quality guidelines and standards by applying national legislated standards, or in their absence, the current WHO Air Quality Guidelines or other internationally recognized sources”. Given the availability of national legislated standards, the application of other internationally recognized standards is not justified.

71. Some PRC standards are internationally accepted standards. The EHS Guidelines acknowledge the PRC standard GB 18918-2002 (Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant) as internationally acceptable standard. Its use in this project is thus justified.

72. Some PRC standards are more stringent than internationally accepted standards defined in the World Bank Group’s EHS Guidelines. PRC standards of relevance to the project include ambient CO and NO2 concentrations (see Table 6).

73. PRC standards are not always comparable to standards suggested in the World Bank Group’s EHS Guidelines. Some ambient air quality standards, including NO2 and H2S, are defined for different time periods (exposures), and are thus not directly comparable (Table 6). PRC ambient acoustic quality standards are defined for categories not directly attributable to the classification of the World Health Organization. As standard limits are not significantly different (e.g. noise levels), a shift to alternate classifications or time periods, which would require an adaptation of the monitoring procedures by nationally accredited monitoring stations, does not seem justified.

74. Some PRC standards are not defined in the World Bank Group’s EHS Guidelines. Internationally accepted standards for NH3 and TSP, which are defined in PRC ambient air quality standards, could not be identified. Other parameters which could not be compared to international standards include surface and marine water quality standards.

Table 6: Comparison of PRC Legislated Standards Applied in This Project with World Bank Group’s EHS Guideline Parameter PRC standards International standards Remarks Ambient air quality GB -3095-2012 WHO Air Quality Guidelines Global Update (2005); USEPA TSP 0. 12 mg/m3 (Class I, 24h) WHO: No standard No comparison possible 0.3 mg/m3 (Class II, 24h) USEPA: No standard

CO 4 .0 mg/m3 (Class I, 24h) WHO: No standard PRC standard is more 4.0 mg/m3 (Class II, 24h) USEPA: 10 mg/m3 stringent than USEPA

NO2 0.08 mg/m3 (Class I, 24h) WHO: 0.04 mg/m3 (365d); PRC and WHO standards 0.08 mg/m3 (Class II, 24h) 0.20 mg/m3 (1h) are not compatible given USEPA: 0.14 mg/m3 (24h) the different time periods. PRC standard is more stringent than USEPA

PM10 0.05 mg/m3 (Class I, 24h) WHO: 0.05 mg/m3 (24h) PRC standards are 0.15 mg/m3 (Class II, 24h) USEPA: 0.15 mg/m3 (24h) comparable to EPA standard.

PM2.5 0.035 mg/m3 (Class I, 24h) WHO: 0.025 mg/m3 (24h) PRC standards are 0.075 mg/m3 (Class II, 24h) USEAP: 0.035 mg/m3 (24h) incomparable to EPA standard

Pollution Discharge GB -14554-2002 US-EPA Standards for Urban WWTPs NH3 (Samples taken at factory USEPA: No standard border, 4 times/day at 2 h interval, use the maximum); 1.0 mg/m3 (Class I) 1.5 mg/m3 (Class II) 4.0 mg/m3 (Class III) H2S (Samples taken at factory CalEPA: 0.042 mg/m3 (0.5h) The standards are not

border, 4 times/day at 2 h USEPA: 0.002 mg/m3 comparable as the interval, use the maximum); (365d) measurement methods 0.03 mg/m3 (Class I) (time and intervals) are 0.06 mg/m3 (Class II) different. 0.32 mg/m3 (Class III)

Ambient Acoustic GB -3096-2008 World Health Organization Quality Standard (1999) LAeq (dBA) 45/55 (night/day, Class I) Class I: 45/55 (night/day) WHO Class I: Residential, 50/60 (night/day, Class II) Class II: 70/70 (night/day) institutional, educational 55/65 (night/day, Class III) WHO Class II: Industrial, 55/70 (night/day, Class IVa) commercial 60/70 (night/day, Class IVb)

Surface Water GB -3838-2002 No comparable standard Quality Standard identified/suggested in the COD 15 mg/l (Class II) EHS guideline 20 mg/l (Class III) 30 mg/l (Class IV)

NH4-N 0.5 mg/l (Class II) 1.0 mg/l (Class III) 1.5 mg/l (Class IV)

TP 0.1 mg/l (Class II) 0.2 mg/l (Class III) 0.3 mg/l (Class IV)

Marine Water GB -3097-1997 No comparable standard Quality Standard identified/suggested in the COD 2 mg/l (Class I) EHS guideline 3 mg/l (Class II) 4 mg/l (Class III) 5 mg/l (Class IV) Inorg. N 0.2 mg/l (Class I) 0.3 mg/l (Class II) 0.4 mg/l (Class III) 0.5 mg/l (Class IV) Active P 0.015 mg/l (Class I) 0.030 mg/l (Class II) 0.035 mg/l (Class III) 0.045 mg/l (Class IV)

Pollution Discharge GB -18918-2002 GB -18918-2002 GB -18918-2002 is Standards for (Class 1B) explicitly mentioned in the Urban WWTPs EHS Guideline as COD 50 mg/l 50 mg/l internationally accepted BOD5 20 mg/l 10 mg/l standard SS 20 mg/l 10 mg/l TN 20 mg/l 15 mg/l NH3-N 8 mg/l 5 mg/l TP 1 mg/l 0.5 mg/l Coliforms 10,000 1,000

Standards for GB/T 31962-2015 German Law (Wasser- GB/T 31962-2015 is Wastewater haushaltsgesetz, WHG) applicable to municipal Discharges into sewers that connect to Urban Sewerage urban wastewater Networks treatment plants. COD (Class A) 500 mg/l - No comparable standard (Class B) 500 mg/l identified/suggested in the (Class C) 300 mg/l EHS guideline, German

BOD5 (Class A) 350 mg/l - standards used for (Class B) 350 mg/l comparison. (Class C) 150 mg/l Total lead (Class A) 0.5 mg/l 1.0 mg/l (Class B) 0.5 mg/l (Class C) 0.5 mg/l Total copper (Class A) 2 mg/l 1.0 mg/l (Class B) 2 mg/l (Class C) 2 mg/l Total cadmium (Class A) 0.05 mg/l 0.1 mg/l (Class B) 0.05 mg/l (Class C) 0.05 mg/l Ammonia nitrogen (Class A) 45 mg/l 100.0 mg/l (Class B) 45 mg/l (Class C) 52 mg/l Sulfide (Class A) 1 mg/l - (Class B) 1 mg/l - (Class C) 1 mg/l SS (Class A) 400 mg/l (Class B) 400 mg/l (Class C) 250 mg/l

Noise Standards GB12348-2008 World Health Organization WHO Class I: Residential, for Industrial (1999) institutional, educational Enterprises WHO Class II: Industrial, LAeq (dBA) 55/45 (day/night, Class I) Class I: 45/55 (night/day) commercial 60/50 (day/night, Class II) Class II: 70/70 (night/day) 65/55 (day/night, Class III) 70/55 (day/night, Class IV)

Noise Limits for GB 12523-2011 USEPA Construction Sites LAeq (dBA) 70 /55 (day/night) 85 (day, 8h exposure)

E. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

1. Incremental Environmental and Social Benefits

75. Project Beneficiaries. The proposed two roads will benefit more than 4.04 million residents in Qinzhou (588,600 urban and 3,452,400 rural). Of the total beneficiary population, approximately 45.3% are women. Of these, the direct beneficiary population is projected to reach 620,000 by the year 2030, include 270,000 who will live in the Qinzhou Port area (including Sanniangwan) and 350,000 in the Sino-Malaysian industrial Park

76. Reduced Emissions. The improved road networks in the three project cities and the adoption of energy-efficient LED lights for the project roads will lead to energy savings, improve air quality, enhance connectivity for promotion of regional cooperation, and improve environmental quality. It is estimated that approximately 666,000 liters of fuel can be saved for the first 20 years of operation of the road networks, as a result of the improved road conditions. The fuel savings, combined with LED lights, will result in the reduction of CO2 emission by 99,896 tons during the first 20 years of operation of project facilities, and the improvement of air quality in the project cities. More details on emission reductions are presented in section 5 vii) of this Chapter.

77. Social and Poverty Reduction Benefits. The project will improve mobility and access, and sanitation and public health and will enable sustained economic growth, industrial and tourism development, urbanization, and environmental improvement of project cities. A total of 620,000 people will directly benefit from the project. The project will create 500 person-years of direct employment opportunities during the project construction period (2017-2019), with estimated earnings amounting to CNY 2.50 million from direct employment. Employment priorities will be given to vulnerable groups including the poor and ethnic minorities (20%). A social development plan has been developed.

78. Gender Benefits. A gender action plan (GAP) has been prepared. The GAP will help to ensure: (i) increased women’s participation in the project, including a target for at least 20% employment for women, ethnic minorities and poor; (ii) participation and gender sensitive trainings on public road safety and environmental awareness programs; (iii) participation in capacity building activities; and (iv) appropriate gender targets, indicators and sex- disaggregated data for project monitoring and evaluation.

79. Demonstration Benefits. The project serves as a valuable demonstration project to support basic urban infrastructure development in other cities in western provinces. This is achieved through: (i) enhancing the synergy of environmental and transportation infrastructure; (ii) improving technical designs, such as integrating climate change adaptation measures of proper slope protection and erosion control for roads; (iii) enhancing the coordination and integration of infrastructure planning and management; and (iv) strengthening the administrative capacities of local agencies. Demonstrative features include the public utility conduit in Qinzhou which is widely used in developed countries, rarely in the PRC, and permeable pedestrian pathways that will reduce surface runoff and peak flood and increase climate resilience.

80. Capacity Building. The project’s capacity building initiatives will ensure the sustainable operations and viability of the new facilities, while facilitating operational and managerial improvements to existing infrastructure. Through organizational restructuring and the re- engineering of operations and maintenance, existing infrastructure services will improve. The

improved technical designs will result in lowered pavement and network maintenance costs, enhancing the long-term sustainability of the road assets.

2. Scoping and Screening of Potential Impacts

81. A scoping exercise was carried out for the EIA of the two newly proposed roads at the beginning of the EIA process, through a number of techniques including site visits and community interviews, to identify the potential impacts, both positive and negative. The identified potential impacts were then screened during the EIA process in order to: (i) identify the relative significance of potential impacts; (ii) establish the scope of the assessment which assists in focusing on major, critical, and specific impacts; and (iii) enable adaptability in regard to consideration of new issues associated with the local context and specific site and alignment.

82. The potential impacts and risks were identified during the scoping and screening exercise which drew heavily from information disclosures and consultations with key stakeholders ranging from the responsible and supervisory government agencies to members of the local communities. The identified major regular impacts during the construction and operation phases include permanent and temporary acquisition of land, population resettlement, borrow and spoil, air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, impacts associated with solid waste disposal, protected and other sensitive areas, occupational and community safety and health. Site-specific impacts and risks include the potential adverse effect of the Binhai Highway on the coastal mangroves.

83. The scoping and screening exercise also led to the identification of positive impacts, including enhanced climate resilience through the use of permeable interlocking blocks for the pedestrian pavements of the project roads, reduced GHG reduction from the use of energy- efficient LED lights. It provided for the opportunity to focus on the critical environmental issues of concern, and on minimizing the potential adverse impacts and maximizing the potential positive impacts.

3. Measures to Minimize Potential Adverse Impacts during Design Phase

84. In the preparation of the domestic feasibility study, domestic EIA, the resettlement plan and this addendum and during the ensuing preliminary design phase, the following mitigation measures have been and will be undertaken:

i) All the project sites were carefully selected to avoid or minimize potential adverse impacts on the environment and surrounding communities. ii) The facilities are located and designed to minimize resettlement impacts. iii) Adequate technical design and scheduling of construction activities for the components will provide for safety, sanitation, and environmental protection in compliance with national regulations and international practices. iv) Wide consultations with the key stakeholders and affected persons have been undertaken on the potential environmental and social impacts. Special studies of the mangroves along the Binhai Highway were carried. The results of the studies have been incorporated into the project design. v) Although no EIA is required for the two newly proposed road under the PRC laws and regulations, an EIA study was prepared by a qualified EIA institute, reviewed by an international environmental expert. vi) Appropriate environmental mitigation and monitoring measures are included in the EMP. The proposed environmental mitigation measures will form part of the design

documents for the roads, and be included in the contracts for procurement of goods and services. All contractors and subcontractors will be required to comply with the EMP. vii) The environmental monitoring program has also incorporated into the overall project design to ensure that environmental impacts are closely monitored and the construction and operating activities are closely supervised against the approved EMP. viii) For the Binhai Highway in Qinzhou, the Sponge City feature of permeable pedestrian sidewalks have been incorporated into the project design. the pedestrian sidewalks will allow stormwater to penetrate into the ground so as to reduce surface runoff. It will also serve to purify the road runoff so as to reduce pollution loads into the mangrove mudflats, thus reducing the impact of the road on the mangroves.

4. Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Construction

i) Air Emissions

85. Anticipated sources of air pollution from construction activities in all subproject sites include: (i) dust generated from earth excavation, loading, hauling, and unloading; (ii) dust generated by the movement of vehicles and heavy machinery on unpaved access and haul roads; (iii) dust from aggregate preparation, concrete-mixing, and haulage activities; (iv) odour from asphalt melting, mixing, and spreading; and (v) exhaust from vehicles and equipment.

86. Gaseous Air Pollution. The construction machinery will be regularly inspected to meet the PRC Limits and Measurement Methods for Exhaust Pollutants from Diesel Engines of Non- Road Mobile Machinery (GB 20891-2007), as provided in Table 7.

Table 7: Air Emission Limits for Diesel-Powered Non-Road Mobile Machinery Net Power (Pmax) CO HC NOx HC+NOx PM (kW) (g/kWh) (g/kWh) (g/kWh) (g/kWh) (g/kWh) 130 ≤ Pmax ≤ 560 3.5 1.0 6.0 -- 0.2 75 ≤ Pmax < 130 5.0 1.0 6.0 -- 0.3 37 ≤ Pmax < 75 5.0 1.3 7.0 -- 0.4 18 ≤ Pmax < 37 5.5 1.5 8.0 -- 0.8 8 ≤ Pmax < 18 6.6 -- -- 9.5 0.8 0 ≤ Pmax < 8 8.0 -- -- 10.5 1.0 Source: Limits and Measurement Methods for Exhaust Pollutants from Diesel Engines of Non-Road Mobile Machinery (GB 20891-2007), Ministry of Environmental Protection and State Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine Administration.

87. Dust. Construction activities, especially earth excavation and fill, material preparation and transportation, can produce dust. The blowing dust from construction sites usually consists of suspended particulates with diameters of < 5 μm (8％), 5~20 μm (24％), > 20 μm (68％). Temporary earth piles are often a significant source of dust. The daily average TSP at 150 m downwind of the earth pile can reach 0.49 mg/m3 or 160% of the class II limit, under the following conditions: (i) with wind speed of 3 m/s; (ii) dry weather; and (iii) no environmental protection measures (e.g., water spraying). Major sources of dust include earth loading and unloading, movement of vehicles in and out of the construction sites, earth leakage and littering from vehicles and the exposed surface of the construction site. It is estimated that in the area from 50~150 m from the construction site, the TSP exceeds the class II limit of the PRC ambient air quality standards, but will be able to meet the class II limit with a distance of 200~300 m from

the site. Dust from the transportation vehicles at the construction site usually accounts for about 60% of the total. The empirical formula for completely dry weather is as follows:

.0 85 .0 75     PWv  Q .0 123          .65 5.08 

Where, Q = dust from transportation vehicle, kg/(km • vehicle); V = vehicle speed, km/h; W = load, t; P = dust on road surface, kg/m2.

88. For a 5-ton truck, the amounts of dust production under different speeds and road conditions are shown in Table 8.

Table 8: Dust Generation from a 5-Ton Construction Truck Dust Generation (kg/km•vehicle) Speed Under Different Road Surface Dust (kg/m2) (km/h) 0.1 kg/m2 0.2 kg/m2 0.3 kg/m2 0.4 kg/m2 0.5 kg/m2 5 0.0283 0.0476 0.0646 0.0801 0.0947 10 0.0566 0.0953 0.1291 0.1602 0.1894 15 0.0850 0.1429 0.1937 0.2403 0.2841 20 0.1133 0.1905 0.2583 0.2583 0.3788

89. The most effective measure to suppress dust is water spray. A daily spray of water for 4~5 times on the road surface can reduce dust by as much as 70%. The more detailed results of dust suppression by water spray are provided in Table 9. As can be seen from the table, 4~5 sprays on a daily basis will reduce the pollution distance to 20~50 m. As is shown in Table 10, dust suppression can also be achieved by sealing off the construction site by fences.

Table 9: Dust Suppression by Water Spray Hourly Average Concentration of TSP (mg/m3) At Different Distance from Construction Site Water Spray 5 m 20 m 50 m 100 m 4~5 times/d 10 .14 2.89 1.15 0.86 No 2.01 1.40 0.67 0.60 Source: Domestic EIA, August 2010.

Table 10: Dust Suppression by Fences TSP Concentration (mg/m3) Upwind At Different Downwind Distances Construction Site 20 m 50 m 100 m 150 m 200 m 250 m (Reference Point) Without fence 1.303 0.722 0.402 0.311 0.270 0.210 0.204 mg/m3 With fence (metal board) 0.824 0.426 0.235 0.221 0.215 0.206 Source: Domestic EIAs, August 2010.

90. A series of mitigation measures will be undertaken to limit dust generation during construction for the subprojects. Water trucks will be used to wet the construction roads, according to a daily schedule and taking into consideration weather conditions. When

construction takes places during dry and windy days, water will be sprayed on earth piles and exposed surfaces to suppress dust. Aggregate preparation and storage areas and concrete- mixing plants will be located more than 300 m from the nearest residential area, downwind by the prevailing wind, while asphalt plants will be located more than 500 m downwind. Dust suppression equipment will be installed in concrete-batching plants. Proper maintenance of vehicles and diesel equipment, and avoidance of unnecessary running of vehicle and equipment engines will reduce emissions. Regular field inspections will be conducted by the contractor’s onsite engineer and by the environmental officer of the PIC. In case of violations or community complaints about dust and smoke pollution, the contractors will be ordered to take time-bound corrective actions.

ii) Wastewater and Solid Wastes

91. Construction Wastewater. Wastewater produced during construction will come from washing aggregates, pouring and curing concrete, and oil-containing wastewater from machinery maintenance and repairs. Measures for managing wastewater include settling ponds and oil-water separators. Recycled water will be used in spraying for dust control. For construction of the Binhai Highway, all material preparation and equipment and machinery maintenance and repair facilities will be located on the opposite site of the sea. Construction wastewater will be treated with settling ponds and oil-separator; and treated effluent will be discharged to the nearest municipal sewers.

92. Construction Camp Wastewater. Wastewater during the construction phase will come from the construction camps which will be required for the two proposed roads. Each worker will produce approximately 120 liters per day of domestic wastewater. The workers will be housed in the residential buildings to be rented by the construction contractor. The construction area is serviced with municipal sewers, and wastewater from the construction camp will flow into municipal sewers and eventually to the Dalanping municipal wastewater treatment plant.

93. Solid Waste. An average of 1 kg / d per worker of garbage will be produced from the construction camps. A covered garbage basin will be constructed at each construction camp. The garbage will be collected regularly and transported to the municipal landfill for sanitary disposal. The production of construction solid wastes (building demolition wastes and discarded packages and construction materials) will depend on the local conditions of the routes and sites. Reusable materials from building demolition (such as steel bars, window and door frames and bricks), discarded packages and other construction wastes will be collected and sold to local recycling stations. The non-recyclable wastes will be transported to the nearest municipal landfill for sanitary disposal.

94. The estimated wastewater, garbage and construction solid waste for the two new roads are presented in Table 11.

Table 11: Wastewater and Solid Waste from Construction Camp and Activities Wastewater Garbage Construction (m3/d) (kg/d) Solid Waste (t) Binhai Highway & Road No. 2-North-Central 6 50 50,000 Note: Wastewater and garbage refer to those produced from construction camp. Construction solid waste includes building demolition and construction wastes. Source: Domestic EIA, August 2010, January 2017.

95. During the construction of the Binhai Highway, special attention will be paid to the collection and disposal of construction solid wastes. Lid-covered mobile containers will be placed along the construction sections and hulled away to the municipal sanitary landfill for proper disposal. Construction fences will be erected along the mangrove section of the Binhai Highway during construction to prevent construction wastewater and debris flowing into the mangroves. Construction crew will be trained on the importance of mangroves and on mitigation measures to protect them. The construction activities and impact will be closely inspected by construction supervision agency, external environmental monitoring agency, the IA and the environmental safeguard expert in the loan implementation consulting services.

96. Hazardous and Polluting Materials. A construction material handling and disposal protocol that includes spill responses will be prepared and implemented as part of each site’s environmental supervision manual. The following measures will be taken to prevent pollution of soil and surface and groundwater: storage facilities for fuels, oil, and similar products will be within secured areas on impermeable surfaces, and provided with bunds and clean-up installations; vehicles and equipment will be properly staged in designated areas to prevent contamination of soil and surface water; vehicle, machinery, and equipment maintenance and refuelling will be carried out so that spilled materials do not seep into the soil; oil traps will be provided for service areas and parking areas; and fuel storage and refilling areas will be located at least 300 m from drainage structures and important water bodies.

97. The contractors’ fuel suppliers will be properly licensed, follow proper protocol for transferring fuel, and be in compliance with PRC Guidelines on Transportation, Loading and Unloading of Dangerous or Harmful Goods (JT 3145-88).

98. Demolition Waste, Asbestos. The project will require the deconstruction/demolition of existing buildings (8,263.25 m2). Presence of asbestos in these structures is not anticipated, but this will need to be confirmed prior to demolition. The most likely presence of asbestos is in corrugated asbestos-cement sheets or "A/C Sheets" used for roofing and for side walls. The centres for disposal of toxic and hazardous waste of Qinzhou will conduct visual inspections to confirm absence or presence of asbestos. This requirement was defined in the loan covenants. If presence of asbestos is confirmed in some of the buildings, an asbestos management plan will be developed by a licensed institute. The plan shall (i) clearly identify the locations where asbestos containing material (ACM) is present; (ii) define the procedures for monitoring its condition; (iii) define procedures to access the locations where ACM is present to avoid damage; and (iv) identify training requirements of staff who can potentially come into contact with the material to avoid damage and prevent exposure. In case ACM presence is confirmed, the licensed institute with specially trained personnel will be in charge to remove and dispose existing ACM, and clearance monitoring will be performed and approved by construction bureaus before the affected building is demolished. The licensed demolition companies will be required to demonstrate having experience and capability to observe good practice standards with asbestos, including training of workers and supervisors, possession of (or means of access to) adequate equipment and supplies for the scope of envisioned works, and a record of compliance with regulations on previous work.

iii) Construction Noise

99. Noise Sources. The construction the roads will require a variety of equipment: (i) earth moving, including front-end loaders, back hoes, bull dozers, trucks, rollers, scrappers, graders and pavers; (ii) material handling, including concrete mixers, concrete pumps, cranes and derricks; (iii) power units, including compressors and generators; and (iv) impact equipment,

including pile drivers, pneumatic breakers, pneumatic chippers and hydraulic breakers; and other equipment, such as poker vibrators, compressed air blowers and power saws and drills. They generate many differing types of noise such as background noise, idling noise, blast noise, impact noise, rotating noise, intermittent noise, howling, screeches and squeals. The noise levels of selected construction equipment are provided in Table 12.

Table 12: Noise Levels of Selected Construction Equipment Noise Level, dB(A), At Distance from Source Equipment 5 m 10 m 20 m 40 m 60 m 80 m 100 m 120 m 150 m 200 m 300 m Wheeled loader 90 84 78 72 68 66 64 62 61 58 54 Grader 90 84 78 72 68 66 64 62 61 58 54 Vibratory roller 86 80 74 68 64 62 60 58 57 54 51 Two-wheeled, double-vibrating roller 84 75 69 63 59 57 55 53 52 49 45 Three-wheeled roller 84 75 69 63 59 57 55 53 52 49 45 Pneumatic roller 76 70 64 58 54 52 50 48 47 44 40 Bulldozer 86 80 74 68 64 62 60 58 57 54 51 Hydraulic excavator 84 75 69 63 59 57 55 53 52 49 45 Generator (2 generating units) 98 78 72 66 62 60 58 56 54 52 49 Impact well driller 73 67 61 55 52 49 47 45 44 41 38 Agitator 82 76 70 64 61 58 56 55 53 50 47 Source: Domestic EIA, August 2010, April 2017.

100. Mitigation Measures. The project will adopt the following measures: (i) selection of quieter equipment; (ii) modifying existing old equipment; (iii) erection of sound barriers; (iv) regular maintenance; (v) noise perimeter zones; and (vi) work activity scheduling. If pile driver or equipment with noise levels over 90 dB(A) is used, the following noise reduction measures will be adopted: (i) temporary noise barriers, such as plywood or metal barriers, around the entire construction site; (ii) “quiet” pile-driving technology based on soils and structural requirements, as feasible; (iii) noise control at the receiver’s site; (iv) limiting hours to 8 am - 4 pm and excluding 12:00 pm - 2:00 pm or other mid-day hours near sensitive receptors. With these mitigation measures, the noise levels from the construction sites will be able to meet the PRC Noise Limits for Construction Sites (GB 12532-2011), with the day-time noise limit being at 70 dB(A) and night-time noise limit being at 55 dB(A).

101. Sensitive Receptors. Special caution will be taken at construction sites that are close to residences and office buildings. There are no schools, hospitals and nursing homes within the area of influence of the two roads. Construction sites will be monitored by local environmental authorities or a contracted environmental monitoring agency. If noise limits are exceeded, equipment and construction conditions will be checked, and mitigation measures will be implemented to rectify the situation. Suitable measures will be taken to protect workers' hearings while operating heavy equipment according to the worker health protection law of the PRC.

iv) Soil Erosion

102. Earthwork, Soil Erosion. For the two newly added roads, the borrow is estimated at 146,200 m3. The non-ADB financed roads in the Xincheng road network are estimated to produce 4.17 million m3 of spoil soil. The borrow for the two new roads will come from the spoil. After spoil-borrow balance, the quantity of permanent spoil will be 117,400 m3. The spoil site is located 1 km north-east of Road No. 2 North-Central. It has a capacity of 150,000 m3, adequate to accommodate the spoils from the two roads.

103. To protect the mangroves along the Binhai Highway, special mitigation measures will include fences along the seaside to block construction debris and sediment into the mangroves, clearing of all construction debris after the construction is completed, and regular inspection by the construction supervision agency, external environmental monitoring agency, the IA and the loan implementation environmental safeguard expert. These measures are specified in the EMP and will be closely monitored and reported to ADB and Qinzhou PMO.

v) Occupational and Community Health and Safety

104. Occupational and Community Health for Road Construction. Health risks are primarily related to increased transit population during construction (construction workers) and operation (visitors) in the regions. The increased mobile population could potentially bring and spread infectious diseases in the project area. The un-hygienic and un-healthy life style of the workers could spread diseases such as hepatitis and HIV-AIDS to local residents as well as among themselves.

105. Proposed measures for protecting occupational and community health include the following: (i) training on disease prevention and control to construction workers, particularly epidemic diseases such as HIV, H1N1 and hepatitis B prior to start of the construction. Leaflets will be distributed, and education seminars will be organized, in association with the local government and communities, to increase the awareness and knowledge on the HIV / AIDS; (ii) brochures and posters in and around the construction sites for disease control, not only for construction workers but also villagers and others in the areas; (iii) adequate protective gear such as condoms will be provided to workers at the construction camps; and (iv) periodical health checks for construction workers to ensure their health and wellbeing.

106. Occupational and Community Safety for Road Construction. The safety risk is primarily in the construction phase with the local residents, particularly children who have low or no awareness of construction site safety and traffic safety. In a linear construction site there will be hardly full control of the site and the construction areas will be mostly open with no control from public access. Deep cuts and other excavation could also be a safety hazard at night. The explosion operation for deep cuts and materials borrowing and the resulting flying stones, as well as explosive handling, will be among the most dangerous activities on the construction sites which pose risks to residents. The explosive operation could also affect the safety and structure integrity of houses in a 500-m radius area through strong vibration of the explosion as well as damaging roof tiles and windows from flying stone from explosion.

107. Proposed measures to protect the occupational and community safety are as follows: (i) safe and convenient passages for the public; (ii) hardhats, earpiece, safety shoes, reflective garments and other personal protection equipment for construction workers; (iii) adequate warning signs in areas of potential dangers; (iv) traffic safety officers on or near heavy movement of construction vehicles, or heavy construction vehicle traffic through the villages; (v) regular training of construction workers on occupational health and safety; and (vi) safety outreach to local residents. No blasting will be needed for the road construction.

108. The contractor shall be required to implement effective occupational health and safety measures for their workers within the construction sites, including efficient sanitation, adequate health services and protection clothing and equipment. The contractor’s performance and activities for occupational health and safety shall be incorporated in their monthly progress reports.

5. Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Operation Phase

109. The following sections discuss the potential impacts from the operation of the project facilities, the recommended measures to mitigate these impacts and the significance of the residual impacts.

Air Pollution 110. Baseline Data. For the newly proposed Road No. 2 North-Central (Phase III) and Binhai Highway, the project area will be built into a mixed residential-commercial district, for which the class II of the PRC Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-1996) applies. Baseline air quality monitoring was carried out for 3 parameters (CO, NO2, and PM10) for 7 consecutive days between 8~14 January 2017 in four sites. The monitoring results showed that the baseline air quality meets the class II of the PRC Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-2012) (Table 13).

Table 13: Baseline Air Quality Monitoring Results for Two New Roads 24 -Hr Average % of Max Concentration Class II Ma x over % Monitoring Location Parameter (mg/m3) (mg/m3) (mg/m3) Standard Violation #1: 3rd production group of NO2 0.012~0.020 0.08 0.020 25 0 Jingu village (60 m north CO 0.5~0.8 4.0 0.8 20 0 of Binhai Highway) PM10 0.057~0.075 0.15 0.075 50 0 #2: 3rd production group of NO2 0.013~0.023 0.08 0.023 28.75 0 Jingu village (40 m north CO 0.6~0.9 4.0 0.9 22.5 0 of Binhai Highway) PM10 0.060~0.080 0.15 0.080 53.3 0 NO2 0.019~0.028 0.08 0.018 18.7 0 #3: Danshuiwan (20 m CO 0.5~0.8 4.0 0.8 20 0 south of Binhai Highway) PM10 0.064~0.083 0.15 0.081 55.3 0 NO2 0.021~0.031 0.08 0.031 38.75 0 #4: Jiduntou, (20 m south CO 0.6~0.8 4.0 0.8 20 0 of Binhai Highway) PM10 0.064~0.082 0.15 0.082 54.7 0 Note: Standard refers to class II of the PRC Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-2012). Source: Domestic EIA, April 2017.

