RO BE RT A ND A ND R E W FO U L I S

AN D T H E G LA S GOW PR E S S pu a u s u a o a v

A S MACLE H OSE AND S NS AS J ME O , GL GOW

fi u b lis ht rs to th c a n i b cr s dg .

M ACMI AN AND CO LTD ONDON LL . , L . m T/ze M ac i llan Co.

Th M ac m o C d . e i llan Co. f ana a

L d S i m ki H m i t a nd C a . on on , p n , a l on

BM W: a u d Bow es .

r A ag u s a n d R obe ts on .

M M X U I C .

RO BE RT FOU L I S

' F r om a M edalli on by jam es Tu s s le i n S c ottzs/z Na tzon a l Par /n u t Gallery RO BE RT <9 A NDREW PO D LI S

A ND T H E G LA S G O W PR E S S

WITH S OME ACCO UNT O F

TH E G LA S G O W A C A D E MY O F

TH E FI NE A RTS

D A V I D M U R RA Y H M . . D A , LL . . PRESIDENT O F T H E GLA SGOW BI BLIOG RAPHIC AL SOCI ETY

G LASGOW JA M E S M A C L E H O S E A ND SO N S PU BLISH E RS TO TH E UNIVE RSITY I 9 1 3

PR E FA C E

a v id ob erts n WHE N the late Mr . D R o had completed the publica of Gla s ow Pa st a n d Pr esen t tion the second edition of g , it occurred to him that a reprint of the Views of Glasgow executed in The Glasgow Academy of the Fine Arts would form a suitable companion a rl volume . He applied to the E of Home for the loan of the set of V C iews in the library at Douglas astle , which was readily granted I on e or supplied two that were awanting , and he then had the whole reproduced by Messrs . Waterston of Edinburgh . Mr . Robert son r asked me to w ite an Introduction to the proj ected volume , and , I s w o. ith some hesitation , agreed to do He himself bestowed much time and pains in preparing descriptive explanations of the Views . Fou lis I had long been interested in the work of the Brothers , and had acquired some interesting Fou lis i tems at the sale of the f o of . libraries David Laing and John Whitefoord Mackenzie Mr . William James Duncan was an old friend and I applied to him for information as to the material he had in hand in the prepara tion of his Noti c es a n d Doc u men ts i llu stra ti ve of the Li ter a ry H i stor o Gla s ow of y f g , but at the lapse more than fifty years I he could not remember from whom he had obtained it . was fortunate , however , in obtaining access to the Buchan letters which

Mr . Duncan had used , and to others which I think he had not seen I also picked up a number of Buchan papers which were in the ’

P . market , and some of rofessor Simson s correspondence I examined of the Minute Books of the Barbers Incorporation , the records the of of University , the register of deeds and the register testaments Commissari ot the of Glasgow , various manuscripts in the British

Museum and in the Glasgow University library . From these and other sources I drew up an account of the Foulis Press and of the of ffi Glasgow Academy the Fine Arts , which seemed to be su cient for the purpose in view . Mr . Robertson was , however, anxious that v i PREFACE

so as of i it should be extended , to include a history l terature , art , a s and science in Glasgow . This w a much more formidable under d i i . a v sa tak ng , and it made Slow progress I suggested to him the b ility of proceeding with what more immediately related to the of volume plates , as the larger proj ect would entail much delay . w as His fancy , however , for the latter , and I did my best to carry b u t it out , it was unfinished when he died , and my papers were then laid aside . It w a s hoped that the Earl of Rosebery would open the Fou lis

Exhibition of the Glasgow Bibliographical Society , in April last , h is ‘ but Lordship found that he was unable to do so , and the duty i r du c tor . n t o v devolved upon me The time was short , and for an r Address I abridged the account which I had formerly w itten , and so i had it printed , that it might be distributed at the meet ng , but l n ot the i lustrations could not be got ready in time , and this was done . As the immediate occasion was past , it was thought that it might be more useful to restore what had been struck out , and the present paper is practically what was prepared fully five and twenty years ago . Certain details regarding the artists trained in the of Academy have been omitted , and advantage has been taken such additional information as has become ava ilable in the mean f of time . My aim has been to give a connected account o the work ou lis of ff Robert F as a printer , and his e orts to establish and carry on of the Academy of the Fine Arts , his surroundings , and of those with whom he was associated .

I have to thank the Reverend W . J . Couper , Mr . William Stewart , - and Mr . J . C . Ewing for reading the proof sheets , and for several u val able suggestions .

DA VI D M U R RAY .

1 3 F i r z RO Y PLACE

G A S 2 th u ne 1 1 L GOW , 5 j , 9 3 . C O NT E NT S

PAGE R OBE RT AN D A N DRE W FOULI S AN D THE GLASGOW P RE SS E ARLY L IFE VISIT To E NGLAND AN D FRANCE ROBERT FO U LI S A S BOOKSELLER ROBERT FO U LI S A s PUBLISHER ROBERT F O U LI S A s PRINTER THE UNIVERSITY PRESS ROBERT F O U LI S A S UNIVERSITY PRINTER TYPE FOUNDING IN GLASGOW

SS . U TS THE PRE OF R . A PO L THE PRINTING HOUSE SOME NOTABLE BOOKS INFLUENCE OF THE FO U LI S PRESS PROGRESS OF G LASGOW THE L ITERARY SOCIETY IN GLASGOW COLLEGE THE PARLIAMENT OF OCEANA LIVRE S DE LUX E LETTERED PROPERTY LOCAL PUBLISHING

THE G LASGOW ACADEMY O F THE FINE ARTS

ROBERT F O U LI S AND THE FINE ARTS PURCHASE OF PICTURES THE UNIVERS ITY AND THE ACADEMY THE E Q UIPMENT OF THE ACADEMY vi ii CONTENTS

PA GE — THE G LASGOW ACADE MY OF TH E FINE A RTS c on ti n u ed ADVICE OF FRIEND S PROGRESS OF THE ACADEM Y AS S ISTAN CE WORK OF THE ACADEM Y PATRONAGE OF THE ACADEM Y STUDENT S OF THE ACADEMY E X HIBITION OF PICTURE S FINAN CIAL TROUBLE RECLAMATI ON OF PEAT MOSS SOME NOTABLE VISITORS DEATH OF THE BROTHERS THE CHARACTER OF ROBERT POULTS H IS CI RCLE PORTRAITS OF F O U L I S

A NE W G E NE RATION FAM ILY OF ROBERT POULTS

N FO U LI S Y N A DREW , OU GER

TH E END

’ ROBERT F O U LI S E STATE ACHIEVEM ENT

I N DE X L I S T O F I L L U S T R A T I O NS

PORTRAIT O F ROBERT FO U LI S F r on ti spi ec e F rom a m eda lli on i n th e S c ottis h Na tion a l Portra it Ga ller y

’ BIRD S -E YE VIEW OF THE COLLEGE OF GLASGOW AT THE EN D OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ’ ' om Slez er s Tlzea tr u m S c oti co 1 6 Fr , 93

IT - A T Gla s ow C oa r a n t 1 1 T LE P GE OF HE g , 7 5 From c opy i n th e U n i v ers ity Lib ra r y

AN T A 1 8 PL OF HE COLLEGE ARE , 77

‘ ' From M Ar th u r s f our -s h eet m a p

PART OF PAGE OF THE HOMER OF 1 75 6

L I W ETTER ROBERT FO U L S To D R . ARB URTON ARCHIBALD INGRAM

' M on u m en t i n th e M erc ha n ts H ou se of Gl a sg ow I NTERIOR OF THE PAI NTING ROOM OF THE ACADEMY

om a Pr n of a a n n b Da v d All a n see 86 Fr i t p i ti g y i : p.

COLLEGE E NTRY I N 1 756 F rom a Pr i n t b y Rob er t Pa u l exec u ted i n th e Gl a sg ow Ac a dem y of th e Fi n e Ar ts

A ICAT T AIT N FO U LI S 1 C R URE POR R OF A DREW , 775 From Pri n t b y C a pta i n Topha m

TITLE - PAGE OF ORDERS FOR GARRISON AND CAMP DUTIE S W ith a u tog ra ph of Lord C a rdross

’ CI N SS S TI LLO C H AN F O U LI S G K ST T S PE ME OF ME R . D REE EREO YPE

SIGNATURES OF ROBERT AN D AND REW F O U LI S AND ANDREW F O U LI S YOUNGER

Rob ert an d A n drew Fou lis

a n d Th e Gla sg ow Pr ess

HEN the Bibliographical Society of Glasgow was established

wa s last year , it thought that it would stimulate interest in bibliographical work if the Society were to promote an exhibition

l of that would i lustrate the work the great Glasgow printers , Robert

F is and Andrew oul . It seemed appropriate that it should be held wi thin the precincts of the University which had provided the brothers with a home , and had at every stage fostered and encouraged f dl their ef orts . The University Court most kin y a cceded to the

of request , and we are now assembled within the walls this ancient

of seat learning to inaugurate the exhibition .

