Bulgaria and Hungary in the Wars from the Second Decade of the 20Th Century

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Bulgaria and Hungary in the Wars from the Second Decade of the 20Th Century BULGARIAN-HUNGARIAN SCHOLARLY FORUM III BULGARIA AND HUNGARY IN THE WARS FROM THE SECOND DECADE OF THE 20TH CENTURY Bulgarian-Hungarian History Round Table Sofia, 17 May 2012 Papers Editors Penka Peykovska Gábor Demeter Sofia-Budapest 2013 The current volume contains the papers presented at the Bulgarian-Hungarian history round table Bulgaria and Hungary in the Wars from the Second Decade of the 20th Century, held in Sofia on May 17, 2012. The round table was organized by the Institute for Historical Studies at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of History of the Research Centre for the Humanities at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences on the initiative of the Joint Hungarian-Bulgarian History Commission and was kindly supported by the Hungarian Embassy in Sofia and Hungarian Cultural Institute in Sofia. The round table was carried out within the framework of the HAS and BAS joint international research project entitled Central and Southeast Europe in the 19th– 21st Centuries. Regions, Borders, Societies, Identities. Participants: Institute for Historical Studies - BAS Institute of History at the Research Centre for the Humanities – HAS Speciality of Hungarian Studies at the Faculty of Classical and New Philologies at St. Kliment Ohridski Sofia University Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius University of Veliko Tirnovo Table of Contents Геополитическите военни измерения на Балканските войни: България в балканския съюз срещу Османската империя Акад. Георги Марков ………............................................................................ 4 Akad. Georgi Markov, A Balkán-háborúk geopolitikai vonatkozásai: Bulgária a Balkán-szövetségben az Oszmán Birodalom ellen (Összefoglalás) .......................... 12 Балканските войни – предистория Йорданка Гешева ……………………………………..……………………………………………... 17 Yordanka Gesheva, The Balkan Wars – Prehistory (Summary) 23 Bulgarian Attempts on Avoiding Isolation on the Eve of the Second Balkan War – the Rupture of the Second Balkan League Gábor Demeter ............................................................................................... 24 Gábor Demeter, Bolgár kísérletek az elszigetelődés elkerülésére a második Balkán- 44 háború előestéjén (Összefoglalás) ............................................................................ Австро-Унгария и Балканските войни от 1912-1913 г. Позицията на правителството на Ищван Тиса Петър Каменов .............................................................................................. 46 Péter Kamenov, Ausztria-Magyarország és a Balkán-háborúk 1912-1913-ban. Tisza István kormányának politikai nézetei (Összefoglalás) .............................................. 51 The Balkan Policy of Baron István Burián and Count István Tisza during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913): Interests and Concepts of a Hungarian Political Pressure Group Gábor Demeter ………………………………………………………..……………………………… 53 Gábor Demeter, Báró Burián István és Gróf Tisza István Balkán-politikája (1912- 1913): egy magyar politikai klikk hatása a hivatalos külpolitikára (Összefoglalás) ... 68 The Balkan Wars (1912-1913) in the Hungarian Press, Military Literature and Personal Memoirs Gábor Demeter ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 69 Gábor Demeter, A Balkán-háborúk a magyar sajtóban, a katonai szakirodalomban és a memoárirodalomban (1912-1913) (Összefoglalás) …………………….…………………. 87 Началото на модерната албанска държава, видяно от един български дипломат Георги Н. Георгиев ........................................................................................ 88 Georgi N. Georgiev, The Beginning of the Modern Albanian State, as Seen by a Bulgarian Diplomat ................................................................................................... 105 Albanian-Bulgarian Relations during the Balkan Wars and the Albanian- Macedonian Uprising (’Third Balkan War’, 1913) Gábor Demeter, Krisztián Csaplár-Degovics ................................................... 106 Gábor Demeter, Krisztián Csaplár-Degovics, Albán-bolgár kapcsolatok a Balkán- háborúk és az albán-macedón felkelés (a „harmadik Balkán-háború”, 1913) idején (Összefoglalás) …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 123 Дневникът на д-р Лайош Талоци за България и външната политика на Австро-Унгария през Балканските войни (2 юни 1912 – 26 ноември 1913 г.) Пенка Пейковска ........................................................................................... 