111. Air Quality Predictions. The hourly and daily concentrations of CO and NO2 were predicted with the use of the AERMOD modeling software, as is recommended in the PRC Technical Guideline on Environmental Impact Assessment – Atmospheric Environment (HJ 2.2- 2008), for the corridors of the assessment area and the sensitive receptors of the two newly added roads. The predicted values meet the regulatory standards, as shown in Table 14 and Table 15, respectively.

Table E-14: Predicted Hourly and Daily Average CO and NO2 for Two New Roads Hourly Average Concentration Daily Average Concentration (mg/m3) (For 2030) (mg/m3) (For 2030) CO NO2 CO NO2 Regulatory limit (mg/m3) 10.0 0.2 4.0 0.08 Max contribution (mg/m3) 0.45 0.128 0.121 0.054 Baseline (mg/m3) 0.97 0.023 0.98 0.015 Predicted max value (mg/m3) 1.42 0.151 1.101 0.069 % in regulatory limit 14.2 75.5 27.5 86.25 Meeting regulatory limit yes yes yes ye s Prevailing wind (degree) 360 20~360

Wind speed (m/s) 0.4 0.3~2.3 Temperature (0C) 22.1 11~23 Note: a) Predicted max value = baseline + max contribution from road; b) Regulatory limit refers to class II of the PRC Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-2012). Source: Domestic EIA, April 2017.

Table 15: CO and NO2 at Sensitive Receptors for Two New Roads 1-Hr Average (mg/m3) 24 -Hr Average (mg/m3) (For 2031) (For 2031)

Sensitive Receptor CO NO2 CO NO2 Standard (mg/m3) 10 0.2 4 0.08 Max project contribution (mg/m3) 0.041 0.082 0.095 0.033 #1: 3rd production group Ma x total value (mg/m3) 1.041 0.117 0.895 0.053 of Jingu village % of standard 10.41 58.5 22.375 66.25 Meeting standard? Yes Yes Yes Yes Standard (mg/m3) 10 0.2 4 0.08 Max project contribution (mg/m3) 0.051 0.088 0.108 0.036 #2: 2nd production Ma x total value (mg/m3) 0.951 0.122 1.008 0.059 group of Jingu village % of standard 9.51 61 25.2 73.75 Violation? Yes Yes Yes Yes Standard (mg/m3) 10 0.2 4 0.08 Max project contribution (mg/m3) 0.056 0.094 0.112 0.041 #3: Danshuiwan Ma x total value (mg/m3) 0.956 0.13 0.912 0.059 % of standard 9.56 65 22.8 73.75 Violation? Yes Yes Yes Yes Standard (mg/m3) 10 0.2 4 0.08 Max project contribution (mg/m3) 0.047 0.078 0.091 0.038 #4: Jiduntou Ma x total value (mg/m3) 0.947 0.109 0.891 0.069 % of standard 9.47 54.5 22.275 86.25 Violation? Yes Yes Yes Yes Note: a) Predicted max value = baseline + max contribution from road; b) Regulatory limit refers to Class II of the PRC Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-2012). Source: Domestic EIA, April 2017.

Noise 112. Baseline Data. Acoustic environment monitoring was carried out in 8 representative sites within the area of influence of the two newly proposed roads for 20 m, 40 m, 60 m, 80 m and 120 m from the redline for two consecutive days between 5 and 6 January 2017 (08:00- 12:00 and 22:00-24:00). As are shown in Table 16, the acoustic monitoring results showed that the baseline noise levels for all sites met both day-time and night-time limits of the class II of the PRC Ambient Acoustic Quality Standards (GB 3096-2008).

Table 16: Baseline Acoustic Quality in Two New Roads Day, dB(A) Night, dB(A) Monitoring Location Date Level Limit Violation Level Limit Violation #1: 3rd 1 st flr of 1st row of 2017.01.05 63.8 No 52.3 No production buildings 2017.01.06 64.3 No 53.1 No 70 55 group, Jingu 3 rd flr of 1st row of 2017.01.05 62.5 No 51.6 No village buildings 2017.01.06 63.2 No 52. 4 No 2017.01.05 62.8 No 52.8 No 20m 70 55 2017.01.06 63.3 No 53.4 No 2017.01.05 54.4 No 44.9 No 40m #2: 2nd 2017.01.06 55.5 No 43.7 No production 2017.01.05 54.2 No 44.8 No 60m group, Jingu 2017.01.06 55.1 No 44.3 No 60 50 village 2017.01.05 55.2 No 45.2 No 80m 2017.01.06 55.7 No 44.1 No 2017.01.05 54.7 No 43.8 No 100m 2017.01.06 55.4 No 43.5 No

1 st flr of 1st row of 2017.01.05 63.2 No 51.6 No #3: buildings 2017.01.06 61.6 No 52.5 No 70 55 Danshuiwan 3 rd flr of 1st row of 2017.01.05 61.5 No 52.4 No buildings 2017.01.06 59.8 No 52.2 No 1 st flr of 1st row of 2017.01.05 60.4 No 51.1 No buildings 2017.01.06 59.8 No 50.4 No #4: Jiduntou 70 55 2 nd flr of 1st row of 2017.01.05 61.6 No 51.3 No buildings 2017.01.06 62.5 No 52.3 No Note: Class and limit refers to class II of the PRC Ambient Acoustic Quality Standards (GB 3096-2008). Source: Domestic EIA, April 2017.

113. Noise Level Prediction. Noise levels were predicted for the two newly proposed roads for 2016, 2023 and 2030 by using the methodologies recommended in the Technical Guideline on EIA – Acoustic Environment (HJ 2.4-2009). The estimated noise levels are presented in Table 17. The estimated minimum distances for meeting the regulatory limits of the PRC Ambient Acoustic Quality Standards (GB 3096-2008) are presented in Table 18. Based on the estimated minimum distances for meeting the regulatory limits, the affected households in the four sensitive receptors were identified, as shown in Table 19. As can be seen from the table, there are 22 households whose noise levels will violate the regulatory standards. It is estimated that the use of noise-abatement windows will allow the noise levels of the affected households to meet the regulatory standards. The total area of the windows of the 22 affected households is measured to be 300 m2. The total estimated cost of CNY 60,000 has been included in the environmental protection budget and overall project investment plan.

Table 17: Estimated Noise Levels for Two New Roads Distance from 2016 2023 2030 Road Center / Da y-Time Ni ght-Time Da y-Time Ni ght-Time Da y-Time Ni ght-Time Redline (m) Peak Hr Average Average Peak Hr Average Average Peak Hr Average Average Binhai Highway 10/0 68.8 66.9 63 70.3 68.6 64.7 71.2 69.7 65.8 20/0 67.1 65.2 61.3 68.6 66.9 63 69.5 68.0 64.1 30/0 64.3 62.5 58.5 65.9 64.2 60.3 66.8 65.3 61.4 40/6 62.4 60.5 56.6 63.9 62.2 58.3 64.8 63.3 59.4 50/16 60.4 58.6 54.6 62 60.3 56.4 62.9 61.3 57.5 60/26 57. 5 55.7 51.7 59.1 57.4 53.5 59.9 58.4 54.6 70/36 56.6 54.7 50.8 58.1 56.4 52.5 59 57.5 53.6 80/46 53.6 51.7 47.8 55.1 53.4 49.5 56 54.5 50.6 90/56 51.6 49.7 45.8 53.2 51.5 47.5 54 52.5 48.6 100/66 49.6 47.8 43.8 51.2 49.5 45.6 52.1 50.5 46.7 110/76 48. 9 47.0 43.0 50.4 48.7 44.8 51.3 49.8 45.9 120/86 48.1 46.3 42.3 49.7 48.0 44.1 50.6 49.0 45.2 130/96 47.5 45.6 41.7 49 47.3 43.4 49.9 48.4 44.5 140/106 46.9 45 41.1 48.4 46.7 42.8 49.3 47.8 43.9 150/116 46.3 44.4 40.5 47.8 46.1 42.2 48.7 47.2 43.3 160/126 45.7 43.9 39.9 47.3 45.6 41.7 48.2 46.6 42.8 170/136 45.2 43.4 39.4 46.8 45.1 41.2 47.6 46.1 42.3 180/146 44.7 42.9 38.9 46.3 44.6 40.7 47.1 45.6 41.8 190/156 44.2 42.4 38.4 45.8 44.1 40.2 46.7 45.1 41.3 200/166 43.8 41.9 38.0 45.4 43.7 39.7 46.2 44.7 40.8 Road No. 2 North-Central (Phase III) 10/0 65.4 61.4 56.8 68.8 64.5 61.0 70.2 68.1 64.6 20/0 60.7 56.7 52.3 66.1 62.8 59.3 68.5 66.4 62.9 30/0 55.2 51.3 47.2 63.7 56.4 52.9 65.9 63.7 60.2 40/10 53.3 49.4 45.3 61.7 54.5 50.9 63.9 61.8 58.3 50 /20 51.9 48.1 44.1 59.9 52.2 49.6 61.9 58.9 56.4 60/30 50.9 47.1 43.1 57.0 50.2 48.6 59.0 56.9 53.5 70/40 50.1 46.2 42.4 54.5 49.3 46.8 58.1 56.0 52.4 80/50 49.4 45.5 41.7 53.0 47.6 44.8 55.0 52.9 49.5 90/60 48.8 44.9 41.1 51.1 46.9 43.9 53.2 51.0 47.4 100/70 48.2 44.4 40.6 49.0 45.5 42.9 51.1 49.1 45.6

110/80 47.7 43.9 40.1 48.3 44.7 42.4 50.3 48.2 44.7 120/90 47.2 43.4 39.7 47.6 43.9 41.0 49.7 47.6 44.1 130/100 46.8 42.9 39.3 46.9 44.0 40.5 49.0 46.9 43.4 140/110 46.3 42.6 38.9 46.4 43.7 40.1 48. 4 46.3 42.8 150/120 45.6 42.2 38.5 46.0 42.4 39.8 47.7 45.6 42.1 160/130 45.2 41.6 38.2 45.7 41.8 38.4 47.3 45.2 41.6 170/140 44.6 40.4 37.1 45.3 41.5 37.9 46.7 44.7 41.1 180/150 44.1 39.6 36.8 45.0 41.2 37.6 46.2 44.1 40.6 190/160 43.7 38.7 35.5 44.7 40.9 37.3 45.7 43.7 40.2 200/170 43.3 38.1 35.2 44.4 40.6 37.0 45.3 43.3 39.6 Source: Domestic EIA, April 2017.

Table 18: Distances of Meeting Noise Standards for Two New Roads Class 4a 3 2 Year Time Dis tance Distance to Distance to Distance to Distance to Distance to Standard, to Road Redline Standard, Road Redline Standard, Road Redline dB(A) Center (m) (m) dB(A) Center (m) (m) dB(A) Center (m) (m) Binhai Highway Peak 70 8.7 0 65 26.7 0 60 49.5 15.5 2019 Da y 70 3.4 0 65 19.6 0 60 39.6 5.6 Night 55 48.2 18.2 55 48.2 14.2 50 69.3 35.3 Peak 70 0.8 0 65 32.1 0 60 53.8 19.8 2026 Da y 70 1.3 0 65 26.4 0 60 51.4 17.4 Night 55 56 26 55 56 22 50 79.2 45.2 Peak 70 14.7 0 65 38.6 4.6 60 59.9 25.9 2034 Da y 70 9.6 0 65 29.5 0 60 57.4 23.4 Night 55 58.9 28.9 55 58.9 24.9 50 80.7 46.7 Road No. 2 North-Central (Phase III) Peak 70 2 0 65 11.2 0 60 20.8 0 2019 Da y 70 0 0 65 9.5 0 60 23.1 0 Night 55 14.6 0 55 14.6 0 50 18.9 0 Peak 70 8.3 0 65 22.4 0 60 49.8 19.8 2026 Da y 70 6.2 0 65 8.7 0 60 24.7 0 Night 55 26.7 0 55 26.7 0 50 41.2 11.2 Peak 70 10.8 0 65 31.2 0 60 57.6 27.6 2034 Da y 70 8.1 0 65 24.3 0 60 46.2 16.2 Night 55 55.6 25.6 55 55.6 25.6 50 78.3 48.3 Note: Class and standard refer to the PRC Ambient Acoustic Quality Standards (GB 3096-2008). Source: Domestic EIA, April 2017.

Table 19: Noise Levels of Sensitive Receptors for Two New Roads Contribution Predicted Baseline, from Traffic, Ambient Noise, dB(A) over No. of Se nsitive Distance to dB(A) dB(A) dB(A) Standard Affected Receptor Redline (m) Da y Night Year Da y Night Da y Night Class Da y Night HH 2019 55.2 51 64.8 55.2 0 0.2 #1: 3rd 1 st flr 64.3 53.1 2026 57.5 53.6 65.1 56.4 0 1.4 production 10 m 2034 58.2 58.3 65.3 59.4 0 4.4 2 6 group, Jingu north 2019 55.9 51.3 63.9 54.9 0 0.0 village 3 rd flr 63.2 52.4 2026 57.7 53.9 64.3 56.2 0 1.2 2034 58.5 58.5 64.5 59.5 0 4.5 #2: 2nd production 2019 42.3 38.5 55.9 46.0 0 0 50 m 1 st flr 55.7 45.2 2026 44 40.4 56.0 46.4 2 0 0 0 group, Jingu north village 2034 45.1 41.3 56.1 46.7 0 0 2019 54.7 50.7 63.8 54.7 0 0 1 st flr 63.2 52.5 2026 57 52.9 64.1 55.7 0 0.7 15 m 2034 56.7 54 64.1 56.3 0 1.3 #3: Danshuiwan 4 south 2019 55.3 51.3 62.4 54.9 4a 0 0 3 rd flr 61.5 52.4 2026 57.6 53.5 63.0 56.0 0 1.0 2034 57.3 54.6 62.9 56.6 0 1.6 #4: Jiduntou 20 m 1st flr 60.4 51.1 2019 49.9 45.9 60.8 52.2 0 0.0 12

north 2026 51.6 47.7 60.9 52.7 0 0.5 2034 52.6 48.8 61.1 53.1 0 4.1 2019 50.4 46.4 62.8 53.3 0 0.0 2 nd flr 62.5 52.3 2026 52.1 48.2 62.9 53.7 0 1.0 2034 53.1 49.3 63.0 54.1 0 4.0 Note: Class and standard refer to the PRC Ambient Acoustic Quality Standards (GB 3096-2008). Source: Domestic EIA, January 2017.

114. Mitigation Measures. The project will adopt the following measures: (i) selection of quieter equipment; (ii) modifying existing old equipment; (iii) erection of sound barriers; (iv) regular maintenance; (v) noise perimeter zones; and (vi) work activity scheduling. If pile driver or equipment with noise levels over 90 dB(A) is used, the following noise reduction measures will be adopted: (i) temporary noise barriers, such as plywood or metal barriers, around the entire construction site; (ii) “quiet” pile-driving technology based on soils and structural requirements, as feasible; (iii) noise control at the receiver’s site; (iv) limiting hours to 8 am - 4 pm and excluding 12:00 pm - 2:00 pm or other mid-day hours near sensitive receptors. With these mitigation measures, the noise levels from the construction sites will be able to meet the PRC Noise Limits for Construction Sites (GB 12532-2011), as is shown in Table 20.

Table 20: PRC Noise Limits for Construction Sites Limit, dB(A) Construction Phase Day-Time Night-Time Allowable noise level 70 55 Source: Noise Limits for Construction Sites (GB 12532-2011), Ministry of Environmental Protection and State Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine Administration.

Wastewater and Solid Waste 115. There will be no point sources of water pollution related to the operation of the roads. The associated infrastructures contain sewage pipelines which will transmit the sewage to the 50,000-m3/d Dalanping wastewater treatment plant which is operational since 2015. Road runoff will go directly to storm culverts and sewers. The runoff will contain water pollutants such as SS and petroleum but the quantities are predicted to be small. The environmental impacts are expected to be minimal. Garbage thrown on the roadside by drivers and passengers will be swept and collected by road cleaners from the urban sanitation bureaus and transported to the municipal landfills. The environmental impacts will be negligible.

116. For the Binhai Highway, the seaside road curb design along the mangrove section is such that it is high enough to divert road surface runoff to storm sewers. The road surface will be cleaned on a regular basis. The mangroves seawater will also be regularly cleaned of garbage and debris. The mangroves will be inspected and monitored twice a year for the first two years of road operation and the monitoring results will be reported in the semiannual environmental monitoring report.

Climate Change Mitigation and Resilience 117. The GHG emissions were estimated during the PPTA phase for the whole ADB-financed Qinzhou road network in Qinzhou. The project was anticipated to contribute to climate change mitigation in two major ways. First, the improvement of road conditions will increase fuel efficiency and thus reduce the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Second, the project roads will adopt energy-saving LED street and traffic lights which also help reduce GHG emissions. The estimated energy savings and associated GHG emission reductions are summarized in the table below.

118. The following energy-saving principles and measures have been adopted for the two newly proposed roads:

i) The design and construction of the roads will comply with the applicable national energy conservation regulations and standards. ii) During alternatives analysis, due consideration was given to energy conservation. iii) During construction, energy saving equipment and machinery will be used. iv) The use of gravity flow for the storm and sewage sewers is maximized. v) New materials with low wall resistance, minimum burial depth and no use of pump stations for sewage pipes are selected. vi) The improved public buses and stops in the Qinzhou Xincheng area in general and the two new roads in particular will reduce the use of private vehicles and low-energy-efficient motocycles and taxis. vii) The street lights will be controlled by intelligent automation system. viii) The static var compensator will adopt the combination of centralized box-change compensation and single-lamp scatter compensation, which is to install a compensation capacitor in each lamp. The power factor for lamps will be greater than 0.85 and the power factor for the box-change power supply system will reach more than 0.90. ix) The double-power inductance-type ballast will be used to lower the operational 24:00-04:00 power factor to 400W so as to save energy.

119. The annual power savings from the road lighting measures are estimated at 4.93 million kWh or 605.6 tons of standard coal. The annual fuel savings from increased vehicle speed and fuel efficiency are estimated to be 33,300 liters. The estimated GHG emission reductions are summarized in the table below.

Table 21: Estimated Energy Savings and GHG Emission Reduction Average Annual GHG Average Annual Emission Reductions Type of Energy Savings (tons of CO2 equivalent) Fuel (liter) 33,300 82.1 Two new roads Electricity (kWh) 4,927,500 4,912.7 4,994.8 Note: Emission factors recommended by the PRC National Statistical Bureau: gasoline = 2.30 kg-CO2/liter; diesel = 2.63 kg-CO2/liter; electricity = 0.997 kg-CO2/kWh. Fuel is assumed to be 50% of gasoline and 50% diesel, thus the emission factor is averaged to be 2.465 kg-CO2/liter. Source: Energy saving data are compiled domestic FSR and EIA, April 2017.

120. Climate resilience considerations have also been incorporated into the project design. The use of permeable pavement will be adopted for the two project roads (Figure 6). This can have at least three major benefits. First, pervious interlocking paving blocks bedded in coarse aggregate with 15% open cell area can have a permeability index up to 0.032~0.044 mm/s while the average yearly (1995-2005) maximum hourly rainfall is approximately 0.028 mm/s11. This will effectively mitigate floods, protect drainage systems and recharge the groundwater

11 Qiu Pingzhu and Tang Bingna. 2007. Analysis of Rainfall Intensity in Guangxi. Journal of Meteorological Research and Application, Vol. 28, Supplementary Issue, pp. 50-52.

aquifer, thus increasing the climate resilience of the project roads12. The use of permeable blocks will be refined in the detailed design stage.

Figure 6: Typical Cross-Section of Permeable Pavement

121. According to the Qinzhou Urban Development Master Plan (2008-2025), the coastal wave prevention standard is once in 100 years. The tidal height for once-in-100-years coastal wave is 4.16 meters; and the safety height is set at 2.5 meters. The sea wall will comply with the national standards.

x) Risk of Accidental Spills and Mitigation Measures

122. Main Environmental Risks Related to Roads. One of the major environmental risks for the road projects is the accidental release of hazardous and toxic substances during the transportation process. For the newly added Road No. 2 North-Central, transport of such substances will not be permitted, and the risk is relatively low; the Binhai Highway is an artery road for many industrial parks in the Qinzhou Port development area and the risk is relatively medium.

123. The occurrence of public safety accidents in the PRC is increasing in recent years. This has prompted the various levels of government to put in place emergency preparedness and response (EPR) procedures. The National Master Plan for Public Emergency Preparedness and Response was released by the State Council on 8 January 2006. The national master plan establishes the principles, policy and institutional framework for preparing and responding to public emergencies. It classifies public emergency events into four general categories: (i) natural disasters, including flood and drought, meteorological calamities, earthquakes, geological hazards, marine disasters, biological disasters and forest and grassland fires; (ii) accidental disasters, such as various industrial and mining safety accidents, transport accidents, public facility accidents, environmental pollution and ecological damage; (iii) public health emergencies, including outbreak of infectious diseases, occupational diseases, animal diseases

12 The permeable paving blocks can also remove COD by 30%, SS by 60%, total nitrogen (TN) by 25% and total phosphorus (TP) by 25%. They can also improve the microclimate of the road surface by reducing road surface temperature by 2~50C. See, for example, Virginia DCR Stormwater Design Specification No. 7: Permeable Pavement, Version 1.7, March 8, 2010. Lu Qing. 2007. Permeable Paving Blocks: Making Road Environment- Friendly, Beijing Science and Technology Commission.

and food poisoning; and (iv) social safety events, related to terrorist attacks, economic safety and international emergencies. They are further divided into four classes: (i) extremely serious as class I; (ii) very serious as class II; (iii) quite serious as class III; and (iv) serious as class IV, requiring corresponding levels of responses.

124. The GZAR Government proclaimed the provincial master plan for public emergency preparedness and response in 2004, and the project cities released their municipal plans in 2006. Sectoral plans in respect to earthquakes, floods, chemical spills and public health emergencies, institution-based plans (enterprises, schools, hospitals, etc.) and areal plans (e.g., Qinzhou port industrial zone emergency plan has also been formulated in the various levels of administration.

125. A schematic representation of the Qinzhou environmental emergency response system is presented in Figure 7. The main elements of the Qinzhou port industrial zone emergency response plan are summarized in Table 22. The environmental emergency response systems of Beihai and Fangchenggang have a similar structure.

Figure 7: Qinzhou Environmental Emergency Response Organizational Structure

Table 22: Qinzhou Port Industrial Zone Emergency Response Plan Element Requirements 1 Coverage Production facility area, storage area, environmental protection targets 2 Organization Emergency offices and personnel in factories and non-industrial establishments 3 Level of emergency and Level of emergency will trigger corresponding response procedure response 4 Response and rescue tools Re sponse facilities, equipment and instruments 5 Early warning and Early warning and communication means, channels, transportation and communication traffic control 6 Inspection and monitoring Professional teams will be responsible for reconnaissance, monitoring, and assessment of the nature, parameters and consequences of the emergency, for the purpose of informed decision making 7 Containment and cleanup Pollution containment and cleanup measures and equipment for emergency site, adjacent area and fire control area 8 Evacuation Evacuation planning and organization, medical rescue and public health protection 9 Termination and restoration Emergency termination procedure and post-emergency restoration plan 10 Training Emergency preparedness and response training and drills 11 Public education and information Public education and information dissemination program for local communities

126. In case a transport-related environmental emergency would occur, the witness can call 12369 (a dedicated 24-hour number nationwide for environmental emergencies) or 12345 (a hotline nationwide for mayor’s office) or any of the general public emergency telephone numbers, including 110, 119, 120 and 122. The emergency numbers will be posted along the roads and on the bridges. After receiving the witness report, an emergency response team will be immediately dispatched to assess the situation, and then appropriate reporting, response, monitoring and evacuation (if necessary) actions will be triggered. When special chemicals are involved, expert advice will be sought. Environmental emergency response drills are carried out regularly in the project cities.

127. During project preparation, extensive consultations were undertaken with the municipal environmental emergency response leading groups and the municipal environmental emergency response command offices of the project cities. The project roads will be included in the existing environmental emergency preparedness and response systems. Moreover, the banning of the transport of hazardous, toxic and dangerous goods in the inner city roads in the Qinzhou Xincheng network will be stringently enforced by the local transportation and police bureaus. An emergency holding and clean-up reserve fund of CNY 200,000, together with an emergency monitoring fund of CNY 50,000, will be set aside for each road project. The two funds are incorporated into the environmental protection investment plan as well as the overall project investment plan.

xi) Human-Centered Design

128. Concerns over the community safety of project roads have been thoroughly examined during project preparation. The two roads have pedestrian lanes, and other roads have pedestrian paths. All roads have separate lanes for non-motorized traffic. The pedestrian lane and non-motorized and motorized lanes are separated by curb stones and green barriers (Figure 8). Pedestrian-priority push-button traffic lights, safe islands, crosswalks (zebra lines), boarding bays/islands and barrier-free lanes will be established at all intersections (Figure 9 and Figure 10). Moreover, road ramps are designed to ensure safety entry and exist of vehicles, including degree of curvature, vehicle limit, guardrails and reflectors. Sufficient road signs will be

properly designed and placed in necessary locations. Road maintenance sites will be properly sealed, ahead signs placed and adequate number of safety officers posted to direct traffic. Road maintenance vehicles will be installed with warning lights, and staff will wear safety hats and reflective garments and undergo safety training.

(A) Binhai Highway

(B) Road No. 2-North-Central

Figure 8: Lane Separators for Binhai Highway (A) and Road No. 2-North Central

Figure 9: Safety Islands and Crosswalks for Qinzhou Road Network

129. In order to provide convenience for the physically challenged road users, marked pedestrian lanes and triangles are used for pedestrian pathways, bus stations and intersections. Visually-challenged lanes with a width of 0.5 meter will be built for the entire roads. Other human-centered design features include covered bus shelters with seats, flower boxes, green space in street corners, and visual clearance and pleasures for drivers for landscaping designs, as shown in Figure 11, Figure 12 and Figure 13.

Figure 10: Barrier-Free Lane for Qinzhou Road Network

Figure 11: Bus Shelter Design for Qinzhou Roads

Figure 12: Flower Box for Qinzhou Roads

Figure 13: Street Corner Green Space for Qinzhou Roads

xii) Impacts on Biodiversity and Physical and Cultural Resources

130. Protected Areas. During the EIA studies, legally protected areas and historical and cultural relic sites were identified in order to ensure the protection of biodiversity and physical and cultural resources. The important protected areas and historical and cultural relic sites in the project areas are provided in Table 23. There are no nature reserves or areas with protected physical and cultural resources within the corridors of the two roads.

Table 23: Nature Reserves and Historical and Cultural Relics in Qinzhou Direction to Distance Level of Name Road (km) Protection Targets Protection Nature Reserves/Protected Areas Qinzhouwan mangrove forest nature S 5 Mangrove forest, wetland Provincial reserve ecosystem Maowei bay mangrove forest nature SW 10 Mangrove forest, wetland Provincial reserve ecosystem Historical and Cultural Relics Sanniangwan scenic area S 50 Coastal tourist area National Wenbi pagoda N 3 Qing dynasty building Provincial Qinzhou county ancient town N 30 Ancient architecture Provincial

Source: Domestic EIAs, August 2010.

131. Flora and Fauna. The potential impacts of the project roads on flora and fauna include removal of vegetation and disruption of the ecosystem during construction. In particular, the cutting and filling for roadbed constructions will alter the original landscape and vegetation. As a result, some birds and small mammals and reptiles that inhabit these areas will be dislocated. Measures to mitigate the impact to flora will include the following: (i) preserve existing vegetation where no construction activity is planned, or temporarily preserve vegetation where activity is planned for a later date; (ii) protect existing trees and grassland during road, bridge and sewer network constructions; where a tree has to be removed or an area of grassland disturbed, replant trees and re-vegetate the area after construction; and (iii) remove trees or shrubs only as the last resort if they impinge directly on the permanent works or approved necessary temporary works.

132. The five patches of mangroves along a section of the Binhai Highway may be disturbed by construction activities, although no trees will be removed. The potential impact includes siltation of sediments, littering of construction and human wastes and wastewater pollution in the mangrove habitat during the construction phase and the littering of human wastes in the mangrove habitat. The mangroves will receive special protection during project construction and operation. During the construction phase, all material preparation and equipment and machinery maintenance and repair facilities will be located on the opposite site of the sea. Construction wastewater will be treated with settling ponds and oil-separator; and treated effluent will be discharged to the nearest municipal sewers. The workers will be housed in the residential buildings to be rented by the construction contractor. The construction area is serviced with municipal sewers, and wastewater from the construction camp will flow into municipal sewers and eventually to the Dalanping wastewater treatment plant. Special attention will be paid to the collection and disposal of construction solid wastes. Lid-covered mobile containers will be placed along the construction sections and hulled away to the municipal sanitary landfill for proper disposal.

133. Construction crew will be trained on the importance of mangroves and on mitigation measures to protect them. The construction activities and impact will be closely inspected by construction supervision agency, external environmental monitoring agency, the IA and the environmental safeguard expert in the loan implementation consulting services. Fences along the seaside will be set up to block construction debris and sediment into the mangroves, clearing of all construction debris after the construction is completed. When the road is opened to traffic, the seaside road curb design along the mangrove section is such that it is high enough to divert road surface runoff to storm sewers. The road surface will be cleaned on a regular

basis. The mangroves seawater will also be regularly cleaned of garbage and debris. The above-described mitigation measures during construction and operation phases are included in the EMP and will be closely monitored and reported to ADB and Qinzhou PMO. The inspection and monitoring will be undertaken twice a year for the first two years of road operation and the monitoring results will be reported in the semiannual environmental monitoring report. With implementation and inspection and monitoring of the proposed mitigation measures, the residual impact on the mangroves is anticipated to be insignificant.

134. Loss of Physical Resources: The use of physical resources by the proposed project is shown in Table 24. Monetary compensation will be provided to the owners of the physical resources in accordance with applicable PRC laws and regulations and ADB policies. The monetary compensation will be used to relocate or rebuild the ground attachments and auxiliary facilities. Both the PRC Land Administration Law (2003) and Forest Law (1998) require “no net loss” for the temporary and permanent acquisition of farmland and forest land for the purpose of development projects. In accordance with the PRC Land Administration Law (2003), the temporarily occupied land will be required to be restored to the original state in addition to monetary compensation for inconvenience. The proposed project roads will not involve “basic farmland” for which the PRC has stringent policies for its protection for the purpose of safeguarding food security. For permanent acquisition of farmland, a payment will be made to an earmarked “land reclamation fund” administered by the municipal land resources bureau (LRB).

