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Humanitarian and special economic assistance 823 Chapter III Economic and social questions Humanitarian and special economic assistance In 2001, the United Nations, through the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Humanitarian assistance (OCHA), continued to coordinate the response of humanitarian agencies, particularly those of the UN system, to alleviate human suffering in disas- Coordination ters and emergencies, promote preparedness and prevention, and facilitate sustainable solutions. The 2001 consolidated inter-agency appeals pro- Humanitarian affairs segment cess was launched globally under the theme of the Economic and Social Council “Women and war”. During the year, appeals were During the humanitarian affairs segment of launched for Angola, Burundi, the northern Cau- the Economic and Social Council, held from 11 casus,theCongo,theDemocraticPeople’sRepub- to 13 July with the theme “Strengthening the lic of Korea, the Democratic Republic of the coordination of emergency humanitarian assist- Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, the Great Lakes region ance of the United Nations” (decision 2001/206 and Central Africa, the Maluku islandsofIndone- of 31 January), the Council held panel discus- sia,SierraLeone,Somalia,South-Eastern Europe, sions on emergency humanitarian assistance for the Sudan, Tajikistan, Uganda, the United Re- groups with special needs and on natural disaster public of Tanzania and West Africa. The total preparedness and response measures (decision sought amounted to $2,559 million, of which 2001/225 of 2 July). $1,415million was received, meeting 55.3 per cent The Council had before it a June report of of requirements. In addition, an inter-agency ap- the Secretary-General [A/56/95-E/2001/85] on peal covering Afghanistan for 2001, which sought strengthening the coordination of UN emer- $332.6 million, received contributions of $150 gency humanitarian assistance, submitted pur- million, or 45.1 per cent of requirements. In Sep- suant to requests by the General Assembly in tember, a donor alert for Afghanistan, appealing resolutions 46/182 [YUN 1991, p. 421] and 55/164 for $662 million and covering October 2001 to [YUN 2000, p. 848] and by the Council in resolution March 2002, replaced the appeal; it received con- 1995/56 [YUN 1995, p. 927]. Noting that the year tributions of $496 million, or 75 per cent of re- 2001 marked the tenth anniversary of the adop- quirements. tion of resolution 46/182 with the goal of im- OCHA reported contributions to cover assist- proving the efficiency and effectiveness of UN ance in 2001 for natural disasters totalling $332 humanitarian operations in the field, the million, excluding in-kind contributions and Secretary-General presented an overview of the services, for 49 situations in 36 countries and two changes in humanitarian environments over the regions. Through the Response Coordination preceding decade and progress and constraints and Emergency Services Branches, OCHA mo- in strengthening humanitarian coordination. bilized and coordinated assistance to 67 natural With regard to the period 2000-2001, the report disasters. discussed the context and challenges of provid- The United Nations mine-action policy docu- ing humanitarian assistance during that period. ment, which continued to guide UN agencies and The UN system, in consultation with affected their partners in implementing their mine-action Governments, had conducted lessons-learned responsibilities, was further developed in 2001. exercises to chart the course to better preven- In October, the Secretary-General presented the tion and response. A recurring theme of those United Nations mine-action strategy for 2001- evaluations was the need for strong contin- 2005, intended to turn the policy into concrete gency planning, strengthened national disaster action. He also outlined the United Nations pol- management capacity and disaster response co- icy on information management for mine action. ordination mechanisms, which included in- During the year, preparations were under way formation management as well as regional for the final review and appraisal in 2002 of the cooperation. Inter-agency efforts included a implementation of the United Nations New series of initiatives, such as the inter-agency con- AgendafortheDevelopmentofAfricainthe1990s. tingency planning guidelines prepared by the YUN01—REPROS—cxs JUNE 17 2003 824 Economic and social questions Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) to deal mainly against a background of low funding of with environmental or natural disasters, civil un- child-specific priority projects. rest and conflict, or the related refugee outflows In reviewing progress and constraints in and internal displacement. The Office for the strengthening coordination, the