124 Penka Peykovska, Lajos Thallóczy’s Diary about Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary’s Foreign Policy during the Balkan Wars (2 June 1912 – 26 November 1913) ……………… 154 Militär- und nationalitätenpolitische Aspekte der Mobilisierung der Gesellschaft im Vielvölkerstaat Ungarn zum Beginn des ersten Weltkrieges Imre Ress ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 156 Начало на българо-турското военнополитическо съюзничество (краят на 1915 – лятото на 1916 г.) Калчо К. Калчев ............................................................................................. 171 Kalcso K. Kalcsev, A bolgár-török katonapolitikai együttműködés kezdete (1915 végétől 1916 közepéig) (Összefoglalás) ………….……………………………..…………………….. 192 Das Ehrenzeichen und die Ehrenmedaille für verdienste um das Rote Kreuz, Verleihungen an Bulgarien (1914-1918) Attila Pandula ................................................................................................. 194 Атила Пандула, Почетни знаци на (австро-унгарския) „Червен кръст”, дарени на българи през 1914-1918 г. (Резюме) ................................................................ 203 Abbreviations ……………………………….……………………………………………………………. 206 -3 - Геополитическите военни измерения на Балканските войни: България в балканския съюз срещу Османската империя Акад. Георги Марков Институт за исторически изследвания – БАН Високата порта скъсва на 3 октомври 1912 г. дипломатическите отношения с балканските съюзници и кани техните дипломатически мисии да напуснат Цариград „колкото се може по-скоро”. Всъщност без да обявява официално война, тя прави първата крачка към нейното разширяване на 5 октомври с намесата на България, Сърбия и Гърция. Европейските сили заемат поведение на изчакване с оглед по-вероятното за тях поражение на балканските държави. За обща почуда българската армия само за три седмици разбива вражеските войски и се изправя пред Чаталджанската укрепена позиция на 40 км от Златния рог. Впечатлен от бляскавия успех руският външен министър Сергей Сазонов предлага на Силите да бъдат уважени двете начала: „Незаинтересоваността на Великите държави в териториалните увеличения и принципът на равновесие в компенсациите между балканските държави въз основа на тия договори, които са предшествали тяхното съединение”. Територията до линията, започваща от устието на р. Марица през Одрин до Черно море, трябва да остане във владение на султана за „осигуряване безопасността на Цариград”. Атакуването на Чаталджанската позиция в стремеж да се влезе в столицата на Османската империя означава предизвикването на нейната „международна окупация”. Докато френският министър-председател Раймон Поанкаре предлага посредничество между воюващите в дух на пълна незаинтересованост, австро-унгарският външен министър граф Берхтолд отказва да приеме такава формула. Руската дипломация пък се старае да не допусне пряка намеса на Хабсбургската монархия в разпределението на освободените земи. Британският финансов министър Лойд Джордж няма нищо против България да се разшири в Тракия, като се превърне в „славянска запушалка” на Протоците. В Рим заговарят за „умерена ректификация” на границите, а в Берлин започва да надделява австрийското желание за отклоняване на сърбите от Адриатическо към Бяло море и така да се тикнат срещу българите. Добре осведомените източници близки до „европейските кабинети” издават, - 4 - че Силите няма да позволят прогонването на турците от Европа и ще оставят на Османската империя „един дроб, чрез който може да диша - хинтерланд на север от Цариград със или без Одрин, повече със, отколкото без него”. Изменението на териториалното статукво трябвало да бъде пропорционално на съюзническите победи „било по количество, било по качество”, повече по качество. Всеки победител се стреми да диктува окончателния мир в столицата на сразения враг, но Цариград е необикновено разположен на два континента. Сазонов не престава със строгите предупреждения: „По никой начин не отивайте в Цариград, защото ще се заплете много работата… Заемането на Цариград би могло да наложи едновременното появяване в турската столица на целия наш Черноморски флот”. Обсебен от „Мечтата за Византия” Фердинанд І не приема молбата на великия везир Кямил паша за сключване на примирие и предварителен мир и на 4 ноември 1912 г. заповядва атаката на Чаталджанската укрепена позиция. Несполуката довежда до Примирието на 20 ноември, а Височайшият арбитър затаява гнева и недоверието към царя дълбоко в себе си. На 3 декември 1912 г. в Лондон е открита Конференцията за мир под почетното председателство на британския външен министър сър Едуард Грей. Същия ден той събира посланиците на Европейските сили, чиято мисия е така да работят за уреждането на Балканската криза, че да не се сблъскат техните геополитически интереси и да предизвикат преждевременно всеобща война. Заседанията се държат в тайна, а решенията се вземат „ад референдум”. Всъщност всички ходове на Конференцията се извършват под наблюдение и подлежат на утвърждаване от „Концерта” „на втора инстанция”. Съюзническите делегати искат териториите на запад от линията гр. Мидия на Черно море – гр.
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