21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–12 Edition) § 886.1200

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–12 Edition) § 886.1200 § 886.1200 21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–12 Edition) (b) Classification. Class I (general con- perforated mirror device intended to trols). The device is exempt from the inspect the interior of the eye) that premarket notification procedures in projects a bright light encompassing an subpart E of part 807 of this chapter, arc of about 30 degrees onto the fundus subject to the limitations in § 886.9. The of the eye. The center of the light bun- device is also exempt from the current dle is blocked by a black disk covering good manufacturing practice require- the fovea (the central depression of the ments of the quality system regulation macular retinae where only cones are in part 820 of this chapter, with the ex- present and blood vessels are lacking). ception of § 820.180, with respect to gen- The device is intended for use in the eral requirements concerning records, treatment of amblyopia (dimness of vi- and § 820.198, with respect to complaint sion without apparent disease of the files. eye). [52 FR 33355, Sept. 2, 1987, as amended at 53 (b) Classification. Class I for the bat- FR 35603, Sept. 14, 1988; 66 FR 38810, July 25, tery powered device. The battery pow- 2001] ered device is exempt from the pre- market notification procedures in sub- § 886.1200 Optokinetic drum. part E of part 807 of this chapter, sub- (a) Identification. An optokinetic ject to the limitations in § 886.9. Class drum is a drum-like device covered II for the AC-powered device. with alternating white and dark stripes or pictures that can be rotated on its [55 FR 48441, Nov. 20, 1990, as amended at 59 handle. The device is intended to elicit FR 63012, Dec. 7, 1994; 66 FR 38810, July 25, and evaluate nystagmus (involuntary 2001] rapid movement of the eyeball) in pa- tients. § 886.1270 Exophthalmometer. (b) Classification. Class I (general con- (a) Identification. An trols). The device is exempt from the exophthalmometer is a device, such as premarket notification procedures in a ruler, gauge, or caliper, intended to subpart E of part 807 of this chapter, measure the degree of exophthalmos subject to the limitations in § 886.9. The (abnormal protrusion of the eyeball). device is also exempt from the current (b) Classification. Class I (general con- good manufacturing practice require- trols). The device is exempt from the ments of the quality system regulation premarket notification procedures in in part 820 of this chapter, with the ex- subpart E of part 807 of this chapter, ception of § 820.180, with respect to gen- subject to the limitations in § 886.9. eral requirements concerning records, and § 820.198, with respect to complaint [52 FR 33355, Sept. 2, 1987, as amended at 53 files. FR 35604, Sept. 14, 1988; 66 FR 38810, July 25, 2001] [52 FR 33355, Sept. 2, 1987, as amended at 53 FR 35604, Sept. 14, 1988; 66 FR 38810, July 25, § 886.1290 Fixation device. 2001] (a) Identification. A fixation device is § 886.1220 Corneal electrode. an AC-powered device intended for use as a fixation target for the patient dur- (a) Identification. A corneal electrode ing ophthalmological examination. The is an AC-powered device, usually part of a special contact lens, intended to be patient directs his or her gaze so that applied directly to the cornea to pro- the visual image of the object falls on vide data showing the changes in elec- the fovea centralis (the center of the trical potential in the retina after macular retina of the eye.) electroretinography (stimulation by (b) Classification. Class I (general con- light). trols). The device is exempt from the (b) Classification. Class II. premarket notification procedures in subpart E of part 807 of this chapter, § 886.1250 Euthyscope. subject to the limitations in § 886.9. (a) Identification. A euthyscope is a [55 FR 48441, Nov. 20, 1990, as amended at 59 device that is a modified AC-powered FR 63012, Dec. 7, 1994; 66 FR 38810, July 25, or battery-powered ophthalmoscope (a 2001] 478 VerDate Mar<15>2010 18:34 May 10, 2012 Jkt 226074 PO 00000 Frm 00488 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Q:\21\21V8.TXT ofr150 PsN: PC150.
