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The Response of Riparian and Aquatic Vegetation to Environmental Water Allocations to the Snowy River: a Spatial Analysis of the Dalgety Uplands, 2007-2013

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The Response of Riparian and Aquatic Vegetation to Environmental Water Allocations to the Snowy River: a Spatial Analysis of the Dalgety Uplands, 2007-2013 University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health - Honours Theses University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2015 The response of riparian and aquatic vegetation to environmental water allocations to the Snowy River: A spatial analysis of the Dalgety Uplands, 2007-2013. Joel Honeysett Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Honeysett, Joel, The response of riparian and aquatic vegetation to environmental water allocations to the Snowy River: A spatial analysis of the Dalgety Uplands, 2007-2013., BEnviSci Hons, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2015. https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/112 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] The response of riparian and aquatic vegetation to environmental water allocations to the Snowy River: A spatial analysis of the Dalgety Uplands, 2007-2013. Abstract The alteration of hydrological regimes through the construction of dams and minor diversion weirs has significant detrimental ecological effects on the downstream river reaches. In the case whereby approximately 99% of the Mean Annual Flow (MANF) has been diverted, the flow egulationr has often resulted in a constriction in the river channel and a reduction in complexity of the aquatic and riparian vegetation and encroachment of terrestrial plant species. The Snowy River Increased Flows (SRIF) environmental flow program aims to return 21% of the MANF to the Snowy River below Jindabyne. This revised flow egimer attempts to re-introduce the hydrological cues such as seasonal flow patterns, annual floods and eatergr daily flow ariabilityv . In the case of the Snowy River, a higher magnitude annual flood was introduced to flush sediment and egetationv within the river channel and the more variable daily flow ater aims create a more natural and complex riparian and aquatic vegetated habitat. This study examined the changes in aquatic and riparian vegetation at two sites in the Dalgety Uplands macro-reach of the Snowy River using four band colour infra-red high-resolution aerial photography in 2007, 2010 and 2013. A supervised maximum likelihood classification ot determine vegetation classes and post-classification change detection was used ot quantify the vegetation changes. The results indicated than an increase in flow magnitude was able ot create a more open water and aquatic habitats. Furthermore an increase in the frequency of inundation across the lower benches increased the abundance of flood olert ant amphibious species and removed water susceptible species. These changes are reflective of the importance of the moisture gradient in riparian zones and the zonation of riparian plant species is largely determined by the flow egime.r Degree Type Thesis Degree Name BEnviSci Hons Department School of Earth & Environmental Sciences Advisor(s) Laurie Chisholm Keywords functional groups, riparian vegetation, aerial photography This thesis is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/112 The response of riparian and aquatic vegetation to environmental water allocations to the Snowy River: A spatial analysis of the Dalgety Uplands, 2007-2013. Joel Honeysett "This thesis is presented as part of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Environmental Science of the University of Wollongong" May 2015 ABSTRACT The alteration of hydrological regimes through the construction of dams and minor diversion weirs has significant detrimental ecological effects on the downstream river reaches. In the case whereby approximately 99% of the Mean Annual Flow (MANF) has been diverted, the flow regulation has often resulted in a constriction in the river channel and a reduction in complexity of the aquatic and riparian vegetation and encroachment of terrestrial plant species. The Snowy River Increased Flows (SRIF) environmental flow program aims to return 21% of the MANF to the Snowy River below Jindabyne. This revised flow regime attempts to re-introduce the hydrological cues such as seasonal flow patterns, annual floods and greater daily flow variability. In the case of the Snowy River, a higher magnitude annual flood was introduced to flush sediment and vegetation within the river channel and the more variable daily flow rate aims create a more natural and complex riparian and aquatic vegetated habitat. This study examined the changes in aquatic and riparian vegetation at two sites in the Dalgety Uplands macro-reach of the Snowy River using four band colour infra-red high-resolution aerial photography in 2007, 2010 and 2013. A supervised maximum likelihood classification to determine vegetation classes and post-classification change detection was used to quantify the vegetation changes. The results indicated than an increase in flow magnitude was able to create a more open water and aquatic habitats. Furthermore an increase in the frequency of inundation across the lower benches increased the abundance of flood tolerant amphibious species and removed water susceptible species. These changes are reflective of the importance of the moisture gradient in riparian zones and the zonation of riparian plant species is largely determined by the flow regime. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank my project supervisors Laurie Chisholm (University of Wollongong) and Simon Williams (NSW Office of Water) for their time, patience and support during production of this thesis. The NSW Office of Water provided financial support, the provision of data (i.e. aerial photography, LiDAR), assisted with field studies and including the RTK survey of the studies sites. I would like to thank John Medway for field assistance and Kevin Brown for reducing the RTK survey data and to Tim Haeusler for undertaking the hydraulic modelling. I would also like to thank the staff at the Royal Botanic Gardens’ National Herbarium for identifying plant specimens, Cherie Campbell of Latrobe University for providing information on water plant functional groups and to Alex Ullrich and Heidi Brown for all their assistance with spatial data at the University of Wollongong. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. 3 LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... 10 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 12 1.1 Study context ................................................................................................. 12 1.2 Project objectives and hypothesis ................................................................. 14 1.3 Thesis plan .................................................................................................... 15 2 Literature review ..................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Flow regime and riparian vegetation ............................................................ 16 2.1.1 Flow as a determinant of physical habitat .............................................. 16 2.1.2 Riparian vegetation fluvial disturbance and inundation......................... 17 2.1.3 Functional groups and flow regime........................................................ 19 2.2 Remote sensing of riparian vegetation .......................................................... 21 2.2.1 Spectral and spatial resolution in vegetation mapping ........................... 21 2.2.2 Environmental considerations ................................................................ 22 2.2.3 Spectral Classification methods ............................................................. 24 2.2.4 Digital change detection ......................................................................... 26 2.2.5 Object-oriented
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