E ARLY LIFE

Fou lis was 20th 1 0 Robert born at Glasgow upon April , 7 7 , a

fiv e few days before the Union ; his brother Andrew years later .

a u ll s Their father was Andrew F , a maltman of Glasgow who kept a - t small change house on the west Side of the High Street , above h e

P s Tolbooth their mother was Marion aterson , a woman di

i e tin gu sh d for her good sense and great piety . Glasgow was then a small country town of some imb abi A ROB E RT AN D AN D R E W FOU LI S

tants , noted for its charm and sweetness , and indebted for such

Commissa riot importance as it possessed to its University , its and

Th e w Regality courts . to n of Glasgow, says an English traveller

so so of the day , though not big , nor rich , yet to all seems a much ” sweeter and more delightful place than Edinburgh It is , says A u . another , the beautif llest little city I have seen in Britain third describes it as the most elegantly built city of its size in

so Europe . A Dutch traveller reports that its situation is lovely ,

so P so fertile , and agreeable that it is commonly called the aradise ” of Scotland .

1 20 Fou lis or Fa u lls In 7 Robert , as he then wrote his name or

l . Fau ds , was apprenticed to the trade of a barber His master e was Alexander L ggat , a prominent member of the craft , doubtless

‘ M U re d that barber Leggat who , informs us , ha his house on the ll south side of the Ga owg a it. His term of servi ce was five years and two years thereafter for meat and fee , as required by the Letter

f th 1 6 o . 2 Guildry On 9 June , 7 , his indenture having then six months to run , he applied for leave to enter freeman . This was granted upon terms , but he did not avail himself of the permission , and postponed his application until the expiry of his service in i . W November following His essay was a tie g and natural wig , which were made to the satisfaction of the essay masters and

’ having been found qualified to serve his Maj esty s Lieges , and

1 2th having produced his burgess ticket , he was , upon January ,

1 2 of 7 7 , admitted freeman the Incorporation and gave his oath

e e i ( t fid l .

ou t He seems at once to have put up his sign , and hung his

r 1 1 2 bason , as a master barbe , for upon 3 th February , 7 7 , John F aulds was bound his apprentice . This was his younger brother , who , in due time , became freeman and remained faithful to the

f re u en tl a calling , having been q y Deacons Master and a Trades Master ,

1 of and in 749 Deacon the craft . He seems likewise to have followed

’ his father s calling , as , in various family deeds of later date , he is styled maltman , barber , and wigmaker . EA R LY L I FE

1 0 When Francis Hutcheson was called to Glasgow in 73 , as

Gersc h om a u lls ! successor to Carmichael , Robert F was a practising

l of h is barber , but he enro led himself, as one students , in his first

h is class . The professor , being impressed by ability and sympathising

of with his thirst for knowledge , encouraged him in the pursuit

Wodrow 1 6 - 1 learning . Robert of Eastwood ( 79 734) records that

Hutcheson had many , not scholars in the rest of the classes , who

on sev era ll wait his privat classes , tradesmen and youths in the ” ll ’ . a n s toun F attended the professor s lectures for several sessions , so that there can be little doubt that he was one of those referred to .

During his spare hours he devoted himself to the study of the classics ,

' a n d w a s . attended several other University classes , employed by Dr Hutcheson in assisting young gentlemen in the study of moral philosophy . He had the further advantage of intercourse with the professor , whose conversation , we are told , was various , cheerful , and animated to a high degree , and was not only an agreeable d ” entertainment , but very instructive an improving . When James

1 M i sc ella n Poems Duncan , in 73 4 , published y , by Jean Adam ,

’ ” to whom is attributed the song There s nae luck aboot the house ,

lls Robert Fa u in Glasgow appeared am ongst the subscribers .

Andrew received a more regular education than Robert . He became a student of Humanity under Professor Andrew Rosse in

1 2 7 7 , and , after he had finished his University course , taught Greek ,

f r o . Latin , and French in Glasgow some years Both brothers were ardent students . They occupied rooms in the College and their lamp often burned far into the night a s they pored over their books .

Fa ulls on e of - P ] Robert was the essay masters of Robert aul ,

of 22n d 1 2 who was admitted freeman the Barber craft on June , 7 7 , but he does not seem to have taken an active part in the affairs of the Incorporation . As he was dependent upon his own exertions , he no doubt applied himself to his business , and was able to lay by f l or u se . something future Be this as it may , he was sti l working

1 n at his trade as late as 73 7 , when his brother Joh became a freeman . 4 R O BE RT AND A N D R EW FOULI S

Fa u lls At thi s date he is still called , but sometime within the next year he and Andrew changed it to the more aristocratic Fou lis

on h (pron . Fowls) . John , the other hand , ad ered to the original name ”

ou lis or . for many years , but latterly he appears as F Fowlis At the beginning of the University session 1 73 7-3 8 an anonymous

u l pamphlet was circ lated in the co lege and the city , stating that P m rofessor Hutcheson taught a n v dangerous errors . His old students were indignant at the charges made against this eminen t

H u tch eson rom 1 8 A Vi n di c a ti on o M r . man , and in 73 published f f the c a lu mn i ou s a e si n o a e a m hlet sp r o s f a l t p p . Amongst the signa

l F s tories were Robert Fou is and Andrew oul i .

VISIT TO E NGLAND AND FRANCE

1 8 In the summer of 73 the brothers , having met with some ” of misfortunes by death friends with whom they were connected , resolved to make a tour in England and on the Continent . Robert and Andrew Fou lis first visited Oxford and some other

of places interest in England , and then passed over to France . C They had letters of introduction to the hevalier Ramsay , a

of native Ayr, through whose influence they had access to the best P public libraries in aris , and whose kindness they repaid by publish

1 1 Pla n o Edu c ati on or a ou n Pri n ce 1 8 ing in 74 his f f y g , and , in 74 , h is Philoso hi c a l Pr led Re i i n p i n c i ples of Natu ra l a n d Revea l g o . The attention of the University had been directed to the im

of C see of portance of the records the Roman atholic Glasgow ,

of o P which were in the custody the Scots C llege at aris , and the Senate commissioned Robert Fou lis to obtain copies of the more

. u important documents In this he was successf l , and the correspond

ence which passed gives us a glimpse of the two brothers themselves .

22n d 1 8 When writing to the University , on October , 73 , the Fathers of the College say We cannot finish this letter without assuring you that

- no persons seemed to be more fitted , every way , towards

6 R OBE RT AND AN D RE W FOULI S

T l Roderi c k R n d m 1 of a o . in 73 9, that obias Smo lett immortalised in

Th e of hero that j ourney was the famous Strap , the young barber who could quote Latin to order . Strap has been identified with

n ot various Glasgow men , but it seems improbable that the person whom the novelist had in his mind was Robert Fou lis . Smollett had lived in Glasgow for several years , had attended the University , and must have known the barber- scholar and his brother the student

Fou lis and tutor . Robert was sedate and solemn , and somewhat

- l n ot . pedantic , not very world y wise , and averse to air his learning

Notwithstanding the sincerity of his disposition and manners , he

W dr of . o ow 1 0 was , says Dr James Stevenston ( 73 rather underrated in the opinion of us thoughtless students , and was pro

’ bably an obj ect of Sm ollett s caustic wit and seems to be ready

’ made to the master s hand . Strap is not a portrait , and the charac ter is so drawn as to prevent identification . There is , however , j ust

ou lis enough to suggest Robert F with some features , probably

h is borrowed from brother Andrew , and certainly more than there P . . or . is to identify Mr Roger otion with Mr John Gordon , Mr

Lancelot Crab with Mr . George Thomson , the victim of many of

’ l t s Smo let practical j okes . It does not follow that if Fou lis was the original of Strap , Smollett intended to disparage him . Mr . Roger

P H u m hr Cli n ker otion is not an admirable character , but in p y

Smollett pays a high compliment to Mr . John Gordon , his prototype .

ROBE RT FOU LI S AS BOOKSELLE R

In the spring of 1 740 the brothers made another j ourn ey to

London and sold their latest purchases made in France . The dispos ing of this collection gave them an opportunity of knowing more full y

of the various opinions men of letters in London , and what they liked and disliked in editions After the sale , they returned to Glasgow , and Spent the summer in retirement in the College , engaged in

of . the work translation , but did not bring it to perfection The Professors had long held that it would be to their advantage R OBE RT FOU LI S AS B O O KS E L L E R 7

that they should have a University bookseller , who would under take to search for and provide important works in the best editions , and no doubt encouraged the enterprise of the two young men ;

Fou li s 1 1 and , with their approval , Robert , in 74 , established him self as a bookseller in premises within the College . Only Six years

two earlier , the city had been j udged too narrow for booksellers a t a a time , but Glasgow was growing r pidly in population and in

Fou lis wealth , and had found a ready market for his continental

1 r a l purchases . In 1 74 he advertised in the Gla sgow jou n a variety of scarce and valuable editions of the classics and books proper for the Grammar School and University and in 1 744 “ of issued A Catalogue Books lately imported from France , con taining the scarcest and most elegant editions of the Greek and

u n ta e Roman authors , printed by the Aldi , J , the Stephens , Turne l ” Va sc osa n . bus , , the Morel s , etc Amongst them were the Byzantine

of Historians , the Benedictine edition Chrysostom , and the Elzevir

o edition f Cicero . Robert was subsequently j oined in business by h is brother

Andrew , who took the active charge of the retail department .

of - They kept a large stock well chosen books , English and foreign , old n of and new , and conti ued their bookselling trade till the end

of P their days . For many years a Committee rofessors was appointed e to make purchases from their Shelves for the Univ rsity library . The bookshop was a pleasant lounge and meeting place f or students and others interested in books and literature , and it was here that

i 1 P of W lliam Richardson ( 743 afterwards rofessor Humanity , to whom we are indebted for various particulars regarding the

1 1 8 . brothers , first made their acquaintance in 757 or 75

of Like other booksellers the day , they had auctions of books in

’ w a s of the evenings . This Andrew s part the business , but Robert

l of occasional y presided . After announcing the title the book to

be bid for , the latter sometimes added an extemporaneous harangue

upon its merits , and at another time he would make the gift of a

’

. wa s volume to a poor student This not Andrew s method , who was 8 R OB E RT AND AN D RE W FOU LI S fain to displace his brother when for a time he had gained possession of the rostrum Come down , Robin that place and that business are not for you .