Recommended publications
  • Wildlife Ophthalmology
    Wildlife Ophthalmology DR. HEATHER REID TORONTO WILDLIFE CENTRE TORONTO, ON CANADA Why understand eyes? Wildlife need to have excellent vision to survive in the wild Eye related problems are common in wildlife admitted to rehabilitation centers What we will cover Anatomy of the eye Differences between birds and mammals The eye exam Recognizing common problems Prognosis Treatment options When to see the vet Anatomy Around the Eye: Muscles & nerves Skin Eye lids Nictitating eyelid Conjunctiva & sclera Tear glands & ducts Ossicles (birds) Anatomy Front of the Eye: Cornea Iris Pupil Ciliary body Anterior Chamber Aqueous humor Anatomy Back of the Eye: Lens Retina Optic nerve Choroid Pecten (birds) Posterior Chamber Vitreous humor Fundus of the Eye Mammal Eye Bird Eye The Avian Eye - Differences Small eye size in most birds and small pupil size makes it hard to examine Can control the size of their pupil Lower eyelid more developed The nictitating membrane spreads the tears allowing birds to blink less Moves horizontally across eye The Avian Eye - Differences Eyes are not as protected by skull Less muscles around eye so less eye movement Boney ossicles support the eye Three main eye shapes; flat, globose & tubular The Avian Eye - Differences Four different color receptors compared to the three in mammals means better color detail Can see in the ultraviolet range Higher flicker rate – can detect lights that flicker at more than 100 flashes per second (humans detect at 50) The Avian Eye - Differences In some species the eye
    [Show full text]
  • Treacher Collins Prize Essay the Significance of Nystagmus
    Eye (1989) 3, 816--832 Treacher Collins Prize Essay The Significance of Nystagmus NICHOLAS EVANS Norwich Introduction combined. The range of forms it takes, and Ophthalmology found the term v!to"[<xy!too, the circumstances in which it occurs, must be like many others, in classical Greece, where it compared and contrasted in order to under­ described the head-nodding of the wined and stand the relationships between nystagmus of somnolent. It first acquired a neuro-ophthal­ different aetiologies. An approach which is mological sense in 1822, when it was used by synthetic as well as analytic identifies those Goodl to describe 'habitual squinting'. Since features which are common to different types then its meaning has been refined, and much and those that are distinctive, and helps has been learned about the circumstances in describe the relationship between eye move­ which the eye oscillates, the components of ment and vision in nystagmus. nystagmus, and its neurophysiological, Nystagmus is not properly a disorder of eye neuroanatomic and neuropathological corre­ movement, but one of steady fixation, in lates. It occurs physiologically and pathologi­ which the relationship between eye and field cally, alone or in conjunction with visual or is unstable. The essential significance of all central nervous system pathology. It takes a types of nystagmus is the disturbance in this variety of different forms, the eyes moving relationship between the sensory and motor about one or more axis, and may be conjugate ends of the visual-oculomotor axis. Optimal or dysjugate. It can be modified to a variable visual performance requires stability of the degree by external (visual, gravitational and image on the retina, and vision is inevitably rotational) and internal (level of awareness affected by nystagmus.
    [Show full text]
  • Faculdade De Medicina Veterinária
    UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária OCULAR BRACHYCEPHALIC SYNDROME Joana Veiga Costa CONSTITUIÇÃO DO JÚRI ORIENTADORA Doutora Maria Luísa Mendes Jorge Doutora Esmeralda Sofia da Costa Doutora Esmeralda Sofia da Costa Delgado Delgado Doutora Lisa Alexandra Pereira Mestrinho CO-ORIENTADORA Doutora Andrea Steinmetz 2019 LISBOA ___________________________________________________________________ UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária OCULAR BRACHYCEPHALIC SYNDROME Joana Veiga Costa DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO INTEGRADO EM MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA CONSTITUIÇÃO DO JÚRI ORIENTADORA Doutora Maria Luísa Mendes Jorge Doutora Esmeralda Sofia da Costa Doutora Esmeralda Sofia da Costa Delgado Delgado Doutora Lisa Alexandra Pereira Mestrinho CO-ORIENTADORA Doutora Andrea Steinmetz 2019 LISBOA ___________________________________________________________________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I express my sincere gratitude towards my amazing parents for always supporting me in the pursue of my dreams. I am also immensely thankful to my sister and grandparents, not only for sharing this road with me, but also my whole life. I gratefully acknowledge and offer a special thanks to Professor Esmeralda Delgado for the valuable contribution, guidance, support and kind words throughout the last year. A big thank you to Dr. Susana Azinheira and Dr. Diogo Azinheira for all that I’ve learned during my stayings in your incredible hospital, and the opportunity to put my knowledge at practice. My warmest thanks to my colleagues Maria, Mariana, Pedro, Francisco, Diogo, Catarina, Cláudia, Inês, Sara and Marta for being by my side all these years and for their friendship. May it last forever. I am grateful to Ivo and Rafael for their guidance during the course, specially in the first year, when everything was completely new to me.
