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Cacti (Opuntia Sps.) As Forage in Argentina Dry Lands

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Cacti (Opuntia Sps.) As Forage in Argentina Dry Lands CactiRev. FCA (Opuntia UNCUYO. sps.) 2015. as 47(1):forage 263-282. in Argentina ISSN impresodry lands 0370-4661. ISSN (en línea) 1853-8665. Cacti (Opuntia sps.) as forage in Argentina dry lands Cactus (Opuntia sps.) como forraje en las tierras secas de Argentina Josefina María Grünwaldt, Juan Carlos Guevara, Eduardo Guillermo Grünwaldt, Originales:Eduardo Martínez Recepción: Carretero 22/05/2014 - Aceptación: 06/11/2014 Index 264 Abstract and keywords 264 Resumen y palabras clave 265 Appropriated placesIntroduction for planting 266 cactus in Argentina Opuntia clones and 266 Nutrient Opuntiacontent, ellisianaproductivity and cold hardiness of Assessment of progenies of Opuntia Griffiths sps. 269 274 Economic view 278 Conclusions References 279 Argentine Institute for Arid Land Research (IADIZA-CONICET) Avda. Adrián Ruiz Leal s/n, Parque Gral. San Martín, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina [email protected] Tomo 47 • N° 1 • 2015 263 et al. J. M. Grünwaldt Abstract examinedStudies for on sevencactus Opuntiacarried out mainly in Mendoza plain, Argentina, and in other country areas were reported. Variationsin vitroin nutrient contents with three cladode age classes were forage clones. For all age classes combined, clones showed high organic matter: O.84.4%, ficus- indica organic. xmatter O. lindheimerii digestibility: 78.9% and low crude protein (CP) content: 4.0%. High doses of fertilizer almost doubled the mean CP content of the cladodes from (L.) Mill Engelm. cross when it was compared with the treatment in which no fertilizer was added (7.8 and 4.3%,-1. respectively). The response to fertilization at the highest application rate was near 4-fold increase over-1 in the biomass of the zero fertilization treatment, 3.2 to 12.7 kg DM plant Of this cross, clone 42 producedO. spinulifera a dry matter (DM) nacuniana biomass of 40 t DM. appears ha 4 years with a total of 625 mm rainfall which is the greatest DM production recorded to date for such a low rainfall. Salm-Dyck f. Le Houér Opuntiato be the most promising species for forage production in areas with extremely cold winters. Clones 46, 80, 83, 89 and 94 had zero frost damage. Economic analysis of plantations and the use of cactus for replacing corn in small ruminant diet were included. The cost-benefit relationship of using pre-emergent herbicides on biomass production and fertilizer application on biomass production and protein levels were analyzed. The cactus/corn cost relationship indicated the possibility of replacingKeywords corn by cactus in small ruminant diet. Opuntia sps. • forage productivity • nutrient content • cold hardiness • economic feasibility • dry lands • Argentina Resumen Se informan las conclusiones de los estudios realizados principalmente en la llanura- jerosde Mendoza, de Opuntia. Argentina, y en otras áreas del país. Las variaciones en los contenidos de nutrientes en tres clases de edad de cladodios se examinaronin vitro para siete clones forra Para todas las clases de edad combinadas, los clones mostraron altos- valores de materia orgánica: 84,4% y digestibilidad de materia seca:O. ficus 78,9%-indica y bajo contenido. y O. lindheimerii de proteína bruta (PB): 4,0%. Altas dosis de fertilizante casi dupli caron el contenido medio de PB de los cladodios del cruzamiento entre (L.) Mill Engelm, cuando el mismo fue comparado con el tratamiento en que no se agregaron-1 ).fertilizantes (7,8 y 4,3%, respectivamente), mientras que la biomasa se incrementó en aproximadamente 4 veces respecto del control no-1 fertilizadoen 4 años (3,2 a 12,7 kg MS planta - El clon 42 de este cruzamiento produjo una O. spinuliferabiomasa de 40 t de MS hanacuniana con un. total de 625 mm de precipitación, la cual es la producción de MS más alta regis trada hasta el presente para tal baja lluvia. Salm-Dyck f. Le Houér Parece ser la especie más promisoria para la producción de forraje en áreas con inviernos extremadamente fríos. Los clones 46, 80, 83, 89 y 94 no tuvieron daño por 264 Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Cacti (Opuntia sps.) as forage in Argentina dry lands Opuntia heladas. Se incluyeron los análisis económicos de las plantaciones de y el uso de cactus para reemplazar al maíz en la dieta de pequeños rumiantes. Se analizó la relación costo-beneficio del uso de herbicidas pre-emergentes sobre la producción de biomasa y de la aplicación de fertilizantes sobre la producción de biomasa y niveles de proteínas. La relación de costos cactus/maíz indicó la posibilidad de reemplazar al maíz por cactus en laPalabras dieta de clave pequeños rumiantes. Opuntia sps. • productividad de forraje • contenido de nutrientes • resistencia al frío • factibilidad económica • tierras secas • Argentina Introduction - - Some 2.6 million hectares are culti deepto successfully (32). establish rainfed planta vating in the world, where the greatest