135. For the permanent acquisition of forest land, a payment will be made to an earmarked “forest cover restoration fund” administered by the municipal forestry bureau. The forest bureau will use the earmarked fund to reforest an equivalent area of the forest land lost to the project. The current standard for the reforestation fee ranges from CNY 20,000 per ha for urban landscaping forest land to CNY 80,000 per ha for ecological protection forest and CNY 100,000 for state-protected or special-purpose forest land13. The proposed project will comply with the “no net loss” regulatory requirement, and therefore, there will be no net loss of forest land and farmland as a result of the project.

Table 24: Affected Physical Resources by the Two Project Roads 1. Permanent Land Acquisition by Resident Committee Total Area of Permanent Land Acquisition(mu)

Collective Land Paddy Land Slope Land Forest Land Homestead Total Jingu Resident Committee 1,960.83 17.87 13.25 22.78 0 53.90 Jiduntou Resident Committee 1,852.65 85.87 74.88 3.37 0 164.12 Total 3,813.48 103.74 88.13 26.15 0 218.02 2. Building Demolition Area of Residential Structure (m2)

Brick-Concrete Tile-Wood Simple Shed Total Jingu Resident Committee 2,000.48 1,016.38 2,066.01 5,082.87 Jiduntou Resident Committee 2,618.38 93.6 468.4 3,180.38 TOTAL 4,618.86 1,109.98 2,534.41 8,263.25 3. Removal of Ground Attachments Unit Quantity Bricks m2 95 Pond house m2 60 Shrimp compensation fee mu 85.87 Shrimp pond construction fee mu 85.87 Shrimp pond earthwork compensation fee mu (320 m3) 85.87

13 Interim Guideline on Collection and Use of Forest Restoration Fees, Ministry of Finance and State Forestry Administration, 2003.

Oxygen machine (water wheel type) No. 70 Oxygen machine (paddle wheel) No. 50 Self-made aerator No. 6 Generator set (70W) set 3 Generator set (50W) set 4 PPC water pipe (160mm) m 620 PPC water pipe (50mm) m 635 PPC water pipe (110mm) m 200 PPC water pipe (200mm) m 80 Water pump No. 15 Electrical poles (wood) No. 60 Electrical poles (cement) No. 8 Electrical wire m 2,500 Water gate m3 105 Watergate roof and floor m3 210 4. Infrastructures and Special Facilities Items Unit Quantity Cement concrete rods No. 62 Communication optical line m. 4,000 Overhead communication optical line m. 4,000 High-voltage electricity power line m. 4,000 Low -voltage electricity power line m. 4,000 Transformer No. 2 Street lighting No. 104 Source: Domestic resettlement plans, August 2010.

xiii) Socioeconomic Impacts

136. For the two new roads in Qinzhou, they will involve state-owned and individual-owned land acquisition and structure demolishment in Jingu Resident Committee and Jiduntou Resident Committee. A total of 8.59 mu of state-owned land (2.47 mu of state-owned Qinzhou City Marine Administration Base and 6.12 mu of individual-owned land), and affect 2 households and 22 persons. The permanent acquisition of collective land is 218.01 mu, including 103.74 mu (47.59%) farmland. The permanent land acquisition will affect 94 households or 317 persons. There is no temporary land occupation to be involved as temporary land use will be within the scope of permanent land acquisition.

137. A total of 8,263.25 m2 of residential houses will be demolished, relocating 51 households or 231 persons. Associated ground attachments, basic infrastructures and special facilities will also be affected, such as shrimp pond, cement concrete electricity pole, low-voltage power lines, high-voltage power lines, communication optical cable, road lighting, etc. Of the affected 51 rural households and 231 rural populations, 15 households and 63 persons are vulnerable (of which 11 households and 50 persons are living under minimum living guarantee and 4 women-headed households and 13 women).

138. For residential houses to be demolished under the two new roads, “cash compensation" or "house plot and cash compensation" will be paid to the affected people. They will move to the resettlement site of Jiduntou Resident Committee through purchase of commercial houses or economy houses or build their houses on the centralized and planned re-construction land of the Project. The households that have to be relocated will also receive a relocation allowance and relocation transit allowance. Compensation for ground attachments will be paid to the affected owners.

139. The cost estimate for land acquisition and resettlement is CNY 40.01 million or US$ 5.88 million at the prices of 2017, including compensation for permanent land acquisition, residential house demolishment, auxiliaries, relocation allowances, basic infrastructures and special facilities, relevant land taxes, M&E cost, other costs, and contingencies. The land acquisition and resettlement activities will occur between June 2017 and June 2018. Construction will not take place before the APs are fully compensated and relocated, and all arrangements are made to commence the livelihood rehabilitation activities and the APs are registered for these. A community based grievance address procedure has been well established and explanations are included in the RP and RIB. Internal and external monitoring of the RP implementation will be conducted to ensure successful implementation of the RP. Monitoring methodologies are specified in the RP. Internal supervision and monitoring will be done by the IA to ensure compliance with the provisions of the RP. The PMO and IA have agreed to a set of supervision milestones with ADB, to ensure timely and effective implementation of resettlement activities. An independent monitoring agency under contract to the PMO will carry out external monitoring and evaluation. External monitoring reports will be prepared every 6 months during implementation and annually for 2 years after completion of resettlement. These reports will be submitted to ADB, the PMO and the IA, and will be uploaded to the ADB website.

140. Social / Poverty Development Plan and Gender Action Plan. No other social risks and/or vulnerability are anticipated as a result of the project. The project construction workers will be engaged locally. Prevention and control of transmissible diseases and HIV/AIDS, and community disturbance training and sensitization will be provided to the contractors, as well as drug and human trafficking education will be provided the local communities, ensured in the loan assurances and monitored in the social action plans. Core labour standards will be implemented. Civil works contracts will stipulate priorities to (i) employ local people for works, (ii) ensure equal opportunities for women and men, (iii) pay equal wages for work of equal value, and to pay women’s wages directly to them; and (iv) not employ child or forced labour. Specific targets for employment have been included in the gender action plan (GAP).

xiv) Cumulative Impacts

141. The assessment of cumulative impacts began in the early 1970s when it was realized that proposed projects needed to be analyzed in relation to their location and surrounding land uses. Further, agencies that processed multiple concurrent permit approvals for similar types of projects also realized that such approvals needed to incorporate consideration of all applications in close spatial and temporal proximity to each other, as such actions often contribute to cumulative effects. A simple definition is as follows: “cumulative effects are changes to the environment that are caused by an action in combination with other past, present, and future human actions.” In practice, cumulative impacts are best dealt with by strategic environmental assessment (SEA), also referred to as Programmatic EIA in the US and Plan EIA in the PRC.

142. During the preparation of the domestic EIA, special attention was paid to the air pollution effect of the Qinzhou port industrial zone (QPIZ) on the Xincheng area as a centralized residential community for the entire QPIZ. The Qinzhou city urban master plan (2008-2020) and the plan EIA for the QPIZ were reviewed. The urban master plan covers the detailed locational analysis of the different functional zones and areas within the planned Qinzhou city urban area, including the environmental suitability; and the environmental chapter of the urban master plan contains the plans for urban pollution control facilities. The plan EIA covers, among other things, cumulative impacts of the proposed developments within the QPIZ, including the Xincheng area as a centralized residential community for the QPIZ.

143. According to the urban master plan, the maximum daily sewage generation is forecasted to be 54,000 m3/d, and the average daily sewage generation is estimated at 41,500 m2/d. The sewage will be collected through the sewerage network, which will be part of the proposed project roads, and transmitted to the Dalanping WWTP. Located at the corner of 8th avenue and 5th road within the Dalanping industrial subdivision, the Dalanping WWTP is operational since November 2015. The design capacity is 50,000 m3/d for the short-term (phase I), with room for expansion to 200,000 m3/d (phase II). The effluent will meet the class 1A of the PRC Pollutant Discharge Standard for Urban WWTPs (GB 18918-2002). It will be discharged into the Qinzhou bay whose quality will meet the class I of the PRC Marine Water Quality Standard (GB 3097- 1997).

144. The volume of solid waste for the Xincheng district is predicted to be 170 t/d when the district is fully developed. The solid waste will be transported to the Shimenkan sanitary landfill, about 18 km north of the Qinzhou port industrial zone. Occupying an area of 25.3 ha and coming into service in 2006 with a planned life of 25 years, the landfill has a capacity of 1.88 million m3 and daily processing capacity of 500 t/d. The landfill has a composting facility for manufacturing organic fertilizers. The leachate is collected and treated. The landfill design has taken into account the solid waste from the Xincheng district. The solid waste generated in the Xincheng district will be dropped by the individual households into the garbage containers. The containers will then be transported to the district transfer station where the recycles will be collected for sale to recycling stations. The remaining waste will be transported by sealed garbage trucks to the landfill. The garbage collection, transportation and disposal are the responsibility of the city’s urban sanitation bureau.

145. The air quality simulation conducted in the framework of the plan EIA took into consideration the background concentrations and the incremental emissions from the QZIP and the air-shed characteristics. The predicted air quality for the Xincheng area meets the designated class-II of the PRC Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-2012). The air quality predictions were made on the basis of background concentrations of the pollutants from the QPIZ and the contributions from the proposed project roads. Details of the air quality predictions can be found in an early section in this chapter.

146. Based on the due diligence review, the cumulative impacts for the two new roads are within the carrying capacities of the project area.

Figure 14: Dalanping WWTP (Operational since November 2015)

F. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

1. Environmental Considerations

147. During the project preparation, various alternatives have been proposed, screened against technical, economic, energy efficiency, as well as environmental criteria. In terms of the environmental consideration for the alternatives, the primary objective was to identify and adopt options with the least adverse environmental impacts and maximum environmental benefits. Alternatives were compared in terms of their potential environmental impact, the feasibility of mitigating these impacts, capital and recurrent costs, impacts on land acquisition and resettlement, suitability under local conditions, as well as emission reduction.

2. With and Without Project Alternatives

148. The proposed two roads target the most strategic transport infrastructure needs in the Qinzhou port area. To maximize potentials for strong growth and raise the living standard of the people, in particular the ethnic minorities, Guangxi Autonomous Region Government in its 11th FYP sets high priority to sustainable economic development, through construction and upgrading of the infrastructure, while protecting the environment. Improvement of the road network and accessibility and strengthening of environmental protection and management is crucial to achieving and sustaining inclusive growth in the Beibu Gulf cities. Efficient, safe, and environmentally sustainable roads and related infrastructure is needed to cope with the increasing demand as a result of the trade growth, industrial development and urbanization and also benefit the poor and ethnic minorities.

149. The without-project scenario would result in continued urban infrastructure shortage on quantity or lack of reliable good quality roads in the Qinzhou port area. The situation would gradually become worsened along with the pressure ascribed by growing population, economic development and the standard of living, weakened competitiveness of Qinzhou and its attractiveness for outside investments, impeded further development of the city and its economy as well as further improvement of the standard of living for its citizens.

150. Compared to the without-project alternative, the with-project alternative will contribute to have vehicular emission reductions and hence improved ambient air quality through more efficient motor vehicle operation, and shorter travel time. It is estimated that approximately 666,000 litres of fuel can be saved for the first 20 years of operation of the road networks, as a result of the improved road conditions. The use of LED lamps for street and traffic lights will result in savings of 98.55 million kWh of electricity during the first 20 years of operation of the project roads. The fuel and electricity savings will lead to the reduction of CO2 emission by 99,896 tons for the 20-year period, and the improvement of air quality in Qinzhou.

151. The project will also contribute to climate resilience. The road elevation of the Qinzhou Xincheng road network is raised to 7.8 m compared to the once-in-100-year flood level of 4.5 m, with significant benefit of climate resilience. Climate resilience will also be enhanced through the use of permeable interlocking blocks for pedestrian pavement. Pervious interlocking paving blocks bedded in coarse aggregate with 15% open cell area will have a permeability index up to 0.032~0.044 mm/s while the average yearly (1995-2005) maximum hourly rainfall for the three project cities is approximately 0.028 mm/s. This will effectively mitigate floods, protect drainage systems and recharge the groundwater aquifer, thus increasing the climate resilience of the project roads. The permeable paving blocks can also remove COD by 30%, SS by 60%, total nitrogen (TN) by 25% and total phosphorus (TP) by 25%.

152. The improved road conditions will also help reduce traffic congestion and accidents. Economic benefits will include higher efficiency in transporting local raw materials and finished goods to local and outside markets. More tangible and immediate benefits will be the increased employment opportunities directly related to construction and operation. Most of the estimated more than 500 person-months of unskilled labour during project implementation will go to the local communities. Indirect employment from related services will generate additional local income during the construction period. In the operational stage, an estimated 30 permanent employment positions related to road maintenance, and additional indirect employment opportunities from increased tourists and economic expansion will be created.

153. The project will incorporate enhancement measures for the mangroves to relieve the key threats. The current continued accumulation of garbage in the mangroves is one of the major threats to the mangroves; the project will clean the garbage and therefore remove this key threat.

3. Design Alternatives

i) Road Alignment

154. Consideration was given to the alignments of roads to ensure that they would improve connectivity to the transportation networks, both new and existing. The alignments were assessed based on a set of selected design criteria, including:

a) Connectivity to the national expressway network in Guangxi; b) Easy access to and from other roads in the region; c) Facilitation of the operation of the overall road networks of the city; d) Projected future regional traffic distribution; e) Easy access without going through downtown and industry areas; f) Minimizing civil works and avoiding sections with unfavourable geological conditions or difficult engineering works such as deep cuts or high fills; g) Minimize construction costs; h) Minimizing environmental impact along the routes; i) Minimizing land acquisition and resettlement; j) Reduce hauling distance for construction materials; k) Minimizing disturbance of existing roads and utilities; and, l) Incorporating the views of local people in selecting the location of proposed interchanges and the arrangement of pedestrian underpasses, and in designing the re-vegetation plan. m) The cross section of the section of the Binhai Highway with mangroves is now adjusted from the original design. The side separation zone on the south side of the road will adopt the minimum value of 1.5 m according to the clause 5.4.3 of in the PRC Urban Expressway Design Code (CJJ129-2009). The sidewalk on the south side of the road will adopt the minimum 2.0 m according to Clause 5.3.4 in the Urban Road Engineering Design Plan (CJJ37-2012). Thus, the red line on the south of the road will shift northward 3.5 m as a whole. Therefore, the road section with mangroves is able to avoid occupying mangroves.

ii) Road Pavement

155. Two alternatives were considered in the two road sub-components for road pavement structure, including cement concrete pavement and asphalt concrete pavement. The selection of the road pavement was based on traffic type and forecast, climate, soil and requirements like skid resistance, durability, thermal resistance, permeability, local material supply, hydro- geological conditions, comfort, noise emissions as well as costs of construction and O&M and in accordance with the PRC Specifications for Urban Road Design (CJJ 37-1992). A comparison of the pros and cons of asphalt and concrete pavements has been undertaken and the results are provided in Table 25. On the basis of the comparative analysis, asphalt pavement is adopted for the two roads.

Table 25: Comparison of Asphalt and Concrete Pavements Parameter Asphalt Concrete Load capacity Low High Driving comfort High Low Water stability Weak Strong Thermal stability Weak Strong Landscape effect Good Average Pavement performance Low noise, low vibration, low High noise, high vibration, high dazzle dazzle Design life 15 years 30 years Adaptability to subgrade High Low deformation Maintenance and repair Easy to maintain and repair Difficult to maintain and repair Traffic disturbance during repair Short traffic closure Long traffic closure Cost of repair and maintenance Low High Investment (CNY million) 1,033 660 Source: Domestic feasibility study, April 2017.

iii) Sidewalk

156. Four types of paving materials were considered for the pedestrian sidewalks. The most common types of sidewalk material in the PRC are concrete paving blocks. At present, most concrete paved blocks used in the PRC are non-permeable and the use of permeable blocks is yet not common. To demonstrate the commitment of the project cities to environmental protection and climate proofing, permeable pavers will be adopted for the two project roads. The permeable interlocking blocks used in the project will have a permeability index up to 0.032~0.044 mm/s while the average yearly (1995-2005) maximum hourly rainfall for the three project cities is approximately 0.028 mm/s. This will effectively keep storm water on site, mitigate floods, protect drainage systems and recharge the groundwater aquifer, thus increasing the climate resilience. The permeable paving blocks are estimate to also remove COD by 30%, SS by 60%, total nitrogen (TN) by 25% and total phosphorus (TP) by 25%.

Table 26: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Public Utility Conduit for Two New Roads Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4 6- cm concrete brick 4- cm granite 6- cm permeable brick 0.5- cm rubber 3- cm 1:3 concrete and 5- cm 1:5 cement-coarse 2- cm M10 grouting mortar 15 -cm C30 concrete sand dry mix sand dry-mix 15-cm C20 sand-free 10 -cm C20 concrete 10-cm C20 concrete 10-cm gravel macroporous concrete 10 -cm graded broken 10 -cm graded broken 10 -cm graded broken 10 -cm graded broken

stone stone stone stone Total thickness = 29 cm Total thickness = 26 cm Total thickness = 21 cm Total thickness = 25.5 cm Source: Domestic feasibility study, April 2017.

iv) Public Utility Conduit

157. Public utility conduits are widely used in developed countries but rarely in the PRC and none in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region cities. Although the initial investment is relatively high and inter-agency coordination is necessary, the use of public utility conduits can produce the following benefits: (i) avoidance of repeated opening of roads by different utility providers for installation, repair and maintenance; (ii) reduced costs of maintenance and repair; (iii) reduced risk of breakage and damage of underground public utilities which are estimated to cause an annual direct economic loss of CNY 5 billion and an annual indirect economic loss of CNY 40 billion for the country 14 ; and (iv) reduced annoyance and disturbance to drivers and local residents. Statistics show15 that: (i) the breaking of roads in Xiamen runs between 8 times per year (branch roads) and 28 times per year (artery roads); and (ii) reasons for road breaking include the construction of, in an ascending order, nature gas pipelines, sewage and storm sewers, water pipelines, telecommunication cables and power cables (Figure 15). A comparative cost analysis of public utility conduit with other alternatives was undertaken (Table 27). In spite of the high financial cost, the IA in Qinzhou has made the decision to adopt public utility conduits for the Xincheng road network. This will serve as a pilot, and which, if successful, will be promoted by the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region development and reform commission in other cities in the autonomous region.

Figure 15: Road Breaks (Left, Times/Year) and Reasons (Right) in Xiamen City

Table 27: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Public Utility Conduit for Two New Roads Integrated Public Utility Conduit Conventional Method Description All utility pipelines and cable (power, All pipelines are buried within the subgrade telecommunication, gas, water, sewage and under the sidewalk during the construction. heating, etc.) are placed in a conduit Maintenance and repair are done by breaking the road.

Implementation Need for inter-agency consultation, No need for inter-agency coordination, easy coordination and integrated management, to implement relatively difficult to implement O&M requirement Easy to O&M O&M is carried out separately, and will get increasingly difficult Direct financial costs Di rect costs: Direct costs: (a) Investment (about CNY 20,000/m) (a) Investment (about CNY 2,610/m) (b) O&M (about CNY 830/m) (b) O&M (CNY 0/m)

14 Li Jinfang, Pu Zhiming. 2009. A preliminary study of public utility conduits in Dongping new city, Guangdong province. Building Science, Technology and Management, Vol. 2009, No. 5. 15 When will we not repeated open up our roads? http://www.360doc.com/content/08/0415/17/60340_1192346.shtml.

External costs: (c) Reconstruction of pipelines (d) Road occupation fee (e) Capacity expansion

External costs (b)~(e) are estimated at CNY 6,000/m/a)

External n/a a) Reduced quality of road surface socioeconomic costs b) Increased traffic jam c) Reduced traffic safety

Direct benefit (a) Rental charges n/a (b) Avoided accidental breakages and leakages (c) Avoided loss of inspection well covers

External benefits (a) Social benefits: more efficient use of n/a underground space, land appreciation (c) Environmental benefits: avoided environmental impacts of road breaks (e.g., dust, noise) (d) Disaster prevention benefits: reduced incidence of accidents from all types of construction activities and geological and meteorological hazards

Relative long-term 0.6645 1 cost (over the life of the facilities)

Benefit-cost ratio 2.18 n/a (over the life of the facilities)

Note: Data compiled by PPTA consultants from various sources, including: (i) Guo Ying, Zhu Wenjun and Yang Jun. 2006. “Method and case study on the cost-benefit analysis of urban multiple-purpose tunnel”, Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 1,236-1,239; (ii) Xue Weichen, Wang Hengdong and Hu Xiang. 2009. “Economic analysis of the pre-fabricated, pre-stressed public conduit for Shanghai expo park”. Special Structures, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 101-104; (iii) “Feasibility study report of the urban public conduit for Phoenix Xincheng district, Tangshan city”, July 2009; (iv) Zhao Qianyu. 2009. “Analysis of healthy development of urban underground “blood vein” – preliminary review of urban public conduits and conventional pipelines”, Engineering and Architecture, 2009, No. 4, pp.44-45; (v) Qiu Yuting. 2008. “Investment and financing model analysis for utility tunnels in Chinese cities”, a dissertation submitted to Tongji University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Management, March 2008; (vi) Xu, Lijuan. 2007. “Control and management of the costs of municipal facilities”, Urban Roads, Bridges and Flood Control, 2007, No. 7, pp.179-179; (vii) Nie Yongping, et al. 2004. “Cost analysis of public conduits”, Underground Space, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp.377-378; and (viii) Jiang Qunfeng and Zhu Gehong. 2002. “Preliminary analysis of urban public conduits”, Metallurgical Design and Research, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp.46-53.

v) Bridge Engineering

158. Two alternatives have been compared for bridge construction. The alternative of 20-m precast box beam is selected for proper span and clearance ratio, space proportion coordination, comfort and visual aesthetics.

Table 28: Comparison of Bridge Engineering Methods Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Method 20 -m precast box beam Pre -cast hallow slab Construction easiness Hoist weight, 30 tons; mature technology; Hoist weight, 15 tons; mature technology; no foundation required in water foundation required in water Usage Good performance, fewer wet joints Average performance, larger number of wet joints Visual beauty Good Poor Bridge area 1,942 m2 2,244 m2

vi) Street Lighting

159. Two street lighting alternatives were compared, including (i) high-pressure sodium lights, and (ii) LED lights. Both schemes can meet the required lighting standards, but LED light consumes significantly less electricity. According to ADB’s policy to promote pollution prevention and abatement and the national energy conservation policy, LED light was adopted. The comparison of the two alternatives for the two project roads as an illustration is presented in Table 29.

Table 29: Comparison of Lighting Schemes for Two New Roads High-Pressure Sodium Light LED Light Indicator (PHILIPS-400W) (PHILIPS-BRP363-240W) Note Light efficiency (Lm/w) 120 120 Equal Life expectancy (h) 10,000 50,000 LED is better Contains mercury and Environment No mercury and lead LED is better lead Daily power consumption 6 kWH 3 kWh LED is better (12 hours) SO 2 emission (0.03 0.18 kg 0.09 kg LED is better kg/kWh) CO 2 emission 5.98 kg 2. 99 kg LED is better (0.997 kg/kWh) High pressure sodium Price CNY 1,400/lamp CNY8,000/lamp light is better Maintenance cost CNY 200/lamp/year CNY 25/lamp/year LED is better Annual saved electric cost Electricity price: CNY CNY 1,090 by LED Lamp 0.79/Kwh Annual saved electric and maintenance costs Saved cost by LED light CNY 7,812 multiplied by 11 minus during usage life (11 years) increased initial investment in LED

vii) Stormwater Pipes

160. Five pipe materials for stormwater sewers have been compared (table below). In consideration of the soil characteristics and the high-salt content, HDPE steel-winding pipe is selected for its light weight, strength, pressure-bearing, resistance to low temperature, resistance to acidity and alkalinity, and easiness to construction.

Table 30: Comparison of Stormwater Pipe Materials HDPE Steel-Winding PE Double-Wall U- PVC Corrugated Cement Concrete

Pipe Corrugated Pipe Pipe Pipe high -density high -density Ingredient hard polvinyl choride portland cement polyethylene polyethylene Diameter DN200-DN2000 DN150-DN800 DN200-DN500 DN200-DN1600 Flexible, curved in an No elasticity, the Flexible, curved in an Not flexible and easily effective length, foundation of the effective length, broken and can only Ring compliance conforming to the settlement, the pipe conforming to the be used in straight direction of the easily broken, direction of the groove grooves groove。 dislocation Material is non-toxic, Material is non-toxic, Joint is easy to leak, the joint does not material is poisonous, the joint seal is not and the pipe itself will Environmental leak, the pipe can the joint is easy to good, cannot seal the be soaked and may characteristics seal the water well, leak, and may cause water well, may cause cause secondary may cause secondary secondary pollution secondary pollution pollution pollution Speed of Fast Fast Fast Slow installation Cost of High High Low Quite low construction Socket connection, Socket connection Socket connection Hot melt connection to steel wire mesh belt, Attended mode may not close the shall not seal the seal water well cannot seal the water water well water well well Earth works Small Small Quite small Great Life 50 yrs 50 yrs 50 yrs 30 yrs Roughness Low Low Low High Corrosion Excellent Excellent Good Poor resistance D ouble-wall, steel- S ingle-wall Pipe structure D ouble-wall extrusion Cement winding corrugation Cost High High Low Medium

G. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

1. Information Disclosure and Public Consultations to Date

161. Information disclosure and public consultations have also been undertaken for the two newly proposed roads. A total of 75 questionnaires were distributed to local communities, and 70 were returned. The information disclosure and public consultations are shown in the following tables and figures.

Table 31: Public Information Disclosure for Two New Roads in Qinzhou Date of Disclosure Location / Format Regulatory Requirement 19 December 2016 Project communities M EP-2006[28] 17 January 2017 Local government webpage, public questionnaire M EP-2006[28]

Table 32: Demographic Features of Respondents for Two New Roads in Qinzhou Demographic Features Statistics (% of Total) Male Female Gender 51 14 18～30 31～40 41～50 >50 Age structure 26 27 6 6 High School / Primary Middle Co llege Education Post-Secondary 6 24 18 17 Worker Fa rmer Te chnical Other Em ployment 4 35 4 22

Figure 16: First Information Disclosure for Two New Roads in Qinzhou

Figure 17: Public Meetings for Two New Roads in Qinzhou

Figure 18: Second Information Disclosure for Two New Roads in Qinzhou

2. Consultation Results

162. Public consultation results for the two new roads in Qinzhou are presented in Table 33. The adoption / rejection of major public recommendations is presented in Table 34.

Table 33: Public Consultation Results for Two New Roads in Qinzhou No. of Question Answer Respondents % 1. Knowledge about the A. Knowledgeable 42 60

project B. Somewhat 21 30 C. Not knowledgeable 7 10 2. Impact on local A. Positive impact 61 87 socio-economic B. Negative impact 2 3 development C. No impact 7 10 A . Air pollution 36 52 B. Water pollution 30 43 3. Construction impact C. Noise 37 53 on you (can choose D. Solid waste 0 0 more than one) E. Ecological impact 22 31 E . Other 0 0 A. Air 25 36 4. Existing local B. Water 40 57 environmental problems C. Dust 15 21 (can choose more than D. Noise 4 6 one) E. Other 13 18 A. Positive impact 56 80 5. Project impact on B. Negative impact acceptable in view of future your own work and life 14 20 travel convenience 6. Attitude toward A . Can accept 30 43 temporary construction B. Can accept but with mitigation measures 32 46 impact C. Will complaint 8 11 7. Recommendations to A. Landscaping 58 83 mitigate operational B. Sound barrier 22 32 traffic noise (can C. Sound-proof windows 27 38 choose more than one) D. Other 0 0 A. Agree 52 74 8. Agree to project B. Don 0 0 construction ’t agree C. Don’t care 18 26

Table 34: Adoption / Rejection of Public Recommendations Recommendation Status of Adoption / Rejection 1. Suspend construction between 10 pm and 6 am Adopted 2. Heavy equipment be installed with noise-abatement apparatus Adopted 3. Vehicles transporting loose materials covered with tarpaulins Adopted 4. Water spraying during dry and windy days to suppress dust Adopted 5. Sound barriers for sections near residential buildings Adopted 6. Properly compensating affected persons by LAR Adopted

163. A comprehensive due diligence study on the potential impact of the Binhai Highway on the coastal mangroves was conducted by the Guangxi Mangrove Research Center. The study proposed / agreed to the use of construction fences and retaining walls to protect the mangroves during construction and operation phases. The recommendations were fully incorporated into the project design. Details can be found in Appendix 3.

3. Future Information Disclosure and Public Consultation Program

164. Information disclosures and public consultations to safeguard the environment and local communities will continue throughout construction and into the operation phase. During construction, the consultations will be undertaken regularly in the forms of formal questionnaire surveys and informal interviews, by the environmental safeguard specialists (as external

monitor) and social safeguard specialists of the loan implementation consultancy (LIC), of the local residents living in the project areas, especially those around the construction sites. The consultations will focus on public complaints about community annoyances from construction activities, such as construction noise and dust, as well as public concerns about the environment and resettlement. Immediate adjustments will be undertaken to address any public complaints and concerns. During the first two years of operations, the EEM and LIC will continue with the regular public consultation program. Thereafter, public complaints and concerns will be channeled through the city EPB hotlines. Workshops are proposed on the measured impacts and the effectiveness of the implementation of mangrove mitigation measures. All environmental monitoring reports during loan implementation will be available at www.adb.org.

H. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

1. Objectives of Grievance Redress Mechanism

165. A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) has been established to prevent and address community concerns, reduce risks, and assist the project to maximize environmental and social benefits. In addition to serving as a platform to resolve grievances, the GRM has been designed to help achieve the following objectives: (i) open channels for effective communication, including the identification of new environmental and social issues of concern arising from the project; (ii) demonstrate concerns about community members and their environmental and social well-being; (iii) prevent and mitigate any adverse environmental and social impacts on communities caused by project implementation and operations; (iv) improve mutual trust and respect and promote productive relationships with local communities; and (v) build community acceptance of the project’s “social license” to operate.

166. The GRM is accessible to diverse members of the community, including more vulnerable groups such as women and youth. Multiple points of entry, including face-to-face meetings, written complaints, telephone conversations, or e-mail, are available. Opportunities for confidentiality and privacy for complainants should be honored where this is seen as important.

2. Current Practice in the PRC

167. Currently, when residents or organizations are negatively affected by project activities, they may complain to the contractor and IA by themselves or through their community committee, or complain directly to the district/city EPB before they finally appeal to the court. In case a problem happens during the construction, they usually complain to the contractors first if they believe the construction is the source of the problem. If the contractors' responses are unsatisfactory, they will contact the district / city EPB, who will first record the complaints and then go to the site to listen to explanations from the contractors’ side. In case of discrepancies, the district/city EPB may need to consult with the IA or environmental supervision engineer to acquire relevant information. This kind of fact finding or site investigation is usually time intensive, delaying the mediation process. The major weaknesses of the current system are (i) lack of a specialized unit to address grievances; and (ii) no timeframe for the grievance redress mechanism.