    [Show full text]
  • Electroretinography 1 Electroretinography
    Electroretinography 1 Electroretinography Electroretinography measures the electrical responses of various cell types in the retina, including the photoreceptors (rods and cones), inner retinal cells (bipolar and amacrine cells), and the ganglion cells. Electrodes are usually placed on the cornea and the skin near the eye, although it is possible to record the ERG from skin electrodes. During a recording, the patient's eyes are exposed to standardized stimuli and the resulting signal is displayed showing the time course of the signal's Maximal response ERG waveform from a dark adapted eye. amplitude (voltage). Signals are very small, and typically are measured in microvolts or nanovolts. The ERG is composed of electrical potentials contributed by different cell types within the retina, and the stimulus conditions (flash or pattern stimulus, whether a background light is present, and the colors of the stimulus and background) can elicit stronger response from certain components. If a flash ERG is performed on a dark-adapted eye, the response is primarily from the rod system and flash ERGs performed on a light adapted eye will reflect the activity of the cone system. To sufficiently bright flashes, the ERG will contain an A patient undergoing an electroretinogram a-wave (initial negative deflection) followed by a b-wave (positive deflection). The leading edge of the a-wave is produced by the photoreceptors, while the remainder of the wave is produced by a mixture of cells including photoreceptors, bipolar, amacrine, and Muller cells or Muller glia.[1] The pattern ERG, evoked by an alternating checkerboard stimulus, primarily reflects activity of retinal ganglion cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Pediatric Ophthalmology/Strabismus 2017-2019
    Academy MOC Essentials® Practicing Ophthalmologists Curriculum 2017–2019 Pediatric Ophthalmology/Strabismus *** Pediatric Ophthalmology/Strabismus 2 © AAO 2017-2019 Practicing Ophthalmologists Curriculum Disclaimer and Limitation of Liability As a service to its members and American Board of Ophthalmology (ABO) diplomates, the American Academy of Ophthalmology has developed the Practicing Ophthalmologists Curriculum (POC) as a tool for members to prepare for the Maintenance of Certification (MOC) -related examinations. The Academy provides this material for educational purposes only. The POC should not be deemed inclusive of all proper methods of care or exclusive of other methods of care reasonably directed at obtaining the best results. The physician must make the ultimate judgment about the propriety of the care of a particular patient in light of all the circumstances presented by that patient. The Academy specifically disclaims any and all liability for injury or other damages of any kind, from negligence or otherwise, for any and all claims that may arise out of the use of any information contained herein. References to certain drugs, instruments, and other products in the POC are made for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to constitute an endorsement of such. Such material may include information on applications that are not considered community standard, that reflect indications not included in approved FDA labeling, or that are approved for use only in restricted research settings. The FDA has stated that it is the responsibility of the physician to determine the FDA status of each drug or device he or she wishes to use, and to use them with appropriate patient consent in compliance with applicable law.
