INTERSTICES 18 Canterbury [Photo: Author,Canterbury 2016] Station, Fig. 1Mesopotamia Erewhon On territorial images: ANDREW DOUGLAS , or, desire chiastic 24 more thanthetouch of theunknown. Hewants to prehended—for, thatmanfears isnothing (1988) asElias Canetti “There argued: Territoriality theunap ofmanaginganddistancing isthemultileveled action atall. anddifferencedistance in thedomainof reality to makeitexperienceable together, to afoundationaltask—that theypoint in fact, sufficient ofinscribing fortheirirreducibleproximity. argues ofimagining—the paper or modes Read and/ with groundwithrepresentation conditions,andimage ically associated worlds of reference. typ their apparent Arguing against divergence—territory and“image” tappingdense “territory” sidered yetboth with significantnotion, inthiscontext andterritory coinsarelativelyamalgamating ofimage under-con patterning surface and its by considers wayThis paper The ofterritorial images. From pattern toterritory backwards andforwards. swinging is like adoor Everything see —Samuel Butler, —Samuel 1882 whatisreachingtowards SURFACE / PATTERN / SURFACE - - - INTERSTICES 18 On territorial images: Erewhon , or, chiasticdesire 25 merely a“physical-spatial” from aterritoriality phenomenonbutresults making This rhythmic theextent toisnot whichterritory patterning underscores places consistent Imagining tive relationalandultimately meaning (315). dimensionalstability to inwhichrhythms aconsistency indicatingsubstan takeonanexpressiveness into” them to territorialise or “bite territory arise, it must the milieus, subjecting (313).For ofthecomponent” repetition by constituted theperiodic of space-time to musicthangeography: “every closer al states […],ablock milieuisvibratory transition and organisation, chaos between builds out of milieus or mid-places territory Inshort, (319–320). atthedoor” knocking ofchaos theforces distance to“at keep aneed a out,butwhichultimately ormarked expresses inscribed species”, ofthesame two between cal distance beings necessarily adistance ofallthecriti “first to andGuattariheldterritory be Deleuze via distancing, andBlumenberg’s withCanetti Resonating oftheunknown management 312). domains,1987: thatcommuneorcouplewithoutside (expressive manifestations physically just not butimaginatively),anisms manifest andinter-assemblages (interiorising mech intra-assemblages orforces), and outofunderlying qualities made on (inscriptions of infra-assemblages composed as being understood self andFelix Guattari’sDeleuze territoriality—it framework tripartite underwriting borrowed through patternsInthis,he spaces of Gilles relations”it defines (57). defined by space, isnot rather “Territory the complexityofterritorialityse: per to grasp Andrea Mubi Brighenti (2010) considered necessary ising of territory imaginablethekindofde-essential Blumenberg’s ofrealitymakes absolutism (9–10). andlater science oftheology absolutisms initially through inthe magic, repeated animalismand wish-fulfilment, a labour aprojective interventionbuilt was image-production, tory from thebeginning lack ofreliability (8).Bythis account,terri ofhisworld images” by projecting or“mythical horizon, in thelast ‘edge oftheworld’”, primarily ispittednot ofreality,world-uncertainty (6–7). thisabsolutism Against registeredenduringly ultimately, ofanexistentialanxietytestifying, aworld—at thebehest makes to thatfillout terrain inan metaphoric namingbuildsstories ofliving”“art that (5).Inshort, fortheincalculable,unnameable andnames ble scenarios calcula therebyinto anticipatableandthereforefears, substituting manageable adaptive theabilityto toconvert mechanism be “existential ageneral, anxiety” consideredthekey Blumenberg fromneurological insights Kurt Goldstein, runningouttoandasyet distant, planes (4). unknown, horizons Borrowing theopen wascertainty unabletowithrecognisable of consciousness” populate lay oftheforests ananxiety-ladenworld,certainties where the“intentionality of limits tion but the absolute forpercep horizon awidened Having just not gait,theyfaced acquiredabipedal andonto theexpandingsavannah.in theirshiftoutofthediminishingforests early facedby humanoids difficulties imaginabletheevolutionary makes ality” an of re (1985), inadifferent context,“absolutism Hans Blumenberg suggested ofthetouchsurrogates. agement ofits andaneverydayAll territoriality oftheunascertained entailsdistancing man it”(15;emphasisinoriginal). classify oratleast abletohim, andtorecognise be faber— the maker of tools—but a“ the makeroftools—but perceivability homo pictor as such (4). the old territorial Outside ”, the“creature whocovers upthe SURFACE / PATTERN / SURFACE homo ------

