Ice Cover and Associated Water Dynamics of Eurasian Lakes from Satellite and in Situ Observations

Atelier altimetry and glaciology Toulouse, 24 June 2019

Ice cover and associated water dynamics of Eurasian lakes from satellite and in situ observations

LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, France Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow Limnological Institute, Irkutsk Northern Water Problems Institute, Petrozavodsk, Institute of Water Problems, Moscow, Great Baikal Trail (GBT) Buryatiya, Ulan-Ude

A. Kouraev, E. Zakharova, F.Rémy, A. Kostianoy, M. Shimaraev, N.M.J. Hall, R. Zdorovennov, A. Suknev. DavshaDavsha Field work - Baikal

1515 kmkm

Ust'-BarguzinUst'-Barguzin

Ust'-BarguzinUst'-Barguzin 20102010 TurkaTurka 20122012

1515 kmkm

20142014 20152015 TurkaTurka 20152015 Ust'-BarguzinUst'-Barguzin High spatial sampling along-track 1515 kmkm Ground truth: 20112011 20132013 TurkaTurka 20132013 extremely important Field work - Ladoga, Onega and Hovsgol

55 kmkm Khankh

20112011 20122012 20132013

2014 PriozerskPriozersk 2015

20152015

55 kmkm

10 km

Dalayn-Modon-HuysDalayn-Modon-Huys PetrozavodskPetrozavodsk islandislandisland BaseBase campcamp

Swiss-Russian project “Lake Ladoga” Smooth, mostly clear ice

Rough, hummocky (1 cm thick), snow Snow, small patches of clear ice Smooth; congelated pancake ice

Snow-covered ice

Snow, small patches of clear ice

Double-layered ice Track 466

30 Cycle 1, 30 March 2013 Cycle 2, 4 May 2013

a 10

S 0

-10

-20

52.5 53 53.5 54 54.5 55 Latitude, °N

Track 621

25 Cycle 1, 4 April 2013 Cycle 2, 9 May 2013 15-20 dB 20 15

0 decrease, a m 10

i different S 5 patterns 0 -5

Typical for other 53.2 53.4 53.6 53.8 54 Latitude, °N altimeters and lakes ???

Going down to micro scale Ice structure Air channels

Air channels formation in 9 min Influence on albedo and waveform Needle ice

Better understanding of altimetric waveform is needed Diameter 5-7 km. Circular shape. Ice is thinner in the ring

Different years, different places Rings are usually seen in April. Evolution But they could be formed earlier

2009_01_13 2009_01_31 2009_02_19 2009_03_21 2009_04_01

2009_04_06 2009_04_09 2009_04_11 2009_04_20 2009_04_29

Cape Nizhneye Izgolovye (Middle Baikal), January-April 2009

This ring has been formed between 15 Jan and 1 Feb 2009

How much time is needed to form (sustain?) a ring? Rings - how and why??? Possible explanations Atmospheric

Biologic

Esoteric

Methane Next step: Ringspotting!

To understand: better measurements, parameterisation

Improve spatial resolution

Beyond visible range: thermal infrared, microwave

MODIS: after 2002

Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+: after 1970ies

SAR (ENVISAT ASAR and others) 100° E, 101° E, VerkhnyayaVerkhnyaya 51.5° N 51.5° N AngaraAngara RiverRiver Inventory

2525 kmkm Severobaykal'skSeverobaykal'sk

LakeLake Dalayn-Modon- -Huys Island HovsgolHovsgol Kotel'nikoskiyKotel'nikoskiy CapeCape 110°E,110°E, UshkanyiUshkanyiUshkanyi 55°N55°N Baikal: IslandsIslandsIslands 45 (13 known) Lake Hovsgol bathymetry >200 m 100° E, 150-200 m ValukanValukanValukan CapeCapeCape ShartlayShartlayShartlay CapeCapeCape 50.5° N 50-100 m ShartlayShartlayShartlay CapeCapeCape Hovsgol: 0-50 m Ol'khonOl'khon IslandIsland 4 (0 known) BarguzinBarguzin MaloyeMaloye MoreMore RiverRiver