C f on These auctions were held in the Old of ee House , the west

f ltm r k et o Tr o t o Sa a f n a e . side the , at the corner the g As an example , “ there is in the Exhibition : A Catalogue of the Library of the f . C o Reverend Mr Alexander ampbell , late minister the gospel at

’ Fo lis s Inverary ; which begins to be sold by auction at R . and A . u

- f - 1 6 Auction Room . In the Old Cof ee House . Glasgow , 7 5 , 4to . l l al . A most booksellers had auction sales Thus , Andrew Stalker

al e 2 r d 1 6 advertises a s e to b gin on 3 November , 75 , from four to eight in the evening of curious and val uable books consisting in

of c ler rn en of part of the libraries three worthy gy lately deceased , which he issued a printed catalogue .

ROBE RT FOU LI S A S PUBLISHE R

ou lis Having established himself as a bookseller , Robert F nex t

hi s . own turned publisher His first venture , according to list , was

De n a tu ra Deoru m—a an edition of Cicero , work on which he used — to discourse to the Fathers of the Scots College and the second was

1 1 Phaedrus . These were issued in 74 , and in the same year he pub l h ed On the Tem er Char a cter a n d Du t o a M i n i ster o is a sermon , p , y f f

e Gos el O th p , preached at the pening of the Synod of Glasgow and Ayr

ll 1 06- 8 of by Wi iam Leechman ( 7 minister Beith , Shortly to become

of P Professor Divinity , and later rincipal of the University , and

Plan o Edu c a ti on al A f by the Chev ier Ramsay , already referred to .

s of Fou li had no press his own , and had to depend upon others but was evidently resolved to produce good work and to put

Glasgow printing upon a higher level than it had hitherto reached .

ex t i s a c a demi c i s The Cicero was printed yp , in the style of similar

1 2 an d 1 works issued from the same press in 73 73 3 , and is a creditable

of to Dib din piece work , and , according , is equally neat and

P u correct . haedr s was printed by Robert Urie Company , who ’ B I RD S - E YE VIEW O F TH E COLLEGE O F GLA S GOW

A t th e en d of th e S ev en teen th C en tu ry

R O B E RT FOULI S AS P U B L I S H E R 9

- th e Gallow ait had then their printing house in g , and is also well done . These books were intended primarily for school and college u se Foulis fit , but Robert had in View to provide books to be placed in

of a library . Copies both books were issued on large and fine paper , P l and in the British Museum there is a copy of haedrus on vel um ,

di of in a characteristic Scottish bin ng red morocco gold tooled ,

of presumably a presentation copy to some encourager his venture .

1 too 2 . In 74 Terence was published It , , was printed by Urie , a n d was issued in three forms ( 1 ) for R . Urie Company them

2 Fou lis C i selves ( ) for Robert ; and (3 ) for Alexander arl le , a

T i s Alexa n dri Ca rlil e bookseller in Glasgow, with the imprint yp , It is well printed , on good paper , and is in the same type as that used

C w off for the icero of the precedi ng year . Forty copies were thro n

’ f or of P on large paper collectors . The Duke ortland s copy from

u his F llarton House library is now in the British Museum .

ROBE RT FOU LI S A S PRINTE R

o is 1 2 F ul now resolved to become printer , and in 74 issued several

own books from his press , amongst others Juvenal , printed entirely

M eta h si c a e S n o si s Philoso hi a M ora li s in italic type , the p y y p , and the p

old of his teacher Francis Hutcheson , the former in the character

P 1 1 of the Cicero and haedrus of 74 , the latter in a type of fuller body ,

P 1 2 1 similar to that used by the University ress in 73 and 73 3 , but

t 1 more openly se . In 743 he was in a position to publish a list of

Fou li s l seventeen books printed and sold by Robert , booksel er in ” Glasgow . In 1 743 he applied f or th e offi ce of University Printer and on h 3 1 st March e received the appointment , upon condition that he shall not u se the design ation of University printer wi thout allowance from the University meeting in any Books , excepting those of ” ancient authors . The University did not stipulate for a copy of

P of the books printed at the ress , and , curiously , few them were

n ow c olle added to the library . There is a large and representative c B 1 0 R OB E RT AN D AN D RE W FOU LI S

lis tion of Fou books in the library , but most of these came with the

Eu in library of the late Mr . William g and other collections . The

University duplicates were then presented to the Mitchell Library .

O th Fou lis Ph alereu s n 4 April Robert published Demetrius ,

D e eloc u ti on e , an excellent piece of work , and the first Greek book printed in Glasgow . It was evidently printed before he received his appointment , and it was , presumably , the essay p iece which he had submitted to the University as evidence of his skill .

TH E UNIVE RS ITY PRE SS

Many attempts had been made by the University to establish a f own . press of their , but with indif erent success

P 1 6 0 David Dickson , rofessor of Theology in the University ( 4 entrusted his Expositi o a n alyti c a omn i u m a postoli c a ru m Epi stola r u m

’ to George Anderson , Glasgow s first printer , who published it in

1 6 0 . 4 , but as a private , not as an official printer When , however ,

’ n P 1 66 - Dickson s successor , Gilbert Bur et ( rofessor 9 74) published his Vi n di c a ti on of the a u th ority of the Chu rc h a n d Sta te i n

S c otlan d 1 6 , in 73 , Robert Sanders who printed it , styled himself, P ” rinter to the City and University , it may be on the ground that

A D ecla ra ti ou n o e e the author was a University man . f th G n era ll

Con ven ti on o Yr ela n d reim ren ted f , printed at Dublin , was p at ” An der son e r en tar Glasgow by Andro , p to the Toun and College ,

1 660 in . In the preceding year he had printed the graduation

Theses of Ar eskin e to be disputed under the presidency Robert , w Gla s u a e E x c u deb a t An derson u s ith the imprint g , Andreas , urbis ” i r s P et a c a dem a e Typog a ph u . robably he assumed the title because

on U he was printing behalf of the niversity , without any formal appointment , and retained it . He takes no title in his edition of

o te Ca tec hi sm 1 6 f Shor r . the Gaelic version the , Glasgow , 59 In

1 6 Theses 75, having returned to Edinburgh , he printed the to be

’ disputed in St . Leonard s College , St . Andrews , under the presidency

t o r a hu s Re i u s of Alexander Cockburn , styling himself yp g p g .

1 2 R OBE RT AND AN D REW FOULI S of their own : probably on the suggestion of Professor Andrew

l 1 1 0 Rosse . In Apri , 7 , he had delivered a public address upon

Latin literature , with reference to the art of translation and a

Ex e c i o c dem of . r ta ti a a i c a proposed new edition Terence This , along i w th an interesting Appendix in English , was printed at Edinburgh

of E r ra ta next year by James Watson , with a long list .

1 1 P doc tissim u s In the latter part of 7 4 rincipal Stirling vir ,

m er itis ra v issimu s al pietate ac g , commenced negotiations with Don d

old Govan , younger , a merchant in Glasgow , and an student , for

n setti g up a press , but while these were pending , two University printers , James Hart and Hugh Brown , came unexpectedly upon

on eren c e be wi x M r o e C t t . hn S e le a n d M r . hn th e scene . A f j t jo

Ada mson 1 1 was printed by James Hart , in the University , 7 4 , and three pieces were printed in the same year , by Hugh

P or Brown , rinter to the University , by Hugh Brown in the

University of Glasgow . These were ( 1 ) Gr a tu la ti o Bri ta n n i c a ob ex o ta tu m <9 er ra tu m Adven tu m Geor i r e i s i n Bri ta n n i a m p p g g j g , ; D 2 Th e la st words o M r . on a ld Ca r ill when on the S c a old ( ) f g , fi and

The a c obite Cu rs e ou t (3) j ; He was in such haste to get the last ow n - of that he misspelt his name , and the title page the first issue is h H distingui shed by the uncout word uh g . In a third issue the title

’

a c obi te s Cu r se. n is j Curate Calder points out , in his rej oi der , that

V - s o the quotation from irgil on the title page is printed , as not to scan .