tions (30), provided soils are sandy and use of cactus for forage or fodder occurs in Tunisia: 600,000 ha, Algeria: 150,000 ha, OpuntiaPlantations of drought-tolerant and Mexico: 230,000 ha (39), South Africa: water-efficient fodder shrubs, especially 525,000 ha and Ethiopia: 355,000 ha. (46),For species, have been established Brazil: > 600,000 ha (50) and Southern as buffer feed reserves as a strategy to Morocco regions:Opuntia 90,000 ha (1) mitigate the effects of drought in animal Argentina there is information on area production systems of various arid and cultivated with only for fruit semiarid areas of the world (29). Cacti production: 2,000 ha in 2003 (44). The have greater water-use efficiency due to major limitation to cultivation of cactus the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) in some areas of Argentina is cold winter photosynthetic pathway (28, 41, 42) and temperatures. Similar situations occur in thisOpuntia makes them especially suited for northern Mexico (6), the Mediterranean forage production in arid lands. UnitedBasin (32), States the (45). arid highland steppes of species have the ability to western Asia (33) and the south-western withstand prolonged drought, high temperatures, as well as wind and Under differentOpuntia climatic ficus-indica conditions, water erosion. the thermal limit for frost sensitive This review reports the findings species such as (L.)m) of the studies on cactus carried out Mill. is indicated by a mean daily minimum mainly in the north central Mendoza temperature of the coldest month ( plain of mid-western Argentina of 1.5 to 2.0°C (31). Cactus and other (33°29'26" S, 67°58'27"Opuntia W, plantations 520 m asl) and drought-tolerant and water-efficient in other areas of the country. Economic- fodder shrubs can survive under rainfall analysis of both as low as 50 mm in a particular year, but the use of cactus for replacing conven with neither growth nor production. tional forages in small ruminant diets are Mean annual rainfall of 100-150 mm also included. corresponds to the minimum required Tomo 47 • N° 1 • 2015 265 et al. J. M. Grünwaldt Appropriated places for planting cactus in argentina Opuntia semi-aridAbout rangelandtwo thirds ecosystems of continental (13). consideredcontent of assodium mid tolerant chloride of salt(7). stress.From Argentina is associated with arid and O.this spinulifera assay, both species may be O. robusta. The bioclimatic classification of those may be considered less regions (19) allowed determining 13O. ficus- sites tolerant to soil salinity than indicaof the. country, located in nine Provinces Nutrient content, productivity and in which it is possible to cultivate cold hardiness of opuntia clones and opuntia ellisiana griffiths At Mendoza study site, daily mean annual minimum and maximum Opuntia sps. temperatures range respectively from -3.8 to 15.6°C and 14.2 to 33.0°C. Mean Nutrient content of annual rainfall is 293.1 mm (SD=112.8) depends on the genetic characteristics of with nearly 80% occurring during the species or clones, cladode age, cladode the growing season: October-March sampling location, pad harvestOpuntia season is not and a (records of IADIZA, not published). Those growing conditions, such as soil fertility climate conditions are similar in the and climate (27, 38). severity of winters and rainfall to other balanced feed. It is fairly rich in energy, world sites (12). minerals, beta carotene inand vitro water, organic but Salinity is a concern in Argentina, poor in fiber and nitrogen (30). Variations which ranks third after Russia and in organic matter (OM), Australia in land area affected by this- matter digestibility (IVOMD), crude condition (48). The soils in the arid and protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), semiarid regions of Argentina, approxi sevenacid detergent Opuntia fiber (ADF), and dry matter mately 210 million hectares, are generally (DM) with cladode age were examined for characterized by the presence of salts in forage clones (22). These Opuntiathe profile, because rains are insufficient clones were chosen to represent diverse for their leaching (R. Casas, pers. comm.). origins and growth forms. sps. are not very tolerant to the Nutritional parameters were measured presence of dissolved salts in their root for three age classes. For all age classes zone. Sodium is not readily transferred combined (22), clones showed high OM from the roots to the shoot or from basal (81.6 to 86.8%) and IVOMD (69.5 to 82%) cladodes to new daughter cladodesO. ficus-indica (5). As and low CP content (3.2 to 5.0%). Clones is the case for nearly all plant parts, the Na had NDF from 22.7 to 27.1%, and ADF content of the cladodes of from 12.0 to 16.0%; DM ranged from 7.3 does not meet the nutritionalOpuntia needs forage of to 11.5%. Mean values for all clones were cattle forOpuntia this element spinulifera (43). DM 9.1, OM 84.4, IVOMD 78.9, CP 4.0, ADF nacunianaSalt tolerance of two Opuntia robusta 14.7 and NDF 23.8%, with a significant species, Salm-Dyck f.
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