INTERSTICES 18 On territorial images: Erewhon , or, chiasticdesire 26 68). consistent ahighly variable relational andexpressive nexus(Brighenti,2010: contemplative knowing, itself a conceit arising only with habitual action: aconceitarisingonly withhabitualaction: contemplative itself knowing, In ofDeleuze’s foraspects thinkingonhabitwasSource SamuelButler(1835–1902). Pattern repeat: habitandmemory Between 2017:(Lapoujade, 83). imaginationcanbindplace-consistency andshifty—only mentally groundless ‘soil’ isfunda foundation,butonanempiricismoftimewhose as self-evident onoroutof‘ground’ placebuilds,not because precisely problematic grounding, we takeasterritory. ofthesurface-extension the space-time Yet a thispresents available byofpatterns whichtherepetition makes likethegenesis something within us: it is always who says a third party ‘me’” rendered Here (75). Deleuze whichcontemplate oflittlewitnesses thousands ofthese only invirtue our ‘self’ imaginableasan itself hallucinatory as a arises where, as centre for instance, of enduringconsciousness the ego thisway,Understood territoriesare indicative ofpsychic desiring-patterns— pleasurecomplexes” territorialities,themselves (2017:creates 85). ative ofaterritorial principle(74). “Habit David hasread Deleuze, As Lapoujade pleasure inthebindingofrhythms, apleasureindic possessive acertain enact Further, ofhabits. repetition sheer many asso habits, contemplations orsouls, there onthe isthe“subjectivity founded ofapassive subject” man orotherwise), (hu there isanactiveimagining ofpatternsbyBefore induced repetition. subject a implies attributed, after Hume,complexly, More to theimagination (70). any synthesis the minddraws from repetition”, andanticipationDeleuze ofrecognition amode the “differenceindicative is in fact Synthesis and an after of a before (70). that patterns into recognisable organised themselves of instances, synthesis in a larger here andnowsitwith itmust experienced For to be genesis. thepresent temporal ona In answer, infact spatially thatwhatendures rests (1994) Deleuze suggested itprolong? imaginative andhow does import, longation ofthematerial into theimmaterial” (68). Yet, isthis whatprecisely manifest placementassuch. manifest incapableof itself ingeneral, ofapast by thevirtuality sustained or actualities ofterritoriality empiricism,aworldnotion is atranscendental ofparticularities andGuattari’s Deleuze (81).Hencetheparadoxical formulaunderwriting present conditionality, or transcendental in general, past underpinning the empirical hereferredit into abroader to continuityandcoherence asa ismemory—what to territoriality. consolidate necessary hab InDeleuze’s what organises genesis, always be oftimemust (itself mode inthehere-now another enacted passing), Yet, pleasure ofanhabitualcapacity asthepossessive ifcontemplation arises Life andHabit

Inherent is“an inthisconsistency ofimagination” act thateffects “a pro …for even the corn in the fields grows upon a superstitious basisas …forto its even thecorninfieldsgrowsasuperstitious upon (82; similarly cited in Deleuze, 1994:(82; similarly citedinDeleuze, 75). own abilitytothe conceitofits doso, withoutwhichfaithitwere powerless own existence, andmoistureintothrough wheat andonly turnstheearth subjectivity image (1878), Butler asserted that all individuation of entails a type (1878),Butler asserted secondarily formed by formed thework habit/time secondarily ofarepetitious or point ofview, orpoint aninvoluntary contemplation itself and Id or unconsciousness (Deleuze, 1994: 97): “We 1994:of (Deleuze, 97): speak orunconsciousness SURFACE / PATTERN / SURFACE ------INTERSTICES 18 On territorial images: Erewhon , or, chiasticdesire 27 ity to thought—a kindof having isto protoplasm, itgives isto doneso.mindasviscosity atenac Memory isthinkableatall:“Tolivethe present isto continuethinkingandto remember whichexcited it”(1917:the cause 58).Similarly, istheground by which memory than excited a little longer endures of which the sensation it, in virtue upon got “Memory isakindofway (orweight—whichever thatthemindhas itshouldbe) precondition: very asits or echo, withthepresent accumulates asmemory just for Butler, reverberation as its So parallels the present of the past the production thinkingiskeyto Deleuze’s genesis. temporal ticipating HenriBergson—whose memory”, or“unconscious immemorial past, richinPlatonistimplicationsan Butler, to evolution, an in his rethinking similarly of Darwinian appealed than territorial regimes. It establishes the appeal ofthenatal,native theappeal place, than territorial Itestablishes regimes. pattern andadornmentnoless orchestrating of myth—the excess transcendent to ground,tions” suchover-under (79).Bindingcosmos basis trafficisthe very from above, comes their grounding from inmemory “thesummitto thefounda Paradoxically, isbuilt, are ifhabits the“movingwhichpresent upon soil” into circulating(105). ofhabituatedpleasures centres trajectory the linear force thatbends allourlovesandistheattracting inmotion setting tasm object the“[virtual] object=x”, fromplace”—became inDeleuze missing its thephan recovered thing that “is always termed the phallus—the (106–108). What Lacan or ultimately be possessed maskingwhatcannot displacements repeating selves them objects” symbolic “virtual fluxin oftemporal andstabilisation satisfaction driven asbeing bymemory “Eros-Mnemosyne”, thatseeks apleasure-principle tive ofthe“good”. of Reworking therepetitions took Freud Deleuze andLacan, indica attachments domain ofrecovery, anddesired objects oflost