    [Show full text]
  • Myopia: More Than a Refractive Error − Lasik and Retinal Dystrophies
    MYOPIA: MORE THAN A REFRACTIVE ERROR − LASIK AND RETINAL DYSTROPHIES WALRAEDT S.1*, LEROY B.P.1,2*, KESTELYN P.H.1, DE LAEY J.J.1 SUMMARY SAMENVATTING Three patients who had undergone laser in situ Drie patiënten die een correctie van myopie hadden keratomileusis (LASIK) correction for myopia were ondergaan met laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) first seen because of suboptimal visual acuity (VA) werden onderzocht omwille van postoperatieve sub- and night blindness and/or photophobia. After a com- optimale visus en nachtblindheid en/of fotofobie. Na prehensive examination including psychophysical uitgebreid onderzoek met inbegrip van psychofysi- and electrophysiological tests, two of the three pa- sche en electrofysiologische testen werd een dia- tients were shown to suffer from a progressive cone- gnose van progressieve kegeltjes-staafjesdystrofie ge- rod dystrophy. The third patient had retinitis pig- steld bij twee patiënten. De derde patiënt leed aan mentosa. These cases illustrate the need for in depth retinitis pigmentosa. Deze gevallen illustreren de preoperative evaluation in myopic patients about to noodzaak van een doorgedreven preoperatief onder- undergo LASIK when signs or problems of night blind- zoek bij myope patiënten die LASIK zullen onder- ness and/or photophobia are present. gaan met klachten van nachtblindheid en fotofobie. KEY WORDS RÉSUMÉ Retinal dystrophy, cone-rod dystrophy, Trois patients sont présentés ayant été examinés pour retinitis pigmentosa, photophobia, night une acuité visuelle sous-optimale et une héméralo- blindness, laser in situ keratomileusis, pie et/ou photophobie, après correction d’une myo- preoperative evaluation pie suivant la technique du laser in situ keratomi- leusis (LASIK). Sur base d’une évaluation élaborée, MOTS-CLÉS y inclus des tests psychophysiques et éléctrophysio- logiques, un diagnostic de dystrophie des cônes et Dystrophie rétinienne, dystrophie de type bâtonnets a été établi chez deux patients.
    [Show full text]
  • Provider Guide
    Physician-Related Services/ Health Care Professional Services Provider Guide July 1, 2015 Physician-Related Services/Health Care Professional Services About this guide* This publication takes effect July 1, 2015, and supersedes earlier guides to this program. Washington Apple Health means the public health insurance programs for eligible Washington residents. Washington Apple Health is the name used in Washington State for Medicaid, the children's health insurance program (CHIP), and state- only funded health care programs. Washington Apple Health is administered by the Washington State Health Care Authority. What has changed? Subject Change Reason for Change Medical Policy Updates Added updates from the Health Technology Clinical In accordance with WAC Committee (HTCC) 182-501-0055, the agency reviews the recommendations of HTCC and decides whether to adopt the recommendations Bariatric surgeries Removed list of agency-approved COEs and added Clarification link to web page for approved COEs Update to EPA Removed CPT 80102 CPT Code Update 870000050 Added CPT 80302 Maternity and delivery – Added intro paragraph for clarification of when to Clarification Billing with modifiers bill using modifier GB. Also updated column headers for modifiers Immune globulins Replacing deleted codes Q4087, Q4088, Q4091, and Updating deleted codes Q4092 with J1568, J1569, J1572, and J1561 Bilateral cochlear implant EPA 870001365 fixed diagnosis code 398.18 Corrected typo Newborn care The agency pays a collection fee for a newborn Clarification metabolic screening panel. The screening kit is provided free from DOH. Vaccines/Toxoids Add language “Routine vaccines are administered Clarification (Immunizations) according to current Centers for Disease Control (CDC) advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP) immunization schedule for adults and children in the United States.” Injectable and nasal flu Adding link to Injectable Fee Schedule for coverage Clarification vaccines details * This publication is a billing instruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment and Management of Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome
    perim Ex en l & ta a l ic O p in l h t C h f Journal of Clinical & Experimental a o l m l a o n l r o Atilla, J Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016, 7:2 g u y o J Ophthalmology 10.4172/2155-9570.1000550 ISSN: 2155-9570 DOI: Review Article Open Access Assessment and Management of Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome Huban Atilla* Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Turkey *Corresponding author: Huban Atilla, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Turkey, Tel: +90 312 4462345; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: March 08, 2016; Accepted date: April 26, 2016; Published date: April 29, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Atilla H. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract This article is a review of infantile nystagmus syndrome, presenting with an overview of the physiological nystagmus and the etiology, symptoms, clinical evaluation and treatment options. Keywords: Nystagmus syndrome; Physiologic nystagmus phases; active following of the stimulus results in poor correspondence between eye position and stimulus position. At higher velocity targets Introduction (greater than 100 deg/sec) optokinetic nystagmus can no longer be evoked. Unlike simple foveal smooth pursuit, OKN appears to have Nystagmus is a rhythmic, involuntary oscillation of one or both both foveal and peripheral retinal components [3]. Slow phase of the eyes. There are various classifications of nystagmus according to the nystagmus is for following the target and the fast phase is for re- age of onset, etiology, waveform and other characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • 6269 Variation of the Response to the Optokinetic Drum Among Various Strain
    [Frontiers in Bioscience 13, 6269-6275, May 1, 2008] Variation of the response to the optokinetic drum among various strains of mice Oliver Puk1, Claudia Dalke1, Martin Hrabé de Angelis2, Jochen Graw1 1 GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany, 2GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Materials and methods 3.1. Animals 3.2. Vision test protocol 3.3. Statistical analysis 3.4. Funduscopy 3.5. Electroretinography 3.6. Histology 4. Results 4.1. Head-tracking behavior 4.2. Electroretinography, funduscopy and histology of DBA/2 and BALB/c mice 4.3. Linkage analysis of BALB/c 5. Discussion 6. Acknowledgement 7. References 1. ABSTRACT 2. INTRODUCTION The mouse is currently an established The optokinetic drum has become an appropriate mammalian model for studying hereditary disorders, which tool to examine visual properties of mice. We performed have an effect on eye structure and function. In order to baseline measurements using mice of the inbred strains select and characterize mouse mutants suffering from C3H, C57BL/6, BALB/c, JF1, 129 and DBA/2 at the age of ocular defects, a variety of test systems are well 8-15 weeks. Each individual C57BL/6, 129 and JF1 mouse established, like slit lamp analysis for detecting lens was reliably identified as non-affected in vision by opacities, iris and corneal abnormalities (1-3), funduscopy determining head-tracking responses. C3H mice were used for abnormalities of the retinal fundus, reflecting retinal as negative control because of their inherited retinal degeneration, vascular problems and optic disc alterations degeneration; as expected, they did not respond to the (4), or electroretinography for functional disorders of the moving stripe pattern.
    [Show full text]
  • Prolonged Pursuit by Optokinetic Drum Testing in Asymptomatic Female Carriers of Novel FRMD7 Splice Mutation C.1050 ؉5GϾA
    OPHTHALMIC MOLECULAR GENETICS SECTION EDITOR: JANEY L. WIGGS, MD, PhD Prolonged Pursuit by Optokinetic Drum Testing in Asymptomatic Female Carriers of Novel FRMD7 Splice Mutation c.1050 ؉5GϾA Arif O. Khan, MD; Jameela Shinwari, MSc; Latifa Al-Sharif, BSc; Dania S. Khalil, BSc; Nada Al Tassan, PhD Objective: To determine the genotype underlying sus- was identified in the 2 affected brothers and in the 3 asymp- pected X-linked infantile nystagmus in a family and to tomatic women only. Allele sharing analysis further con- correlate genotype with clinical examination in poten- firmed that the aunt’s phenotype was not related to the tial female carriers. FRMD7 variant, which was absent in 246 ethnic controls. Her phenotype was also not related to mutation in known Methods: Ophthalmic examination (ophthalmic, or- CFEOM genes (KIF21A, PHOX2A, TUBB3). thoptic, optokinetic [OKN] drum, and electrophysi- ologic when possible) and candidate gene analysis. Conclusions: Prolonged pursuit responses during OKN drum testing in asymptomatic female carriers is consis- Results: Two affected brothers had infantile nystagmus tent with the concept of infantile nystagmus being an ab- with no evidence of associated visual or neurological normally increased pursuit oscillation. Further studies disease. The symptomatic maternal aunt had infantile are required to determine the reproducibility of this po- nystagmus in addition to congenital fibrosis of the ex- tential female carrier sign. Rather than being FRMD7 re- traocular muscles (CFEOM) (bilateral hypotropia, exo- lated, nystagmus in the maternal aunt represented a sec- tropia, ptosis, almost complete ophthalmoplegia, and ond disease in this family, likely related to CFEOM. poorly reactive pupils). A sister, the mother, and the ma- ternal grandmother—all 3 of whom were asymptomatic— Clinical Relevance: Clinicians can use the OKN drum had delayed corrective saccades (prolonged pursuit) dur- to assess obligate female carriers in a family suspected ing OKN drum testing.