3. Grievance Redress Mechanism for the Project

168. A grievance officer has been appointed in the GPMO since the start of the PPTA. The GPMO grievance officer has been advising and supervising the EIA institute in conducting the information disclosures and public consultations. In consultation with the EA, IA, and PIC, it is agreed that each PIC will establish a project public complaints center (PPCC). The PPCC will be managed by the two members of the environmental management unit (EMU) of the PIC. The PPCC’s contact information will be disclosed to the people through a notice board at the project site. When a complaint arises, people will contact the respective PPCC and which will initiate the GRM. The PPCC will instruct the contractor, PIC and construction supervisors if people complain about the project. The PPCC will coordinate with the local government or the EPB, if necessary, and will be supported by the environmental safeguard specialists of the project management consultancy services.

169. The contractor will also assign the on-site project engineer / manager to act as the onsite environmental engineer (OEE). The name and contact details of the OEE will also be

posted at the notice board at the construction site. When the OEE receives a compliant from a local community member, s/he will immediately report to the PPCC who will determine a course of redress.

170. The tracking and documenting of grievances and resolutions within the PPCC will include the following elements: (i) tracking forms and procedures for gathering information from project personnel and complainant(s); (ii) dedicated staff to update the database routinely; (iii) systems with the capacity to analyze information so as to recognize grievance patterns, identify any systemic causes of grievances, promote transparency, publicize how complaints are being handled, and periodically evaluate the overall functioning of the mechanism; (iv) processes for informing stakeholders about the status of a case; and (v) procedures to retrieve data for reporting purposes, including the periodic reports to the GPMO and the GPMO’s report to the ADB.

4. Types of Grievances Expected and Eligibility Assessment

171. Public grievances addressed by the GRM will most likely relate to environmental issues during the construction phase, as comprehensive consultations with potentially affected people conducted during project preparation confirmed their basic support to the project. Grievances will include damage to public roads due to heavy vehicle operation and transportation of heavy equipment and materials; disturbance of traffic and increased traffic congestion; dust emissions; construction noise, rock blasting and vibration; soil erosion; disposal of waste materials in inappropriate places; loss of income; damage to private houses; safety measures for the protection of the general public and construction workers; water quality deterioration; etc. Construction-related grievances can be numerous, and managing them is the contractor’s responsibility under its contract with the PIC.

172. Once a complaint is received and filed, the PPCC will identify if complaints are eligible. Eligible complaints include those where (i) the complaint pertains to the project; and (ii) the issues arising in the complaint fall within the scope of environmental issues that the GRM is authorized to address. Ineligible complaints include those where: (i) the complaint is clearly not project-related; (ii) the nature of the issue is outside the mandate of the environment GRM (such as issues related to resettlement, allegations of fraud or corruption); and (iii) other company or community procedures are more appropriate to address the issue. Complaints illegible to the project or the environmental GRM will be recorded and passed onto relevant authorities. If an eligible complaint is rejected, the complainant will be informed of the decision and the reasons for rejection.

5. GRM Steps and Timeframe

173. Procedures and timeframes for the grievance redress process are already in place for the ADB-financed roads in construction (see Figure 19). The two roads will follow the same grievance process.

(i) Stage 1: If a concern arises during construction, the affected person will submit the complaint to the contractor directly (OEE or any onsite construction personnel) or through GRM access points (community leaders, neighborhood organizations, district EPB). Whenever possible, the contractor will resolve the issue of concern directly with the affected person. The contractor will give a clear reply within one week. If successful, the contractor will inform the PPCC accordingly.

(ii) Stage 2: If not successful, the affected person will submit an oral or written complaint to the PPCC by themselves or through GRM access points. For an oral complaint, the PPCC must make written records properly and report to the city PMO and GPMO. The PPCC will consult the complainant, the contractor, the city PMO and other relevant parties, assess the eligibility of the complaint, identify solutions and give a clear reply within two weeks. The environment specialists of the project management consultancy services will assist the PPCC in replying to the affected person. The contractors during construction and the PICs/operators during operation should implement the agreed-upon redress solution and convey the outcome to the PPCC within one week;

(iii) Stage 3: If the affected person is still not satisfied with the proposed solution, PPCC will forward the formal complaint to the GRM coordinator (GPMO). The GPMO must identify a solution and prepare a clear reply in consultation with the complainant, GEPD, city EPB, city PMO, the PIC and the environment specialists of the project management consultancy services, and submit it to the affected person within two weeks. The contractors during construction and the PICs/operators during operation should implement the agreed-upon redress solution and convey the outcome to the PPCC and the GPMO within two weeks;

(iv) Stage 4: If the affected person is still not satisfied with the proposed solution, GPMO will inform the ADB project team and submit all relevant documents within one week. The ADB project team will assess the situation, contact the affected person and Government project counterparts and design and implement the course of actions. This whole step shall take no more than 30 days.

(v) Stage 5: If the affected people are still not satisfied with the reply in Stage 4, s/he can go through local judicial proceedings.

6. Special Considerations for Coastal Mangroves

174. Given their environmental sensitivity, the coastal mangroves along the Binhai Highway, will be closely monitored by the construction supervision company and by loan implementation environmental consultant (LIEC). The monitoring will cover the impacts, implementation of performance of mitigation measures and additional corrective actions when necessary.

175. Quarterly reports will be prepared in English and Chinese by the construction supervision company and the loan implementation environmental consultant and submitted to the GPMO, the IA and ADB. The monitoring report will include but not being limited to the following: i) impacts on the mangroves; ii) implementation and effectiveness of mitigation measures; iii) community views and suggestions; and iv) recommendations for additional corrective actions when necessary.

Solve problem Solve Operators Contractors, Complainant, EPB,PMO, PIC, Operators Contractors, Operators PMO,PIC, Contractors, EPB,GEPD, Complainant,EA, consult advise consult advise Solution found District EPBs (SpecialMission) ADB ADB ProjectTeam grievance Oral Oral or written Solution not found Inform solved, if Forward if solvednot Inform solved, if Forward if solvednot PPCC(PIC) design/operation GRM(GPMO)Coordinator Solution found Grievancerelated to Grievances/complaintsby individuals, groups, or institutions Communityleaders, neighborhood organizations, local authorities, etc. PMO/EA/PIC/operator GRMentry points Implementsolution Solution found grievance Oral Oral or written Contractor/PIC Grievancerelated toconstruction : Proposed Project Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) (GRM) Mechanism Redress Grievance Project : Proposed 19 Step 4 Step Step 1 Step Step 2 Step Step 3 Step -14 days) -14 ax. 2 weeks) 2 ax. (7 (max. 1 week) (max. 1 (max. 1 month) (max. 1 (m (max. 3 months) (max. 3 Implementation

Figure

I. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

1. Objectives

176. An addendum EMP has been developed for the two roads. The addendum EMP defines all potential impacts of the project components and the mitigation and enhancement measures with the objectives of avoiding or reducing these impacts to acceptable levels, and defining the institutional arrangements and mechanisms, the roles and responsibilities of different institutions, procedures and budgets for implementation of the EMP. It seeks to ensure continuously improving environmental protection activities during preconstruction, construction, and operation in order to prevent, reduce, or mitigate adverse impacts and risks. The EMP draws on the domestic EIA and EMP, PPTA and ADB TA and loan review mission discussions and agreements with the relevant government agencies.

177. The addendum EMP is presented in Appendix 1. The EMP will be reviewed and updated at the end of the detailed design in order to be consistent with the final detailed design.

178. For the existing six ADB-financed roads (or road sections), either completed or under construction, the EMP has been properly complied with. This will lay a good foundation for full compliance with the addendum EMP for the two newly proposed roads.

2. Mitigation Measures

179. The EMP contains measures to mitigate the potential environmental impacts and risks. The responsibilities for implementing and supervising these measures are also assigned to different agencies. Details of the mitigation measures can be found in Appendix 1.

3. Organizational Structure for Environmental Management

180. As the executive agency, the Government of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region will have the overall accountability for the overall project and its subprojects for ensuring compliance with the PRC’s laws and regulations as well as the provisions of ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS 2009). As the implementing agency, the Qinzhou municipal government (QMG) will be accountable for ensuring the implementation of the environmental management plan and coordinating the environmental audit and monitoring of the two roads. The project implementing company (PIC) on behalf of the QMG will be responsible for ensuring the implementation of the specific mitigation measures in cooperation with contractors as contained in the EMP.

181. The GZAR Project Management Office (GPMO) will be responsible for setting up the environmental management system, consisting of inspection, monitoring, reporting, and initiating corrective actions or measures. In the engineering design stage, EA, IA and PIC will pass the EMP to the design institutes for incorporating mitigation measures into the detailed design. The EMP will be updated at the end of the detail design, submitted to GPMO and ADB for review, and finally be passed to the construction contractors. To ensure that the contractor will comply with the addendum EMP’s provisions, GPMO, Qinzhou PMO and PIC will prepare and provide the following specification clauses for incorporation into the bidding procedures: i) a list of environmental management requirements to be budgeted by the bidders in their proposals; ii) environmental clauses for contractual terms and conditions, and iii) the domestic EIA and addendum EMP for compliance. The PIC will nominate dedicated, trained, and qualified environment specialists.

182. The loan implementation consulting services have been in place. It includes one national and one international environment specialist. The loan implementation consultancy will assist the Qinzhou PMO to supervise the compliance with ADB safeguard policies and PRC environmental protection laws and regulations. The loan implementation environmental consultant will serve as the external environmental monitor (EEM) to monitor and oversee the EMP implementation and assist the GPMO to fulfill the environmental reporting requirements. A licensed environmental institute (LEI), already in place for monitoring the ADB-financed roads under construction, will serve as the internal environmental monitor (IEM). The IEM will undertake air, water and noise samples and laboratory analysis to determine the compliance with the applicable emission and ambient standards. The internal monitoring results will be used by the EEM to prepare the semi-annual environmental report.

183. Upon completion of the two roads and within three months of trial operation, a licensed environmental institute (LEI) will be recruited by the PIC to conduct the project completion environmental audit. The LEI will prepare the project completion environmental audit report and submit to the city EPB for review and approval.

184. The PIC will set up an environmental management unit (EMU) that will generally require two employees. The EMU will be responsible for: (i) implementing the addendum EMP and developing further implementation details; (ii) supervising contractors’ implementation of mitigation measures during construction; (iii) implementing training programs for contractor; (iv) incorporating environmental management, monitoring, and mitigation measures into construction and operation management plans; (v) developing and implementing internal regular environmental monitoring; (vi) redressing public grievances; and (vii) reporting performance of the EMP to GPMO, Qinzhou PMO, PIC and responsible agencies.

185. The Qinzhou EPB, delegated by GEPD, will ensure the compliance with the PRC and local environmental regulations through regular and random environmental compliance monitoring and inspection during construction and operation. The environmental monitoring station (EMS) under the Qinzhou EPB will conduct the environmental compliance monitoring and inspection.

186. The construction contractor will be responsible for implementing mitigation measures during construction. They will designate an onsite environmental engineer (OEE) for each construction site to oversee the implementation of the mitigation measures in accordance with the environmental provisions in the construction contract.

187. Given the environmental sensitivity of the coastal mangroves, the construction supervision company and loan implementation environmental consultant will monitor the environmental impacts and performance of mitigation measures and provide advice on additional corrective actions. They will meet at least every three months or more frequently in case of emergencies. They will inspect the construction site and the mangroves at least twice a week during the construction period, and daily during peak construction.

188. Environmental training will be essential for Qinzhou PMO, PIC, contractor to implement the EMP. The PIC will be responsible for organizing training programs, which will cover (i) environmental laws, regulation and policies; (ii) implementing mitigation measures; (iii) environmental technologies and procurement; (iv) environmental monitoring and supervision; and (v) documentation and reporting. The training program will be delivered by the loan implementation consultancy.

189. A detailed summary of the roles and responsibilities of different institutions in the implementation of the addendum EMP is provided in Appendix 1.

4. Monitoring, Inspection and Reporting

190. Internal and external monitoring will be undertaken to oversee the implementation of the addendum EMP and monitor the actual environmental impacts that will occur. The internal environmental monitoring that requires field sampling and laboratory analysis of emissions and ambient environmental quality with respect to air, water and noise will be done by the licensed environmental institute (LEI). The internal monitoring will also cover non-quantitative parameters such as solid waste management and soil erosion control, and it will be carried out through visual inspections by the onsite environmental engineer (OEE) of the construction contractor and the EMU officers of the PIC. GPMO and Qinzhou PMO officers will join the internal monitoring and inspection activities from time to time.

191. External monitoring is the responsibility of the loan implementation environmental consultant. The LIEC as the external environmental monitor (EEM) will receive and analyze the internal environmental reports (both quantitative and non-quantitative). They will also participate in field inspections together with the OEE and EMU officers or undertake independent field inspections to verify the implementation of the addendum EMP.

192. Compliance monitoring will be carried out by the environmental monitoring station (EMS) in each city. The EMS will conduct regular and random environmental monitoring activities before and during construction and operation, as well as in the event of emergencies.

193. The internal field and analytical monitoring report will be prepared by the LEI on a quarterly basis. An internal inspection report will be prepared for each inspection. All internal monitoring reports will be submitted to the PIC, Qinzhou PMO and GPMO on a quarterly basis. The GPMO will use the internal environmental monitoring reports and the field inspection reports to prepare, with assistance from the LIEC of the loan implementation consultancy as the external monitor, the semi-annual environmental monitoring report in both Chinese and English languages and submit to the EA and ADB within four weeks past the reporting period. The semi- annual environmental monitoring report will cover but not being limited to the following: (i) the extent and severity of the environmental impacts against the predicted impacts, (ii) performance or effectiveness of the environmental protection measures or compliance with pertinent rules and regulations, (iii) trends in impacts, (iv) overall effectiveness of the addendum EMP, and (v) the need for taking additional mitigation measures.

194. Quarterly reports on the monitoring of the mangroves will be prepared in English and Chinese languages and submitted to the GPMO and ADB. The reports will cover the implementation status of the mitigation measures for the mangroves, actual impacts vs. the forecasted impacts on the mangroves and the heron population, and recommendations for corrective actions and additional measures if necessary.

195. Moreover, within three months after completion, or no later than one year with permission of the city EPB, a project completion environmental audit report shall be: (i) prepared by a licensed environmental monitoring institute in accordance with the PRC Guideline on Project Completion Environmental Audit (2001); (ii) reviewed for approval of the official commencement of roads operation by environmental authorities; and (iii) finally reported to ADB. The environmental acceptance reports of the subproject completions will indicate the timing,

extent, effectiveness of completed mitigation and of maintenance, and the needs for additional mitigation measures and monitoring during operations.

5. Mechanism for Grievance Redress and for Feedback and Adjustment

196. A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) has been established to prevent and address community concerns, reduce risks, and assist the project to maximize environmental and social benefits. In addition to serving as a platform to resolve grievances, the GRM has been designed to help achieve the following objectives: (i) open channels for effective communication, including the identification of new environmental and social issues of concern arising from the project; (ii) demonstrate concerns about community members and their environmental and social well-being; (iii) prevent and mitigate any adverse environmental and social impacts on communities caused by project implementation and operations; (iv) improve mutual trust and respect and promote productive relationships with local communities; and (v) build community acceptance of the project’s “social license” to operate. The grievance redress mechanism entails a grievance focal point in the GPMO and a project public complaint center for the PIC. The procedure and reporting requirement of the grievance redress mechanism have also been defined. Details can be found in Chapter G.

197. Based on the inspection and monitoring reports, environmental authorities will decide whether: (i) further mitigation measures are required as corrective action, or (ii) improvement is required to environmental management practices. If it is found during the monitoring and inspection exercise that there has been substantial deviation from the addendum EMP or any changes made to any of the subprojects, which may cause substantial adverse environmental impacts or an significant increase in the number of affected people, the GPMO should consult with the GEPD and ADB immediately and form an EIA team to conduct additional environmental assessment and, if necessary, further public consultation. The revised EIA report will be submitted to the environmental authorities for review and approval and to ADB.

6. Environmental Management Capacity in Qinzhou

198. The EPB in each city consist of five sections and three institutions. The five sections cover EIA, pollution control and planning, regulatory affairs and public education, public information office, and general administration. The three institutions include the environmental monitoring station (fully government funded), inspection and enforcement brigade (fully government funded), and the environmental science research institute (partially government funded). The environmental science research institute holds a class B EIA certificate issued by MEP.

199. The Qinzhou environmental monitoring station is certified on an annual basis by the national environmental monitoring network. The environmental monitoring stations is fully staffed and equipped for compliance monitoring (existing pollution sources and completion inspection and monitoring of new projects) and ambient air and water quality and noise monitoring. The environmental monitoring station provides more than 30,000~40,000 monitoring data each year. Regular professional training is provided by the national, provincial, and local environmental authorities and monitoring centers for knowledge and skills upgrading.

200. Ambient air quality monitoring is done regularly at several monitoring points in Qinzhou where automated continuous monitoring of SO2, NO2, and PM10 is undertaken. According to MEP and Guangxi EPD requirements, air quality, in the form of the air pollution index, is

reported daily to the Guangxi EPD and published on a daily basis to the general public via the internet and local television.

36. The Qinzhou EPB is a member of the Qinzhou PMO. Its representatives have participated in discussions during the PPTA and ADB review missions. The EPB is fully committed to supporting and supervising the implementation of the addendum EMP, including the recommended mitigation measures.

J. CONCLUSION

1. Overall Conclusion

201. This EIA addendum concludes that the project will have substantial socioeconomic and environmental benefits resulting from improvements in urban transportation. Conventional engineering designs with proven records of reliable performance will be adopted for the construction of roads, and for the installation of related municipal infrastructures along the roads. The feasibility was carefully examined against local conditions including future demand projections for road traffic and concluded as adequate. Alternative analyses were also complemented to select the most appropriate options. Particular attention was given to the coastal mangroves along the Binhai Highway, by examining various design option and selecting the design options that will effectively protect the mangroves. The new infrastructure will be environmentally sound in its design, siting, construction and operation. Although adverse environmental impacts are anticipated during the construction and operation of the project, mitigation measures set out in the environmental management plan and closely scrutinized following the environmental monitoring plan are expected to fully mitigate these potential impacts, with particular attention to the protection of mangrove forests in the project area. The residual impacts, including those on the coastal mangroves, are assessed to be insignificant.

2. Main Risks and Environmental Safeguard Assurances

202. One of the major environmental risks for the roads is the accidental release of hazardous and toxic substances during the transportation process. The two roads are a major transport route in the Qinzhou Port area, and the risk is relatively high. During project preparation, extensive consultations were undertaken with the municipal environmental emergency response leading groups and the Qinzhou municipal environmental emergency response command office. The project roads will be covered by the existing environmental emergency preparedness and response systems which are judged to be adequate. The mitigation measures will reduce the risk to an acceptable level.

203. Another major potential risk identified during the scoping and screening exercise relates to the impact of the Binhai Highway on the coastal mangroves. The risks of the road on the mangroves have been thoroughly examined. The proposed road expansion and construction is within the existing redline; and through adjustment to design, the avoidance of mangrove removal is assured. The construction supervision company and loan implementation environmental consultant will monitor the environmental impacts and performance of mitigation measures and provide advice on additional corrective actions. With the implementation of mitigation, protection and supervision measures, the impact on the mangroves is judged to be insignificant. The costs of mitigation measures have been incorporated into the overall project investment budget. With the implementation of the mitigation, monitoring and supervision measures, the risk to the mangroves will be reduced to an acceptable level.

204. The following assurances will be acted up by the IA and PIC to ensure the effective implementation of the measures and mechanisms for mitigating the potential impacts and risks and for enhancing the environmental and social benefits of the project:

i. GZARG and QMG shall, and shall cause the PIC / POC to ensure that all project facilities are built, operated, maintained, and monitored in strict conformity with: (i) all applicable laws and regulations, including national and local regulations and standards for environmental protection, health, labor, and occupational

safety; and ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009); (ii) all environmental mitigation and monitoring measures detailed in the EIA, addendum EIA and EMP for the project. GZARG will cause the IA to incorporate such mitigation and monitoring measures into the design and bidding documents and construction contracts. GZARG and QMG will ensure that the contractor is supervised to ensure compliance with requirements of the addendum EMP, applicable laws and regulations and ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). ii. Throughout project implementation, GZARG and QMG will cause the PIC to review any changes to the project design that may potentially cause negative environmental impacts, and in consultation with ADB, revise environmental monitoring and mitigation measures as necessary to assure full environmental compliance. GZARG will provide to ADB within 60 days, justification for any proposed changes to the mitigation measures required during design, construction, and operations, if any changes to the addendum EIA must be implemented for safety or emergency reasons. iii. GZARG and QMG shall establish and maintain a grievance redress mechanism (GRM) as agreed in the addendum EIA to receive and facilitate resolution of affected peoples’ concerns, complaints, and grievances about the project’s environmental impacts. GZARG shall ensure that GPMO appoints and trains one grievance officer to coordinate the project GRM, establish a grievance register, and report to ADB in the framework of the semi-annual environment progress reporting. QMG shall ensure the effective operation of project public complaint center in the PIC. GZARG and QMG shall ensure that the contractor and potentially affected people are informed on the GRM timeframe and procedures, their rights and duties, prior to project implementation. iv. GZARG and QMG will cause the PIC to ensure that sufficient resources and fulltime personnel are provided in monitoring EMP implementation. GZARG will ensure that the PICs provide quarterly environmental monitoring reports throughout the construction period to the GPMO, which will in turn prepare and submit to ADB semiannual environmental reports in a format acceptable to ADB until the completion of the Project. Such reports shall be provided to ADB from the commencement of the Project Implementation until the Project Completion and shall include (a) progress made on mitigation measures and monitoring, (b) problems encountered, and (c) corrective action plan in the event of any violation of the Borrower’s environmental standard, rules, regulations and laws having occurred. v. GZARG and QMG will ensure that the capacity-building program described in the EMP is implemented as planned from the date of engagement of the project management consultant until the physical project completion. vi. GZARG and QMG shall ensure that emergency preparedness and response mechanisms are developed for the project components, and that these mechanisms are incorporated into the emergency preparedness and response system of the respective cities, districts and industrial zones. vii. GZARG and QMG shall strengthen their capacity on (i) O&M of road and wastewater treatment plant, (ii) transport planning for emergency response, (iii)

traffic safety, and (iv) non-motorized transport including for bicycle and pedestrians and public outreach in connection with non-motorized transport. viii. Regarding the urban roads to be constructed under the project, GZARG and QMG shall, and shall cause PICs to ensure: (i) installation of light emitting diode (LED) or equivalent energy-saving technology for street lights and traffic lighting system for QMG, (ii) installation of public conduit to the planned roads as an innovative engineering measures for better long-term environmental and economic benefit for QMG, and (iii) use of permeable surface for sidewalk to the planned road for sustainable district drainage system for QMG. ix. GZARG and QMG shall ensure, and shall cause the PIC to ensure that (i) design recommendations on road safety provided during project preparation are incorporated into the project bidding documents; (ii) road safety inspection are carried out and recommendations of these inspection are taken into account, prior to and after the opening of the roads to the traffic; and (iii) road safety awareness program is implemented in roadside communities and communities are encouraged to participate and provide feedback on road and traffic safety design and operation of the project roads. x. QMG will ensure that the demolition of project affected buildings will follow national regulations on disposal of construction waste, and will be done with the EPB’s approval and supervision. QMG will ensure that a visual inspection is conducted by licensed institutes prior to demolition of these buildings to confirm absence of asbestos or asbestos containing materials (ACM). If presence of asbestos is confirmed, QMG will ensure that an asbestos management plan is developed for all affected buildings. The QMG will cause the PIC to ensure that the contractor receive adequate training on asbestos management, occupational health and safety, and that the demolition of the affected buildings is conducted and supervised in conformity with the approved management plans. xi. GZARG and QMG shall ensure, that (i) in coordination with the local health bureaus, the contractors are made to disseminate information on the risks of socially and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV / AIDS, to their employees, temporary laborers and their family members, and subcontractors during project implementation; (ii) ensure that public environmental awareness and education programs on health and hygiene behavior and properly managing wastewater and solid waste disposal; and (ii) specific provisions to this effect are included in the works contracts and are monitored and reported semi-annually to ADB. xii. GZARG shall develop (i) appropriate guidelines for universal design and barrier- free urban infrastructure and public facilities, and (i) design guidelines for climate proofing for urban infrastructure, through capacity development components before the completion of the Project with an aim of developing a people-centered and environmentally friendly urban planning and design guidelines in each project city.

74 Appendix 1

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

A. Objectives

1. This addendum EMP defines all potential impacts of the project components and the mitigation and enhancement measures with the objectives of avoiding or reducing these impacts to acceptable levels, and defining the institutional arrangements and mechanisms, the roles and responsibilities of different institutions, procedures and budgets for implementation of the environmental management plans. They seek to ensure continuously improving environmental protection activities during preconstruction, construction, and operation in order to prevent, reduce, or mitigate adverse impacts and risks. The addendum EMP draws on the domestic EIA and EMP, site visits, and ADB review mission discussions and agreements with the relevant government agencies.

2. The addendum EMP includes: (i) objectives, (ii) summary of impacts and mitigation measures, (iii) environmental monitoring and inspection, (iv) public consultations, (v) responsibilities and authorities for implementation, (vi) institutional strengthening and training, (vii) reporting and supervision, (viii) work plan, (ix) cost estimates, and (x) mechanism for feedback and adjustment. The addendum EMP will be reviewed and updated at the end of the detailed design in order to be consistent with the final detailed design.

3. Including these two newly proposed roads, there are eight ADB-financed roads (or road sections) in total. The other six ADB-financed roads (or road sections) are either completed or under construction. The EMP for the six existing ADB-financed roads has been properly complied with.

B. Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures

4. Potential environmental issues and impacts during the pre-construction, construction and operation phases, as identified by the domestic environmental impact assessments (EIA), as well as corresponding mitigation measures designed to minimize the impacts are summarized in Table A1.1. The mitigation measures will be incorporated into the tendering documents (where appropriate), construction contracts and operational management plans, and will be undertaken by contractors, the PIC under the supervision of the GPMO, Qinzhou PMO and the Qinzhou EPB, and the GEPD when necessary. The effectiveness of these measures will be evaluated based on the results of the environmental monitoring to determine whether they should be continued or improvements should be made. Improvements need to be confirmed through stipulated environmental management procedures.

5. Resettlement plans have been prepared to ensure that the affected persons will be made better off or at least not worse off because of the project. Details of the required actions are given in the individual resettlement plans for the individual subprojects.

Table A1.1: Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Potential Impact Factor/ Impacts and / Implementing Supervising Stage or Issues Mitigation Measures Company Agency A. Pre-Construction a) EIA and Site/alignment  The recommended sites/ DI and EIA EA, IA, EPB Feasibility selections routes for the individual Institute, PIC, Study Stage subprojects were selected environmental

A1-1 Appendix 1

Potential Impact Factor/ Impacts and / Implementing Supervising Stage or Issues Mitigation Measures Company Agency from various alternatives consultant, so as to minimize adverse ADB review impacts on environment missions and land resources.

Engineering  Engineering and DI, EIA EA, IA, EPB and technological alternatives Institute, PIC, technological were evaluated and environmental alternatives selected on the basis of consultant, pre-defined financial, ADB review environmental, missions socioeconomic criteria, with a view to minimize adverse environmental and social impacts and risks and maximize environmental and social benefits.

Sector  The project rationale and DI, EIA EA, IA, Urban strategy design are consistent with Institute, PIC, Planning and complement the environmental Bureau, EPB achievement of the consultants, objectives of the urban ADB review development strategy and missions urban master plan that promote environmental sustainability and liveability.

Public  Several rounds of wide EIA Institute, EA, IA, PIC, consultations public consultations have environmental EPB been conducted on consultants, environment, poverty, and ADB review resettlement during missions feasibility studies, and EIA and addendum EIA preparations.

Impact of  Engaging the Guangxi Guangxi EA, IA, PIC, Binhai Mangrove Research Mangrove Environmental Highway on Center to conduct an Research Consultant coastal assessment of potential Center mangroves impact of Binhai Hwy on coastal mangroves and propose mitigation measures

b) Design Stage Establishing  A 2-person environmental PIC EA, IA EMU management unit (EMU) is already in place with PIC

A1-2 Appendix 1

Potential Impact Factor/ Impacts and / Implementing Supervising Stage or Issues Mitigation Measures Company Agency

Updating  Mitigation measures DI, PIC EA, IA EMP defined in the EMPs will be reviewed, updated and incorporated into the detailed design to minimize adverse environmental impacts.

Mitigation  Incorporating mitigation DI, PIC EA, IA, Loan measures for measures into project implementation impact of design consultancy Binhai Highway on coastal mangroves

c) Biding and Bidding  Environmental provisions EMU, EA, IA, PIC, Construction documents will be included in the BD. Tender loan Preparation and  Environmental section will Agency, loan implementation contractors’ be included in the TOR for implementation consultancy qualifications bidders. consultancy  Environmental clauses for contractors in reference to the EMP and monitoring plan will be included in the construction and supply contracts.  For Binhai Highway, clauses on protection of mangroves will be included in the BD.

Environmental  Contractors will be Contractors PIC, EEM operation and required to prepare an supervision environmental operation manual and supervision manual, for approval by PIC.

Grievance  A grievance officer is GPMO EA. ADB officer already in place since the commencement of the PPTA.

Project public  Project public complaints PIC EA, IA, ADB complaints center is already in place center

Taking of land  A resettlement office PIC EA, IA, ADB and property comprising local government officials to manage the land

A1-3 Appendix 1

Potential Impact Factor/ Impacts and / Implementing Supervising Stage or Issues Mitigation Measures Company Agency acquisition and resettlement process is already in place.  Conduct information dissemination and community consultation programs in accordance with the PRC Land Administration Law (1999) and ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009).  Ensure that all resettlement activities are reasonably completed before construction starts. Licensed  Prior to start of PIC EA, IA environmental construction, an LEI will institute (LEI) be engaged to conduct as internal internal field sampling and environmental laboratory analysis of air, monitor (IEM) water and noise pollution.

External  Prior to start of GPMO GPLG, ADB environmental construction, EEM (as part monitor of the loan implementation consultancy), will be engaged according to ADB procurement procedures.

Onsite  After contract award and Contractor PIC environmental prior to start of engineer construction, the contractor will assign an onsite environmental engineer for each contract

Environmental  Training on GPMO GPLG management implementation and training supervision of environmental mitigation measures to relevant persons, especially construction engineers and managers with special attention to protection of the mangroves along the Binhai Highway

B. Construction Phase 1. Soil Erosion Excavation  Strip and stockpile topsoil, Contractor OEE, EMU, build retaining walls where EEM

A1-4 Appendix 1

Potential Impact Factor/ Impacts and / Implementing Supervising Stage or Issues Mitigation Measures Company Agency necessary before dumping.  Provide temporary detention ponds or containment to control silt runoff.  Construct intercepting ditches and chutes to prevent outside runoff entering disposal sites, and divert runoff from sites to existing drainage or ponds.