Gr a tu la ti o The author of the , it would appear from a note by

row Wod . . Robert , was the Reverend James Clark , M A , Minister of

s o the Tron Kirk , who a few years before had vigorously opposed the

Fa st~ da . O of Union n the y , then appointed by the Commission

Assembly , after preaching an eloquent and impassioned sermon upon h the dangers of the land , he closed with the ex ortation , Arise , therefore , and be doing , and the Lord be with you . The church t emptied in a twinkling , the drums were bea , the people gathered ,

of and took possession the town for several days . The warm gentleman from the pulpit , says Defoe , put the match to the ”

. w as gunpowder Times were changed . Glasgow enthusiastic for TH E UN I VE RSITY PRESS 1 3

of w a s King George , and the minister the Tron again expressing the

A Con ra tu la tor Poem u on he or on a ti on o hi s popular sentiment . g y p t C f

M ajesty Ki n g George was also hawked about the streets . The name of the author does not appear , but it was probably also by

Mr . Clark .

of The la st The University took no notice this publication , or of

M r D on a ld Ca r i ll ‘ 6th 1 1 words o . f g , but on December , 7 4 , they inserted an advertisement in the Edinburgh newspapers disclaiming

a c obi te Cu rse i Brown and the j , and stating , that he pr nted the

’ pamphlet without the knowledge of Mr . G ovan tho he was only employed by him and not by the University . The pamphl et it

u Williéim of Kilm a r wo ld appear was written by Wright , minister

z r s t nock , and the advertisement drew a curious letter , dated

al December , from that gentleman , professing to be written on beh f f ” P o . n the author , and addressed to rincipal Stirling After referri g to the advertisement , and suggesting that it was a reflection upon

u the a thor and not upon the printer of the pamphlet , he says In the meantime he begs leave to complain of such a

es ec iallie publication without advertisement , p seeing the

pamphlet was printed near three months ago , and all the copies t d of 2 were sold y Edition , and a too , seeing also it was sold

’ r Citie of P openly in y , yea in y Church in the face your rovincial

°Ir Synod , and neither they nor any of y learned bodie did then

publickly censure it . October the author thinks had been ane

’ R v n d . e fitter season Sir , if the Author had not been possessed of a deep Veneration of your self and a profound respect for the professors and honor of a u n iv ersitie where he had th e h a pin ess of near nine or ten years Education he had taken the lib ertie you have given you r selves of inserting al so his advertisement d in the Gazette , in contrariety to yours , seeing he is persua ed Hew Brown has in su n drie Books printed by him designed

u n iv ersitie himself printer to the , and you did not before this

disclai m it . Besides the Author is persuaded Mr . Govan h as a

to bad Memorie , if it be truth you have published in relation

him . 1 4 ROBE RT AND AN D REW FOULI S

Th e University closed with Govan early in the year 1 7 1 5 . He wa s P appointed University rinter for seven years , and there were assigned to him two chambers , a cellar and a garret , within the

on College . He , the other hand , undertook to provide two printing

l of presses , with skil ed workmen , and sufficient founts type , including Greek characters and enough Hebrew and Chaldee type to print a small grammar . This condition was evidently desired by Charles

P 1 0 - of Morthland , the rofessor ( 7 9 45) Oriental Languages , described by Alexander Carlyle of Inveresk as master of his business .

Govan was a merchant , not a printer , and seems to have had f di ficulty in obtaining , or at least in retaining , workmen ; his appointment was not a success , and few books bear his imprint .

As a man engaged in commercial pursuits , he apparently thought

ul f P that a newspaper wo d be useful , and issued , rom the rinting ” of House in the College , the earliest publication the kind in Glasgow ,

Th e Gla s ow Cou r a n t The West- Cou n tr I n telli en c er g , later y g , with inter “ g laced and reversed capitals cf . upon the title page . Begun

1 1 th 1 1 6 I upon November , 7 5 , it came to a close with No . 7 upon st

Di sserta ti o hilos hi c a de u mmi Nu m n s ex i s 1 1 6 . o S i i May , 7 The p p teu ti a of 1 1 6 John Sherman , which appeared in 7 , was a respectable

of i Theses piece pr nting , and compares not unfavourably with the

lis . Fou of Bernard Webb and of James Wright printed by R and A .

’

1 2 1 61 . Ger sc h om C in 75 and 7 On the other hand , armichael s

P f D e O c i o H omi n i s et Ci vi s edition of uf endorf, fi , as produced by

1 1 8 Govan in 7 , was one of the worst printed books which ever appeared in Glasgow . The press seems to have collapsed by the

of 1 1 . 1 20 of end 7 9 On the death , in 7 , William Jameson , Lecturer , or P C , as he was styled , rofessor of ivil History , Andrew Rosse pub lish ed a Memorial pointing out the usefulness of the chair , protesting against its suppression , and suggesting that it should be associated

’ of with the Chair Humanity . The Memorial bears no printer s name ,

’ P Mor thla s but looks like Glasgow work . When rofessor n d Hebrew

1 2 1 Grammar was ready for the press , in 7 , the printing was entrusted

. 1 20 to James Duncan , printer to the City In the preceding year , 7 , TH E U N I VE RSITY P R E SS 1 5

’ James and William Duncan printed Jameson s Spi c ilegi a A n tiqu i

ta tu m E ti of C gyp , in which a good deal Greek , Hebrew and haldee type is used ; and it may be that this type was actually got by

of Govan , in terms his contract , and subsequently transferred to the

Duncans . The first book printed in Scotland in Hebrew characters

1 6 had , however , been produced in Glasgow in 44 , when George

’ Anderson printed John Row s Hebrew Grammar . The eff orts of the University to establish a press had been u m

successful , but they resolved to try again . Alexander Carmichael ,

son of Ger sc h om C a armichael , had been in business for some years

1 0 as a bookseller in Glasgow , and in 73 appears as a printer within the College under the style of Mr . Alexander Carmichael Com

’ Beli ever s pany , and , under this title , printed a second edition of

M orti c a ti on o si n b the S i rit fi f y p , by his much persecuted grandfather of f P o . the same name , the minister ettinain He must have obtained formal recognition as University printer , seeing that in the same year

’ Francis Hutcheson s Inaugural Oration was published typi s a c a demi c i s of , and in a style worthy the University . In 1 73 2 there were printed at the University press f or Andrew

- Stalker , the well known Glasgow bookseller , and formerly partner of 1 f or Carmichael , three works of Cicero , and a fourth in 73 3

f or Stalker and Gavin Hamilton of Edinburgh . These were school — P and college use the three earlier , being part of the hilosophical

- — works , were employed as text books by Hutcheson and were well executed and on good paper .

The University press seems once more to have lapsed , as in

1 l 734 Mr . Alexander Carmichael , Alexander Mi ler , John , James and

Mrs . Brown were printing in company , and nothing is said of their

’

l . 1 so . doing in the Col ege Mrs Brown s name disappears in 73 5,

of 1 6 and those John and James in 73 , the firm becoming then i Alexander Carmichael and Alexander M ller . There was , how

l 1 of ever , a press in the Co lege , as in 73 7 certain works Isaac Ambrose — the most meditative Puritan of Lancashire were printed in C Glasgow ollege for James Cullen , preacher , Archibald Ingram , 1 6 R OB E RT AN D AN D RE W FOULI S

Dec h m a n James , John Hamilton , and John Glasford , merchants in

r Glasgow . There is no information as to who ca ried on the press , but in an Advertisement , issued with the book , reference is made to

l l Sa ltm a rk et of A exander Mi ler, bookseller in the Glasgow , and in the summer of next year accommodation was provided within the — College for Alexander Miller , printer no doubt the same person who , it appears , was already working there . In that and the follow a ing ye r Miller printed in Glasgow College a few religious works ,

’ v M eta mor h oses Verses sa c r ed to the m em or excerpts from O id s p , and y o h e A e t H on . l xa n der Stewa rt M a ster o Ga r li es B a ou n S tu den t f f , y y g o t e n i e h U v rsi t . f y The Master had been a student for some years ,

P on and the verses have been attributed to rofessor Moor , the P P authority of rofessor Richardson , and also to the Hon . atrick

of Boyle , son Lord Boyle , and grandson of the Earl of Glasgow .

They are dedicated to Mr . Boyle , presumably an elder brother who was likewise a student in the University .

’ ’ ’ In 1 74 1 a reprint of Christopher Love s H ea ven s Glory ; H ell s

Terr or - Pri n ted b appeared with the imprint , Glasgow College , y

D e n a r e . tu a D oru m Alexander Miller In the same year Cicero , ,

li c e s was Fou s t i s a a d mi c i . printed for Robert , yp , as already mentioned

ROBE RT FOU LI S A S UNIVE RSITY PRINTE R

1 ou lis P Early in 744 Robert F published indar, and later the M edita ti on s of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus in Greek P and Latin . The indar is a good example of Greek printing , and on e of the most accurate of the Glasgow editions of the Greek

Fou lis a c a demi a e classics . The other volume is dedicated by Robert , t o r a hu s of Baldoon yp g p , to Dunbar Hamilton , afterwards Earl of

wh o Selkirk and Rutherglen , had occupied rooms in the College for

many years , living in the closest intimacy with James Moor , and

of enj oying the friendship of Hutcheson , whose philosophical

Opinions he retained through life a warm admiration . In the same year there was issued the famous Horace dilig en ter em en da tu s et

1 8 R OB E RT AND AN D REW FOU LI S

ou lis wa s F not a practical printer , but it is said that he spent

ffi of some time in a printing o ce , in order to gain a knowledge the art . If, however , as would seem to be the case , there was a press in the College , he must have had ample opportunity of picking up such information as an outsider can acquire and , seeing that the Cicero

1 1 of 74 was produced at the University press , immediately adj oining his own bookshop , it is not improbable that he took part in the work .

TYPE - FOUNDING IN GLASGOW

- 1 1 8 Type founding had been practised in Glasgow as early as 7 , and although it seems to have been carried on during the next twenty years it made no progress in the way of improvement .

Fou lis The ordinary type used in Scotland , when began business as l a printer , was mostly imported from Ho land . His first Greek type he got probably in Oxford or in London . In 1 742 Alexander Wilson and John Bain established a letter foundry at St . Andrews . They succeeded beyond their expectations ,

1 and in 744 , in order to be in a more central place , and one in which they might have the opportunity of pushing their business in Ire

Camla c h ie land and America , they removed to , then a small village

1 about a mile east of Glasgow Cross . In 747 Mr . Bain left Glasgow and settled in Dublin to cultivate the Irish connection . Two years later the partnership was dissolved and in 1 748 Wilson was

- appointed type founder to the University .

of In the Exhibition there are shown by Messrs . Caslon Co .