    [Show full text]
  • Pediatric Hearing Loss and Cochlear Implant Update Disclosure
    3/27/2014 Pediatric Hearing Loss and Cochlear Implant Update David H. Chi, MD Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Medical Director, Hearing Center April 25, 2014 Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA Disclosure • Nothing to disclose Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA Learning Objectives 1. Review etiologies and various presentations of pediatric hearing loss. 2. Select appropriate workup and recognize findings that lead to a decision for cochlear implant. 3. Discuss surgery, plan of care, and the PA/NP role in followup for pediatric CI patients. Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA 1 3/27/2014 Why is early detection and treatment of sensorineural hearing loss so important? • Hearing loss is the most frequent birth condition. Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA Incidence per 10,000 of Congenital Defects/Diseases 40 30 30 20 12 11 10 6 5 2 1 0 Epidemiology • 1‐3 of 1,000 live births with moderate to severe hearing loss • Approximately 12,000 infants born annually in the U.S. with SNHI – 33 babies / day • 90% of deaf genetic kids / hearing parents Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA 2 3/27/2014 Why is early detection and treatment of sensorineural hearing loss so important? • Hearing loss is the most frequent birth condition • Undetected hearing loss has important negative consequences. Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA Reading Comprehension Scores of Hearing and Deaf Students 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 Deaf 5.0 Hearing 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 Grade Equivalents 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Age in Years Schildroth, A.
    [Show full text]
  • Optical Coherence Tomographic Pattern and Focal Electroretinogram
    Eye (2009) 23, 299–303 & 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0950-222X/09 $32.00 www.nature.com/eye Optical coherence A Oishi, H Nakamura, I Tatsumi, M Sasahara, CLINICAL STUDY H Kojima, M Kurimoto, A Otani and N Yoshimura tomographic pattern and focal electroretinogram in patients with retinitis pigmentosa Abstract Keywords: retinitis pigmentosa; electroretinography; optical coherence Purpose The foveal function of patients with tomography; photoreceptor; maculae retinitis pigmentosa (RP) has been estimated by visual acuity (VA) or visual field (VF) tests. In the present study, the potential of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and focal Introduction electroretinogram (fERG) for monitoring macular function in RP patients was Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous investigated. group of hereditary diseases that affects Design Cross-sectional observational study. photoreceptors and the retinal pigment Methods A total of 56 eyes of 56 patients with epithelium. As most of the mutations lie in RP underwent ophthalmic examination genes expressed in rod photoreceptors, the including VA, VF, fERG, and OCT. Patients disease typically starts with island scotoma in were morphologically divided into three the midperipheral visual field, and progresses Department of groups by the appearance of photoreceptor to ring-shaped or concentric scotoma. In the Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University inner/outer segment junction (IS/OS) that very small central visual field left in advanced Graduate School of were depicted with OCT; type 1: no IS/OS cases, some retain good function throughout the Medicine, Kyoto, Japan visible, type 2: IS/OS was visible but the lifetime and others begin to degenerate, length was p2 mm, and type 3: IS/OS 42mm resulting in total blindness.
    [Show full text]