oflonging, on moreandpleasure formationsof habit;itisthe thanthedesiring-patterns ry, always themselves onrecollections Memory, though,rests already lost. calls Thebroader offorgetting. foundinghabitin memo into thegroundlessness runningalltheway nevertheless memory ofmemory—a repetitions the deeper Territory, ofsurfacerhythms then,istheconsequence findingtheirground in ground andnationalDescending rising intergenerational andinclusive oforganiclifeandinorganicmatter. inamovingplethora,both temporal oftraction points provides contingent ory ontheground”travails amidst a “foot mem oftime. orconscious Particular advance” literallycould not, provides memory theFrench (58).As term suggests, print media such as newspapers and novels, both sameness across single across andnovels,sameness suchasnewspapers both print media inwhich itcouldimagine, language via sharedaterritorially-specific izenry comradeship”, ifaliterate produced cit couldonly be to nationhood, necessary tion forimaginingalargely anonymous nationalcitizenry. A“deep, horizontal aprecondi territorial delimitationbecame hierarchical dynastic realm[s]”(7), ited andSovereign” of“divinely-ordained, lapse (6). Withthe 18thcentury inherently lim asboth community—andimagined political is animagined iskey: and territory ofimage “[for]it (1991) theintersection noted, Anderson Benedict As thenation-state. composing themyth-richConsider assemblage &Guattari,1987: (Deleuze assemblages 339). anungraspable“Ur-refrain”, itself immemorial earth, generative ofall territorial andinto alldissipation whichonesinksas ifinto the the homelandthatresists pied-à-terre from whichitcan,andwithout SURFACE / PATTERN / SURFACE ------INTERSTICES 18 On territorial images: Erewhon , or, chiasticdesire 28 […] not as lost Edens” (69). aslost […] not From ThomasMore’s utopias […]‘modelled’ onrealdiscoveries as“tongue-in-cheek “good societies” given ideality short, similable was politic animagined asprint-commodity—in human pluralism”, one flatly Eden” “unassimilable to (69). Yet more readily as during beyond theWest, andbefore awareness established ofan“irremediable collective life(68). Reconciliation with“discovered” en civilisations andpeoples in depth”perspective prevailed, one comparatively to tuned autarchic forms of secondly, a “renewal of antique forms of life” via humanism (68). An“historical carapace inEurope, itwas distinctive, firstly, for and, “national printlanguages” ty, identified, was asAnderson “an invention [with no…]As ‘pirated’ patent” (67). spanning “1820–1920”) (69). Yet the“nation” asapatternsovereign ofimagined in the “age adaption its Americas long before of nationalism” (itself inEurope inthe was ofimaginingdeveloped asubalterntion ofthenation-state mode a correlate relative todisjunction thistemporal to nationalimagining.Theno reversalhegemony ofthe19th ofempire,offered In apointed century Anderson (293). pened?” hap itself, “What refrain atemporal forcingunbinding ofBeing thequestion, pattern isthebreakinallpatterning—an eternalto return thechaotic testifying andreturns as Whatrepeats 1994: 111). (Deleuze andoutofjoint” time is…]empty ofthelabyrinth, theultimate thestraight-line shape assumed labyrinth [where and itself by “Itisasthoughithadunrolled, straightened Eros: circuits shaped “events”sence thanitunravels bychronologynoless rupturing themnemonic nature inandthrough oftime, itisafuturingforce. forwhatrepeats Timeines rience inmemory, covers theabyssal ultimately nomaskingormaking-good territory. structures third mode temporal grounding empiricalexpe Despite Beyond collectiveandtheirinteriorising ofmemory, routines withincircles a Time’s third repeat—unfurling patterns for(national)lineage. desires and scripted ofchronologicalhabitaroundmemorialoccasion theintra-routines semblages memory, actual and,vianarrated andnot simultaneity (37) theinfra-as itbends habitationto modern andgrounds the“horizontal-secular” The nataldeepens (205) ina“reverse ventriloquism” (198) on“remembered” thatrelies originators. to identity, a perennial Appealing from “’up nations fashion beginnings time’” outof“anlegitimacy by immemorialpast” turning“chance (11–12). into destiny” Yet, therelative despite of nations as a territorial form, they draw newness their commonality. andimagined of actual were, in the pleasure refrains, satiated and remain, each chronologically staged everyday horizons, andcalendar(24).Withinbounded by clock living habits bindingpatterns time”) are empty measured whose “homogeneous, Benjamin, tions craft a “simultaneity-along-time” (or, borrowed from Walter as Anderson divine providence), na tyingdestiny to pre-defined, an all-at-once-eternality ofsimultaneity(as correlate: hasatemporal inplaceofexperiences sameness t counter-discourse capable of short-circuiting “vanished antiquity”, capableofshort-circuiting abreak counter-discourse Plato’s (despite vehiclestheypresented satirical As “contemporary societies”, imaginablewithinashared “meanwhile” places (69). “found”, were utopian as places, remarkable fortheirpresentation ifestranged erritories, and divergent fraternities beyond national