London , two Wilson hand moulds , with sample types cast from them ,

also some Wilson matrices . f There is in the British Museum (B . 729 a specimen book o w 1 2 the Wilson types , printed at Glasgo in 77 and James Cleland in

A n n a ls o la s ow G . his f g , reprints a later specimen

’ Fou lis early took advantage of Wilson s skill , and obtained

various new founts of letters from him , while the growing reputa

of tion the University press gave additional scope to Mr . Wilson to TY PE - FO U N DI N G I N GL ASG OW 1 9

l exert his abilities in producing fine type , and being allowed to fo low

own his j udgment and taste , his talents as an artist became every

of year more conspicuous . Hitherto Caslon had stood at the head u English type founders , and altho gh his types were very perfect

l h a s they were now excel ed by the Glasgow letter , which it been

’ said was by far the most beautiful of any yet invented . It might be imagined that this was the sole reason for the beauty of the Fou lis printing . But this is not so the best type in the world

n ot w will make a good printer , and ith such type a poor craftsman may turn out work that a balladmonger would be ashamed of. ” n ot P It has been unfrequently imagined , says Dr . atrick Wilson ,

’ l lis son of . Fou A exander Wilson s , that the superiority Messrs f l i k editions o the C a ss c s &c . has depended much on the elegance and other good properties of the types furnished them from the Glasgow Foundry but as far as this circumstance could contribute anything to their success it is well known that the late Dr . Wilson ,

F lis . ou as well as his sons , have , in j ustice to the Messrs , wished it to l be fu ly understood that every other printer , who applied to their F oundry , derived equal advantages by being served with Founts at their pleasure cast in the very same matrices with those used for

’ li s the Messrs . Fou s orders . The superior elegance therefore of l ’ . Fou is s s o Messrs editions , far as that has been allowed , must have been owing chiefly to their ardour and skill in pursuing a great detail of experiments and contrivances connected with some improved

- d of construction of the Letter press , the nature an due preparation

of their paper , the quality their ink and the peculiar condition of the Balls for distributing it over the forms which particular tho ’ last mentioned is also of great importance to the delicacy of the impression , and far from being easily attainable . They never

u se of or made leads , reglets , scabbards for extending the distances

’ - between the lines . Their founts were always cast long bodied , to such a degree a s best suited for proper effect . In this way the j ustness and accuracy of the founts were preserved which would have been m arred by the introduction of scabbards . 20 R O B E RT AND AN D R EW FOULI S

F u lis i . o Accord ng to family tradition , when the Messrs Visited

’ d 1 8 of Oxfor in 73 , they were shown a manuscript Aesop s Fables , which wa s reputed to b e the writing upon which Robert Stephen

e modelled his Greek type . This , it is said , gave a hint to Rob rt

Fouli s , which he afterwards communicated to Wilson , who took

r eve y pains to produce a handsome character .

’ ou lis Robert Urie , as well as Robert F , took advantage of Wilson s skill , and supplied himself with type from the new foundry . In 1 744 he printed a handsome edition of the Specta tor for Andrew P Stalker and John Barry . In the roposals for subscription it is stated that the book will be printed in the same letter and size with the best London edition and on a beautiful and neat letter founded in Glasgow and purchased for this very design . This is

’ perhaps the first book printed from .Wilson s new type and , as will

on e of presently appear , was those which sorely disturbed the

London booksellers . Through the influence of the Duke of Argyll a Chair of Practical

Astronomy was founded in the University , and Alexander Wilson was appointed Professor in 1 760 . As the Observatory was in the College garden he found it inconvenient to have the type foundry at Ca mla c h ie and applied to the University for a site upon College

. 1 62 property This was agreed to , and in 7 the foundry was trans

on of O ferred to a position the south side the College pen , otherwise

l or Col ege Blackfriars Steps , as it was called , immediately to the west

’ of P P the hysic garden , and opposite the rincipal s garden , which was on the north side of the Open .

‘ ’ The plan here reproduced from John M Ar th u r s four- sheet map

of 1 8 P of of Glasgow 77 , shows the hysic Garden ; and the site

of the foundry is marked with a X , as indicated on the plan the

1 82 Com College properties , submitted in 7 to the University

’

1 8 2 . missioners , and on Martin s map of Glasgow of 4 ’ ’ — Slez er s Bird s eye View shows the College as it was at the end

of O of the seventeenth century and the engraving the College pen , P made by Robert aul , in the Glasgow Academy of the Fine Arts , THE TY PE F O UN D RY 2 1

O 1 6 to be afterwards referred to , represents the pen as it was in 75

as Excepting the trees it is very much I remember it , in the late forties , when I attended the Blackfriars Church as a child , although the foundry had been closed several years earlier . The place was l sti l unchanged when I was a student , and used to explore the long

narrow closes on both sides of the High Street and the Sal tm a rk et.

- on l The type foundr y abutted Col ege Open , and had an access

Castle en s al by p Close , and so by Blackfriars Wynd , afterwards known as East Regent Street , which for long formed an entrance to the

Coll ege garden . 2 2 ROBERT AND AN D REW FOULI S

F LI S E . OU TH E PR SS OF R . AN D A

’ of Philoso hi a M ora li s A second edition Hutcheson s p , issued in

1 745 , with a dedication to the Students , bears to be printed by

li of Fou s . Robert He was likewise the printer of Aeschylus , Mont

’ om er s Ch erri e a n d the Sla e 1 6 g y , and other works in 74 , but the

of of 1 Theocritus that year , and the quarto Homer 747 are by

F lis ou . Robert and Andrew Other books , however , published in

1 1 8 of 747 , and even in 74 , bear the imprint Robert alone , while , on the verso of the last page of the second volume of the quarto Aesc h y f li of 1 6 o . ou s lus 74 , there is a list books printed by R . and A F within the University premises .

l of 1 6 or It wou d appear , therefore , that towards the end 74 ,

1 perhaps in 747 , Robert assumed his brother Andrew as a partner ,

on and henceforward they carried the business of booksellers , literary auctioneers , and printers , under the style of Robert and Andrew

l s T lls Fou i . 1 2 . Fa u heir father died in July , 74 Andrew was well

- on Bri a it to do he owned a property the south side of the gg , and another in St . Enoch Wynd . During his lifetime , he paid his two

of of or daughters their shares his estate , in the shape tocher dowry , and at his death he bequeathed the remainder to his four sons ,

of Robert , Andrew , John and James , equally amongst them . One

00 1 000 the daughters had received 5 and the other merks Scots , and it may be assumed that the share of each son would be esti t n o or 6 . mated to be less than the larger sum , £5 sterling Robert , Andrew and James took the Brigg a it property ; Joh n had that

. al in St . Enoch Wynd John was entrusted with the re ization and

of 1 distribution the moveable estate , and in April , 743 , had an acknowledgment from his three brothers that he had faithfully

h a d P performed the duty , in which he the legal assistance of eter

P of . aterson , a noted practitioner the day The properties were not

s o sold , that no capital came into hand , but they no doubt yielded

Bri a it a small revenue . When , however, the gg property was put

to 1 82 1 0 u p auction in November , 7 , the rental was only £ and the O F FOULI S P RESS R . AND A . 2 3

6 . a 1 upset price was fixed at £ 5 In Janu ry , 747 Robert was served

- Fou lis I u heir general to his father Andrew and n Febr ary , James

Fou lis i , hav ng resolved to go abroad , appointed his brother John

his factor and commissioner in his absence . There was probably ,

therefore , some dealing with the family property , but whether it had anything to do with the partnership arrangement it is impossible

s a to y .

I n 1 Foulis C 749 the edition of icero appeared , in twenty volumes duodecimo , and is even yet the most convenient for the pocket .

Have you seen the little Tully of Glasgow ? writes Dr . War burton , Shortly after its publication . It is very elegant , possibly it may be correct . Apparently he had not tested it , and , at any

of rate , he was not much a classical scholar . Dr . Harwood , however , attests that it is very correctly printed and Renouard prefers

Elz i rs 1 its type to that of the ev . In the beginning of 750 the Earl of Morton wrote to Lord Chancellor Hardwicke from Edinburgh ,

of of sending him some bottles Tokay wine , and a copy the Glasgow

- Cicero , with an inscription on the title page . After thanking the l Earl for the presents , Lord Hardwicke proceeds I shal with

e e e y greatest pleasure give y copy of y Glasgow Tully a suitable

3 place in my library , not only as it does honour to y Scotch press , where they now print the most beautifully of any country in Europe but as it will remain there a mark of that regard with which your ” lordship is pleased to honour me .

