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Carnivorous and Parasitic-2 Carnivorous and Parasitic Plants! Introduction! Ken Robertson! In the normal scheme of Illinois Natural History Survey! things, plants are green and carry out photosynthesis, manufacturing their own food. ! Animals take advantage of this and eat plants. ! Introduction! Introduction! However, some plants eat the animals, obtaining part of Other plants lack chlorophyll and are plant vampires,! their nutrition by trapping and “digesting” small animals.! obtaining all or part of their ! nutrients and energy by being! parasitic on other plants.! Gary Larson, Precursor to The Far Side! Parasitic Plants! Parasitic Plants! Obtain all or part of their food, nutrients, or water from other living plants! The connection between the parasite and the host plant is the haustorium [plural = haustoria]! Parasitic Plants! Parasitic Plants! Without chlorophyll — obligate parasites! Without chlorophyll — obligate parasites! Beechdrops! Only parasitizes roots of American beech, Fagus (Fagaceae)! Balanophora species (Balanophoraceae)! Epifagus virginiana (Orobanchaceae)! Parasitic Plants! Parasitic Plants! Without chlorophyll — obligate parasites! Without chlorophyll — obligate parasites! Squaw- or cancer-root! Broomrape! Only parasitizes roots No host specificity! of oaks, Quercus (Fagaceae)! Conopholis americana (Orobanchaceae)! Orobanche uniflora (Orobanchaceae)! Parasitic Plants! Parasitic Plants! Without chlorophyll — obligate parasites! Without chlorophyll — obligate parasites! Dodder! Rafflesia, corpse flower! World’s largest flower! Endophyte inside a vine,! except for flower! Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae)! Rafflesia arnoldii (Rafflesiaceae)! Parasitic Plants! Parasitic Plants! With chlorophyll — hemi- or water-parasites! With chlorophyll — hemi- or water-parasites! Epiphytic on stems of host plants! Epiphytic on stems of host plants! Mistletoes! Mistletoes! Viscum album and Phoradendron leucacarpum (Viscaceae)! Viscum album and Phoradendron leucacarpum (Viscaceae)! Parasitic Plants! Parasitic Plants! With chlorophyll — hemi- or water-parasites! With chlorophyll — hemi- or water-parasites! Epiphytic on stems of host plants! Epiphytic on stems of host plants! Dwarf mistletoes! Mistletoes! Arceuthobium ! (Viscaceae)! Viscum minimum (Viscaceae), occurs as in endophyte in South African succulent Euphoriaceae; there is a plant in the Plant Biology greenhouses!! Parasitic Plants! Parasitic Plants! With chlorophyll — hemi- or water-parasites! With chlorophyll — hemi- or water-parasites! Epiphytic on stems of host plants! Hyperparasite — parasitic on other parasites!! Showy mistletoes! Psittacanthus (Loranthaceae)! Phoradendron scabberimum on P. longifolium (Viscaceae)! Parasitic Plants! Parasitic Plants! With chlorophyll — hemi- or water-parasites! With chlorophyll — hemi- or water-parasites! Root parasites, attached to roots of host plants! Root parasites, attached to roots of host plants! Bastard toadflax! Sandalwood! Comandra umbellata (Santalaceae)! Santalum album (Santalaceae)! Parasitic Plants! Parasitic Plants! With chlorophyll — hemi- or water-parasites! With chlorophyll — hemi- or water-parasites! Root parasites, attached to roots of host plants! Root parasites, attached to roots of host plants! Indian paintbrush! Lousewort or wood betony! Castilleja coccinea (Scrophulariaceae)! Pedicularis canadensis (Scrophulariaceae)! Parasitic Plants! “Saprophytic” Plants! With chlorophyll — hemi- or water-parasites! Lack chlorophyll, seemingly derive their nutrition from Root parasites, attached to roots of host plants! decaying organic matter. They actually are parasitic on a fungus, which in turn breaks down rotting leaves and wood; in some cases the fungus can even parasitic on the roots of forest trees. ! Indian pipe! Pedicularis canadensis (Scrophulariaceae)! Monotropa uniflora (Ericaceae)! “Saprophytic” Plants! “Saprophytic” Plants! Coral-root orchids! In 1928, Jack Trott had bent to investigate an odd crack that had appeared in his garden's soil, and had noticed a sweet smell that arose from the ground. Scraping away the soil, he soon uncovered a tiny white flower, about half an inch across, growing underground. ! Corallorhiza species (Orchidaceae)! Rhizanthella gardneri (Orchidaceae) ! “Saprophytic” Plants! For More Information! Rhizanthella gardneri (Orchidaceae) — Underground orchid! Western Australia ! See the links on IB335 webpage! http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/! Carnivorous Plants! Carnivorous Plants! Pitcher Plants of North America! Audrey Two, Little Shop of Horrors! Sarracenia (Sarraceniaceae) ! 8 species of eastern North Gary Larson, Far Side! America, mostly in the Southeast! Carnivorous Plants! Carnivorous Plants! Pitcher Plants of North America! Pitcher Plants of North America! S. flava! S. minor! S. leucophylla! Sarracenia purpurea! Carnivorous Plants! Carnivorous Plants! Pitcher Plants of North America! Pitcher Plants of North America! Sarracenia (Sarraceniaceae)! Darlingtonia californica (Sarraceniaceae)! Carnivorous Plants! Carnivorous Plants! Pitcher Plants of South America! Pitcher Plants of Asia! Heliamphora (Sarraceniaceae), 16 species of table-top mountins in Guiana Highlands of Venezuela, Guyana, and Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae), 75 –120 species! Brazil ! Old World Tropics! Carnivorous Plants! Carnivorous Plants! Pitcher Plants of Asia! Sundews! Drosera (Droseraceae), 100 – 170 species! Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)! Carnivorous Plants! Carnivorous Plants! Sundews! Venus Flytrap! Drosera (Droseraceae)! Dionaea muscipila (Droseraceae)! Carnivorous Plants! Carnivorous Plants! Venus Flytrap! Butterworts! Dionaea muscipila (Droseraceae)! Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) Widespread! Carnivorous Plants! For More Information! Bladderworts! http://www.sarracenia.com/galleria/galleria.html! http://www.sarracenia.com/faq.html! Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae)!.
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