edges (19–25). anddivergenterritories, beyond National nationaledges fraternities Utopia Republic SURFACE / PATTERN / SURFACE (1516), a succession of (1516), asuccession as precedent), a asprecedent), ------INTERSTICES 18 On territorial images: Erewhon , or, chiasticdesire 29 a leaping off point for off a leaping founded oftheRangitata River Hence,tersection andForest Mesopotamia Creek. the middle, river cradlingoftheTigris-Euphrates fertile system—andasimilitude(literally “Mesopotamia”, heestablished station thesheep named thereby callingupthe referred to lands”. as “waste Butler promptly education, Exercising a classical utility, ofminimaleconomic thought to be Association—land Canterbury and by the established oflandrunsbeyond theregulated properties claim to aseries River. immigrationto Christchurch, 1859 where from hemade Itresulted Butler’s oftheRangitata thetributaries Aotearoa/New amongst Zealand’s Alps, Southern erence— title, ref ofButler’s though,isacriticaltopographic Paralleling thismobilisation The turnofterrain, or, Butler’s empiricism (285). recognition ofperceptual habits thatundercut thesedentary particulars agination” inplaceof imposing recognition” Thatis, (285). encounter ratherthanof ofanessential [and…]are therefore theobjects scenery consistent, ofspaceandtime,Kantthought,render perception which,so categories aesthetic “phantasmsbetween andsimulacra” theuniversal experience.Against andactual “ Ideas, ofvirtual withthegroundlessness pirical particulars em timeto come(xxi).Crossing a(better) from thepresent capable ofwresting written overa displacingmask, an“originary ‘nowhere’”, anuntimely void itself (1994) isbut novel100). Deleuze creditedto “now” Butler’s thatevery thenotion (1994: ‘here-now’ every figure fortheimmanentdeterritorialisation underwriting utopia, alwaysif not thisactuality. andGuattari(1994) satirical Butler’s Deleuze named milieus (96). arevolutionary potential, verse Utopias thusimminently transport theirreductiveandveiling synthesising ofdi ofplace-origin explicating incults andGuattari(1994) by argued, asDeleuze calibrate theevidentandpossible, aspatialgiven, andnot Rendering geography athought-experiment utopias re 2017). Ashcroft, (see ofaccounts settling andpost-colonial nationalism, butforcolonialsettlement forvia not just reimaginingEurope mode significantliterary utopian fiction—a place. areand sustain evidentwhereby patterned Thisisparticularly places provides the “setting” forstorieswarrants that Thecommonplacepresumption of national place-making. mances perfor habituatingandbounding key toandtracingoutfounding, rehearsing (66). andaudiences Concomitantly,cating actors are printmedia forAnderson, multi-intentional patterns by thatare iterative stabilisied impli performances ofmulti-layered,tive (2010: 61).Territory inthecriss-crossing practices emerges Territory, through Brighentiinsisted, inscrip andevental” as“interactional arises, Erewhons enment (69–70). andthenationalreterritorialisation post-Enlight ofEurope economies political preparing theground fortherevolutionarydeterritorialisationitself ofEuropean Erewhon Erewhon, Or, the Range Over erewhons meso (1872/2013)—‘no-where’ spelt in close reverse—an exemplary exemplary (1872/2013)—‘no-where’ reverse—an inclose spelt , between rivers,, between are “complexes their own ofspace and time[that…]impose Erewhon erewhons a priori the fiction—itself an thefiction—itself potamos participate in “a participate oftheim phantasmagoria . The novel, in fact, is a satirical utopia set in . Thenovel, utopia isasatirical set infact, transcendentals a nomadic synthesis of of anomadicsynthesis transcendentals chiastic reversal: stories both ground both reversal:chiastic stories ) with high country ground atthein ) withhighcountry SURFACE / PATTERN / SURFACE a-topical erewhons aac, r as or vacancy, territory territory ” bridge ” bridge ------INTERSTICES 18 On territorial images: Author, 2017] photo oforiginal, Cambridge: StJohn’sCollection, College, Revisited. [SamuelButler Illustrate Erewhon &Erewhon to ofNew of Part Map Zealand Fig. 2SamuelButler(n.d.). A Erewhon , or, chiasticdesire 30 Consistent with Butler’s primarily inclinationtowards with Butler’s Consistent painting, “meanwhile”. features” (Fig.2),allwithinacontemporaneous “feigned thenthere’sRange, Saddle—and and Butler’s amapmerging“truegeography” Butler, arichtoponymic legacy—Mount carry places his utopia,theButler actual hebluntly indicatedwhere “utopia”(Shaffer 2012), be found.Surrounding could ofnote inZealand Asaminorexplorer andcartographer a fictional world. New by(attempted andabandoned Butler, 38),Butlersubstitutes Ansley&Bush,2012: totive the West In place of an alpine passage vistas. of distant resurfacing Coast isanimated viaanimagina ofcolonialplace-making andisolation intractability fetishism.The technological andits manners Victorian taneously satirising simul others, indigenous andrefiguresits colonialsettlement rudimentary spatial discontinuity. countersNew Zealand’s thebook Inacomplexmirroring, ofmountains,ratherthanwater, crossing aperilous too, isthesetting, giving