Year after year the firm issued a large number of books , some of them such as had hitherto been attempted only by an endowed

of . i press , and many them of great beauty The pr nters had every encouragement and assistance from the members of the University .

of George Rosse , professor Humanity , a very exact scholar and ” ever to be remembered with respect and regret , acted till his

1 of . death , in 754 , as editor their Latin classics James Moor

1 1 ( 7 2 a profound Grecian and an excellent mathematician , at

r fi st University librarian , and afterwards professor of Greek , per

tr a n sla formed the like duty as regards the Greek classics . A fresh 24 R O B E RT AND AN D RE W F OU LI S

M tion of the M edi ta ti on s of the Emperor arcus Aurelius Antoninus , the first two books by Moor , and the remainder by Hutcheson , was

1 2 Fou lis published in 74 by Robert , and , by anticipating , led to the

of . abandonment a translation which Dr William Robertson , then

a young man , was contemplating . Hutcheson and Leechman gave

. constant assistance and advice . The former , we are told by Mr “ of Samuel Kenrick Bewdley , was their able and generous friend ” n o f and patron , and doubt af orded them pecuniary assistance as well as j udicious advice in the choice of the books they were to

e et u n e et publish Moor , tr s instruit fort honn te fort galant

Ca er on n ier homme , as he is styled by pp , seems to have had in View

of an edition of the works Archimedes , but it did not proceed beyond — the A r en a ri u s that curious anticipation of modern logarithms

li 1 1 . F s . . ou which was printed by R and A , about 75 A goodly

of number of copies this were still in the stock of Alexander Hadden , the bookseller , in High Street , when I was a student . They also began preparations for the publication of a complete and Splendid

of P P edition of the works lato , to be edited by rofessor Moor , but , while much material was collected , the proj ect never matured .

of It nevertheless continued to occupy the thoughts both brothers ,

1 th 1 6 for as late as 9 November , 7 4 , they wrote , We have lately got home a collation of the oldest Manuscripts of Plato in the Vatican .

Their collections are now in the Bodleian Library , Oxford .

. 1 68 of Dr Robert Simson ( 7 professor Mathematics , received both brothers into his Friday Club , and treated them on

dl Loc i la n i of the most frien y footing . He edited for them the p P ’ on MSS . Apollonius of erga , based two in the King s library at

P 1 aris , which Moor had collated , and the work was published in 749 in a handsome quarto , and dedicated to John , Earl of Bute .

’ 1 6 of In 75 they published Simson s edition Euclid in Latin , and P separately in English , both dedicated to George , rince of Wales T hese volumes are still sought after by collectors , and , if in fine

i on of condition , br ng a higher price now than the day publication .

2 6 R OBE RT AND AN D RE W F OU LI S

1 8 1 6 ment . In they had a charter of Novodamus from the Incor

ora tion of p Gardeners , but the property seems to have disappeared in the formation of what is now College Street . In 1 83 0 the University purchased a site at the south - west corner of College Street and Shuttle Street on which they erected

1 8 new chemical laboratories and class rooms . This they sold , in 73 ,

Gilm oreh ill after the transference of the University buildings to , when I purchased it for a client .

’ In 1 765 an edition of John Willison s F a i r a n d I mpa rti a l Testi m on y was printed for and sold by John Finlay , wright at his house

Shu ttle Street in and by Duncan Campbell , j unior , gardner , at his

Ga llow a te house near the g toll , but Finlay seems to have been

- merely a neighbour , with no connection with the printing house .

SOME NOTABLE BOOKS

of The great Homer , in double pica and all the maj esty a folio

Fou lis 1 6 1 8 page , was produced by Robert and Andrew in 75 and 75 ,

I li a d Od sse the , in two volumes , in the former , and the y y , likewise

tw o . in volumes , in the latter year For beauty as well as for accuracy , these splendid volumes can hardly be surpassed Bishop Lowth

on e of could find but single error , the omission an iota subscribed to a dative The large paper copies are magnificent ; they are ,

of of it is said , one the finest monuments Greek typography which ” " f ” ou r . o nation possesses As the eye is the organ fancy , writes

W . Gibbon , I read Homer ith more pleasure in the Glasgow edition

’

Through that fine medium , the poet s sense appears more beautiful ” i e n c a n n and transparent . In the L f of Wi kelm it is stated that he never travelled without Homer his companion at every instant of his life and that the edition which he had with him on his

th e of Fou lis last j ourney (in course which he died) , was that of ,

“ - 1 6 8 . very elegantly printed at Glasgow , in 75 5 Many copies were specially bound in Glasgow under Robert

’ ’ F u lis la s o . F x m an eye , and a few were ruled in red subsequent SO M E N OTAB L E B O O KS 27 compositions from the I li a d and Odyssey are inserted in some copies as illustrations ; one is in the Hamilton collection in the University library . The University presented copies of the Homer to William

P of of of itt , Earl Chatham , now in possession the Earl Rosebery ,

of Chancellor of the University to George James , Duke Hamilton

of to Archibald , third Duke Argyle , and other prominent men f o . Si c ilies the day Charles , King of the two , through the inter v en ti on of P f ro essor Rouet , who was then in Italy , presented to the University four volumes of the A n ti qu i ti es of H er c u la n eu m and in

1 6 return the University in 7 4 sent His Maj esty the Glasgow Homer , handsomely bound . The Royal donor having become King of Spain ,

’ then ordered Michael Ca siri s Bi bli othec a Ara bi c o- Hi spa n a E sc u r i a l en si s to be presented to the University . In my younger days , some

b am es fifty years ago , I indulged in the study ofArabic , and , moved y J

’

Harris account of this famous catalogue , I borrowed it from the f o i . University library and found it full nterest Unfortunately , how

in 1 60 ever, only the first volume , published 7 , was to be had the second was not published until ten years later , and Glasgow was overlooked in its distribution . When the present exhibition was Al n being organised , the Committee applied to King fonso for the loa of the Homer , but it is contrary to rule to allow any volume to leave the Royal library , and the request could not be acceded to . It was

’ then ascertained that the second volume of Ca sir i s catal ogue had not been presented the King thereupon ordered that it Should be bound in old Spanish morocco , and forwarded to Glasgow .

s o . While the Homer is a triumph of art , it is deservedly Great thought , pains , and care were bestowed upon its production . The Al ll oulis . paper was carefu y selected by Robert F exander Wilson ,

e r e iu s t oru m g g ille yp artifex , setting aside all other business , applied himself to designing and producing a new fount of Greek type which was superior to anything then to be found in any w printing office . Every sheet was t ice carefully read over and collated by the proof reader , who , on this occasion , was James

Tweedie , a student of divinity . They were next read by 2 8 R OBERT AND AN D REW FOULI S

Fou lis l Andrew , and fina ly they were thrice gone over by the

P P 1 1 editors , rofessor Moor and rofessor Muirhead ( 7 5 once by each separately , and then by both together .

l 1 Homer was fol owed in 759 by Thucydides , and by Herodotus

X H r i c u 1 61 . i a c h s in 7 These with enophon , including the pp were a

- series , in forty one volumes , prepared by the publishers , in order to render the reading of the Greek Historians more convenient for

. sa Gentlemen in active life The type , they y , is the same both

- i C of . . in size and form , w th the apital Folio editions R and H

Stephens . The volumes are in octavo , of a convenient size , and t l beautifully printed . The Greek is on one page and a Latin ra n s a tion upon the opposite one , which enables gentlemen in active — t X li—fe to read the Greek text a least of Herodotus and enophon without much difficulty or hesitation . Dr . Harwood after prais ing the beauty and accuracy of these texts , adds , Every friend of

see Diodoru s Sic u lu s Flu Greek literature would rej oice to , and

’ ta rc h s Li ves z , published in the same Si e , and in the same beautiful and correct manner . This , however , was no part of the scheme .

1 8 A war had broken out in North America in 75 , which resulted P in the capture of Q uebec . rofessor Moor translated Tyrtaeus ,

S a rta n Lesson s or the ra i se o Va lou r ‘ i n the under the title , p p f , verses o T rta eu s a n a n c i en t Athen i a n oet a do ted b the r e u bli c f y p , p y p o La c eda emon a n d em lo ed to i n s i re thei r ou th with wa rli ke sen ti f , p y p y men ts w a s Fou lis 1 , which published by Robert and Andrew in 759, with this patriotic dedication

These Remains of ancient -Panegyric on martial spirit and personal valour Of old the daily lessons

of the Spartan youth ; Are , with propriety Inscribed

to the Young Gentlemen , lately bred at the Uni

of versity Glasgow at present , serving their ffi hl country , as O cers of the Hig and Battalions ” now in America .

’ Don a ldson i a d There is an allusion to this in William Thom s , N ‘ M HNI da le, O E A , HnAnzdi ew AX I A H O Z

" 9 9] O ziAo iv v i v z A a l oi ciA e efl n eu u n , i u f ) C g y n

HOAAa 3 v a viii : n oia c xj/ x g y xji sv

, ' - H oiwv 3 i Aw la r ev e retiree e m f , f x , " Oiwvoi oi r e n a e ? A135: 3 er eAeiel o Ba rth

‘ E2ii 314 7 anf dm if io' a fl e

’ ’ ’ ‘ A r ei ci g 7 2 a vé ii v i 370; A IAM JQ . f n , f , 9 X

’ i ' ' ' Ti T ol O c oi 925V 201 3: ur/i n s cc a eoSrou c y p 3 E n ( x ;

A x n oel Ai d v ii 5 20 a a cutlei nr g ; ? 31 4 B o c ‘ ’ - i Na nou oil/agf a r ov a f a r r a n i w oAéx ofio c tAa ob

’ ’ ' Oii vexa 7 5V v onv nr zjcc no oif nr hf oc

’ A r eii ' b 5 ) A06 doh i n ) t at A a zwv f ng 7 4 M c h ; x ,

I I I r 1 s s I s ’/ ' Av oob cevoc 7 2 Hu a l a c e wv r 0L7I 20 61 0' l a n on/a ‘ y f , pf J ,

Fr om th e Ilia d of 1 7 56

S OME N OTAB LE B O O KS 29

’ 1 6 M published in 7 3 I remember in r . Hutcheson s Time , whun

’ Words and Things baith war gaen about the College like Pea s and

’ n P forthil Groats , and a the Lads ta ked hilosophy then , j ust as y ” as the Hiland Lads tauk Greek n ow .