Transport and  Soils will be used as refill Contractor OEE, EMU, disposal of and landscaping materials EEM soils on site to the best extent possible.  Settling ponds will be built in construction sites. Soils in settling ponds will be cleared for use as refill materials.

Construction  Straws or cloths will be Contractor OEE, EMU, vehicles laid at the entry/exist of EEM each construction site.  Tires of construction vehicles will be cleansed regularly of soils.

Exposed  As soon as construction is Contractor OEE, EMU, surfaces completed, re-vegetation EEM with trees and grasses will be undertaken.

2. Water Siltation in  With implementation of the Contractor OEE, EMU, Pollution water bodies recommended mitigation EEM measures defined under “soil erosion”, siltation in water bodies will be insignificant.  Bridge construction: pump slurry to shore and dispose of the cutting materials properly to reduce the disturbance of sediments and the residual impact to water quality leading to short- term increase in SS concentrations in the river

A1-5 Appendix 1

Potential Impact Factor/ Impacts and / Implementing Supervising Stage or Issues Mitigation Measures Company Agency immediately downstream from the bridge construction sites.

Wastewater  Contractors will rent Contractor OEE, EMU, from houses which are EEM construction connected to municipal camps sewers that will be transmitted to WWTP  Eco-toilets will be placed at construction sites and will be cleaned regularly and transported to designated landfill.  Unauthorized dumping of wastewater will be prohibited.

Construction  Construction water will be Contractor OEE, EMU, Wastewater treated with ponds and oil- EEM separator; and treated effluent will be discharged to the nearest municipal sewers. Recycled water will be used in spraying for dust control.

Material  All material preparation Contractor OEE, EMU, preparation and equipment and EEM and machinery maintenance machinery and repair facilities will be repair and located on the opposite maintenance site of the sea.

Construction debris Clearing of all construction debris after the construction is completed.  Fences along the seaside will be set up to block construction debris and sediment into the mangroves.

Handling of  A construction materials Contractor OEE, EMU, Chemicals handling protocol (i.e., EEM storage away from watercourses and provision of retention areas to contain accidental spills of such toxic, hazardous, and

A1-6 Appendix 1

Potential Impact Factor/ Impacts and / Implementing Supervising Stage or Issues Mitigation Measures Company Agency harmful construction materials as caustic and acidic substances, oil and petroleum products, and asphalt materials) will be prepared and applied to prevent soil and surface/ground water pollution.  Workers (especially painters) will be trained on safe and diligent handling of chemicals to avoid accidental spills, and on emergency response when a spill would occur.  A prevention and emergency response plan will be developed and implemented.

Household  Prior to demolition, houses Demolition OEE, EMU, chemicals will be searched and Contractor EEM cleared of household chemicals and any other toxic substances which will be sent to the municipal toxic wastes depository for safe disposal.

3. Air Pollution Dust from  Vehicles delivering Contractor OEE, EMU, material granular and/or fine EEM delivery and materials to the sites will construction be covered. vehicles  Wheels of construction vehicles will be cleansed regularly of soils.

Dust from  Materials storage sites Contractor OEE, EMU, construction must be 300 m from EEM sites residential areas and covered or sprayed with water.  Extra care will be paid during dry, strong windy residential areas and covered or sprayed with water.  Extra care will be paid during dry, strong windy days.

A1-7 Appendix 1

Potential Impact Factor/ Impacts and / Implementing Supervising Stage or Issues Mitigation Measures Company Agency  Water will be sprayed on construction sites twice a day in the dry days if needed.  Upon completion of civil works, all construction sites will be required to be re- vegetated with trees and grasses.

Dust from  All roads and pavements Contractor OEE, EMU, construction used by vehicles of the EEM roads contractors or suppliers will be kept clean and clear of all dust, mud, or extraneous materials dropped by their construction vehicles.  Cleaning will be done on a regular basis.  Water will be sprayed on access roads twice a day as needed.

Emissions  Vehicle emissions will Contractor OEE, EMU, from vehicles comply with Limits and EEM and Measurement Methods for equipment Emissions from Light-duty Vehicles (Phase III,IV) (GB18352-2005), Limits and Measurement Methods for Exhaust Pollutants from Compression Ignition and Gas Fuelled Ignition Engines of Vehicles (Phase III,IV,V) (GB17691-2005), Limits and Measurement Methods for Crankcase Pollutants From Heavy- duty Vehicles Equipped with P.I Engines (GB 11340-2005), Limits and Measurement Methods for Exhaust Smoke from C.I.E. (Compression Ignition Engine) and Vehicle Equipped with C.I.E. (GB3847-2005), and Limits and Measurement Methods for

A1-8 Appendix 1

Potential Impact Factor/ Impacts and / Implementing Supervising Stage or Issues Mitigation Measures Company Agency Exhaust Pollutants from Vehicles Equipped Ignition Engine under Two-speed Idle Conditions and Simple Driving Mode Conditions (GB18285- 2005). Use gas purifiers to minimize the exhaust fumes.  Equipment and machinery emissions must comply with Integrated Emission Standard of Air Pollutants (GB16297-1996).  A regular inspection and certification system will be initiated to make sure that exhaust gases complied with emission standards.

4. Noise Noise from  Noise from equipment and Contractor OEE, EMU, equipment machinery will comply with EEM and vehicles Noise Limits for Construction Site (GB12523-2011).  Equipment and machinery will be inspected and maintained regularly.  Large trucks will be kept away from residential areas.  At construction sites within 500 m of the nearest residential area, noisy construction work will be stopped between 22:00 and 06:00 hours.

Demolition  House demolition at Demolition OEE, EMU, construction sites will be Contractor EEM required to stop between 22:00 and 06:30.

Community  Interviews with residents Contractor OEE, EMU, complaints living adjacent to EEM about noise construction sites will be conducted on a regular basis to identify community complaints about noise, and seek suggestions from community members to

A1-9 Appendix 1

Potential Impact Factor/ Impacts and / Implementing Supervising Stage or Issues Mitigation Measures Company Agency reduce noise annoyance.  Community suggestions will be used to adjust work hours of noise-generating equipment and machinery.

Sensitive  When activities are Contractor OEE, EMU, receptors unavoidable during the EEM school season, the use of heavy equipment will be restricted to weekends and non-class hours.  Protection measures (e.g., sound-proof windows) will be implemented for sensitive receptors for which noise levels do not meet national standards.

5. Solid Wastes Domestic  Multi-compartment Contractor OEE, EMU, waste from collection bins will be EEM construction provided to facilitate camps reuse, recycling and composting of solid waste.  Wastes will be stored away from water bodies and will be regularly collected by the city sanitation bureau and hauled to the municipal sanitary landfill.

Asbestos  Qinzhou center for Centre for EPBs, GPMO, containing disposal of toxic and disposal of EEM material hazardous waste (under toxic and (ACM) the EPB) will conduct hazardous visual inspection of waste, buildings to be demolished licensed to confirm absence or demolition presence of ACM. companies  In case ACM presence is confirmed, a licensed company will be appointed to develop and implement an asbestos management plan (AMP). The plan must define ACM locations, procedures for monitoring its condition, procedures to access, remove, transport and dispose ACM, and training

A1-10 Appendix 1

Potential Impact Factor/ Impacts and / Implementing Supervising Stage or Issues Mitigation Measures Company Agency of staff.  Conduct clearance monitoring before the affected building is demolished.

Demolition  Professional demolition Demolition OEE, EMU, waste companies will be contractor EEM contracted to carry out housing demolition.  If presence of ACM is confirmed, demolition contractors would be required to demonstrate having capability to observe good practice standards with asbestos, including training of workers and supervisors, possession of (or means of access to) adequate equipment and supplies for the scope of envisioned works, and a record of compliance with regulations on previous work.  Reusable and recyclable materials (such as bricks, windows and doors, steel bars) will be collected for reuse and recycle.  Remaining construction wastes will be transported to the municipal landfill.  Upon completion of construction, clean up construction and demolition wastes in timely manner.  Re-vegetate all the construction sites with trees and grasses.

6. Impact on Vegetation  Minimize disturbance to Contractor OEE, EMU, Flora original vegetation. EEM  Preserve existing vegetation where no construction activity is planned or temporarily to preserve vegetation where activity is planned for a

A1-11 Appendix 1

Potential Impact Factor/ Impacts and / Implementing Supervising Stage or Issues Mitigation Measures Company Agency later date.  Rehabilitate disposal and borrow sites into grassland, woodland, or farmland after closing.

Mangroves at  No mangroves will be cut Contractor OEE, EMU, Binhai when building the Binhai EEM Highway Highway.

7. Sanitation and Health and  Identify all potential health Contractor OEE, EMU, Safety sanitation of hazards, establish and EEM workers implement professional health and sanitation plan for the engineering program.  Maintain and monitor sanitation condition in construction areas.  Regular health checks for construction workers.  Safety, health and sanitation training for construction workers.

Safety of the  Ensure all construction Contractor OEE, EMU, public and the sites provide the EEM workers necessary personal protective equipment and other resources to create a safe working environment;  Require construction site operations to comply with PRC state administration of worker safety laws and regulations.  Identify all potential safety hazards, establish and implement safety plan for the engineering program.  Put up warning signs to alert the public of potential safety risks in and around the construction sites.

8. Energy Use Equipment  Select the equipment and Contractor OEE, EMU, and GHG selection machinery in compliance EEM Emission with the national standard and obtaining the energy conservation certification.

A1-12 Appendix 1

Potential Impact Factor/ Impacts and / Implementing Supervising Stage or Issues Mitigation Measures Company Agency Energy  Set up operation Contractor OEE, EMU, conservation optimization program to EEM of the avoid the unnecessary transportation running of vehicle. vehicles  Use low emission vehicles (refer to item 3).

9. Climate Permeable  Permeable interlocking Contractor OEE, EMU, Resilience bricks blocks will be used for all EEM sidewalks

10. Public Utility Public utility  Public utility conduit will be Contractor OEE, EMU, Conduit conduit built to avoid road breaks EEM

11. Social/ Resettlement  All affected persons will be PIC, City EA, IA Cultural compensated and Resettlement Considerations resettled in a timely and Office adequate manner, in accordance with the resettlement plans.

Traffic Contractor  Build interim roads. OEE, EEM, management  Select transport routes to City Traffic reduce disturbance to Bureau regular traffic.  Divert traffic at peak traffic hours, and reinstating the area to its original condition on completion of construction.

Cultural  The local relics bureau will Contractor OEE, EMU, heritage be contacted immediately EEM, when any relic is Provincial discovered during Cultural excavation. Heritage  Cultural heritage sites will Bureau be preserved where identified. In accordance with the PRC regulations, no person shall destroy, damage, deface, conceal, or otherwise interfere with a relic.  If an important site is unearthed, work should be stopped immediately and the matter promptly referred to the county, municipal, provincial or state level relics agencies

A1-13 Appendix 1

Potential Impact Factor/ Impacts and / Implementing Supervising Stage or Issues Mitigation Measures Company Agency for evaluation and decision on appropriate actions.

12. Environmental Workers’  Training of workers on Contractor OEE, EMU, Protection training health and safety. EEM Training  Training of workers on environmental protection.  Train the construction workers on the energy conservation and emission reduction.  For the Binhai Highway in Qinzhou, construction crew will be trained on the importance and protection of mangroves.

13. Mangroves Special  Use of fences to control Construction Construction along Binhai protection disturbance and contractor supervision Highway during construction debris and company, loan construction wastewater flowing into implementation mangroves consultancy, PIC, IA, EA

C. Operation Phase for Roads 1. Soil Erosion Rehabilitated  Regular inspections will be POC IA, WRB sites undertaken to ensure proper maintenance of drainage structures and re- vegetated areas in accordance with requirements of soil erosion prevention plan. Maintenance of road slopes, cuts and embankments—such as watering, fertilizing, pest control and re-planting— will be carried out regularly during road operation.  Maintenance will be budgeted as part of regular infrastructure maintenance programs.  Regular monitoring of erosion prevention and control measures will be undertaken by WRB and EPB.

A1-14 Appendix 1

Potential Impact Factor/ Impacts and / Implementing Supervising Stage or Issues Mitigation Measures Company Agency 2. Water Wastewater  Wastewater from POC IA, EPB Pollution from maintenance stations will maintenance be directly discharged to stations municipal sewers that will go to the municipal WWTP.  In cases where connection with municipal sewers is not available, septic tank or on-site wastewater treatment facility will be installed for treating wastewater before being discharged into receiving water bodies.

Binhai  The seaside road curb POC IA, EPB Highway design along the mangrove section is such that it is high enough to divert road surface runoff to storm sewers.  The road surface will be cleaned on a regular basis.  The mangroves seawater will also be regularly cleaned of garbage and debris.

3. Air Pollution Vehicles  All vehicles will pass City Traffic IA national standard test as Bureau part of annual vehicle safety and exhaust inspection.  Random spot checks are conducted and noncompliance will result in a fine and a deadline for repairs to meet vehicular emissions standards.

4. Noise Noise from  Sound-proof measures will POC, LEI IA roads be inspected and maintained regularly. Sensitive receptors and residential neighborhoods along the road corridor will be monitored for noise annoyance from the road network.  Mitigation measures will

A1-15 Appendix 1

Potential Impact Factor/ Impacts and / Implementing Supervising Stage or Issues Mitigation Measures Company Agency be formulated and implemented if noise limit does not meet the national standard.  Future urban development will be planned to abide by the noise-safe distances. In cases whereby such distances are not possible, such mitigation measures as sound barriers, sound- proof windows, sound- breaking tree lines and traffic control will be adopted.

5. Solid Wastes Garbage from  Garbage bins and POC IA, EPB operation of containers will be placed road network along the road network.  Road cleaning will be undertaken on a regular basis.

6. Flora and Vegetation  All vegetation covers will POC IA, EPB Fauna be properly maintained.  All slope stabilization sites will be inspected regularly.  If signs of failure are discovered, repair will be immediately initiated.

7. Energy Use Vehicles  Vehicular fuel efficiency Transport EA, IA and GHG standards will be Bureau Emissions stringently enforced during vehicle inspections.  Driver training/outreach program for fuel economy.

8. Community Sanitation  All roads will be kept in POC IA, Transport Health and sanitary conditions. Bureau Safety Road safety  Speed limits will be Transport IA for drivers and stringently enforced by Bureau, Police community local police. Bureau members  Road safety will be incorporated/strengthened in driving training programs.  Road safety education program for local communities will be implemented/improved.

A1-16 Appendix 1

Potential Impact Factor/ Impacts and / Implementing Supervising Stage or Issues Mitigation Measures Company Agency

9. Environmental Chemical  Emergency preparedness Road POC, IA, EPB, City Risks spills and response for project Local Emergency roads will be fully Transport Preparedness incorporated into the local Bureau, Local and sectoral and areal Police Bureau Response emergency preparedness Office and response plans.  The rule of banning transport of hazardous, toxic and dangerous goods on the inner city roads (Qinzhou) will be stringently enforced by local transportation and police bureau.  Environmental emergency number will be posted on roadsides.

D. Capacity Building 1. Training Environmental  See training plan below Loan EA, IA training of implementation EMU, consultancy, Qinzhou external PMO, GPMO experts and contractors

ADB = Asian Development Bank, EEM = external environmental monitor (as part of the implementation consultancy), EIA = environmental impact assessment, EMP = environmental management plan, EPB = environmental protection bureau at the city level, GEPD = Guangxi environmental protection department, GPLG = Guangxi project leading group, GPMO = Guangxi project management office, OEE = onsite environmental engineer, PIC = project implementing company, POC = project operating company, PPTA = project preparatory technical assistance, PRC = People’s Republic of China, RFP = request for proposal, TOR = terms of reference, WRB = water resources bureau at the city level, WWTP = wastewater treatment plant. Sources: Domestic EIAs, and consultations with EA, IA, PIC and relevant government agencies.

6. Environmental Monitoring and Inspection

7. An environmental monitoring program is presented in Table A1.2. This program considers the scope of monitoring, environmental media, monitoring parameters, time and frequency, implementing and supervising agencies. The monitoring will follow the methodology provided in the national standard methods for monitoring pollutants. Other associated standards are national environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge/emission standards.

8. Internal Monitoring and Inspection: Internal and external monitoring will be undertaken to oversee the implementation of the EMP and monitor the actual environmental impacts that will occur. The internal environmental monitoring that requires field sampling and laboratory analysis of emissions and ambient environmental quality with respect to air, water and noise will be done by the licensed environmental institute (LEI) under contract to the PIC.

A1-17 Appendix 1

The internal monitoring will also cover non-quantitative parameters such as solid waste management and soil erosion control, and it will be carried out through visual inspections by the onsite environmental engineer (OEE) of the construction contractor and the EMU officers of the PIC. GPMO and city PMO officers will join the internal monitoring and inspection activities from time to time.

9. External Monitoring and Inspection: It is the responsibility of the environmental safeguard specialists of the loan implementation consultancy. The environmental safeguard specialists as the external environmental monitor (EEM) will receive and analyze the internal environmental reports (both quantitative and non-quantitative). They will also participate in field inspections together with the OEE and EMU officers or undertake independent field inspections to verify the implementation of the EMP.

10. Compliance Monitoring and Inspection: The Environmental Monitoring Station (EMS) at the city level will be responsible to undertake regular and random compliance monitoring and inspection before, during, and after construction, as well as in the event of emergencies. If abnormalities are found, the EPB will impose a fine and issue a notice of rectification with a specific deadline.

11. Environmental Acceptance Monitoring and Audit: Moreover, within 3 months after road completion, or no later than 1 year with permission from the responsible environmental authorities, environmental acceptance monitoring and audit reports will be (i) prepared by a qualified environmental institute in accordance with the MEP Guideline on Project Completion Environmental Audit (2001); (ii) reviewed for approval by environmental authorities who has given the approval to the same individual EIA, and (iii) finally submitted to the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

12. Ambient Environmental Monitoring during Project Operations: Ambient environmental monitoring i will be incorporated into the regular ambient environmental monitoring program of each project city. The monitoring will cover water quality, air quality and acoustic quality. Monitoring of marine water quality will done at a monthly basis during construction, and quarterly basis for two years after completion of the roads.

13. Environmental monitoring, including the environmental benefits monitoring, will be incorporated into the Project Performance management System (PPMS). The GPMO with assistance from the PIC and POC will be responsible for analyzing and consolidating the data through their management information system. The PPMS will be designed to allow adequate flexibility to adopt remedial actions regarding project design, schedules, activities, and development impacts. At the beginning of the project, the GPMO, IA, the PIC, and consultants will develop comprehensive PPMS procedures to systematically generate data on inputs and outputs of the project components and agree on environmental and related social economic indicators to be used to measure project impacts. The GPMO, IA, the PIC / POC will refine the PPMS framework, confirm achievable goals, firm up monitoring and recording arrangements, and establish systems and procedures.

14. The monitoring results will be used to evaluate: (i) the extent and severity of environmental impacts compared with the predicted impacts, (ii) performance of the environmental protection measures or compliance with related rules and regulations, (iii) trends of impacts, and (iv) overall effectiveness of the EMP. Effectiveness of mitigation measures and monitoring plans will be evaluated through a feedback reporting system. Modification of measures required by the EMP will be performed, if necessary. The GPMO and EPB play critical

A1-18 Appendix 1 roles in this feedback and adjustment mechanism as shown in Figure A1.1.

15. The environmental monitoring program is included in Table A1.2. The cost estimates for the environmental monitoring program are shown in Table A1.7. Before implementing the monitoring plan, responsible agencies will provide more accurate estimates of the costs and present a further detailed breakdown of the cost estimates. During project implementation, the costs will be adjusted based on actual requirements.

Table A1.2: Environmental Monitoring Program Time and Implementing Supervising Item Parameters Location Frequency Agency Agency A. Construction (Internal Monitoring) a) Water Sewage and Construction Visual inspection OEE, EMU EEM Quality – construction camps and for proper Wastewater wastewater construction operation of sites settling ponds, septic tanks and sewerage connections; monthly

Water pH, NH3-N, For each 3 samples each Licensed EMU, EEM, Quality – TN, TP, BOD, component, time; at beginning environmental EPB Surface COD, minimum 2 of construction and institute Water SS, oils locations on the quarterly thereafter river upstream and downstream of the construction site

Water pH, NH3-N, Binhai Highway Once monthly Licensed EMU, EEM, Quality- TN, TP, BOD, during construction environmental EPB Marine COD, salinity, and quarterly for institute Water SS, oils the first two years of operation

b) Air TSP, PM10 2 monitoring 3 samples at each Licensed EMU, EEM, locations for location each time; environmental EPB each semi-annually institute construction site

c) Noise Leq 1 location at the Twice (day-time Licensed EMU, EEM, border with and night-time) environmental EPB settlements each time; monthly institute within 200 m of during peak each construction, construction quarterly otherwise site

d) Solid Waste Garbage from All camps Visual inspection; OEE, EMU EEM construction biweekly camps

Demolition All buildings Visual inspection City center for EPBs waste subject to to confirm disposal of

A1-19 Appendix 1

Time and Implementing Supervising Item Parameters Location Frequency Agency Agency deconstruction presence/absence toxic and of asbestos, once hazardous before demolition waste

Visual inspection EEM of demolition sites, OEE, EMU weekly

e) Soil and Removal of All sites Visual inspection; OEE, EMU EEM Vegetation vegetation and biweekly exposed surface

Soil Erosion All borrow pits, Visual inspection OEE, EMU EEM control spoil disposal biweekly measures sites (Topsoil and stockpile, construction detention sites ponds construction, intercepting ditches, rehabilitate construction sites

Compensatory Areas Semi-annually, EEM GPMO reforestation: designated by until end of 47.9 ha in the forest project Qinzhou city bureaus of the implementation three project cities

f) Occupation Health status, Construction Quarterly during City Health EEM al Health hygiene status, sites and work construction Bureau, OEE, and Safety availability of camps EMU clean water, emergency response plans

g) Binhai Mangrove Seaside Weekly during OEE, EMU EEM Highway ecosystem mangrove area construction; health quarterly for the first two years of operation; use of 3S technologies to monitor mangrove ecosystem dynamics

B. Project Completion Environmental Audit 1. Air Quality TSP, PM10 2 locations for Once upon Licensed EPB each completion, 3 environmental component samples per day institute

A1-20 Appendix 1

Time and Implementing Supervising Item Parameters Location Frequency Agency Agency for 3 consecutive days at each location

2. Noise Leq (dB(A)) Minimal 4 2 samples for 1 Licensed EPB locations for day at each environmental each location institute component at boundary

3. Soil and Re -vegetation, All sites Visual inspection Licensed EPB Vegetation landscaping for compliance with environmental design institute

Mangroves Binhai Highway Visual inspection Licensed EPB for compliance with environmental design institute

C. Operation (Compliance Monitoring) 1. Air Quality TSP, PM10, Sensitive 3 samples per EMS EPB H2S, NH3 receptors along day for 3 the project consecutive days; roads semi-annually for the first two years of operation

2. Noise Leq (dB(A)) Sensitive 2 samples each EMS EPB receptors along time, 2 samples project roads during daytime, 2 at night each time; semi- annually for the first two years of operation

3. Water pH, NH3-N, Binhai Highway Once Licensed EMU, EEM, Quality- TN, TP, BOD, environmental EPB Marine COD, salinity, institute Water SS, oils

D. Operation (Ambient Monitoring) 1. Air Quality TSP, PM10, Xincheng 3 samples per Licensed EPB NOx, NO2, CO district: 9 day for 3 environment as per PRC locations evenly consecutive days; institute Ambient Air distributed; semi-annually Quality Other roads: Standards (GB sensitive 3095-1996) receptors within 200 of alignments

2. Marine pH, NH3-N, Binhai Highway Once quarterly for Licensed EMU, EEM, Water TN, TP, BOD, first two years of environmental EPB Quality COD, salinity, operation institute SS, oils

3. Noise Leq (dB(A)) as Sensitive 2 samples each Licensed EPB

A1-21 Appendix 1

Time and Implementing Supervising Item Parameters Location Frequency Agency Agency per PRC receptors within time, 2 samples environment Ambient 200 of during daytime, 2 institute Acoustic alignments at night each time; Quality semi-annually Standards (GB 3096-2008)

BOD = biochemical oxygen demand, COD = chemical oxygen demand, dB(A) = A-weighted decibel, EEM = external environmental monitor (as part of the implementation consultancy),EMS = environmental monitoring station at the city level, EPB = environmental protection bureau at the city level, GEPD = GZAR environmental protection department, GPMO = GZAR project management office, Leq = equivalent continuous noise level, LRB = land resources bureau at the city level, m = meter, NH3-N = ammonia nitrogen, OEE = onsite environmental engineer, pH = measure of acidity and alkalinity, PM10 = particulate matter smaller than 10 micrometers, SS = suspended solids, TN = total nitrogen, TP = total phosphor, TSP = total suspended particulates, WRB = water resource bureau at the city level. Source(s): Domestic EIAs, and consultations with GPMO, DI, EIA institute and PIC.

A. Public Consultation

i. Public Consultation during Project Preparation

16. Various public consultations were conducted in the course of the preparation of the feasibility study report and EIA. During the feasibility study, the respective municipal governments were consulted to assist in route/site and process selections. During EIA and project preparation, public consultations with various groups of stakeholders were conducted. The main focuses of public consultations were to assess the environmental impacts of the proposed subprojects on nearby residents and mitigation measures, as well as resettlement issues. These activities were carried out in accordance with PRC Interim Guidelines on Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment (2006) and ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009).

ii. Future Public Consultation Plan

17. Future plans for public involvement during the design, construction, and operation phases were developed during the project preparation. These plans include public participation in (i) monitoring impacts and mitigation measures during the construction and operation stages, evaluating environmental and economic benefits and social impacts, and (iii) interviewing the public after the project is completed. They include several types of consultations, e.g., site visits, workshops, investigation of specific issues, interviews, and public hearings. The public consultation program for project preparation, implementation and operation are presented in Table A1.3.

18. Public participation plans are part of the project implementation and management plan. The PIC is responsible for public participation during project implementation. The EMU will be responsible for supervising implementation, continuing public consultation, monitoring progress, and responding to grievances. The staff at the office will be well trained to handle crisis situations or conflicts with residents due to distress from environmental impacts. Estimated costs for public participation activities during project construction and operation are presented in Table A1.7, and they are included in the project investment plan. In addition, the established feedback mechanisms (Figure A1.1) will ensure timely feedback and

A1-22 Appendix 1 measures to address any concerns raised by the project affected communities.

Table A1.3: Public Consultation Program Organizer Approach / Times Subjects Participants 1. Project Preparation GPMO, PIC,  EIA public opinion Priority, design, GPMO, PIC, DI, EIA DI, surveys: once environmental benefits institute, EPB, other EIA institutes, RP  Socioeconomic and and impacts, social provincial and municipal institute, EPB, AP surveys benefits and impacts, government Forest Bureau  Public consultation mitigation measures, stakeholders, community meeting + attitudes toward representatives questionnaire: once subproject project, and  Site visits: multiple suggestions times  Site visits (multiple times)  Formal meetings with GPMO, PMO, IA, PIC (multiple times)

Project Preparation  Site visits (multiple Priority, design, GPMO, PIC, EIA Consultants, ADB times) environmental benefits institutes, EPB,  Formal meetings with and impacts, social municipal government GPMO, PMO, IA, PIC benefits and impacts, stakeholders, (multiple times) mitigation measures, Community attitudes toward representatives subproject project, and suggestions

Environmental  Site visits (multiple Potential impacts and PMO, IA, PIC, DI, EIA consultants for Binhai times) mitigation measures; institute, ADB Highway and No. 2  Formal meetings with coastal mangrove Road-North Central PMO, IA, PIC, DI, EIA protection institute, ADB (multiple times)

2. Construction Licensed Environmental  Public consultation Adjusting mitigation Residents within institute, EMU, EEM and site visits: at least measures if necessary, construction area once a year construction impacts, comments and suggestions

 Expert workshop or Comments and Experts from various press conference: at suggestions on sectors, media least once mitigation measures, public opinions

 Public information Adjusting mitigation Representatives of session: at least once measures if necessary, residents and social a year construction impacts, sectors comments and suggestions

 Survey on Comments and Affected people resettlement: as Suggestions

A1-23 Appendix 1

Organizer Approach / Times Subjects Participants required per RP

 Mangrove protection Implementation and Guangxi Mangrove along Binhai Highway effectiveness of Research Center mitigation measures; necessary adjustments

3. Operation EMU, EEM  Public workshop: as Public comments and Representatives of needed based on suggestions on residents and social public opinion survey corrective measures sectors and public complaints received

 Expert workshop or Expert comments and Experts from residents, press conference: as suggestions on social sectors, media needed based on corrective measures public consultation and workshop

 Stakeholder workshop Expert comments and Guangxi Mangrove on mangrove suggestions on Research Center, protection corrective measures Qinzhou Forest Bureau, Qinzhou Marine Bureau, Qinzhou EPB

AP = affected person, EEM = external environmental monitor (as part of the implementation consultancy), EIA = environmental impact assessment, GEPD = GZAR environmental protection department, GPMO = GZAR project management office. PIC = project implementing company, POC = project operating company, RP = resettlement plan. Source(s): Domestic EIA, and consultations with GPMO, PMO, DI, EIA institute and PIC.

4. Responsibilities and Authorities for Implementation

19. As the executive agency, the Government of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region will have the overall accountability for the overall project and its subprojects for ensuring compliance with the PRC’s laws and regulations as well as the provisions of ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS 2009). As the implementing agency, QMG will be accountable for ensuring the implementation of the environmental management plan and coordinating the environmental audit and monitoring of the project roads. The project implementing company (PIC) on behalf of the city government will be responsible for ensuring the implementation of the specific mitigation measures in cooperation with the contractor as contained in the addendum EMP.

20. The GZAR Project Management Office (GPMO) will be responsible for setting up the environmental management system, consisting of inspection, monitoring, reporting, and initiating corrective actions or measures. In the engineering design stage, EA, IA and PIC will pass the addendum EMP to the design institutes for incorporating mitigation measures into the detailed designs. The addendum EMP will be updated at the end of the detail design, submitted to GPMO and ADB for review, and finally be passed to the construction contractor. To ensure that contractors will comply with the EMP’s provisions, GPMO, Qinzhou PMO and PIC will prepare and provide the following specification clauses for incorporation into the bidding procedures: i) a list of environmental management requirements to be budgeted by the bidders in their proposals; ii) environmental clauses for contractual terms and conditions, and iii) full EIA and addendum EIA for compliance. The Qinzhou PMO will each nominate dedicated, trained, and qualified environment specialists.