More’s Erewhon through words (1995: 7). J. it,“a characterised Hillis-Miller placeyou to from get cannot here”, than other fers apictoriallyreconfigured fers terrain, utilisingthe perception is an intentional focus drawn isanintentional focus perception always off ambient horizons already in 249). (2004: put it:“Topographycontinually otherwise” gives Similarly, itself if David As andpresence. Leatherbarrow alldescription exceeding ofhorizons zon ontopography, rests frontsasimage, itnecessarily If landscape thehori itself utopian”itself—a placethat“isinescapably (20–21). of nature into “a placethatisnoplace”, painting words—like inother landscape italwaysof landscape”; ofthewithdrawing asense already anddisplacing carries orpainting”(19).pictures Consequently, forSallis,“there isnopure perception without“reference naturalplaces 2015: 18),by to the18th,word described century, (relative “natural to aminorpaintinggenredepicting inlandscenery”, “landscape”. in the early 17th emerged John if “landscape” Sallishas noted, As ofreworking andasameans routine perception substantive ground infavour of Utopia is,after all,atraversal of“nowhere”—a reversal chiastic ofThomas (1516/2012), from theGreekno( ou ) andplace( Range SURFACE / PATTERN / SURFACE as both adisruptorof as both topos Erewhon ). Reversed, of - - - - INTERSTICES 18 On territorial images: Erewhon , or, chiasticdesire 31 cultures (5).The nature ofan cultures ofchiasmus—“to order intheshape eras,and chiasmus is“structured into” authors, ofcertain practices thelanguage “‘decorativist’ ofrhetorical figures”, [understanding…] that Norrman asserted a Arguingagainst ofchiasmus(1986: user 3–4). cho-pathologically-inclined Not coincidently, Ralf Norrman considered Butler a compulsive, psy indeed ofperception. the surfaceroutines Sallisfoundperturbing theirresolvable “hovering opposites” between title stages Deleuze’ indeterminately other, each about paradoxconsistent with inavirtualising oneithersideequivalent.operands words, Inother placeandnon-placeturn rendering operator the inthebook’s asalogical theterm titleacts ception, “Or” intends fiction toundercut thenormative landscape per groundIf Butler’s of Ambilateral motion,or, Butler’s palladianism imaginatively ofperception. act withinevery like haeccity, shinning, managed knowing, disarticulation calls up a horizonal (Sallis, 2000: 218).Rather thanBlumenberg’s assurrogate forun horizon distant insuchaway” thatwhatisexorbitant inperceiving assuchisevidenced posites by “hovering op between presences imagationrendered poetic representation, (1987: “haeccity” andGuattaricalled Beyond Deleuze 282). al experiencing andafoundation “sensible Salliscalled shinning”(2000: 122), bringing-forth ofrecognising—a overlooked intheroutines andlarval impressions al horizons ofdiverse later andthebringing-forth to monstration or readeronestepcloser theviewer takes and/ monstration—landscape assensible in phenomenology known settings—otherwise ing the shifting frontal given and profiles by objects perceived, patterns by ofwhat can be and forms recognisable synthesis excess minimal unit)of intowhole picture alternating seriality:“the his“‘palladian’ Instead, pairedcomponents. and stabilise thinking”throws the ( model three-part asinPalladianarchitecture”symmetrical wings, (20).Yet, case,this inButler’s “a analogue: an architectural pattern inwhichacentral entityisflanked bytwo a dividing them(+1)” linebetween (21).WithButlerinmind,Norrman pictured pattern: “twoeralism hasacharacteristic bilaterally symmetricalhalves (2),with withoutresolve,vacillation ambilat Parrying hetermedambilateralism (5&11). dualisms antithetically to troubled, irresolvable doubled produce symmetries—a sibility uncoiled infavoursibility uncoiled traversals oflinear upby called varying terrains. acentring dynamic over projecting sen the edifice place(175). acircling Inshort, for an unfurling of the canonitself—rather than the potential turing could instil sothatthe struc was ofthroughits natal topographycoursing affirmed, varying buildings andformofclassically modelled irregularity ofsituationinthesetting issuggestive. The antecedents, classical ofits inexcess synthesis, topographical withBritishPalladianismtowards associated andpractices discourse scape Here, David ofadrive (2004)recognition land Leatherbarrow’s in18thcentury itum)” (21–22). erewhons alteration and Deleuze andGuattari’s andDeleuze utopia ofimmanence. the Inshort, aba ) harbours a malfunction: the middle does not balance not themiddledoes a malfunction: ) harbours ”, an“extended producing form aba -structure is the beginning (the isthebeginning -structure SURFACE / PATTERN / SURFACE abababab X … (adinfin ”—favours ------INTERSTICES 18 On territorial images: [Source: Wikimedia Commons] Wikimedia [Source: More. Thomas by written Utopis for Fig. 3Unknown (1516). Titlewoodcut Erewhon , or, chiasticdesire 32 fers enchantment” criticalto theEnglishimagination(2002: 426–427). the kindofspace, Ackroyd and the“secrecy thathaslongmodelled claimed, daydream-like “‘afternoon inaprivate occuring discourse’” garden (2002: 21)— Utopia