SvyatoySvyatoy NosNos PeninsulaPeninsula KrestovskiyKrestovskiy CapeCape TurkaTurka NizhneeNizhnee Bugul'deykaBugul'deyka AngaraAngara IzgolovyeIzgolovyeIzgolovye RiverRiver CapeCape KadilniyKadilniy Ol'khonskiyeOl'khonskiye 104°E,104°E, 52°N52°N CapeCape VorotaVorota Lake Baikal Bathymetry SelengaSelenga RiverRiver StraitStrait SlyudyankaSlyudyanka >1500 m 1000-1500 m 25 km 500-1000 m MurinoMurino MurinoMurino 0-500 m Winter Name Diameter, Lon E Lat N First Last Duration, Depth, Form km seena seena daysb m c 1974 Shartlay C. 8.2 108.25 53.90 03/01 03/01 (1) 850 R 1974 Kotel'nikovskiy C. 2.4 109.14 55.02 03/01 03/01 (1) 850 DR Inventory 1975 N. Izgolovye C. 5.4 108.36 53.50 04/28 04/28 (1) 1550 DR 1975 Hovsgol 2.5 100.40 50.97 05/19 05/20 (2) >200 R 1977 Krestovskiy C. 3.6 106.42 52.55 05/06 05/06 (1) 1050 DR 1985 N. Izgolovye C. 7 108.42 53.52 04/29 05/06 (1)d 1450 OR 1994 N. Izgolovye C. 6 108.38 53.51 04/10 04/16 (7) 1450 OR 1999 Krestovskiy C. 6.4 106.42 52.60 04/18 04/18 (1) 900 R 2000 Slyudyanka 5.6 103.83 51.68 04/27 04/27 (1) 750 R 2000 Severobaykalsk 5.4 109.37 55.35 05/15 05/15 (1) 750 R The most complete inventory 2001 Krestovskiy C. 4.4 106.34 52.55 04/21 05/10 (20) 850 DR 2002 M. More North 7.6 107.70 53.46 04/19 04/26 (8) 400 E 2002 M. More South 3.4 107.14 53.24 04/19 04/26 (8) 60 R 2002 Olkhon East 7.6 107.58 53.09 04/26 04/26 (1) 1550 R 2003 Krestovskiy C. 5.2 106.45 52.60 04/03(4) 04/28(4) 26 950 R Not a new phenomenon (1970ies) 2003 Off Krestovskiy C. 4.4 106.81 52.58 04/17(7) 05/08(1) 22 950 R 2003 Hovsgol 2.9 100.42 51.04 06/13 06/13 (1) >200 R 2004 Krestovskiy C. 6 106.42 52.59 04/21(5) 05/02(3) 12 900 R 2005 Krestovskiy C. 5.6 106.45 52.61 04/15(1) 05/01(3) 17 900 R 2005 M. More North 4.6 107.68 53.46 05/01(3) 05/13(2) 13 370 R,H 2005 Olkhon East 7 108.07 53.29 05/13(5) 05/23(1) 11 1550 OR Rings with small depths - 2005 Ushkanyi Islands 6.4 108.40 53.83 05/21(4) 05/23(4) 3 650 R 2007 Murino 6 104.40 51.60 04/11(2) 04/24(2) 14 1150 R 2007 Valukan C. 5.4 109.01 54.16 05/11(5) 05/16(1) 6 770 R no gas release origins 2008 Hovsgol 2.2 100.40 50.95 05/17 06/02 17 >200 OR 2008 Turka 4.6 108.04 53.00 04/15(5) 04/22(11) 8 670 R 2008 Krestovskiy C. 5.4 106.39 52.59 04/10(2) 04/23(10) 14 850 R 2008 Slyudyanka 4.4 103.81 51.69 04/16(1) 04/30(3) 15 650 R 2009 N. Izgolovye C. 6.6 108.37 53.53 02/01(5) 05/03(1) 92 1350 R 2009 Slyudyanka 5.2 103.88 51.67 04/04(3) 04/27(2) 24 1050 R Duration 5-10 days (1-126 days) 2009 M. More North 3.8 107.70 53.47 04/04(3) 05/04(2) 31 370 R,H 2009 Turka 7.6 108.13 53.05 04/09(2) 04/29(4) 21 500 R,H 2010 Severobaykalsk N 7.6 109.55 55.42 01/31(9) 04/27(2) 87 750 R 2010 Severobaykalsk S 6 109.50 55.34 01/02(0) 05/07(4) 126 750 R 2010 Krestovskiy 4.6 106.35 52.57 04/21(2) 05/11(6) 21 950 R,H Most frequently - April (Jan-May) 2010 Bugul'deyka 4.8 106.04 52.45 04/21(2) 05/16(1) 26 450 R,H 2011 N. Izgolovye C. 8 108.38 53.53 04/15(2) 05/02(3) 18 1150 R 2011 Olkhon East 8 107.64 53.12 04/13(3) 04/26(5) 14 1350 R 2011 Krestovskiy C. 6.2 106.36 52.57 03/31(4) 04/27(4) 28 850 R 2012 N. Izgolovye C. 6 108.39 53.52 04/06(3) 04/28(1) 23 1450 R 2012 Olkhon East 7.6 107.59 53.09 04/06(11) 04/21(3) 16 1550 R N. Izgolovye and Krestovskiy Capes 2012 Krestovskiy C. 6.8 106.37 52.58 04/06(7) 04/21(3) 16 850 R 2013 Krestovskiy C. 4.8 106.36 52.56 04/18(2) 05/04(2) 17 900 R,H 2013 Sv. Nos - Olkhon 7.6 108.04 53.47 04/29(5) 05/13(2) 15 750 R 2013 Shartlay C. 5.4 108.27 53.85 05/07(3) 05/19(2) 13 850 OR 2014 Krestovskiy C. 6 106.47 52.61 04/17(1) 04/22(4) 9 850 DR 2014 N. Izgolovye C. 7 108.38 53.50 04/01(2) 04/23(3) 23 1450 R 2015 Valukan C. 5.6 109.18 54.13 05/08(1) 05/10(3) 3 650 OR 2015 Hovsgol 6.2 100.45 51.03 05/20 05/29 (10) >200 OR