A1-24 Appendix 1

21. There is already a loan implementation consultancy in place, recruited, through international competitive bidding, which has included one national and one international environment specialist. The loan implementation consultancy will assist the GPMO to supervise the compliance with ADB safeguard policies and PRC environmental protection laws and regulations. The loan implementation environmental consultants will serve as the external environmental monitor (EEM) to monitor and oversee the EMP implementation and assist the GPMO to fulfill the environmental reporting requirements. A licensed environmental institute (LEI) will be contracted by the IA to serve as the internal environmental monitor (IEM). The IEM will undertake air, water and noise samples and laboratory analysis in respect to the subproject(s) in the respective city to determine the compliance with the applicable emission and ambient standards. The internal monitoring results will be used by the EEM to prepare the semi-annual environmental report.

22. Upon completion of project roads and within three months of trial operation, a licensed environmental institute (LEI) will be recruited by the PIC to conduct the project completion environmental audit. The LEI will prepare the project completion environmental audit report and submit to the city EPB for review and approval.

23. The PIC already has an environmental management unit (EMU) in place. The EMU will be responsible for: (i) implementing the addendum EMP and developing further implementation details; (ii) supervising contractors’ implementation of mitigation measures during construction; (iii) implementing training programs for contractors; (iv) incorporating environmental management, monitoring, and mitigation measures into construction and operation management plans; (v) developing and implementing internal regular environmental monitoring; (vi) redressing public grievances; and (vii) reporting performance of the EMP to GPMO, Qinzhou PMO and responsible agencies.

24. The Qinzhou EPB, delegated by GEPD, will ensure the compliance with the PRC and local environmental regulations through regular and random environmental compliance monitoring and inspection during construction and operation. The environmental monitoring station (EMS) under the EPB will conduct the actual environmental compliance monitoring and inspection.

25. Construction contractors will be responsible for implementing mitigation measures during construction. They will designate an onsite environmental engineer (OEE) for each construction site to oversee the implementation of the mitigation measures in accordance with the environmental provisions in the construction contract.

26. Given its environmental sensitivity, the mangroves along the Binhai Highway will be closely monitored by the external environmental monitor and loan implementation environmental consultants. The construction site along the section adjacent to the mangroves will be inspected at least twice weekly basis during the construction period, and once during peak construction.

27. Environmental training will be essential for IA, PIC and contractor to implement the EMP. GPMO will be responsible for organizing training programs, which will cover (i) environmental laws, regulation and policies; (ii) implementing mitigation measures; (iii) environmental technologies and procurement; (iv) environmental monitoring, supervision; and (v) documentation and reporting. The training program will be delivered by the loan implementation consultancy.

A1-25 Appendix 1

28. Shown in Table A1.4 are the environmental responsibilities in different phases of the project.

Table A1.4: Environmental Responsibility Matrix Phase Agencies Environmental Responsibilities Preparation Design institute Review and select alternatives (technological, design, siting, etc.)

EIA institute Prepare EIAs and EMPs for subprojects, including information disclosures and public consultations

EPB Review and approve EIAs, including the EMPs; information disclosures

Project preparation Advise EIA and DI institute on EIA preparation and consultants SPS (2009) requirements; review domestic EIA; prepare addendum EIA

GPMO, Qinzhou PMO Supervise EIA, addendum EIA and public consultations

IA Review and endorse addendum EIA, including the addendum EMP, for posting at ADB website

PIC Coordinate EIA, addendum EIA and public consultations

Design Design institute Update the EMP in cooperation with EIA institute, and incorporate mitigation measures in engineering detail designs and contracts

GPMO Recruit loan implementation consultancy, including environmental experts

Qinzhou PMO Appoint grievance redress officer

PIC Recruit internal environmental monitor

Set up EMU

Establish project public complaint centers

EMU Formulate contractual environmental clauses

Tendering and EMU, EEM, city PMO, Incorporate EMP clauses in Bidding documents and Contracting GPMO contracts

Construction PIC Ensure implementation of mitigation measures, and public consultations (through EMU)

Coordinate Grievance Redress Mechanism (through PPCC)

Contractor Appoint onsite environmental engineer (OEE)

A1-26 Appendix 1

Phase Agencies Environmental Responsibilities

Implement all mitigation measures, including those on community and occupational health and safety

OEE Conduct environmental inspection and prepare inspection report, with special attention to the mangroves

EMU Conduct environmental inspection and prepare inspection report, with special attention to the mangroves

GPMO, Qinzhou Advise and supervise implementation of mitigation PMO, Qinzhou EPB measures

Licensed Conduct internal monitoring and prepare emission environmental institute and ambient monitoring report contracted by PIC

EEM Conduct external monitoring (including public consultations), and prepare semi-annual environmental monitoring report to ADB and EA; and monthly environmental monitoring report for the mangroves

Centre for disposal of Conduct visual inspection of buildings to be toxic and hazardous demolished to confirm presence/absence of asbestos waste

EMS on behalf of EPB Conduct compliance monitoring

Conduct ambient monitoring in case of construction related environmental emergency

Operation POC Ensure proper operation of road facilities according to design standards, and implementation of mitigation measures and public consultations

Redress grievances

EMU Conduct external monitoring (including public consultations), and prepare semi-annual environmental monitoring report to ADB and EA; prepare monthly mangroves monitoring report to ADB and EA

Licensed Conduct internal environmental monitoring and environmental institute inspection, supervise implementation of addendum contracted by POC EMP, and conduct public consultations

EEM Conduct external monitoring (including public consultations), and prepare semi-annual environmental monitoring report to ADB and EA; prepare monthly marine water quality and mangroves

A1-27 Appendix 1

Phase Agencies Environmental Responsibilities monitoring report to ADB and EA

EMS on behalf of city Conduct ambient monitoring of air quality and noise EPB levels in Qinzhou Xincheng district and along road corridors

Monitor ambient environment in case of environmental emergency

Traffic Police Bureau Patrol roads for speeding and other violations (e.g., littering and horn blowing near Wanheshan NR)

ADB = Asian Development Bank, CEIA = consolidated environmental impact assessment, EA = executing agency, EEM = external environmental monitor (as part of the implementation consultancy), EIA = environmental impact assessment, EMP = environmental management plan, EMS = environmental monitoring station at the city level, EMU = environmental management unit, GEPD = Guangxi environmental protection department, GPMO = Guangxi project management office, PIC = project implementing company, POC = project operating company, PPTA = project preparatory technical assistance, PRC = People’s Republic of China, RFP = request for proposal. Source(s): Domestic EIA, consultations with GPMO, Qinzhou PMO, DI, EIA institute and PIC.

5. Institutional Strengthening and Training

29. An assessment undertaken during the project preparatory technical assistance indicates that GPMO has adequate technical and institutional capacities for project implementation. For proper implementation of the addendum EMP, it is necessary to strengthen the capacity of the PIC and POC, with particular attention to the protection of mangroves. The proposed training is shown in Table A1.5.

30. It is considered that the four-tier implementation arrangement—PLG, EA, IA, and PIC/POC—provides a reasonable framework for project management and control. The definition of roles, responsibilities and relationships between the PLG, GPMO, Qinzhou PMO, PIC/POC, and other relevant agencies (e.g., GEPD, EPB) is adequate to ensure the effective implementation of the Project.

31. Environmental specialists in the GPMO, Qinzhou PMO, PIC/POC, and contractors will receive training in environmental management, environmental monitoring and supervision, mitigation planning, emergency response, environmental policymaking, and other environmental management techniques. Funding of this training will be included in the project budget and in the operation and maintenance budget in the operation phase.

Table A1.5: Institutional Strengthening and Training Target Agencies / Activities Attendees Contents Timing Strengthening Institutional GPMO, Qinzhou  Defining institutional arrangements for During project Strengthening PMO, PIC/POC, environmental management, preparation GEPD, EPB monitoring, and supervision  Defining positions and responsibilities  Appointing and recruiting personnel

Licensed  Recruiting and contracting licensed Prior to project environmental environmental institute for internal implementation

A1-28 Appendix 1

Target Agencies / Activities Attendees Contents Timing institute environmental management consultancy and monitoring

EEM  Recruiting and contracting an EEM for Prior to project the overall project, through international implementation competitive bidding, for environmental management consultancy and independent external monitoring

Environmental EMU, Licensed  Developing environmental management During project Management environmental clauses and incorporating them into preparation Clauses and institute construction and operational contracts Protocols  Developing/refining environmental monitoring protocols  Developing environmental emergency response procedures

Training Environmental GPMO, Qinzhou  Environmental laws and regulations Prior to project Laws, PMO, PIC, POC,  Environmental policies and plans implementation Regulations and EMU, OEE,  Best environmental management Policies contractor practices  Environmental emergency response

EMP GPMO, city PMO,  Responsibility and duties for project Prior to and Implementation Licensed construction, management and during project environmental environmental protection implementation institute, PIC/POC,  Tasks of environmental protection in the EMU, OEE, project construction contractor  Key environmental protection contents in project construction  EMP improvement and corrective actions

Grievance GPMO, Qinzhou  Effective communication with the Prior to and Redress PMO, general public and NGOs during project Mechanism PPCC, EMU,  Grievance redress mechanism implementation OEE, contractor  Case studies and best practices in receiving and responding public complaints

Environmental Construction  Construction environmental Prior to and and workers, management practices during project Occupational PIC/POC, EPB  Occupational health and safety, implementation Health and including asbestos, HIV/AIDs safety Training

Advanced PMO, PIC/POC  Study the basics of theory and practice, Prior to or at the Training on  Training on the international beginning of Wastewater experiences and best practices project Treatment  Operation, control and maintenance implementation management

A1-29 Appendix 1

Target Agencies / Activities Attendees Contents Timing

Environmental PIC/POC,  Water savings At the beginning Protection and contractors  3R’s (reduce, reuse, recycle) of project Hygiene  Wastewater minimization implementation Awareness  Occupational health and safety Program

Climate Proofing GPMO, PIC, POC,  Basic knowledge about climate change During project Urban Urban Planning and adaptation implementation Infrastructure and Construction  International best practices on climate Bureau, EPB proofing

Human- GPMO, PIC, POC,  Basic knowledge about human-centered During project Centered Urban Planning universal design implementation Universal and Construction  International best practices on human- Design of Urban Bureau, EPB centered universal design Infrastructure and Public Facilities

Environmental EMU, Licensed  Monitoring and inspection methods, Prior to and Monitoring, environmental data collection and processing, during project Inspection and institute, OEE interpretation of data, reporting system implementation Reporting  Monitoring of impact on mangroves  Environmental reporting requirements  Project performance management system (PPMS)

Protection of Construction crew,  Importance and protection of Prior to and Mangroves construction mangroves during project supervisor, PMO,  Good practices in mangrove protection implementation IA

EEM = independent environmental monitor (as part of the implementation consultancy), EMP = environmental management plan, EMU = environmental management unit, EPB = Environmental Protection Bureau at the city level, GEPD = Guangxi Environmental Protection Department, GPMO = Guangxi Project Management Office, PIC = project implementing company, POC = project operating company. Source(s): Domestic EIAs, and consultations with GPMO, Qinzhou PMO, PIC, DI and EIA institute.

6. Reporting and Supervision

32. Internal Monitoring Report. During the construction period, results from the internal monitoring by the licensed environmental institute contracted by PIC / POC and inspections by OEE and EMU will be reflected in the monthly construction reports. The reports will summarize: (i) environmental issues during construction, including public grievances and responses; (ii) mitigation measures taken, if any; and (iii) consequences of the impacts on the environment and/or surrounding communities, including public grievances and responses.

33. The contractor will be trained to take immediate actions to remedy unexpected adverse impacts or ineffective or inefficient mitigation measures, as required by the addendum EMP, with special attention to the protection of coastal mangroves. The PIC will also respond to these reports in order to ensure that contractor has taken appropriate and timely action. Additional

A1-30 Appendix 1 measures may be taken, if needed, to ensure that all issues raised by the reports are appropriately addressed.

34. Results from the detailed internal environmental monitoring program and mitigation actions for the construction phase will be submitted monthly to the PIC / POC, quarterly to GPMO and Qinzhou PMO, and bi-annually to Qinzhou EPB. Qinzhou EPB may request that further environmental mitigation actions be taken, as they deem necessary, and may determine further mitigation measures for different stages, if necessary.

35. Compliance Monitoring Report: One agency authorized by Qinzhou EPB will be responsible for environmental compliance monitoring and inspection according to the PRC environmental regulations during construction and operation. The compliance monitoring reports will include: (i) project background, (ii) construction and operation activities, (iii) environmental conditions, (iv) measurement or sampling taken during auditing and their locations, (v) analytical results, (vi) interpretation and implication of the monitoring results, (vii) determination of the compliance status with regard to applicable regulations and standards, and (viii) recommendations for improvement. These reports will be submitted to Qinzhou EPB by EMS with a copy to GPMO and Qinzhou PMO.

36. Project Completion Environmental Audit Report: Project completion environmental audit report of the completion of each subproject will be prepared in accordance with the MEP Ministerial Guideline on Project Completion Environmental Audit (2001) within 3 months after completion. The report will focus on the project compliance of environmental performance when it is put into the operation. The report will be sent to environmental authorities for review and approval. If non-compliance is found, the project will be asked to be improved to the requirements before the official commencement of the operation.

37. External Environmental Monitoring Report: The EA / GPMO has the responsibility to monitor and assess overall project activities under the project design and monitoring framework, and will be accountable to ADB for ensuring the effective implementation of the addendum EMP. The GPMO will be assisted by the EEM, as part of the loan implementation consultancy recruited through international competitive bidding, to fulfill its environmental supervision, monitoring and reporting to the ADB. The regular environmental monitoring reports will be submitted to the ADB and EA / GPMO on a semi-annual basis; and the mangrove monitoring report will be submitted on a monthly basis during construction. The reports will emphasize: (i) progress made in implementing the addendum EMP; (ii) implementation of mitigation measures; (iii) environmental compliance; (iv) institutional strengthening and training; (v) public consultations and results; (vi) public grievances and responses; and (vii) problems occurred and corrective actions taken. ADB may request that further environmental mitigation actions be taken, as they deem necessary, and may determine further mitigation measures for different stages, if necessary.

38. Marine Water Quality and Mangroves Monitoring Report: For the mangroves along the Binhai Highway, a baseline marine water quality monitoring report prior to construction and a monthly water quality during construction and a quarterly water quality monitoring report will be prepared during operation. If water quality violations are discovered, studies and investigations will be commissioned to identify the causes and recommend mitigation measures.

39. The environmental reporting plan is presented in Table A1.6.

Table A1.6: Environmental Reporting Plan

A1-31 Appendix 1

Reports From To Frequency Pre-Construction Binhai Baseline marine Licensed EMU, EEM, GPMO Once prior to Highway water quality environmental construction monitoring institute contracted by PIC

Construction Phase Internal Internal OEE PIC, contractor Monthly Monitoring construction report

Internal Licensed PIC, GPMO, Qinzhou Quarterly for monitoring report environmental PMO, Qinzhou EPB regular institute monitoring; monthly for mangroves

Compliance Compliance EMS GEPD, city PMO, As per the PRC Monitoring monitoring report EPB regulation

Progress Semi-annual GPMO, LIEC ADB Semi-annual Reporting environment progress report

External External EEM ADB, GPMO, GEPD, Semi-annual for Monitoring monitoring EPB, city PMO, PIC regular verification report monitoring; monthly for mangroves

Mangroves Implementation of Construction Qinzhou PMO, IA, Monthly during mitigation contractor, loan implementation construction measures construction consultancy supervision agency

Mangroves Implementation of Guangxi Mangrove ADB, GPMO, Monthly during mitigation Research Center, Qinzhou PMO, construction measures; status loan implementation Qinzhou Marine of mangrove consultancy Bureau, Qinzhou ecosystem EPB Operation Phase Internal Internal Licensed GPMO, Qinzhou Quarterly for the Monitoring monitoring report environmental PMO, POC, EEM first 2 years of institute operation

Compliance Compliance EMS Qinzhou EPB As per the PRC Monitoring monitoring report regulation

Progress Semi-annual GPMO, LIEC ADB Semi-annual for Reporting environment the first 2 years progress report of operation

External External EEM ADB, GPMO, Semi-annual for Monitoring monitoring Qinzhou PMO, POC the first 2 years verification report of operation

A1-32 Appendix 1

Mangroves Status of Guangxi Mangrove ADB, GPMO, City Quarterly mangrove Research Center PMO, Qinzhou ecosystem Marine Bureau, Qinzhou EPB

ADB = Asian Development Bank, EEM = external environmental monitor (as part of the implementation consultancy), EPB = environmental protection bureau at the city level, EMS = environmental monitoring station at the city level, EMU = environmental management unit, GPMO = Guangxi project management office, PIC = project implementing company, POC = project operating company, WRB = water resource bureau. Source(s): Domestic EIAs, and consultations with GPMO, PIC, DI, and EIA institute.

7. Cost Estimates for Environmental Management

40. Before construction, the GPMO and PIC will develop detailed responsibilities and requirements for contractors and will provide detailed cost estimates of mitigation measures and environmental monitoring in the construction contracts. The GPMO and PIC also will detail the responsibilities of their environmental management offices and prepare their work schedules.

41. Before operation, the PIC/POC will develop detailed work plans for environmental management and monitoring during operation based on the addendum EMP. These work plans will be submitted to Qinzhou EPB to help them to supervise implementation.

42. The PIC with help from the GPMO will develop detailed plans for procurement of equipment and materials, and civil works for implementing mitigation measures and monitoring plans. These plans will be incorporated into project contracts. Environmental considerations will be incorporated into the procurement to ensure environmentally responsive procurement.

43. The environmental protection costs for the two new roads in Qinzhou are estimated at CNY 3.42 million. The detailed breakdowns are provided in Table A1.8. These costs have been incorporated into the overall project budget.

Table A1.8: Cost Estimates for Environmental Protection for Two New Roads in Qinzhou Item Cost (CNY 10,000) A. Mitigation during Construction 307 1 Noise pollution control 20 1.1 Noise abatement for construction equipment and machinery 5 1.2 Construction fences 15 2 Air pollution control 8 2.1 Water spraying in construction area 20 2.2 Vehicle washing 8 2.3 Tarpaulins for material-transporting vehicles 5 3 Water pollution control 10 3.1 Septic tanks, settlement ponds, oil separators 10 4 Solid waste management during construction 20 5 Water and soil erosion control 180 6 Special fences and retaining walls for mangrove protection 300 B. Traffic Control, Warning Signs and Announcements 3 C. Sound-Abatement Windows 6 D. Environmental Supervision 5 E. Environmental Monitoring and Environmental Audit upon 15 Completion TOTAL 630

A1-33 Appendix 1

I. Mechanism for Feedback and Adjustment

44. Based on the inspection and monitoring reports, environmental authorities will decide whether: (i) further mitigation measures are required as corrective action, or (ii) improvement is required to environmental management practices. If it is found during inspection that there has been substantial deviation from the addendum EMP or any changes made to the project or any subprojects which may cause substantial adverse environmental impacts or increase the number of affected people, then GPMO should consult with environmental authorities and ADB immediately and form an environmental assessment team to conduct additional environmental assessment and, if necessary, further public consultation. The revised EIA report including EMP will be submitted to the environmental authorities for approval, and finally report to ADB. The revised EMP will be passed to the contractor(s) and PIC/POC for implementation. The mechanism for feedback and adjustment is presented in Figure A1.1.

A1-34 Appendix 1

Figure A1.1: Mechanism for Feedback and Adjustment

A1-47

Appendix 2

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS

A. Introduction

1. The project preparation and the EIA process have been guided by and have given full consideration to complementarity to the ADB strategy for the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), national and provincial strategies, local development plans, local urban master plans and the strategic environmental assessments that are relevant to the project. The relationships between the project and the major strategies development plans, urban master plans and strategic environmental assessments are summarized in the following subsections.

B. ADB Strategies

2. In 2001, the six GMS countries of Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam formulated the 10-year strategic framework for the GMS Program, with the vision to achieve enhanced connectivity, increased competitiveness, and a greater sense of community in the GMS. The 13th GMS Ministerial Conference (Vientiane, Lao PDR; 14-16 December 2004) produced its first Plan of Action (POA) to guide the GMS Program’s activities in the medium term. The POA was reviewed and endorsed by the second GMS Summit (Kunming, July 2005). A significant amount of resources has been mobilized for the GMS Program. For the 41 GMS projects with a total investment of $11 billion as of 31 December 2008, GMS governments have provided about $3.3 million; ADB has extended loans amounting to $3.8 billion; and ADB has also generated $3.9 billion in co-financing for these investment projects. A total of U$208 million of grant resources have been mobilized, of which $94 million have been provided by ADB, to finance technical assistance focusing on human resource development, tourism, environment, trade and investment.

3. Transport is the primary sector for ADB investment. Of the total ADB contribution, through its lending program of $3.8 billion between 1992 and 2008 to the nine priority sectors of the GMS Program1, $3.5 billion or more than 91% was on transport projects in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and China (Yunnan and Guangxi). Owing to the transport infrastructure investments, all mainland Southeast Asian countries will by 2012 be interconnected with each other, by a series of all- weather roads or "corridors." The GMS Program has built and envisaged a well- connected sub region. Together with improvements in power and telecommunications, these roads will play a key role in increasing the connectivity of the GMS countries and thereby promote closer economic cooperation. Increased connectivity will lead to greater economic opportunities, which will assist reduce poverty.

4. ADB investments in Guangxi are closely linked to the GMS Program. The roads and the marine port projects in Guangxi are part of the northern and eastern transport corridors that support the north-south economic corridor. The three project cities are located in the northeast part of the GMS (Figure A2-1), and thus the improvement of the urban road networks and of the environmental quality in the three cities through the proposed project interventions will contribute to the strategic objectives of inclusive growth and environmental protection for the subregion. Through the three project cities as a gateway, the benefits arising from subregional cooperation can radiate into other parts of the PRC.

1 The nine sectors cover transport, energy, telecommunications, environment, human resources development, tourism, trade and investment. Source: Asian Development Bank.

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Appendix 2

5. The project is consistent with ADB’s water policy 2 and will help the PRC achieve Millennium Development Goal 7, Target 7.C, which establishes the 2015 target of halving the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation. The project is also consistent with ADB’s strategic objectives in the PRC to make markets work more efficiently through infrastructure development and to promote environmental sustainability. By supporting the sustainable development in the three project cities, the project supports ADB’s long-term strategic framework (Strategy 2020) and PRC Country Partnership Strategy (2008- 2010); it promotes efficient infrastructure, strengthens environmental management, and supports inclusive growth and balanced development to help the Government build a xiaokang (moderately well-off) society.

Figure A2.1: Project Cities in GMS and Other Subregional and National Programs

2 ADB. 2001. Water for All: The Water Policy of ADB. Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines.

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Appendix 2

C. National and Provincial Strategies

Western Development Strategy 6. Under the paramount leadership of Deng Xiaoping, the PRC began to reform its economy in 1978 by changing from a command economy to a market economy. The coastal regions of eastern PRC benefited greatly from these reforms, and their economies quickly raced ahead. The western half of the PRC, however, lagged behind severely. The Western Development Strategy (WDS) was launched in 1999, with the aim to help the western PRC catch up with the eastern provinces. A Leadership Group for Western Development, headed by the Premier, was established by the State Council in January 2000.

7. The WDS covers six provinces (Gansu, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan), five provincial-level ethnic minority autonomous regions (Guangxi Zhuang AR, Inner Mongolia AR, Ningxia Hui AR, Tibet AR, and Xinjiang Uygur AR), and one municipality of provincial status directly administered by the central government (Chongqing) (see Figure A2.2). This region contains 71.4% of mainland China's area, but only 28.8% of its population (at the end of 2002), and 16.8% of its total economic output (2003).

Figure A2.2: Twelve Provinces under Western Development Strategy

8. Since 2003, the central government has released and implemented a series of preferential supporting policies to the WDS. These policies cover, among other things: i) direct financial support to capital construction projects; ii) increased shares of IFI loans; iii) promotion of foreign

A2-1

Appendix 2 and domestic direct investments; iv) priority consideration in location of large-scale state-invested water conservancy, transportation and energy projects; v) increase in transfer payments in the form of regular transfer payments and specialized subsidy and funding programs; vi) increase in lending by domestic development banks (e.g., China Development Bank) to infrastructure development, especially railways, primary highways, urban development, power, petroleum and natural gas projects; vii) reduction of corporate income taxes, value- added taxes, land taxes and import duties up to 100%; and viii) subsidies and tax breaks for natural resource industries such as mining, hydropower, coal, oil and gas. The main components of the strategy include the development of infrastructure (transport, hydropower plants, energy, and telecommunications), enticement of foreign investment, increased efforts on ecological protection (such as reforestation), promotion of education, and retention of talent flowing to richer provinces. As of 2006, a total of 1 trillion yuan has been spent building infrastructure in western China.

9. At the opening ceremony of the 11th Western China International Economic and Trade Fair and 2nd Western China Forum on International Cooperation held in Chengdu on 16 October 2009, Premier Wen Jiabao affirmed the continuation of the WDS. Premier Wen elaborated that the Chinese government will elevate the expansion of the western development and opening up to a more prominent strategic position, striving to make the western region a “new economic growth pole” by constructing it into a home base for modern industries, demonstration area for coordinated urban and rural reform and development and a pioneer for ecological protection. Further expansion of cooperation with neighbouring countries will be promoted. The project will therefore contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the WDS.

Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Area Development Plan 10. In January 2008, the “Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone Development Plan” was approved by the central government, reinforcing the importance of the Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone (GBGEZ) in the Western Development Strategy and the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area. The purpose is to transform the GBGEA into China’s gateway to ASEAN through the development of logistics, trade and commerce, processing and manufacturing and information industries.

11. Located in China’ southwestern coast, the GBGEZ is composed of four municipalities of Nanning, Beihai, Qinzhou and Fangchenggang in Guangxi, with a total land mass of 42,500 km2 and a total population of approximately 13 million (Figure A2.3).

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Appendix 2

2 Land area: 425,000 km 2 Marine area: 130,000 km Coastline: 1,595 km Total population: 12.55 million

Note: end of 2006 G UANGXI ZHUANG AUTONOMOUS REGION

Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone VIETNAM PROVINCE

Figure A2.3: Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Development Zone

12. The strategic position of the GBGEZ is defined as an important international regional economic cooperation zone. It will serve as a gateway to Southeast Asia for the southwestern, southern and central-southern provinces, thus supporting the achievement of the Western Development Strategy and the development of the GBGEZ into an economic growth area in PRC’s southwestern coast.

13. According to the plan, the GBGEZ is divided into five “functional clusters” which cover two of the three project municipalities. The Qinzhou-Fangchenggang cluster will cover the urban centres of the two municipalities, the industrial zones along the coast and related areas. The priorities will be to take advantage of the deep and large seaports, construct tariff-free bonded zones at the ports, and develop heavy industries and port-based logistics industries along the coast. The Beihai cluster covers the urbanized area of Beihai, Hepu county seat and adjacent development areas. The priorities will be subtropical coastal tourism, electronics and information technologies, biological medicine, export processing and logistics.

14. The Dongxing-Pingxiang cluster entails the Dongxing city of Fangchenggang, Pingxiang city of Chongzuo, economic zones along the China-Vietnam border and surrounding areas. As a gateway of the coastal corridor to ASEAN countries, this cluster will have the priorities of export processing, trade and commerce and cross-border tourism. The Tieshan port cluster, covering the Tieshan port district of Beihai and Longtan township of Yulin city, will focus on port-based coastal industries and agriculture. The central government has granted several preferential policies for the GBGEZ. The central support includes, among other things: i) planning and location of key programs and projects, as well as expeditious review, approval and registration; ii) establishment of tariff-free bonded areas and logistics zones; iii) establishment of local banks and sector investment funds, and expand enterprise bond program; and iv) promotion of GBGEZ subnational cooperation under the China-ASEAN cooperation framework. Although it is too early for the GBDEZ program to show results, its contribution to the future socioeconomic development of Guangxi is assured.

Guangxi Urbanization Strategy 15. The 11th FYP for GZAR has established a series of socioeconomic targets, including

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Appendix 2

10% of the average annual rate of GDP growth (compared to 10.6% for the 10th FYP) and 40% of urbanization rate by the end of 2010. One of the supporting measures is to accelerate infrastructure development. The objective for the transportation sector is to build an integrated, fast, efficient and safe network of highways, railways, coastal ports, inland waterways and airports that further improve the inter- and intra-provincial connectivity. On the urbanization front, the objective is to promote coordinated urban and rural development. The Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Area will be developed into “dragon-head” and urban centers into new growth poles, supported by county-level economic growth, with a view to establish a new region-wide economic development pattern, entailing interconnected economy of coastal areas-urban centers-counties. Urbanization will be promoted around “four clusters and four belts”, including the Nanning-Beihai- Qinzhou-Fangchenggang coastal urban cluster connected by coastal highways and railways (Figure A2.4).

Figure A2.4: Four Clusters and Four Belts of Urbanization in GZAR

D. Qinzhou Urban Master Plan

16. The Qinzhou Urban Master Plan (QUMP) covers the timeframe of 2008 to 2025, which includes the short term (2012), medium-term (2020) and long term (2025). The planned city population is 1.30 million for 2025. The QUMP establishes the strategic direction of building the city into an “open Qinzhou” (China-ASEAN-oriented international transport hub, logistics center and gateway for south-western PRC), “modern Qinzhou” (Beibu Gulf-oriented coastal industrial hub, modern port city with economic vitality and coordinated urban-rural development) and “unique Qinzhou” (a livable and commerce-friendly city with south-western culture, coastal

A2-2

Appendix 2 landscape and south-east Asia culture). The city is divided into two urban districts: Qinnan district in the south and Port district in the north. The Xincheng area where proposed Qinzhou Xincheng road network is located will be built into a full-serviced residential community with a population of 170,000 by 2025 for the workers of the entire Port district. Environmental function zones are designated and air, surface water, marine water and acoustic quality targets are set for the planning periods. Major pollution targets include centralized sewage treatment and sanitary garbage disposal of respectively 80% and 95% by 2012, 85% and 98% by 2020 and 90% and 100% by 2025. Ecological buffers zones and green belts are planned between and within the urban clusters. The green cover target is 40% or 9 m2 per capita by 2012, 43% or 13 m2 per capita by 2020 and 45% or 14 m2 per capita by 2025. The transport plan includes a well- covered public transit system. The QUMP has also established zoning restrictions on future urban expansion by dividing the urban area into three categories: i) forbidden areas, where any urban development will not be allowed; ii) restricted areas, where the development will be controlled to a level consistent with its environmental and ecological carrying capacity; and iii) areas suitable for urban expansion. Moreover, the master plan also covers an emergency preparedness response plan (fire, flood, earthquake, chemical spills, etc.). The proposed road network is situated in the Xincheng area designated under the QUMP as suitable for residential development.