divergent languages. they foster topographical Utopia (2013:463).WhileAckroyd anddreamscape” Moore’s groups “landscape merges as Peter Ackroyd a “territorial transmits has argued, imperative” that routinely Erewhon’s Discovery, in forclosure ratherthanthedesire (Robinson, 2006). sugarplantations” inQueensland “indentured Polynessians describing 1871, land’s sugar-growers (2013:147–148). here was parodied a Infact, forQueens- butindentured labour Christians onlyErewhonians—not into good to fundtheconversion publicsubscriptions of Here, seeks anadvertisement will,astheconclusiondemonstrates. novel acommodifying plainly parodies land. commodifiable forfurther quest Butler’s Yet, thisisutopiansatire, and the asanimaginative plainhiddenbeyond dividendgentle mountains—stands to Butler’s place) (1984:xvi). theGreekterm between amiddlelocale self Moore’s ofanindeterminate, construction middleplace, that“Utopia” notes isit Old and New between land, somewhere Worlds, on reflecting Marin, Louis open. mightthetwo sustain? leavesMoore fictions oftheis thelocation resonances ofMoore’sGiven theechoes or, utopia, Dis-locating Butler’s satire

an entirely other oneiric trigger, whose centrifugation flips enclosure and an entirely enclosure oneiric trigger, other centrifugationflips whose and Butler’s andButler’s , as Michèle Le Doeuff recognised, gives an account of the island as if in a recognised, Doeuff , as Michèle Le Erewhon— narrative, butthere isabroader working out.TheEnglishimagination, an undiscovered, country oftowns arrayedan undiscovered,andcities, country ona Erewhon Utopia within the same oneiric tradition, it is clear that oneirictradition,itisclear withinthesame in Erewhon’s outopia title, whatspatial-topographic (noplace)and Utopia SURFACE / PATTERN / SURFACE , ostensively shapes , ostensively shapes Times eutopia Erewhon article of article (good of - - - INTERSTICES 18 On territorial images: Erewhon , or, chiasticdesire 33 Contrary then to the centripetal dynamic thentoof thecentripetal Contrary or,Reflecting newlands, Butler’s mirror whole” (1987: 340–341). andGuattariputit,inthemannerofan“orchestral-instrumentalas Deleuze taskwas of the earth” tobration ofthe“hero summons up a new peopling, whose “One-Alone” romanticism cele attributedto andits sonority thesubterranean playingtype. Instead, to the satirical nod upthemusicalityofterraina offers and any“In thegarden, therebe cannot landscape”, JeanLucNancy wrote (2005:52), covery ofErewhon, thenovel’s narrator recounts: nameless thatwould to themountaincrossing lead dis Preceding head. onits intimacy (2012: 216). (2012: ofmodernity” withoutthecorruptions Britain[but…] “like seemingly being try asJohnthecoun was Lucasnoted, famously richinsuchimpulses, Zealand Newrience” andfuturity(6–7). withtemporality Colonial andimmediateties “existential questions to ofutopianism linked Bloch—it strand Jameson expe side—a on the impulse communities), and radicallymarcated contrary spaces, Utopia programmes isadivision in fact, FredricEvidenced, (2005)drew Jameson between in parodied the“glittering others, against putit(1986: bluntly asBloch prize bowl” 26)—a is to into andto put adream of betterment motion achieve, and the odds against farawayindistinct, To (23). places daydream to isnot stayit to thespot; rooted put it, “hiding-places”, as Bloch pounding, breaking away, andwonder at culturalanticipationofthissort—com foregrounds astarkly gendering, Alps “discovery”(1986) utopianism. in theAntipodean Butler’s centredinEuropean ugal, ridingtheoutward ofan impetus booster literature a“ground-up”booster vision. prompt forhissatirical to theclergyhimself, ofpopulist entry likely foundinthedisingenuousness refusing ofaclergyman, who emigratedto Canterbury son the disenfranchised and a world of everyday plenty (Patrick Joyce 2009: cited in Belich, 159). Butler, ground was (154).Theresult ups’”, littletolerance of“‘high alongingforjustice, matched by not colonial conditionsonthe infact, character Utopia proper”—a ruralArcadia [to…]ter spanningfrom “virtuous andurbanised more organised inwhichnewlandswere charac with anEdenic imbued a “paradisecomplex” tile land,financial reward, autonomy, societal work and 153–154). Drawn on was etc.—that advertisements, news stories, advocated aclimate ofabundance(fer literature”—promotional awave rode the 19th pamphlets, century of“booster movementsthe settler sweeping theAnglophoneworld halfof from thefirst onthisground-up (2009) utopianism,Expanding James that Belich hasargued Erewhon could see the burnished pillars glowing. pillars (2013:15) theburnished could see other, andinmysterious caverns I depths likethatofFingal,withinwhose oneabove the incliffsandprecipices, set tain, withrows upon ofpipes thesideofamoun cityupon likeagolden of brilliantlight,tillitbecame away, faded wool-shed to grow andgrow andtheorganseemed amidablaze the thatthereI dreamed was inmy anorganplaced wool-shed: master’s (2–4). While (2–4). Erewhon and plainly eschews appropriativeplainly eschews territorial imperativesofthegarden utopian impulses (see 2013:14). (see Erewhon