1 . o i In 754 R and A . F ul s printed a small edition of the F a bu la e

A eso i c a e p , which was reprinted three years afterwards at the C larendon press for James Fletcher , the Oxford bookseller , a corre s on e t - p d n of Robert Fou lis . The title page and preface of the reprint correspond exactly with the Glasgow edition , but the text is more

set 1 1 8 openly , having three lines fewer to a full page , and giving

a s 1 08 li . Fou s pages against in the other The is , however , much the prettier book .

1 6 of La Gi eru sa lemme li bera ta I t In 7 3 beautiful editions , of

Pa stor do fi and of other Italian works were issued . One of these was

Di sc orso s o ra te vi c en de della Lettera tu ra C 1 1 p , by arlo Denina ( 73

d on an Italian litterateur , who wells the influence of the

of lectures and writings Francis Hutcheson .

’ Poems 1 68 on e Gray s appeared in 7 , in quarto , of the most ”

of . elegant pieces printing , says Dr Beattie , that the Glasgow press or any other press has ever produced and which gave great

in pleasure to the author . This was the first work the Roman

so character which the firm had printed with large type , and for the i . m purpose Dr Wilson cut a beautiful fount of double pica . A ag n fi

’ in of Poems 1 0 cent edition folio Milton s was published in 77 , and

f of this may be considered the last ef ort the brothers as printers , for while they contin ued to print and issue many books till their

of - deaths these were a more common place character, although the execution was as careful as before .

The Edinburgh Society for encouraging arts , sciences , manu factures and agricul ture in Scotland awarded their silver medal to

M ou lis 1 Ca lli ma chu s 1 6 essrs . F in 755 for their , and in 75 two silver

dal 1 6 n d I li a d 1 me s for their Horace of 75 , a their folio , others in 757

of and 1 758 for their Odyssey and the Minor works Homer . David

’ C arrick s copy of the Horace of 1 756 is in the Exhibition . 3 0 R OBERT AND A N D RE W FOULI S

The senate presented a number of the F ou lis books to Dr . William Hunter ( 1 7 1 8 which are now in his library along with the museum which he bequeathed to the University .

lis 1 Robert Fou never had much capital . In 743 he had two small loans from Dr . John Stevenson , physician in Edinburgh , and had

or further advances next year . He the firm again borrowed from

1 1 1 . the same source in 744 , 749 and 753 Dr . Stevenson seems to have had some interest with them in the publication of the Chevalier

’ Philoso hi c a l Pr i n ci les o n a tu ra l a n d Revea led r eli i on Ramsay s p p f g ,

1 lis 8 . Fou in 74 , as the Messrs oblige themselves to sustain the

’ various loans at clearing the expenses of Chevalier Ramsay s book . The debts were not , however , met as proposed and con tin u ed f o . outstanding until the end the chapter It is to be feared , therefore , that while printing earned much credit for the brothers it brought in but little profit .

INFLUE NCE O F TH E FOU L I S PRE SS

The enthusiasm of Robert Fou lis and the excellent work which he produced , inspired the trade in Glasgow with a desire for better things . Robert Urie maintained a friendly rivalry and produced some beautiful books . His Greek Testament of 1 750 is superior

of Ru ddim a n of to that published in the same year , and to that

Fou lis Robert and Andrew published in 1 759. Urie informs us that he had used new type and had made every endeavour to produce a handsome piece of typography , and , in order to give beauty and elegance to the page , he had printed the text continuously and had not broken it up into verses , but had noted these upon the

’ i s margin . U r e edition of Sall ust of 1 749 is a little gem . In the Address to the Reader he explains that he had endeavoured to provide a perfect text and a beautiful book . He employed the most expert workmen , obtained a new fount of types , and used the best paper . The Fou lises followed with another and similar

’ 1 1 Ur i e s edition in 75 , but is the better of the two . Both adopt

3 2 R OBE RT AND AN D REW FOULI S

th e ou r Whether this was aimed at Robert Sanders , younger,

sa Glasgow printer , one cannot y , but it might have been , as he had printed what seems to have been the immediately preceding

1 0 d 2 . edition , in 7 , and that very badly The Edinburgh e itions were better , but left much to be desired .

1 A new edition was published at Glasgow in 755, printed for ” of John Brown , Bookseller . The name the printer is not disclosed , but the printing is excellent and the paper good , and shows that

’ ou lis 1 6 F example was bearing fruit . In 75 John Bryce and David P aterson , printers and booksellers in Glasgow , issued a new edition

’ of ( odi/ m 7 0 6 I I I/6 151 0 7 0 9 or the Gra ce a n d Du t John Owen s R m 1 , ; y o bei n S i ritu a ll mi n ded of on f g p y , which some copies were a fine

’ letter d writing paper neatly bound in calf, and gilt followed

artic u by several other of his works in Similar style . They are not p larl - y attractive , but they indicate that a well printed book was

1 6 something to be aimed at . In 7 5 John Bryce published a new

oshu a r edi vi vu s or Letters b S a mu el Ru ther oord. edition of j , y f In an Advertisement he states that former editions have been ” printed upon a very small type , and an extreme coarse paper . The

of present edition he hopes from the largeness the type , goodness of of wi the paper , and elegancy print , ll do j ustice to the Author, be a credit to himself, and at the same time yield pleasure and satisfaction to the reader . The setting is rather close , but the book is a marked improvement upon previous editions . The publications

A ct relating to the Associate Synod were poorly printed , but their a n en t a Fa st 1 8 in 74 , was printed in excellent style , and on good

b Foulis paper , apparently y .

PROGRESS OF GLASGOW

1 6 Robert Fouli s was born j ust before the Union and died in 77 .

During his lifetime a new world had opened upon Glasgow . “ of Glasgow , says an Italian tourist the period , is with reason

considered as the second city of Scotland , for beauty , for vastness , P RO G RE SS OF G L AS G O W 3 3

al for we th . Her population had grown from to her

x on sea commerce e tended to every land ; her ships were every .

V ou t entures were entered upon , and carried , which half a century before would have been laughed at as the dreams of madmen . Banks

f 1 88 were founded ; a post o fice was established , although until 7 , letters from London had to pass through Edinburgh ; two weekly newspapers were published clubs and coffee- houses were opened music was cultivated public concerts were given , and Italian

. set Singers were engaged to perform A theatre was up , and stage plays were acted . Intellectual life was stirring in all classes . Culture was added to learn ing literature w a s studied and enj oyed a taste f or letters was diffused not only amongst the gentry and professional men , but also amongst merchants and traders .

In the University , a new school had arisen . John Loudon , the

of of predecessor Adam Smith , in the chair Logic , lectured in Latin ,

old on and otherwise walked steadily in the paths , until his death ”

I st 1 0 . November , 75 We know , says an old student , that C lecturing in English had not reached the Logic lass in our time , when the formal and venerable Mess . John Loudon used , in solemn

own C peripatetic step , to illustrate his mysterious ompend and the h ” still more metap ysical subtleties of De Vries . Francis Hutcheson i spoke Latin w th more fluency and elegance than most men , but

of P 1 0 when he was called to the Chair Moral hilosophy , in 73 , in

Ger sc h om v ir doc tissim u s succession to Carmichael , optimus , he

hr introduced lecturing in English , to a great extent t ew overboard the scholastic philosophy and the practice of dictates and taught “ that philosophy ou t of which was to be developed the Scottish

w as School . His teaching singularly suggestive and stimulating ,

of while his lucid method , simple language and wealth illustration

f of . did much to orm the literary taste the country His pupil ,

h is i Leechman , carried both philosophy and his method nto the

of domain theology , interpreting its doctrines in a tolerant and

ib eral f . spirit , and expounding them in nervous and grace ul language The narrow views of the older generation of Scottish preachers E 3 4 R OB E RT AN D AN D RE W FOU LI S

u of were relaxed p lpit oratory was cultivated , and , as the memory

of the bitter persecution previous times waxed fainter , a regard for

of other branches the Church than that by law established , and respect for other forms of church government than Presbyterianism began to be entertained . Books of all kinds , not only English , but

Greek and Latin , Italian and French , were in demand , and found

of a ready market . In less than a score years , Robert Urie and the

Fou lis brothers had put in circulation more English works in history , criticism , and the belles lettres , than had appeared in all Scotland during the seventeenth century , although all Scottish printers were much hampered , as will presently be explained , by what was believed

S e ta tor Ta er to be the law of copyright . The p c and the tl had a very

of large sale in Glasgow , while parts of the works Milton and Shake

Po e speare , of Dryden and p , essays , plays and poems , followed each

1 Fou lis other in rapid succession . In 755 R . and A . advertised a

of of list forty plays printed by them , which nine were by Shakespeare . l Scottish literature was not overlooked . Several volumes of o d

Scots poems were reprinted , and the national taste demanded not

Polemo fewer than three editions of the curious macaronic poem ,

M i ddi n i a of . , attributed to William Drummond Hawthornden

Commerce began to be Viewed in a broader light than formerly , and its principles to be better understood but it was nothing new

of . here , as it was in England , if we are to accept the testimony Dr ” Johnson , that a merchant should be a gentleman . Andrew

’ 1 6 Cochrane ( 93 the greatest of Glasgow s lord provosts , had established a club about 1 740 for discussing questions relating to trade and kindred subj ects , which flourished for many years . Glasgow merchants were consulted by statesmen on questions of national finance and commercial policy and Robert Fou lis found it worth his

of while to reprint such works on Economics as those of Mun , Law ,

’ on Tr a de a n d Na vi a ti on P Poli ti c a l and of Gee g , Sir William etty s

A r i thm eti c . and Sir Joshua Child on Trade It was in Glasgow , and as a Glasgow professor , that Adam Smith first promulgated those

The Wea lth o Na ti on s principles which he subsequently embodied in f , P R O G R E SS O F G L AS G O W 3 5 and by which he became the founder of the science of Political

Economy . It was from intercourse with such men as Provost

al i Cochrane , Archib d Ingram , and John Glassford that he acqu red that practical knowledge of the details of comm erc e which enabled him to formulate and illustrate the doctrines which he expounded .