E. Strategic Environmental Assessments

17. The Qinzhou Xincheng road network is situated in an industrial area for which a strategic environmental assessment (SEA)3 was prepared and approved in 2009, in accordance with the PRC EIA Law (2003)4. Extensive public consultations were undertaken in respect to the SEA, including, among other things, two website postings for each SEA, focus group meetings and expert panel reviews. The preparation of the project EIA and addendum EIA was guided by the SEA.

18. With a total area of 138.46 km2, the planning boundary of the Qinzhou Port Industrial Zone (QPIZ) covers the entire port district south of the Qinnan district. The planned population is 170,000 by 2025. The development orientations of the QPIZ include petrochemical, energy, logistics, trade, pulp and paper and manufacturing industries. There will be green belts surrounding the QPIZ and green barriers between the functional areas within the industrial zone.

19. The SEA covers, among other things, the following key issues: i) alternatives analysis; ii) cumulative impacts of the proposed developments within the QPIZ, including the Xincheng area as a centralized residential community for the QPIZ; iii) mitigation measures, including recommendations on sectoral and geographical restrictions on industrial and residential developments and environmentally sensitive areas; iv) environmental facilities, including wastewater treatment plants and sanitary landfills; and v) risk assessment and emergency preparedness and response mechanism. In particular, the cumulative air quality impact on Qinzhou city was simulated, and the incremental SO2 contour map is shown Figure A2.5, combing the background concentrations and the incremental concentrations, all air quality parameters meet the class II of the PRC Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3097-1996).

20. During the preparation of the domestic EIA, special attention was paid to the air pollution effect of the QPIZ on the Xincheng area as a centralized residential community for the entire

3 In the PRC, SEA is called “Plan EIA”. SEA is used throughout the CEIA. 4 PRC Regulation on Plan EIA was proclaimed by the State Council and became effective as of 1 October 2009. ADB contributed to the formulation of the regulation, see “Recommendations on improving SEA in the PRC”, Observations and Recommendations, 16 March 2009, Beijing, PRC Resident Mission, Asian Development Bank.

A2-3

Appendix 2

QPIZ. The air quality simulation took into consideration the background concentrations and the incremental emissions from the QZIP and the airshed characteristics. The predicted air quality for the Xincheng area meets the designated class-II of the PRC Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-1996). Detailed results can be found in Chapter E.

Q IU N Z H O

F ANGCHENGGANG

B EIHAI

Figure A2.5: Forecasted SO2 with Respect to Qinzhou Port Industrial Zone

A2-4 Appendix 3

APPENDIX 3:

Assessment of Potential Impact of Binhai Highway on Coastal Mangroves and Mitigation Measures

Prepared by Guangxi Mangrove Research Center June 2017

Appendix 3

Entrusted by: Guangxi Qinzhou Linhai Industrial Investment Co., Ltd.

Prepared by: Guangxi Mangrove Research Center

Project Leader: Zeng Cong

Major Writers

Name Title/Degree Signature

Zeng Cun Assistant Researcher

Tao Yancheng Assistant Researcher

Li Meng Postgraduate

Reviewed by ：Fan Hangqing (Researcher) Signature：

A3.i Appendix 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY ...... 1

2. OVERALL OF THE PROJECT ...... 1

2.1 Basic Information ...... 1 2.2 Project Scope ...... 2

3. STUDY AREA ...... 2

4. STUDY METHODOLOGIES ...... 3

4.1 Areal Measurement ...... 3 4.2 Determination and Estimate of Mangrove-Suitable Area ...... 4 4.3 Mangrove Flora Study ...... 5 4.4 Survey of Semi Mangrove and Endangered Mangrove Species ...... 7 4.5 Survey for Environmental Stress Factors ...... 7

5. MANGROVE-SUITABLE TIDAL FLAT ...... 8

6. ECOSYSTEM HEALTH OF MANGROVES IN PROJECT AREA ...... 13

6.1 Major Flora Types ...... 15 6.2 Plants Regeneration of Bared Tidal Flat ...... 17 6.3 Mangrove Resources ...... 17 6.4 Major Plant Species ...... 18

7. STRESS FACTORS ...... 19

7.1 Breeding Ponds ...... 19 7.2 Marine Garbage ...... 20 7.3 Construction Wastes ...... 21 7.4 Sea Reclamation ...... 22

8. EVALUATION OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM HEALTH IN PROJECT AREA ...... 23

8.1 Mangrove Landscape Evaluation ...... 23 8.2 Evaluation of Mangrove Growth Status ...... 23

9. POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON MANGROVES AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 24

9.1 Potential Impacts ...... 24 9.2 Potential Impact of Project Operation ...... 29

A3.ii Appendix 3

9.3 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts ...... 29

10. PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MANGROVES...... 32

10.1 Restoration and Replanting ...... 32 10.2 Solid Wastes Clearance ...... 32 10.3 Public Participation...... 32 10.4 Water Body Pollution Control ...... 33 10.5 Enhance Monitoring for Ecosystem and Management ...... 33

11. CONCLUSION ...... 33

ANNEX 1: RESULTS OF HEIGHT SURVEY FOR TIDAL FLAT OF MANGROVES ...... 35 ANNEX 2: SURVEY WORKING PHOTOS ...... 40

A3.iii Appendix 3

Preface

Mangrove is a woody plant flora that grows in the tidal flat of tropical and subtropical regions. Mangroves are known for carbon sequestration and oxygen release , tidal-flat protection, disaster prevention and mitigation, pollution reduction, biodiversity protection, and off-shore ecological balance. It has the function of biodiversity protection and wetland ecological protection with reputation of "coastal guard", "ocean purifier" and "ocean bottom forest". With the fast development of economy in the coastal line, mangroves play an important role for safeguarding the coastal ecological system. However large tracts of mangroves have disappeared because of unreasonable development. The existing mangroves have low timber quality, ecological functions degradation, and sharply reduction of ecological services value. The offshore fisheries and aquaculture are threatened. Mangrove survival has also become risky. China has established 35 ecosystem reservations with mangroves as the major protection target. More than 80% of natural mangroves are under ecosystem conservation. Mangroves have become one of the most protected ecosystem types in China.

Mangroves are an important natural resource in Guangxi coastal lines. The total area of mangroves in Guangxi province is estimated at 9,197.4 hm2, of which natural mangroves account for 7,411.8 hm2. There are 10 native mangrove species, 10 genuses, and 8 families. There are 6 semi-native mangrove species. The mangrove forests with large areas and abundant species are now placed in protected areas. Three mangrove nature reserves have been established in the Guangxi province, including Guangxi Beilunhekou National Nature Reserve (state-level) and Guangxi Shankou Mangrove National Nature Reserve (state-level) and Guangxi Maoweihai Mangrove National Reserve (provincial-level). The mangrove areas in the Beilunhekou, Shankou, and Maoweihai are 1,260 hm2, 700 hm2 and 1,892.7 hm2 respectively, totaling 3,852.7 hm2. The three nature reserves account for 41.9% of Guangxi total mangrove areas (9,197.4 hm2). The Maoweihai mangrove nature reserve cover 1,892.7 hm2, accounting for 60.1% of the total mangrove area in Qinzhou city (totaling 3,419.7hm2). Those in the south-east bank of Jingu village in the Binhai Highway project area are not under protection.

1. Purpose of This Study

The proposed Binhai Highway Reconstruction and Expansion Project (Jinguang Bridge to Road No. 4) is close to the coastal mangroves. The purpose of the study is to understand the ecological status of mangroves in the project area, and assess the possible impact of on the mangroves.

2. Overall of the Project

2.1 Basic Information

Project Name: Qinzhou Port - New City Road Networks Project (Phase 3), Qinzhou City.

A3.1 Appendix 3

Implementing Agency: Guangxi Qinzhou Linhai Investment Co., Ltd

Construction Site: Qinzhou Port of Qinzhou City

Nature of Project Investment: Renovation and Expansion

2.2 Project Scope

The Xincheng Road Networks Project (Phase 3) includes two components: Binhai Highway Reconstruction and Expansion (Jinguang Bridge to Road No. 4) and Road No. 2 North-Central Section. The scope of project construction includes road engineering, bridge engineering, drainage engineering, water supply engineering, electric engineering, lighting engineering, traffic engineering, greening and other auxiliary works. The total investment is about CNY 369.35 million.

Binhai Highway Reconstruction and Expansion (Jinguang Bridge to Road No. 4). The length of road is 4,000 m, width of red line is 68 m. After expansion, the road is close to the mangroves forest from road section K0+600 to K1+500, around 64.5 m. Current red line width is 27 m. After expansion, road red line width will be 68 m. The original design of road K0+600 and road K1+500 would occupy a small part of mangroves. The revised design has a red line of 64.5 m. The revised red line will no longer require the removal of any mangroves.

3. Study Area

The survey area of mangrove forest in the south-east bank of Jingu village is from 108°39'22.55"E, 21° 43'47.04"N east, west to 108°38'20.56"E, 21°43'59.12" N, south to 108°38'55.33"E, 21°43'28.67" N, and north to 108°38'49.91"E, 21°44'28.65"N, including mangrove boundaries (east from 108°38'55.38"E , 21°44'01.98"N, west to 108°38'44.19"E, 21°44'13.62"N) , totaling 1 km radius. The study covers an area of 260 hm2.

A3.2 Appendix 3

Figure 3-1 Map of Study Area

4. Study Methodologies

4.1 Areal Measurement

Mangrove remote sensing data extraction is based on GIS data from the 2006 to 2009 Nine-Zero-Eight research project (Guangxi Mangrove Ecosystem Survey), combined with the relevant field survey and related literature review by Guangxi Mangrove Research Center recently, with help of portable GPS measurement and Google Earth map. By this way, the latest distribution areas of the mangrove forests on the south-east bank of the Jingu Village, coastline and mangrove forest line were obtained.

A3.3 Appendix 3

4.2 Determination and Estimate of Mangrove-Suitable Area

According to the field investigation of mangroves natural regeneration and the distribution of the tidal flat by RTK, areas of the mangrove forest in the SE Bank of Jingu village is measured with help of areas boundary estimation of mangrove forest from recorded documents.

4.2.1 Measurement Basis

(1) Measurement Specification

"Ocean Terrain Survey" (GB17501-1998); "Global Positioning System (GPS) Measurement Specification" (GB18314-2009); "Technical Specifications of Global Positioning System Real-time Dynamic Measurement (RTK) " (CH-T_2009-2010).

(2) Measurement Parameters

1) Coordinate system: CGCS2000 coordinate system. 2) Plane control: The projection is a Gauss-Kruger projection. meridian line is 108 ° E. 3) Height Plane: 1985 National elevation datum. 4) Measurement scale: 1: 2000, contour interval is 1m. 5) Plane accuracy: point error in the plane ≤ 0.2m (point error on the map ≤ ± 0.1, refer to the "Technical specifications of Global Positioning System Real-time dynamic measurement (RTK) " (CH-T_2009-2010). 6) Height accuracy: height error ≤ 0.10m, (height error ≤ 1/10 basic contour interval, "technical specifications of Global positioning system real-time dynamic measurement (RTK) " (CH-T_2009-2010).

4.2.2 Measurement Preparation

Surveying equipment: Zhonghaida RTK, Guangxi CORS system, and ARCGIS software.

Measurement control points were provided by Qinzhou Maritime Bureau Development Center. Guangxi CORS system can achieve centimeter-level plane coordinates and centimeter-level elevation coordinates within the coverage of CORS system. The working group identified its precision. E- Grade Control point K3 was used as the verification point near the project area. The measurement results show that ΔX≤0.03 m, ΔY≤0.03 m, ΔH≤0.04 m which can meet accuracy requirements by the requirement.

4.2.3 Measurement Area

Survey range is the sea side of Binhai highway along coastal line of Jinguang Bridge east in Qinzhou City. The geographical coordinates is longitude 108°38'45.74"~ 108°39'06.26" and

A3.4 Appendix 3 latitude 21°44'14.87"~ 21°43'45.92". The coastline of tidal flat is 1.1 km. Vertical distance between edge bottom of the coastline to tidal flat of mangrove forest is 1.02 km, totaling areas of 71 hm2. The location is shown in Figure 4-1.

Figure 4-1: Map of Study Area

4.3 Mangrove Flora Study

4.3.1 Samples Setting

Within the scope of the survey, two sections were set up with the largest area of mangrove marks vertical to the road. A survey belt was set up parallel with the road, as is shown in Figure 4-2. Each section was set up three survey stations which locates to land mangrove belt, middle of mangrove belt and to sea mangrove belt

A3.5 Appendix 3 respectively. Each station sets up with a 10 m × 10 m sample to conduct flora survey, meanwhile a 1m × 1m small sample was set up to study mangrove species, base diameter, height, coverage, components, and the type, quantity and height of the mangrove sapling. The high-voltage power lines divide south-east coastal line of Jingu Village (from Jingujiang to Dalanping) into 10 sections, of which 8 sections are mangrove-distributed and 5 sections are mangrove-emerging. A total of 20 samples were established, including 6 small samples to study the type, number, distribution and re-growth of each mangrove.

Figure 4-2: Layout Map of Survey Sections

4.3.2 Survey Methods

1) Mangrove species: Identify mangrove species in the samples and record.

2) Chest (base) diameter: each timber measurement size in the samples, measured with chest (base) diameter (accurate to 0.1cm). Arbors (obvious trunk, tree height > 3 m) measure chest diameter, shrubs measure base diameter.

A3.6 Appendix 3

3) Height: measured with a high measure bar (accurate to 0.1 m), each timber test.

4) Coverage: Witness shades of flora crown projected to the ground (its percentage).

5) Number of components: Count the number of trunk trees of the mangrove species.

6) Growth layer: record the type and number of sapling, average sapling height and maximum height (accurate to 0.1 cm)

4.4 Survey of Semi Mangrove and Endangered Mangrove Species

Along the coastline, a survey sample was established, as is shown in Figure 4-3. The survey sample was across Jingujiang Bridge to Dalanping Road 4, along the coastal line, so that semi-mangrove species and endangered species can be investigated. Meanwhile distribution and growth of other salt marsh plants were also investigated.

Figure 4-3: Map of Survey of Semi and Endangered Mangrove

4.5 Survey for Environmental Stress Factors

Through the field investigation and villagers visit, development and utilization of marine areas and land areas around mangrove forest were identified by clear water pollution, air pollution, solid waste pollution, deforestation, other factors to damage

A3.7 Appendix 3 to mangrove forest. Recommend the coping methods and mitigation measures to eliminating the threatening by identifying key environmental stress factors.

4.5.1 Survey Areas

Sample line was coastal line in the SE of Jingu Village, about 1km radius. Survey ranges are mangroves and its surrounding sea banks, sea reclamation, shrimp ponds, factories, industrial wastes, etc. in this area. The survey area is 260 hm2 (consistent with Figure 3-1).

4.5.2 Survey Methods

Combined with the sample line and samples, causes for producing the environmental stress factors of mangrove forest within 1 km of the sample belt were recorded, meanwhile in the mangrove forest, sample points were set up to study and record the plant name, and other information. Digital photos will be used to identify the species.

5. Mangrove-Suitable Tidal Flat

The study group conducted the measurement once. In May 23, 2017, height measurement of tidal-flat areas of mangrove growth was conducted with a total 180 points to be collected.

Using ARCGIS software to input height data collected into the coordinates, process the data, and formulate the map. Identify the boundaries of mangrove forest by studying average sea level in Qinzhou City through documents, as is shown in Figure 5-1. After calculation, the area suitable for mangrove forest growth are 71.05 hm2, of which natural mangrove areas are 2.35 hm2. The area for tidal-flat of mangrove forest growth totals 68.70 hm2.

A3.8 Appendix 3

Figure 5-1: Plane for Tidal-Flat of Mangrove Forest

A3.9 Appendix 3

Photo 5-1: Tidal Flat for Natural Regeneration of Mangroves

Photo 5-2: Tidal Flat for Natural Regeneration of Mangroves

A3.10 Appendix 3

Photo 5-3: Bare Tidal Flat for Mangrove Forest Growth

Photo 5-4: Barren Tidal Flat for Mangrove Forest Growth

A3.11 Appendix 3

Photo 5-5: Barren Tidal Flat for Mangrove Forest Growth

Photo 5-6: Barren Tidal Flat for Mangrove Forest Growth

A3.12 Appendix 3

6. Ecosystem Health of Mangroves in Project Area

The existing mangroves in the SE bank of Jingu village are mainly distributed at the northern end of this section of tidal flat. Along the sea banks there are sporadic distribution of mangrove forest with a trailing shape, totaling 35.27 mu. Please see Figure 6-1. Mangrove has the major types of Aegiceras corniculata, Kandelia candel, and Avicennia marina. Aegiceras corniculata as the major flora composes of two flora: aegiceras corniculata + Avicennia marina flora and Aegiceras corniculata + Kandelia candel + Avicennia marina flora. This section of mangrove flora has good appearance featured by neat, green and the good growth. The entire section of mangrove forest has distribution of Aegiceras corniculata, scattered with Kandelia candel and Avicennia marina. On the south side, the dominance of Aegiceras corniculatum was more obvious, with Avicennia ternata distributed on the east side and Kandelia distributed on the north side. East side of the high-voltage wire, base diameter of Kandelia and Aegiceras corniculata are much smaller and neater. The coverage of entire mangrove section is 75%, of which Avicennia marina accounting for 20%, Aegiceras corniculata accounting for 65%, and Kandelia coverage accounting for 15%. The flora height is 2.0 ~ 2.5 m. The average density of the flora is 297 plants / 100 m2. The height is gradually increased from forest edge to land edge. The density is gradually increased from outside to inside. The base diameter of the plants is gradually decreased. In the south side of the plants, its base diameter is larger, with cluster of plants grow, and 4 to 8 branches of Kandelia candel clustered.

Forest edge has large semi-mangrove plants: Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn and Excoecaria agallocha Linn, and other salt-tolerant plants as Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn, Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC, Pluchea indica Less, and Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. subsp. brasiliensis, etc. In the vicinity of high tidal line and high-voltage power line base, some halophytes as Suaeda australis Moq and Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr are commonly distributed.

A3.13 Appendix 3

Figure 6-1: Distribution of Mangroves in Project Area

Photo 6-1: Appearance of Mangroves in Project Area

A3.14 Appendix 3

Photo 6-2: Halophyte in Mangrove Margins

6.1 Major Flora Types

6.1.1 Aegiceras corniculata + Avicennia marina

This type a transitional flora (mixed growth) of Aegiceras corniculata living in the surroundings of fresh water and Avicennia marina living in the sea water. This flora favors the muddy tidal flat from transition of salty fresh water to seawater where two species of Aegiceras corniculata and Avicennia marina often grow. Kandelia candels are mixed living in it. Its tree crown heights are differently high or low, of which single layer or Avicennia marina are in the upper layer - 2 layers shrub flora. Sample density is 112 / 100 m2 with coverage of 80%. The maximum height of tree crown layers 3.8 m of A vicennia marina. The average height of Aegiceras corniculata is 2.0 m. The biggest base diameter in the flora is the base diameter of Avicennia marina - 16.0 cm, of which the average base diameter of the Avicennia marina is 15.0 cm and the average base diameter of Aegiceras corniculata is 8.5 cm. Kandelia candel is the sampling in this flora with a density of 14 plants / 100 m2.

Table 6-1: Survey Sheet of Aegiceras corniculata + Avicennia marina Sample area: 10×10 m2 Total coverage：80% Average height: 2.0 m serial name Number Cover H eight (H)+ DBH (D) note of threes (％) average max min 1 Kandelia 14 1% D(cm) / / / candel Sample H(m) 0.6 0.8 0.5 2 Avicennia 2 3% D(cm) 15.0 16.0 14.0 marina H(m) 3.6 3.8 3.5 3 Aegiceras 110 70% D(cm) 8.5 12 1.6 corniculat H(m) 2.0 2.4 0.6 a

6.1.2 Aegiceras corniculata + Kandelia candel + Avicennia marina

This plant clusters which include of three species of Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina and Kandelia candelii have not formed of shrub layers. Flora density is 443 ~ 472 plants / 100 m2. The highest height of tree clown is 2.3 ~ 3.2 m, of which Avicennia marina is 3.2 m. The average height is 1.8 ~ 2.8 m, of which average Aegiceras corniculata can reach 2.4 m. The maximum base diameter of the flora is 5.0 ~ 15.8 cm. The average base

A3.15 Appendix 3 diameter is 4.5 ~ 14.5 cm with coverage is 70 ~ 75%. The regeneration layer is 1 ~ 2 a sapling. The sampling density of Aegiceras corniculata is 30 plants / 100 m2, and the sampling density of Avicennia marina is 200 plants / 100 m2.

Table 6-2: Survey Sheet 1- Aegiceras corniculata + Kandelia candel + Avicennia marina Sample area: 10×10 m2 Total coverage: 70% Average: 1.9 m Height (H) + DBH (D) Name of No. of Cover Average trees trees (％) value Max value Min value note Kandelia 60 15% D (cm) 6.0 10.0 3.0 No sapling candel H(m) 1.8 2 1.2 2 Avicennia 12 20% D(cm) 10.0 15.8 3.2 200 marina H(m) 2.5 3.2 1.5 saplings 3 Aegiceras 400 40% D(cm) 4.5 5.0 1.0 30 saplings corniculata H(m) 1.9 2.2 0.7

Table 6-3: Survey Sheet 2- Aegiceras corniculata + Kandelia candel + Avicennia marina Sample areas： 10×10m2total coverage：75% average height：2.4m Height(H) + DBH (D) Name of No of Average Min Plant Trees Cover (％) Value Max value Value Note 1 Kandelia 20 5% D(cm) 6.0 10.0 3.1 More candel H(m) 2.1 2.8 1.4 branches at base level 2 Avicennia 3 5% D(cm) 14.5 9.0 6.0 marina H(m) 2.8 2.3 2.0 3 Aegiceras 420 70% D(cm) 5.5 7.8 2.1 30 corniculata H(m) 2.4 2.6 1.2 Saplings

6.1.3 Aegiceras corniculata + Kandelia candel Flora

In the flora of Aegiceras corniculatum + Kandelia candel, the average height of Aegiceras corniculatum is 2.5 m and the maximum height can reach 2.7 m. The average height of Kandelia candel is 2.4m and the maximum height can reach 2.7 height. The flora shows the single layer shrub structure. The average base diameter of Aegiceras corniculatum is 4.5 cm and the maximum base diameter is 5.7 cm. The average base diameter of Kandelia candles is 5.6 cm and the maximum base diameter is 7.2 cm. The flora coverage is 80%. The flora has no regeneration layer with density of 322 / 100 m2. Kandelia candles are often bifurcation of 4 trees to 8 trees.

Table 6-4: Survey Sheet of Aegiceras corniculata + Kandelia candel Flora Sample area: 10×10 m2 Total coverage: 80% Average height: 2.5 m

Height (H) +DHB (D) Name of No. of Cover Plant trees (％) Average Max Min value note

A3.16 Appendix 3

value value D(cm) 5.6 7.2 2.3 4 trees of 1 cluster， Kandelia 8 trees of 1 1 52 15% candel H(m) 2.4 2.7 1.6 cluster， 6 trees of 1 cluster Aegiceras D(cm) 4.5 5.7 1.2 2 270 70% corniculata H(m) 2.5 2.7 0.5

6.2 Plants Regeneration of Bared Tidal Flat

There is regeneration in the bared tidal flat of mangrove forest edge. Most of them are the saplings of Aegiceras corniculata. For a 1×1 m2 sample, the average height is 10 - 15 cm with densities of 2 ～ 4 tress.

Photo 6-3: Regeneration of Saplings

6.3 Mangrove Resources

Based on field survey, flora survey, and related statistics, distribution areas, numbers, height and coverage of mangroves trees were obtained. The high-voltage wire bases divide the south - east coastline of Jingu Village into 10 sections, of which 5 sections have mangrove trees which have been connected to form the forest. Studying the species, number, distribution, and regeneration of each mangrove section respectively, covering total 35.27 mu of mangrove forest in the project area. A total 69,838 mangrove plants were counted.

Table 6-5: Status of Mangroves in Project Area Ratio of Tree Species (%) Average Mangrove Number of Height of Flora Section Section Aegiceras trees in the Avicennia Kandelia Mangrove Coverage Areas(Mu) corniculata section(tress) marina candel Flora (m) (%) 65 20 15 2.3 75 30.54 60472 80 5 15 1.5 80 0.76 1505 ᬅ 50 30 20 1.6 60 2.11 4178 ᬆ 70 20 10 1.5 70 0.54 1069 ᬇ 70 0 30 1.3 30 0.49 970 Othersᬈ Sporadic distribution of small sections 0.83 1643 Totalᬉ 35.27 69838

A3.17 Appendix 3

In accordance with survey from above flora sections, average density of flora section is 297 Note trees/100m2. Areas x density = total numbers of trees.

Figure 6-2: Distribution Map of Mangrove Sections

6.4 Major Plant Species

The main mangrove species in the project area are Aegiceras corniculata, Kandelia candel, and Avicennia marina. Semi mangrove species are Hibiscus tiliscus and Excoecaria agallocha. Other salt tolerant and salt marsh plants are Suaeda australis, Canavalia maritima, Pluchea indica, Ipomoea pescaprae, Clerodendrun inerme, and Zoysia matrella, etc. The original plants in the inland edges of mangrove forest include Apluda mutica, Imperata cylindrica, Pueraria montana, Neyraudia neyraudiana, Rhus chinensis and Berchemia floribunda.

There are neither endangered nor protected species.

Table 6-6: Mangrove and Semi-Mangrove in Project Area Family Species Note 红树科 Rhizophorsceae 秋茄 Kandelia candel Mangrove plant，shrub 紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae 桐花树 Aegiceras corniculatum Mangrove plant，shrub 马鞭草科 Verbenaceae 白骨壤 Avicennia marina Mangrove plant，shrub 锦葵科 Malvaceae 黄槿 Hibiscus tiliscus Semi-Mangrove plant，shrub 大戟科 Euphorbiaceae 海漆 Excoecaria agallocha Semi-Mangrove plant，shrub

A3.18 Appendix 3

Table 6-7: Salt-Tolerant Plants and Saltmarsh Plants in Project Area Family Species Note 藜科 Chenopodiaceae 南方碱蓬 Suaeda australis herbaceous plant 蝶形花科 Papilionaceae 海刀豆 Canavalia maritima herbaceous vine; 马鞭草科 Verbenaceae 苦榔树 Clerodendrun inerme shrub 马樱丹 Lamtana camara shrub 鼠李科 Rhamnaceae 马甲子 Paliurus ramosissimus shrub 菊科 Compositae 阔苞菊 Pluchea indica semi - shrub 旋花科 Convolvulaceae 厚藤 Ipomoea pescaprae herbaceous vine; 禾本科 Poaceae 铺地黍 Panicum repens herbaceous plant 沟叶结缕草 Zoysia matrella herbaceous plant 结缕草 Zoysia sp. herbaceous plant

7. Stress Factors

In accordance with site survey and literature search, stress factors of mangrove forest in the coastal line of Jingu village and its impacting degree were identified, as is shown in Table 7-1.

Table 7-1: Stress Factors for Mangroves Distance to Stress Mangrove Impacting Factors Areas( Mu) Forest (m)) Affecting Factors Degree Base of High - Pressure 21.5 0～500 Occupy tidal flat of mangrove forest 4 degree Wiring Line Breeding 45.3 0～140 Occupy tidal flat of mangrove forest 4 degree Ponds Sea 224.0 300 Occupy tidal flat of mangrove forest 3 degree Reclamation Building Affect the root system and occupy tidal 0 ～5 5 degree Garbage flat of mangrove forest Marine Affect the root system and destroy 0 6 degree Garbage regeneration of forest (Note : 1 degree means the minimum influence. 6 degree means the maximum influence.

7.1 Breeding Ponds

There are two large shrimp ponds near the mangrove forest section. Polluted water discharge of aquaculture will certainly affect the water quality of mangroves. Pollution discharge of shrimp pond will cause water body eutrophication, which creates the circumstances for plankton largely regeneration, etc. This will create a favorable living conditions for Sphaeroma, which will further threaten the growth of mangroves and their wetland habitats. Sphaeroma is a kind of drilling creatures, relying on eating plankton, algae, and bacteria. In order to shelter, Sphaeroma will drill into inside the roots of mangrove forest and drill the roots and stems to be empty and lead to death. It is recommended that shrimp pond should be removed or the villagers should change the way for breeding so as to reduce the discharging of aquaculture waste water.

A3.19 Appendix 3

Figure 7-1: Map of Shrimp Ponds in Project Area

7.2 Marine Garbage

In the survey areas, there are many litters between the largest mangrove section and sea banks, including mostly white foam, tires, plastic bottles, and woven bags, etc., Garbage are belt distributed with width of 3 ~ 6m. Garbage belt is parallel with sea banks with 70% coverage. In the forest, there are also garbage scattered. From the site observation, the white foam was hanging at the top of the mangrove forest, therefore judges can be made that source of these wastes is quite likely from breeding production of Jingujiang Factory. The white foams were flowed to the mangrove area with flow of high tide. Waste tires, plastic bottles, glass bottles, and woven bags, etc. were produced by breeding ponds and residential areas. After the tide is faded, some of the mangrove branches were unable to bear the weight of these garbage and broken. Part of the garbage occupy mangroves space. Part of plastic bags were buried in the sediment, the mangrove roots and some plants and animals in the soil were affected to grow. Garbage were scattered in the mangrove wetlands, resulting in the mangrove landscape broken and messy. This ruined the green areas on the coastal road and adjacent areas. Law enforcement department should prohibit anyone throwing garbage into the mangrove forest, including the above mentioned white foam, waste tires, glass bottles, plastic bottles, and woven bags, etc. The existing garbage in mangrove forest should be cleaned totally and personnel are organized to clean white

A3.20 Appendix 3 foams in the mangrove forest regularly.

Photo 7-1: Mangroves Polluted by Garbage

7.3 Construction Wastes

Along the mangrove sections, there are 10 high-voltage power line bases and areas of base and its buffer zones are 21.45 mu. The largest area is 3.09 mu and the smallest area is 0.74 mu and the average distance is 85 m. Many large and fragmented bricks are scattered around these high-voltage base. These bricks are building wastes, which also has the effect of consolidation and buffering. Mangrove forest sections from top to bottom have five high-voltage power line bases, which has occupied the mangroves forest and its growing lands.