telegraphsprogrammaticreferences (texts,de in modernity—both stemming from More’s inmodernity—both anticipatory consciousness anticipatory Utopia , Erewhon SURFACE / PATTERN / SURFACE is patently centrif Ernst Bloch Bloch Ernst utopian ------INTERSTICES 18 34 alence. While the mirror has its dark back or tain making doubles observable, alence. observable, Whilethemirror darkbackortainmakingdoubles hasits (“either, or”, “nor”, “neither”, and “not of two”) illating equivalences, atrailofdisjuntive atanother, terms suggests etymology its vac at onelevel, operator titleisalogical establishing ofButler’s conjuntion “Or” more ofterritorial fully the notion canbe elucidated. Ifthecoordinating image briefencounter with thisnecessarily Concluding A Leibnizianturn,or, Butler’s chiasm natal pivot. by theearth’s conjoined plains, themselves asurrogate, verticalupthrust—itself ofthenarrative inside outwiththecourse two runningbetween ocean-facing space;itisaplaceturned anyThus, “no-where”ofenclosed resists semblance Tasman Sea’s prevailing winds rendering the return westerly possible. (“Trade”) isthemotive(2013: 142). itself, power Outstanding ofthecrossing withthe arrival,the earlier thereturn voyage as“dream-like is pictured anddelirious” Symmetrically todoubling well theeast. outatsea forachancerescue air balloon Accordingly, desire. chiastic inlinewithserialising, landscape, worlds,utopian to ofcolonial closure thecentrifugalvectors opening inside-out and measure, in large to thisvacillation responds guage upside-down between revolution lan (1968:topographical 460).Butler’s as displacementpre-empting words, other “settler colonialism” a “world-turned-inside-out”—in crisis entailed a revolutionary “world-turned-upside-down”, Wakefield to capitalism’s response the critiqueof, to, solution andanticipatory ofcapitalism,in the contradictions for non-revolutionary “Englands” called (2015: 459). Whereas Marx elsewhere answer to therevolutionarycrisisbuilding in Britainwas thereplication of Veracini and Lorenzo Gabriel Piterberg As New have Zealand. Wakefield’s noted, systematiccolonizationofAotearoa/ Company’sfor theNew proposed Zealand Wakefield’sGibbon Colonization”—a of “The Art contributing 1849 blueprint drawnindifferent colonisation, and its to Zealand as he New was Edwardto and marching. feet In thiscontext, wasn’t with aworld on its Marx set Karl Marx, Bloch’sagainst in relation as he argued to consciousness, linking of anticipatory travel trafficinButler’s andfoot narrative offooting The satirising beread can over (1972: therange 161). ofsatire,the “distorting which,in mirror” Highet’s consistentwithGilbert of notion orupside-downness footing, opposite + siting— Literalisingantipodean andideas. its beliefs, mon names, values, prejudices, to Victorian com turnontheirhead whoappear inhabitants of mores theinterlude inErewhonontheculturalandsocial centres framing, is anArcadian, “quasi-European” world Beyondthisinitialdescriptive (25). “exquisite revealed (2013:22).Subsequently andtranquillising”twilightsunburst Erewhon’s ranges, from dream.Onceatthesummitofdiscombobulating itself ciates The “World-improving” 1986: of thelatter (Bloch, impetus 91)never quite disso narrative travel ofimaginary modes—a 11). (Mudford, andutopian fiction 1985: hopes, anticipatory to these Responding world, or,An inside-out Butler’s fancy pous (foot) as the Greek etymology indicates—Erewhon composes aplaceof composes indicates—Erewhon astheGreek etymology (foot) narrator finds himself above a genteel plain announced through abovegenteel plainannounced an narratora findshimself Erewhon’s narrator escapes backover hot therange, viaamakeshift narrator escapes Erewhon, Erewhon 1 written under or behind equiv written under or behind reaches its heights oncewell heights its reaches amalgamates two amalgamates literary Erewhon’s SURFACE / PATTERN / SURFACE chaistic labour, chaistic anti (opposite) (opposite) - - - - - INTERSTICES 18 On territorial images: Erewhon , or, chiasticdesire 35 rest on a temporal domain far deeper than subjectivity (see Fig.4). (see than subjectivity domainfardeeper onatemporal rest to by phenomenalization,understood proceed necessarily must ritorial images habit. Concomitantly, given place as expression of ter in and through the action inenvironment withaperturbance sufficient toforcethat arises from awareness (371–374). ofphenomenalization isthatcomponent ancestry” Consciousness running allthewaymemories and “invertebrate into archaic, history pre-human indicative bythemselves surfaced habits, conscious ofasubmergingdomain of continuous withthe‘inside’ inus” (373). However, asanun thisuniverse arises monad-like formulation, Butler“findsaninside to the Universe, which isoneand (1914: and theunconscious Ina 371). consciousness between the crossing sider toRattray thinkers con 19th amongst century Butlerwas hasargued, earliest Robert on phenomenalization.As own musings withButler’s would correspond (1917:thesis themedriving satirical 39–55)—a atDarwin’s addressed therejoinders isamongst evolutionary habit andmemory of in the 1860s, the conjoining at his