Secretary- Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) Generalstatedthatakeytaskforthe ERC remained had brought on board three regional disaster re- that of advocating respect for the humanitarian sponse advisers for Latin America, Asia and the agenda and the principles of humanitarian ac- Pacific, who provided technical support to UN tion, particularly in peacekeeping operations. Other challenges included strengthening his country teams and, through them, to the regional leadershipastheinter-agencyfocalpointoninter- and national authorities, for the preparation of nally displaced persons and engaging more ac- contingency plans and the coordination of natu- tively in negotiations for access to vulnerable ral disaster response. Two more advisers were populations. IASC needed to be strengthened to foreseen for the Caribbean and Central America maintain its central role as a key coordination and and for Southern Africa. Inter-agency response consultative mechanism among its core members was also effected through joint missions. and standing invitees. Continuous efforts had been made to improve the consolidated appeals Some key issues in the coordination of humani- process as a process and a coordination tool. How- tarian assistance included the protection of civil- ever, a few key challenges remained, such as better ians in armed conflict, internal displacement, prioritizing the needs outlined in consolidated gender and children. Representatives of the Se- appeal documents. At a retreat on the appeals nior Inter-Agency Network on Internal Displace- process and coordination in humanitarian emer- ment, while visiting Afghanistan, Angola, Bu- gencies (Montreux, Switzerland, March), donors rundi, Eritrea and Ethiopia (October 2000 to May expressed support for the process. However, state- 2001),confirmed serious gaps in the UN humani- ments of support needed to be accompanied by tarian response to the needs of internally dis- further coordination among donors, said the placed persons. In response, OCHA planned to Secretary-General. Despite growing donor inter- establish a small, inter-agency, non-operational est in better coordinated and consolidated plans, Internally Displaced Persons Unit to advise the there continued to be a tendency to favour bilat- Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC) on and en- eral assistance, which, at times, eclipsed multilat- sure an improved coordinated response to the eralfunding,makingthecoordinationofinterna- needs of internally displaced persons. The Unit tional response more difficult. Contributions to would support and complement the advocacy the consolidated appeals had steadily declined efforts of the Secretary-General’s Representative from $1.96 billion in 1994 to $1.2 billion in 2000, on internally displaced persons (see p. 652). IASC leaving goals, particularly those relating to reha- focused on providing support to UN country bilitation, unmet and urgent needs unaddressed. teams to bring the international community’s at- OCHA intended to carry out an analysis of donor tention to the needs and problems of women and funding patterns and the strategic coherence of girls in conflict and post-conflict situations. In the appeals process to identify ways to address im- 2001, the consolidated appeals process was balances. Linkages were needed between the con- launched globally under the theme “Women and solidated appeals process and the United Nations war”. IASC reviewed the guidelines and training Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF)to tools for the process to ensure that they carried ensure an integrated strategy in the recovery appropriate mainstreamed messages concerning phase. The UN country team in the Republic of gender; its electronic resource package aimed to the Congo had devised an innovative approach, assist humanitarian coordinators and field staff combining the essential elements of the consoli- in mainstreaming gender into the 2002 consoli- dated appeals process, the common country dated appeals process. In response to the Eco- assessment and UNDAF into a single “United nomic and Social Council’s agreed conclusions Nations Plan”, which responded to challenges in 1999/1 [YUN 1999,p. 824], steps were taken to reflect the transition phase with a single planning docu- the growing political commitment towards child ment. protection. Security Council resolutions 1261 (1999)and 1265(1999) [ibid., pp. 672 & 649], which in- Recommendations were made on strengthen- cluded the protection of children in the mandates ing the coordination and response role of re- of UN peacekeeping operations for the Demo- gional, national and local actors. There was a cratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Sierra Le- need to engage the entire community in respond- one, respectively, allowed for the appointment
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