Figure 7-2: Map of High-Voltage Power Line Bases in Project Area

A3.21 Appendix 3

Photo 7-2: High-Voltage Power Line Bases and Building Wastes of Mangrove Margins

7.4 Sea Reclamation

Generally speaking, the local residents have a strong awareness to protect the mangrove forest and phenomenon of deforestation rarely occur. The small-scale sea reclamation was occurred in the west side of mangrove sections with total areas of 223.9 acres. From Google's historical image, sea reclamation was occurred on December 2011 with a limit scale. only a few buildings in the sea. Reclamation area from the coastal road to the mangrove-areas is 400m, in the middle interval, there is a shrimp pond. Coastal reclamation project on the investigation area mangrove has no significant impact, but occupies the mangrove forest tidal flat. Only several buildings are emerged near seaside. There are 400 m between sea reclamation areas

Figure 7-3: Map of Sea Reclamation Areas in Project Area

A3.22 Appendix 3

8. Evaluation of Mangrove Ecosystem Health in Project Area

8.1 Mangrove Landscape Evaluation

8.1.1 Mangrove Forest Landscape Features

Degree of mangrove forest connectivity and habitat integrity can reflect the quality of the habitat. Severe disturbance of the habitat, the habitat can show the phenomenon of low integrity, scattered section, and low connectivity, therefore habitat fragmentation indicators of ecological landscape can measure this quality.

Habitat fragmentation refers to the process of evolution from simplicity, homogeneity, and connectivity of a habitat to complexity, heterogeneity, and in-connectivity of a habitat, which is caused by human activities or natural factors. An important manifestation is that lowering habitat fitness and scattered spatial distribution caused by the mismatch of natural environmental factors in spatial combinations, resulting in reduced habitat suitability or fragmentation in spatial distribution. This report will use fragmentation index (FI) to reflect, namely section numbers of unit areas as flora fragmentation degree indicators. The formula is FI = N / A, N is the total number of sections and A is the total area of the sections. FI reflects the spatial pattern of the landscape, which is often used to describe the heterogeneity of the landscape. Its value has a good positive correlation with landscape fragmentation degree, usually FI value is big, the fragment degree is high. If FI value is small, its fragment degree is low. FI affects many ecological processes, therefor it can determine the spatial distribution of species and the subspecies in the landscape and change the stability of interactions and co - existence of the species.

8.1.2 Extent of Fragmentation

There are 10 high - voltage power line bases in the project area, of which 4 bases are located in the mangrove forest and mangrove forest is divided into 5 sections by them. Its fragmentation index is:

FI = N / A = 5 / 35.27 = 0.14 (number / mu) = 2.13 (plants / m2)

The fragmentation index for mangrove forest in the project area is 2.13 plants / m2. It is significant fragmentation and low habitat integrity.

8.2 Evaluation of Mangrove Growth Status

For mangrove forest in the project area, there are two floras of Aegiceras corniculata + Avicennia marina and Aegiceras corniculata + Avicennia marina mixed with Kandelia candel.

A3.23 Appendix 3

Features of A egiceras corniculata + Avicennia marina flora in the coastal area of Guangxi are as follows: the single - layer shrub flora with tree crown high or low are mostly found on the muddy tidal flat of the transition from fresh and salt water to seawater. There are two floras of Aegiceras corniculata and Avicennia marina, with Kandelia candel mixed in it. Sample density is 48 ~ 161 trees / 100 m2. The highest tree crown height is 2.50 ~ 3.0 m, which are all the height of Avicennia marina. The average height of the flora is 0.8 ~ 1.0 m and the average height of Avicennia marina is 2.5 ~ 2.0 m. The average height of Aegiceras corniculatum is 0.79 ~ 1.74 m. The maximum base diameter of the flora is the base diameter of Avicennia marina - 11.0 ~ 17.5 cm. Its average base diameter is 3.7 ~ 8.5 cm, of which the average base diameter of Avicennia marina is 9.0 ~ 15.0 cm and the average base diameter of Aegiceras corniculata is 2.8 ~ 7.9 cm. The coverage is 80% to 100%.

Features of Aegiceras corniculata + Avicennia marina flora in the project area are as follows: Aegiceras corniculata and Avicennia marina has two species of flora mixed with Kandelia candel. The tree crown height is slightly different. The single layer and Avicennia marina layer are in the upper layer - 2 layer shrub flora. Sample density is 112 / 100 m2 with total coverage of 80%. The maximum height of flora crown layer is Avicennia marina - 3.8 m. The average height of Aegiceras corniculata is 2.0 m. The largest base diameter of the flora is the base diameter of the Avicennia marina - 16.0cm, of which the average base diameter of the Avicennia marina is 15.0 cm and the average base diameter of Aegiceras corniculata is 8.5 cm. Kandelia candel is the saplings in this flora with a density of 14 plants / 100 m2.

It can be seen that the mangroves in the project area are growing well. The average height and average base diameter of the plants are greater than the average level of those in the same flora in the coastal areas of Guangxi.

9. Potential Impacts on Mangroves and Mitigation Measures

9.1 Potential Impacts

The current road red line width is 27 m. With the original design, the southern side of the road red line of road pile K0 +600 to K1 + 500 would require the removal of small portions of the mangroves, at a width of 2 ~ 5 m. In consideration of mangrove conservation, the design in the mangrove sections (from pile K0 +600 to K1 +500) have adjusted the road pavement and cross-section, which will avoid removing any mangrove. After optimization, the red line width is 64.5 m, a reduction of 3.5 m from the original 68 m. The separation zone and the sidewalk are designed to be at a minimum as well, with the separation zone is reduced from 3.0 m to 1.5 m and the sidewalk is reduced from 4.0 m to 2.0 m.

A3.24 Appendix 3

Figure 9-1: Map of Current Binhai Highway

9.1.1 Optimized Design for Road Cross Section

The original design for road cross sections by the plans is as follows:

4.0m (Sidewalk) + 7.0 m (Slow Motorized Lane) + 3.0 m (Separation Zone) + 16.0 m (Fast Motorized Lane) + 8.0 m (Central Separation Zone) + 16.0 m (Fast Motorized Lane) + 3.0 m (Separation Zone) + 7.0 m (Slow Motorized Lane) + 4.0 m (Sidewalk) = 68.0 m

Figure 9-2: Map of Road Standard Cross Section

The cross section of the road section with mangroves is now optimized. The side separation

A3.25 Appendix 3 zone on the south side of the road will adopt the minimum value of 1.5 m according to the clause 5.4.3 of in the PRC Urban Expressway Design Code (CJJ129-2009). The sidewalk on the south side of the road will adopt the minimum 2.0 m according to Clause 5.3.4 in the Urban Road Engineering Design Plan (CJJ37-2012). Thus, the red line on the south of the road will shift northward 3.5 m as a whole. Therefore, the road section with mangroves is able to avoid occupying mangroves.

The road cross section with mangroves is optimized as follows:

4.0 m (Sidewalk) + 7.0 m (Slow Motorized Lane) + 3.0 m (Separation Zone) + 16.0 m (Fast Motorized Lane) + 8.0 m (Central Separation Zone) + 16.0 m (Fast Motorized Lane) + 1.5 m (Separation Zone) + 7.0 m (Slow Motorized Zone) + 2.0 m (Sidewalk) = 64.5 m.

Figure 9-3: Cross Section for Road Sections with Mangroves

9.1.2 Design Optimization for Road Pavement

As shown below, blue dots areas are the mangrove areas. Red solid line is the road red line after the optimized design. The red dashed line is the road red line in the original design. As is shown in Figure 9-4, after road plane design is optimized, the road red line will not occupy mangroves.

A3.26 Appendix 3

Figure 9-4: Layout of Optimized Road Plane Design

(1) Original Construction Design and Impact on Mangroves

According to the field investigation, mangrove sections - are 2 ~ 7 m width. The original construction program occupied mangrove width 2 ~ 5 m, construction damage by width 2 m, the mangroves along sections - basically would be occupied or destroyed (Figure 6-2), occupied and destroyed area is 4.0 mu in the four sections (0.76 + 2.11 + 0.64 + 0.49), or 2,664 m2; section would occupy and destroy mangroves 100 m long and 7 m wide 5 m and construction would damage 2 m (occupancy width using artificial visual interpretation of Google Earth remote sensing images and Google earth scale tool measurement to determine), an area of 700 m2 (1.05 mu). The entire project would occupy and destroy a total area of 3, 364 m2 or 5.05 mu of mangroves. According to the mangrove density of 297 plants / 100 m2, total loss of 9,991 mangrove plants.

Section and Section

A3.27 Appendix 3

Section Section

Photo 9-1: Status of Some Mangrove Sections

(2) Impacts of Optimized Construction Scheme on Mangrove Forests

The width of the optimized road pavement is 64.5 m, which is 3.5 m smaller than that of the original design (68.0 m). The adjusted part of the road is at the side of sea, therefore the width of the road pavement occupying the mangroves is reduced by 3.5 m. As shown in Figure 9-4, after the optimized design, the road red line will occupy any mangroves. From the site of mangroves distribution and the location of the project marine boundary as shown in Figure 9-5, the road red line does not occupy mangrove areas.

In order to reduce the impact of road construction of K0 + 600 to K1 + 500 on mangroves, it is recommended to erect blocking wall or fence on the construction site to protect the mangroves. But in case of heavy rain and other extreme weathers, earths and stones may be flowed to the sea by strong rainy storm and habitat for the bottom of mangrove forests, therefore construction should be avoided in the rainy season.

Figure 9-5: Mangrove Distribution Areas and Project Marine Boundary

A3.28 Appendix 3

Figure 9-6: Project Marine Boundary

9.2 Potential Impact of Project Operation

When the project is operated, traffic accidents may cause harmful and poisonous materials flowing into the sea, causing pollution and harming the mangrove forest.

9.3 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts

9.3.1 Mitigation Measures

We often conduct ecological compensation through the restoration, replanting of existing mangroves, and newly planting mangroves on bare tidal flat so as to guarantee that the mangrove resources will not be reduced after the project is completed or better than the status before the construction. The new afforestation is in the tidal flat fitting for mangrove forest growth, however there is no such natural tidal flat for newly planting of mangroves. The mangrove restoration is to introduce target tree species into the existing mangrove flora so as to optimize mangrove flora, to enhance and improve flora structure and functions, including transforming low-quality forest into high-quality forest and afforestation.

A3.29 Appendix 3

9.3.2 Feasibility of Restoration, Replanting and Newly Planting of Mangroves

(1) Basis for Planting of Mangroves

China’s mangrove ecological restoration practice has nearly 30 years’ history, with a mature theory and technology. In 2011, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center restored nearly 300 mu of mangroves in the Beilunhekou Mangrove Natural Reserve. The project adopted the method of "big saplings transplanting" and the survival rate is high. After the completion of the project, the invention patent (patent number: 2012100989429) is applied. These methods of restoration and newly planting of mangrove forest can be used for this project.

(2) Indicators for Fitting Mangrove Planting

Lands for fitting mangrove growth is the lands that varied environmental factors can meet the growth of mangrove forest. Walsh (1975) conducted the field observation and concluded the appropriate conditions for mangrove growth: a certain temperature range, the smaller particle size of the sediment, the hidden coastline, arrival of the tides, a certain tidal gap, influences by ocean currents, and a certain width of the intertidal zone. Lands in the southwest bank of Jingu village have these conditions.

(3) Afforestation Technologies, Methods and Density

In the Guangxi recently, the survival rate of mixed forest is raised to 43%. The mixed afforestation in the operation is feasible, which is also consistent with the mangrove ecological restoration. It is worth promoting. In the mixed configuration, the block configuration is the main use. As is shown in Figure 9-7, a species is planted, then planting other species in mix, or when the replantation, using different saplings.

It is required the high density for the new afforestation or shrubs afforestation. For some of experimental afforestation, the afforestation density is even higher. For example, the tree rows distance of Aegiceras corniculata plantation can be 0.6 m × 0.6 m (Lixinxian, 1991). The tree rows distance of Kandelia candel can be 0.4 × 0.8 or 0.6 × 1.0 m (Lu Changyi, 1990). Liao Baowen (1999b) suggested that the initial planting density of Avicennia marina is 0.5 m × 1 m or 1 m × 1 m. The survival rates of afforestation in year 5 is 81% and 76% respectively. The preservation rates in year 4 is 65.8% and 55.5% respectively. The proper initial planting density of Aegiceras corniculatum is 0.5 m × 1 m or 1 m × 1 m (Liao Baowen, 1998).

A3.30 Appendix 3

Figure 9-7: Map of Mangrove Species Configuration of New Afforestation

(4) Trees Species Selection

The project area is located on the eastern side of Jingujiangkou. The species can choose to cultivate Kandelia + Aegiceras corniculata or Kandelia candel, so as to plant the flora of Kandelia + Aegiceras corniculata or Kandelia candel or Kandelia flora.

The flora area of Aegiceras corniculata in Guangxi province is 2,806.7 hm2, of which Qinzhou City has 1,810.6 hm2. Kandelia flora is 362.2 hm2 of which Qinzhou City has 71.8 hm2. Sources of Kandelia and Aegiceras corniculata are abundant.

(5) Saplings Selection

The on-land afforestation usually needs a large amount of saplings with ages to be transplanted or even trees. In the short time, it can be quickly becoming the forest and reach the afforestation goals. In China, we usually use the saplings with age lowering than two years for mangroves afforestation. Not only does the mangrove sampling grow slowly, but also the planting cost and management cost are high. It is very difficult to become a forest. In fact, under the mangrove forest, there are many natural saplings, but the natural elimination rate is very high. It is a waste of natural mangrove saplings. Using of natural mangrove saplings does not affect the original mangrove forest. It is suggested that using the plant height of 1.0 ~ 1.5m, the healthy Aegiceras corniculata and Kandelia candel saplings to transplant in fitting tidal flat for afforestation.

(6) Methods of Big Sampling Transplanting

Dig the saplings with soils and use just one step for saplings transportation, avoiding additional movement of saplings: use the small motor boats to carry the saplings. the boats will be anchored in the dug site. After the tide is faded, digging start immediately. After the

A3.31 Appendix 3 saplings is picked up, the entire soil ball is wrapped with a black plastic bag. Several saplings will be tied together and put it on the motorized boats vertically and shield with tarpaulins. The boats will transport the saplings to the afforestation site for a temporary park. After waiting the tide faded, start to afforest immediately. It is forbidden to let the roots of the saplings soaked in water. Digging the saplings can refer to the patent of Guangxi Mangrove Research Center" plant saplings with soils to transplant" (patent number 201120011635.3). Before the planting of the original seedlings, the concentration and dosage of using the rooting agent is referred to instructions. Transplanting use the methods of digging and planting. Plant pit should be larger than the soil ball.

(7) Timing

Restoration and afforestation can be made in rainy days, which is good for survival of the saplings.

Theory and technologies of Mangrove forest afforestation are relatively mature. In the Guangxi province, there has been the successful cases of mangroves afforestation. It has a good condition in the south-east banks of Jingu village with abundant mangrove saplings, so it is feasible for afforest mangroves in the south - east bank of Jingu village.

10. Protection and Development of Mangroves

10.1 Restoration and Replanting

Over the years, the researches have fully demonstrated the vulnerability of mangrove ecosystems. We support the principle of prudent development and utilization. Qinzhou Binhai highway expansion will not impact the original mangrove forest much, but it will affect the mangrove ecological integrity and spatial development. We can restore and replant the existing mangroves forest and plant the new mangrove forest in the new bare tidal flat for ecological compensation. Hopefully, after the compensation and improvement of mangrove resources, mangrove forest resources can be better than before.

10.2 Solid Wastes Clearance

Clean the marine garbage in the mangrove forest and organize the personnel to clean white garbage in the mangrove forest periodically.

10.3 Public Participation

Enhance the public participation by letting them know the value of mangrove forest. Governments are encouraged to adopt transparent and open policies to give a full play for the role of local community for protecting the diversity of mangrove forest.

A3.32 Appendix 3

10.4 Water Body Pollution Control

Although mangrove forest has the ability for self-purification, pollution will be reduced by their absorption and decomposition. Over pollutants on mangroves forest is harmful and can damage the marine biological chain nearby. In order to keep a healthy mangrove ecosystem and improve the quality of the mangrove forests ecological resources, a total discharge control system for coastal industrial waste water and domestic waste water will be adopted. Regularly monitor the environmental quality of aquaculture water body and sediments, reduce the pollution of the aquaculture industry, and eliminate the rich nutrition in the water. Surveying the nutrients in the waters of coastal line and sediments, so as to control offshore rich nutrition.

10.5 Enhance Monitoring for Ecosystem and Management

Utilize 3S technologies to conduct dynamic and healthy monitoring for mangroves and promote advanced technologies in protection of the mangroves.

11. Conclusion

1) There are 35.27 mu mangroves in the project area. Major tree species include Aegiceras corniculata, Avicennia marulta and Kandeli, forming two floras of Aegiceras corniculata + Avicennia marina and Aegiceras corniculata e + Kandelia candel + Avicennia marina. The average height and average base diameter of mangrove forest in these areas are higher than that of the same flora in Guangxi province. The average density in this area is 297 plants /100 m2, with total 69,838 mangrove plants. In the forest edge, there are semi-mangrove plants, including Hibiscus tiliaceus and Excoecaria agallocha. There are also salt-tolerant plants including Clerodendrum inerme, Canavalia roseasea, Pluchea indica Less, and Ipomoea pes-caprae. In the high tidal line, there are also salt tolerant plants, including Suaeda australis Moq and Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.), etc. No endangered species and protected species were found. The mangroves were divided into 5 sections because of human activities and the fragmentation index FI is 2.13 trees / m2. It has a large fragmentation with low habitat integrity.

2) Major stress factors for mangrove forests include high-voltage power line base, breeding ponds, sea reclamation, construction waste, and marine garbage. Marine garbage possesses the highest threat. Ranking behind it are the construction wastes and high voltage power line bases. Other threats are relatively small.

3) After the design is optimized, the road red line will not occupy the mangroves. However, in order to reduce the negative impact on mangroves during the construction, construction fences or walls should be erected to protect mangrove forests. Constructions should avoid the rainy seasons. During the operational period,

A3.33 Appendix 3

the toxic and hazardous liquid materials produced by traffic accidents may flow into the sea, polluting the sea and affecting mangroves seriously.

4) China's mangrove ecological restoration practice has a nearly 30 years of history with rich theory and technologies. In the Guangxi province, there are successful cases of newly mangrove afforestation. In the project area, there are tidal areas fitting for growth of mangrove forest. In the Guangxi province, Aegiceras corniculata and Kandelia candel are abundant. The afforestation is acceptable, therefore the new afforestation of mangrove forest in the project area is feasible. Although the project does not directly occupy the mangroves, the new afforestation is recommended to improve the marine ecological system. If the 68.70-hm tidal area is used for new afforestation, the mangroves will increase nearly 30 times. Mangrove resources can be much enhanced.

A3.34 Appendix 3

Annex 1: Results of Height Survey for Tidal Flat of Mangroves

number longitude(E) Latitude(N) Height(m)

1 108°38′45.70〃 21°44′14.87〃 2.4635

2 108°38′45.78〃 21°44′14.86〃 2.3375

3 108°38′45.63〃 21°44′14.81〃 2.2225

4 108°38′45.52〃 21°44′14.72〃 2.3575

5 108°38′45.28〃 21°44′14.55〃 2.1235

6 108°38′45.01〃 21°44′14.38〃 1.8925

7 108°38′44.70〃 21°44′14.19〃 1.7705

8 108°38′44.27〃 21°44′14.00〃 1.8295

9 108°38′43.70〃 21°44′13.75〃 1.9075

10 108°38′43.20〃 21°44′13.61〃 1.6845

11 108°38′42.93〃 21°44′13.47〃 1.4005

12 108°38′42.74〃 21°44′13.65〃 1.5875

13 108°38′42.88〃 21°44′13.99〃 2.5025

14 108°38′42.69〃 21°44′14.21〃 2.3355

15 108°38′42.22〃 21°44′14.36〃 1.4715

16 108°38′42.17〃 21°44′14.61〃 1.8545

17 108°38′42.18〃 21°44′14.92〃 1.9045

18 108°38′42.22〃 21°44′15.14〃 1.8465

19 108°38′42.11〃 21°44′15.31〃 2.2585

20 108°38′42.25〃 21°44′15.46〃 2.2615

21 108°38′42.00〃 21°44′15.05〃 2.3625

22 108°38′41.88〃 21°44′14.89〃 2.5755

23 108°38′41.72〃 21°44′14.53〃 2.4915

24 108°38′41.59〃 21°44′14.13〃 1.9335

25 108°38′41.49〃 21°44′13.85〃 1.8075

26 108°38′41.14〃 21°44′13.31〃 1.7585

27 108°38′40.68〃 21°44′13.15〃 1.6895

28 108°38′40.24〃 21°44′13.19〃 1.8225

29 108°38′40.00〃 21°44′12.98〃 1.7145

30 108°38′39.67〃 21°44′13.02〃 1.3605

31 108°38′39.56〃 21°44′13.21〃 1.3195

32 108°38′39.49〃 21°44′13.47〃 1.6155

A3.35 Appendix 3

number longitude(E) Latitude(N) Height(m)

33 108°38′39.33〃 21°44′13.58〃 1.5005

34 108°38′39.13〃 21°44′13.75〃 1.3995

35 108°38′38.96〃 21°44′14.09〃 1.7655

36 108°38′38.90〃 21°44′13.89〃 1.1155

37 108°38′38.94〃 21°44′13.68〃 1.0795

38 108°38′38.98〃 21°44′13.37〃 0.9065

39 108°38′39.10〃 21°44′13.03〃 0.8665

40 108°38′39.29〃 21°44′12.67〃 0.9805

41 108°38′39.68〃 21°44′12.45〃 1.0265

42 108°38′39.61〃 21°44′11.98〃 0.9435

43 108°38′39.81〃 21°44′11.73〃 0.9725

44 108°38′40.11〃 21°44′11.41〃 1.0955

45 108°38′40.07〃 21°44′11.09〃 1.0985

46 108°38′39.87〃 21°44′10.60〃 0.9745

47 108°38′40.26〃 21°44′10.27〃 1.0925

48 108°38′39.75〃 21°44′9.66〃 1.0095

49 108°38′39.40〃 21°44′9.07〃 0.7715

50 108°38′38.95〃 21°44′8.50〃 0.7695

51 108°38′38.29〃 21°44′7.96〃 0.3805

52 108°38′37.72〃 21°44′7.20〃 0.7165

53 108°38′37.20〃 21°44′6.18〃 0.5995

54 108°38′36.67〃 21°44′4.98〃 0.5945

55 108°38′36.23〃 21°44′3.69〃 0.5895

56 108°38′36.06〃 21°44′2.22〃 0.6075

57 108°38′35.75〃 21°44′0.33〃 0.4505

58 108°38′35.21〃 21°43′58.29〃 0.3375

59 108°38′35.19〃 21°43′56.69〃 0.3375

60 108°38′35.09〃 21°43′55.18〃 0.2805

61 108°38′34.67〃 21°43′53.83〃 0.2035

62 108°38′34.50〃 21°43′52.77〃 0.2465

63 108°38′34.31〃 21°43′51.59〃 0.3535

64 108°38′34.38〃 21°43′50.52〃 0.2455

65 108°38′34.34〃 21°43′49.47〃 0.1605

66 108°38′34.46〃 21°43′48.16〃 0.2895

A3.36 Appendix 3

number longitude(E) Latitude(N) Height(m)

67 108°38′34.39〃 21°43′46.83〃 0.1345

68 108°38′34.86〃 21°43′46.09〃 0.2445

69 108°38′34.75〃 21°43′45.50〃 0.1425

70 108°38′34.72〃 21°43′44.87〃 0.0475

71 108°38′35.50〃 21°43′44.57〃 0.0685

72 108°38′36.44〃 21°43′44.44〃 -0.0645

73 108°38′37.16〃 21°43′44.94〃 0.0605

74 108°38′38.01〃 21°43′45.41〃 0.0345

75 108°38′38.46〃 21°43′45.53〃 0.0475

76 108°38′38.98〃 21°43′46.08〃 -0.0345

77 108°38′39.42〃 21°43′46.47〃 -0.0225

78 108°38′39.84〃 21°43′46.65〃 -0.0825

79 108°38′40.27〃 21°43′46.87〃 0.0055

80 108°38′40.70〃 21°43′47.14〃 -0.0275

81 108°38′41.25〃 21°43′47.57〃 -0.0965

82 108°38′41.80〃 21°43′47.92〃 -0.0705

83 108°38′42.33〃 21°43′48.28〃 -0.2675

84 108°38′43.05〃 21°43′48.73〃 -0.1595

85 108°38′43.86〃 21°43′48.98〃 -0.2225

86 108°38′44.49〃 21°43′49.27〃 -0.2195

87 108°38′45.30〃 21°43′49.47〃 -0.0915

88 108°38′45.91〃 21°43′49.72〃 -0.1505

89 108°38′46.73〃 21°43′49.92〃 0.0795

90 108°38′47.82〃 21°43′50.13〃 0.1525

91 108°38′48.86〃 21°43′50.43〃 0.0185

92 108°38′49.70〃 21°43′50.62〃 0.0365

93 108°38′50.58〃 21°43′50.56〃 0.1905

94 108°38′51.34〃 21°43′50.70〃 -0.0155

95 108°38′51.93〃 21°43′50.64〃 -0.0415

96 108°38′52.56〃 21°43′50.76〃 -0.1095

97 108°38′53.14〃 21°43′50.89〃 -0.1135

98 108°38′53.75〃 21°43′50.99〃 -0.0905

99 108°38′54.28〃 21°43′50.98〃 -0.0865

100 108°38′54.95〃 21°43′50.98〃 -0.0975

A3.37 Appendix 3

number longitude(E) Latitude(N) Height(m)

101 108°38′55.52〃 21°43′50.66〃 -0.0975

102 108°38′56.05〃 21°43′50.77〃 -0.0415

103 108°38′56.55〃 21°43′51.07〃 -0.0975

104 108°38′56.33〃 21°43′51.56〃 0.0085

105 108°38′56.06〃 21°43′51.90〃 -0.2475

106 108°38′56.27〃 21°43′52.15〃 0.0755

107 108°38′56.33〃 21°43′52.47〃 -0.0975

108 108°38′56.48〃 21°43′52.76〃 -0.0365

109 108°38′56.63〃 21°43′52.96〃 -0.0615

110 108°38′56.84〃 21°43′53.08〃 -0.0245

111 108°38′57.09〃 21°43′53.22〃 -0.7135

112 108°38′57.36〃 21°43′53.18〃 -0.1065

113 108°38′57.59〃 21°43′53.18〃 0.0515

114 108°38′57.82〃 21°43′53.14〃 0.0855

115 108°38′58.12〃 21°43′53.11〃 0.2555

116 108°38′58.42〃 21°43′53.13〃 0.1375

117 108°38′58.69〃 21°43′53.21〃 0.2765

118 108°38′58.93〃 21°43′53.36〃 0.2295

119 108°38′59.27〃 21°43′53.47〃 0.2035

120 108°38′59.47〃 21°43′53.50〃 0.6355

121 108°38′59.63〃 21°43′53.57〃 0.5725

122 108°38′59.94〃 21°43′53.60〃 0.3985

123 108°39′0.18〃 21°43′53.58〃 0.6675

124 108°39′0.41〃 21°43′53.57〃 0.6215

125 108°39′0.60〃 21°43′53.46〃 0.5955

126 108°39′0.55〃 21°43′53.14〃 0.7435

127 108°39′0.36〃 21°43′52.89〃 0.9125

128 108°39′0.37〃 21°43′52.58〃 1.7835

129 108°39′0.60〃 21°43′52.36〃 3.8345

130 108°39′0.88〃 21°43′52.08〃 2.3785

131 108°39′1.32〃 21°43′52.13〃 1.7275

132 108°39′1.72〃 21°43′52.51〃 2.5275

133 108°39′1.32〃 21°43′53.11〃 1.4055

134 108°39′0.09〃 21°43′54.14〃 -0.0405

A3.38 Appendix 3

number longitude(E) Latitude(N) Height(m)

135 108°39′1.69〃 21°43′53.23〃 3.1395

136 108°39′1.29〃 21°43′53.98〃 2.0245

137 108°39′0.32〃 21°43′55.16〃 1.6045

138 108°38′59.74〃 21°43′54.59〃 0.8745

139 108°38′58.96〃 21°43′54.38〃 0.8855

140 108°38′58.47〃 21°43′54.50〃 0.8825

141 108°38′58.50〃 21°43′55.04〃 2.3295

142 108°38′58.51〃 21°43′55.45〃 2.0765

143 108°38′58.87〃 21°43′55.85〃 1.8915

144 108°38′59.32〃 21°43′55.93〃 1.9895

145 108°38′59.77〃 21°43′56.12〃 2.2965

146 108°38′59.62〃 21°43′56.27〃 2.4885

147 108°38′59.36〃 21°43′56.66〃 2.2405

148 108°38′59.20〃 21°43′56.90〃 2.2385

149 108°38′58.88〃 21°43′57.03〃 1.4435

150 108°38′58.76〃 21°43′57.44〃 1.8585

151 108°38′58.41〃 21°43′57.78〃 1.7065

152 108°38′57.63〃 21°43′59.09〃 2.5615

153 108°38′57.05〃 21°43′59.57〃 1.9845

154 108°38′56.96〃 21°44′0.12〃 3.2015

155 108°38′54.84〃 21°43′59.39〃 0.7775

156 108°38′54.14〃 21°43′59.88〃 0.7685

157 108°38′53.65〃 21°44′0.38〃 0.6095

158 108°38′56.17〃 21°44′0.17〃 1.4615

159 108°38′55.65〃 21°44′0.08〃 2.3185

160 108°38′55.98〃 21°44′0.88〃 3.5825

161 108°38′55.72〃 21°44′1.44〃 2.4305

162 108°38′55.45〃 21°44′1.69〃 1.4195

163 108°38′55.49〃 21°44′2.07〃 1.9175

164 108°38′55.26〃 21°44′2.25〃 1.5805

165 108°38′55.25〃 21°44′2.44〃 1.3965

166 108°38′55.17〃 21°44′2.58〃 1.6145

167 108°38′54.86〃 21°44′2.94〃 1.9505

168 108°38′54.65〃 21°44′3.11〃 1.7705

A3.39 Appendix 3

number longitude(E) Latitude(N) Height(m)

169 108°38′54.51〃 21°44′3.28〃 1.5465

170 108°38′54.27〃 21°44′3.78〃 1.9425

171 108°38′53.63〃 21°44′3.39〃 2.1345

172 108°38′53.46〃 21°44′2.88〃 -0.4495

173 108°38′54.56〃 21°44′3.70〃 5.7115

174 108°38′53.15〃 21°44′5.43〃 1.8545

175 108°38′52.69〃 21°44′5.96〃 1.9865

176 108°38′52.15〃 21°44′5.36〃 1.5715

177 108°38′52.29〃 21°44′6.66〃 1.8845

178 108°38′48.60〃 21°44′11.36〃 2.1595

179 108°38′47.96〃 21°44′11.89〃 2.2875

180 108°38′48.57〃 21°44′12.36〃 5.8515

Annex 2: Survey Working Photos

Photo 1 Survey for Tidal Flat of Mangrove Forest

A3.40 Appendix 3

Survey 2 Flora Survey

Photo 3 the Saplings Regeneration Survey

A3.41