disposal While Butler had no such analogue transit (136–137). in images serialised narrowly flashingup outby called headlights on alandscape aviewpoint posits highway world. windscreen Its atnightforthisneo-Leibnizian along a dark of a car speeding the analogue used inside out. Deleuze thing turned butnow asa pivot, (theological) themonadpersists, vertically its securing lost renovates Having (78). the monad according to Baroque an emerging discordant variant how ofempiricism awild,neo-Platonic recognised Butler again,Deleuze Drawing with Leibniz. (1993) on Deleuze associated house it mirrors the baroque worldsed withoutwindow onto other, each save range. Inthis, forthecurtaining Erewhon whole(2002: 23). onanobscure viewpoint isinside,the outside butasarestricted Moore’s credits to Doeuff similitudeLe sophical Leibniz’s (1646–1716) monad,aphilo ofGottfried issuggestive This looking-in 175). indicative (2015: ofa“more beginning” profound originthanasingle[scripted] recognised, calls onthecomplexgrounding topographyone, sustains; asDeleuze complexly develops (224). which something of a butisratherdrawn assumed, containinthemannerAristotle not upandout does ofsubjective fantasy.exorbitant imagininginexcess ofplace, Sallishassaid it As to an opened secondly asahorizon but itharbours, fancy viatheimagined firstly ofunknowning thehorizon displaces outfrom,infact to therange look memory, viahabits, of whichaccrues ofrupture. Rather thanathing andmodes sive “sealed-off-depth”, domain brought to light on an otherwise the patterning Concomitantly, aposses picturing thansurface-work other be cannot territory (4). ofmanifestness” withthe“light non-showing Hence: ed depth”, asa“surface so overit does aclosed-off ashowing insistently compound (2015, ofallthings 4).Moreover,support shows to itself, theextent thattheearth it, “the primal ark”,as Sallis described yet to resistent penetration, the grounding itself, oftheearth, onthebackoftopography asamanifestion arises landscape matrix its surface is open to thelightofday. surfaceisopen its (4) coming ofday willgive way remainsandonly toever thelight.Earth dark, thatwiththe likethatofthenight,adarkness isnot, ofearth The darkness also exhibits a Leibnizian variant. divid aLeibnizian territorial Its exhibits constructs image also in the ancient sense of intheancientsense mater , awomb or“place place” before outof Erewhon Erewhon Utopia— , asaparodyofplace-fancy, SURFACE / PATTERN / SURFACE . Here monadic darkness . Here monadicdarkness a closed world where a closed

inwards ------, INTERSTICES 18 On territorial images: sketch] Topographical Chiasm. [Pencil ErewhonFig. 4Author as (2017). u )risingutopic, ground colonial U )More’s Utopia over conscious extending thegathering of I )imaginative sheathing animating grain H )prevailing ‘Trade Winds’ as image-world point and leapingoff for an G )limitofterritorial passage narrative pivot horizon ofunknowing andnatal F )the‘range’ asupsurge of E )Erewhon oftheearth darkness perpetual depthand D )thesealed-off perception as shimmeringhorizons of above back habit&echoing rising C )consciousness at apicturingplane B )territorial image assembled the body &bridged byunconsciousness mediating theconsciousness/ A )here-now astime-horizon KEY Erewhon , or, chiasticdesire 36 gathering, or no-where here, anowhere or no-where madeoutoftopography.gathering, chiastic ly by thisButler’s conditioned colonialcapitalismandimagination.Call immanencecontrari thenow-here forunsettling ofhistime—an case, ameans of the middle, was, in Butler’s criss-crossing Chiasmic desire, incessant with its mulative draft—that whichhovers perception. exorbitantlyinevery ashorizon accu isadeeper onshow infact of), (onehewasrange plainly abeneficiary ly. a parody of primitive thedividing While Butler staged accumulation across particular andalienationoftheindigenous dispossession and dispossession, accumulation. Yet withoutcycles oftransfer occur not suchsystematism does world insideoutviasystematic colonialismandlandremade turned asprimitive there. isthe Equallyatstake darkly,bilateralism themirror inallthings, mimes more thanEnglandover taken,thatis,foraride.anam desire Inlinewitha chiastic for thetaking; by theterrain.mirror, Recastinasatiric placeready itshows upasapopulous permitted not crossover ofpassage—a upby thesuspension opened landscape Facing the ancient mobility of the“Main Divide”, here-now of a colony itself charged withmakinga ofacolony charged itself Erewhon SURFACE / PATTERN / SURFACE emerges then as a emerges - - - - INTERSTICES 18 On territorial images: (Or, n.d.). English to “nor”, acontraction inMiddle ‘either, or,’”, linked andisitself runsto “Old“Or” English 1 inspire itsproduction. Petry, to voice whose continued conversations Mitchell withBruce in lies The originofthispaper of TinaEngels-Schwarzpaul. paper, ableediting andthevery reviewers intheproduction ofthis insights oftwo anonymous I gratefully acknowledge the Endnotes Etymology oftheconjunction nauther or “neither” or“neither” Erewhon oþþe , or, chiasticdesire

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