Inventory of ice rings Kouraev et al., Limnology and Oceanography, 2016 and their characteristics 1969_05_10 107.5° E 57.3° N 20162016 New rings Krestovskiy Cape 1969_05_10

Ust'- Barguzin 20102010 Nizhneye Ol'khon island Izgolovye 1010 kmkm Baikal, Hovsgol and now... Turka Cape 19691969 Turka Teletskoye lake! 15001500 mm Krestovskiy 15001500 mm Cape 20162016 51.8°51.8° NN 2016_04_17 Artybash 87.487.4 °E°E 10001000 mm 2010_05_04 500500 mm Iogach Kamga bay 107.0° E 19691969 2010_04_12 52.4° N Ol'khon Turka 51.7°51.7° NN 300300 mm As early as 1969 300300 mm 87.887.8 °E°E

51 rings for Baikal +5 in 2018-19 55 kmkm

Chelyush Chelyush river

275275 mm

Barnaul Bol. Chili river

Biysk Biya

Ob' 51.4°51.4° NN 200200 mm Baskon river Katun' 87.587.5 °E°E Kyginskiy bay Chiri LakeLake TeletskoyeTeletskoye From ringspotting to ring hunting: dedicated field campaigns

"Can't rely on anyone these days, you have to do everything yourself..." (Joker in "The Dark Knight", 2008)

Dedicated projects: 2011- CNES TOSCA "LakeIce" 2012-15 PICS CNRS-Russia - "BaLaLaICA - BAikal and LAdoga LAkes - Integrated Cooperation Activities 2012-15 RFBR Project "Studies of Ladoga and Baikal lakes” 2016-17 ERA.Net RUS Plus S&T Project "ERALECC - EuRAsian Lakes in Extreme Climate Conditions” 2017-19 RFFI-RGO "Water exchange in deep lakes on the example of Lakes Issyk-Kul and Baikal" Ice rings in 2012 and 2014

5-7 April 2012 MODIS 21 April 2012

Svyatoy Nos Peninsula 2 km 10 km

Barguzin Bay Lens-like eddy Anomalous water structure Exist before and during ice ring appearance Nizhneye Izgolovye

Anticyclonic (clockwise) currents Increased melting at eddy boundary Ice rings - surface manifestation of eddies

Eddy origin - combination of coastal currents, bathymetry, wind forcing, seiches, river input etc Eddy formation - during ice cover presence or before ice formation? Need for dedicated studies Ice structure and currents

Crystals size - 10-12 cm long, Currents 3-4 April 2014 2-3 cm thick), 3 April 2014

Kouraev et al., Limnology and Oceanography, 2016 Water dynamics

Landsat TIR 26 September 2002 MODIS 31 December 2011 -anticyclonic warm eddy. February 2016 14 Mar 3 Apr 7 Apr Ice ring 2016

8 Apr 10 Apr

9 Apr

UAZ trapped in ice and rescue activities, March 2016 (c) A. Beketov March 2016 Communication: administration Ministry of emergency (EMERCOM) Barguzinskiy National Park

Communication: normal people

Booklet on ice rings and the associated danger

www.icerings.org: communicating on ice rings, near real time ice conditions

Collecting information from fishermen, tourist operators and local people Eddies - new monitoring strategy Mid-February and end of March Current meters (tilt-meters and EM) Measures down to 200 m Ropes with thermistors and current meters (1.5 month)

2017 - eddy in February, moved by March

BB 400 2016 - eddy in February and March FF 3 600

700 800800 III Nizhneye FF Izgolovye FF 900 Cape 1000 GG 500500 EE 500500 300300300 2

300 700700 CC 700700 DD XX 1 DD 100010001000 11 100010001000 900900 GG 1000 10001000

CC HH 3 km BB 22 EE 1500 NizhneyeNizhneye JJ 2.52.5 kmkm JJ 2.52.5 kmkm IzgolovyeIzgolovyeIzgolovye CapeCapeCape 150015001500 AA 150015001500 AA 150015001500 AA February 2016

Temperature 100 and 160 m, Sp. Conductivity 100 m

a) 1.2°C isotherm b) 1.65°C isotherm

95 45 90 40 85 5940000 35 N 80

4 30 75

U 25 70

, 20 65

u 60

t i 15

t 5935000 a 55 L 10 50 5 45 2 40

0 720000 725000 730000 720000 725000 730000 35 Longitude, m UTM48N Longitude, m UTM48N Currents Depth of isotherms Lower part - isotherms are affected on a larger area Neutral layer - 10-12 km (upper part and ice ring - 6 km) T °C evolution

Eddy: different evolution in upper and lower part 3 days period - 1 km from eddy center - 3.39 cm/s (confirmed by current meter - 3.35 cm/s on average) Rotation of not perfectly symmetrical eddy 2017 Eddy found in February Affecting depths 200 m and more

"Disappeared" and found 6 km west

No ice ring in 2017 February

B 400 FF 3 600

700 III Nizhneye Izgolovye 900 Cape 1000 G 2

C 300 XX 1 D

1000

H 3 km E

1500 JJ

March Ropes 2017

Eddy - back and forth movements, changes in speed

Less affected but still evident

Gradual evolution, ice rafting (4 m) B 400 FF 3 Travelling eddy 600

700 III Nizhneye Izgolovye Depth between 0.3 and 1.2 °C - proxy 900 Cape 1000 G of distance to eddy center. 2 Triangulation. C 300 XX 1 D

1000

H 3 km E

1500 JJ

Back and forth movement Periods of quasi-stable position and rapid movement Up to 1400-1600 m/day (1.6-1.8 cm/s - comparable to background speed) Tangible proof of eddy movement Eddy formation? Nov-Dec 2015: constant 2.5-3 m/s wind from ESE (58%) or SE (11%)

Landsat thermal imagery (light grey - clouds)

Outflow of cold (light) water from the Barguzin bay Surface eddy with cold water - exactly where we found eddy and ice ring was formed on March 2016. Further studies of echange between Barguzin bay and open part of the lake are needed (ropes, surveys) April 2018: three giant ice rings

One ring is exactly in the eddy region - as predicted!

Two rings are in places never observed before 2019 Unique long-term results of eddies observation Results New data on eddy shape, rotation, displacement Ice cover - perfect opportunity to study lens-like eddies (stationary or moving) as compared to seas or ocean

Better undestanding of eddies generation Wind-driven generation of the eddy Formation in autumn, between vertical overturning and ice formation

Baikal, Hovsgol, Teletskoye - what lake(s) will be next?