Science and physical research were beginning to attract attention .

wa s The Newtonian philosophy was taught . A chemical laboratory established in the University ; philosophical instruments were more extensively used for teaching and experimental purposes an Astro n omi c a l w a s Observatory was erected in the College garden , and

m u n ific en c e of f equipped through the Alexander Mac arlane ,

of f a r of . . Mac brother the antiquary , the Laird Macfarlane Mr lane was a merchant in Jamaica , and seems not to have forgotten

r was A st a c a str a Nu m en lu men . the motto of his family , , He , on

of O the testimony ltmanns , an excellent practical astronomer , and ,

1 dying in 755, bequeathed the contents of his Observatory to the

University in which he had received his education . It was in Glasgow that Simson restored and explained the ancient geometrical analysis . It was as a Glasgow professor that Cullen laid the foundations of that chemical philosophy which was elaborated and perf ected by hi s

’ of successor Joseph Black . It was Black s teaching as to the nature latent heat and of steam that enabled James Watt , while engaged

n as philosophical i strument maker to the University , to work out the theory of the steam engine , and to make it the mighty instrument

s it has become . Watt did not forget the University or the interest f o science . Entertaining a due sense of the many favours conferred

of wr 1 808 upon me by the University Glasgow , he ites in , I wish to leave them some memorial of my gratitude , and , at the same time , to excite a spirit of inquiry and exertion among the students of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry attending the College ; which

r i appears to me the more useful , as the ve y existence of Brita n , as a nation , seems to me , in great measure , to depend upon her exertions in the sciences and arts and with this object he founded a University prize in these subjects . 3 6 R OB E RT AND AN DR E W F OULI S

THE LITE RA RY SOCIE TY IN GLASGOW COLLE GE

l f The Literary Society in Glasgow Co lege was ounded , it is said , P a 1 2 f . in Janu ry , 75 but ro essor Richardson states that Dr Francis Hutcheson explained in the Society the works of Arri an ; and as he d of f of 1 6 ied ever in Ireland , in the summer 74 , this would carry back its r r o f o igin to an earlier date than that yea . A series f extracts rom th e of P f f records the Society , made by ro essor Richardson himsel ,

1 1 2 a s of fir . g ive January oth , 75 , the date its st meeting This , how

is of ever , not conclusive , as the volume the Minutes commencing

2n d 1 6 of November , 7 4 , has the Laws the Society prefixed , and might be taken for the first volume did we n ot know that there had been an earlier . Notwithstandi ng the terms of the Minute of 1 oth

r 1 2 Janua y , 75 , it is therefore possible that there was an earlier volume . Accordin g to the regulations of 1 752 the Society consisted of twelve members . Nine of these were in that year professors ; but the m embership was gradually enl arged and a greater number of ou t s al iders was admitted . Amongst the origin members were James

M001 P of of and George Rosse , rofessors respectively Greek and P Humanity rofessor Leechman Hercules Lindsay (who , like

Ger c h om C P s armichael , had studied at Leyden) , rofessor of Law , a sound lawyer and an excellent teacher , and who had amongst his — l students Alexander Wedderburn afterwards Lord Chancel or , with th e titles of Baron Loughborough and Earl of Rosslyn -and John

M ll h is i ar , who became successor and was one of the foremost jurists of m P P his ti e Adam Smith , rofessor of Moral hilosophy , and

l l P of di on Wil iam Cu len , rofessor Me cine ; James Clow (who , the

of of resignation Adam Smith , succeeded to the Chair Logic , which

d r al E mund Bu ke aimed at though he did not become a candidate) , a of r l man g eat attainments as a scholar , and an excel ent mathe m a tic i a n b u t h a s ff f , who su ered rom some disparaging remarks by t P h e . . acrid William Thorn ; Robert Dick , M D , rofessor of Natural — — Phil osophy the friend of James Watt a man of much gr eater scientific attainments than h is noisy and combative successor John TH E L ITE RA R Y S OCI ET Y 3 7

of Anderson , and the originator the popular courses of lectures the credit for which has been erroneously attributed to Anderson . P Amongst later members were Robert Simson , rofessor of Mathe m ati c s P of , William Rouet , another Leyden man , rofessor Eccle si a sti c al History ; Robert or Robin Bogle , merchant , a relative of f son Jupiter Carlyle ; William Craw ord , another merchant , i n - P of a of Ba n ou r law of rovost Murdoch and the friend H milton g ,

Mr . al f the poet ; and , later , Sir , John D rymple , Baronet o Cran

u of A n E ssa towa rds a H i stor o Feu da l sto n , Advocate , author y y f

r o ert l p p y , and other works ; William Mure of Ca dwell , afterwards

Baron Mure David Hume and George Muirhead , who succeeded R osse in the chair of Humanity . Robert Fou lis an d Professor John Anderson were elected members

1 oulis l in 753 Andrew F , Dr . Alexander Wi son and Joseph Black

1 6 in 75 .

am a 1 or 1 8 J es Buchanan bec me a member in 757 75 . He had

’ taught Professor Simson s mathematical class for some time durin g

ll th e P his i ness , and was a candidate for chair of Natural hilosophy on the death of Dr . Dick , which he missed by one vote , the successful

P of candidate being John Anderson , at that time rofessor Oriental languages . On that chair thus becoming vacant it was bestowed

f or upon Buchanan . He had lived at St . Andrews some time as t utor to David Stewart Erskine , Lord Cardross , afterwards eleventh

of . 22n d Earl Buchan Writing to his lordship from Glasgow , on

1 8 February , 75 , he says

We have a literary Club here , chiefly consisting of the

P l all Masters [ rofessors] of the Col ege , of whom attend except P rofessor Simson , who inclines to subj ect himself to as little

attendance as possible . Others are not excluded At present ,

however , there are no other extraneous members , save the two ’ l P . ou lis s . F , Dr Stevenson the hysician , and Mr Wi son the Type

of P founder . There are no restrictions as to the scope our apers , and Essays are sometimes sent to us by correspondents at a

distance . 3 8 RO B E RT AN D AN D RE W FOU LI S

1 6 Lord Cardross was himself elected a member in 7 3 , and , writing thirty years later , gives this further information The Literary

’ E ssa on La n u a e h is Society gave origin to Dr . Adam Smith s y g g , to

’

Theor o M or a l S en ti men ts . y f , in its prepared state , to Dr Black s

er papers on Magnesia , Latent Heat , and many other valuable p

‘ f s ot orm an c e . The Society still subsists but does n publish its

l . Transactions . It was sti l subsisting Sixty years later Both Robert and Andrew Foul is submitted a numb er of t interesting papers . Amongst those contributed by Rober were Observations on the knowledge or science necessary to a

Commercial Town or State .

’ An account of the Chevalier Ramsay s Principles of Universal ” Religion . On the establishments wanting in this University which a re

necessary to render Education more complete . Andrew discussed the questions

Woul d it be for the benefit of the p u blic to diminish th e number of capital punishments 9 P P In order to an equal representation of roperty and eople , ought n ot the power to be taken from decayed Burghs and given to those which have increased

He likewise wrote papers on the Egyptian Papyr us and other writing materials of the Ancients , and on some great Libraries among the Ancients .

TH E PARL IAME NT OF OCE ANA

One of the earliest debating societies in Scotland was the Parlia

of of th e ment Oceana , established in the University Glasgow , by

H on . F 1 2 son Thomas itzmaurice ( 74 of the Earl of Shelburne ,

of w r brother the first Marquis of Lansdo ne , and g eat grandson

- of the celebrated Sir Will iam Petty ( 1 623 87) the economist . After

4 0 R OBE RT AND AN D RE W FOULI S

1 0 1 66 ( 75 who , on leaving Eton in 7 , came to Glasgow to study these subj ects under Smith and Millar .

LIVRE S D E LUX E

of of of Increase wealth , the growth culture , the development

- taste , reflected themselves in printing and book production . When

Foulis Robert was born , there was no public in Scotland to support a printer whose obj ect was not only to furnish sound literature , but to produce well - printed and handsome books at the lapse of fifty years , there was a large and increasing demand for such books . From

a s the first he aimed at providing books suitable for collectors , and ,

on we have seen , there are large paper copies , and copies vellum of

1 1 1 a ll the books printed for him in 74 and 742 . Of nearly the books

on he himself or the firm printed , there were copies large and fine

l o a n . paper , and occasion ly vellum There were , for instance , copies

1 of 1 8 of of the Cebes of 747 , the Epictetus of 74 and the quarto

Min u c iu s 1 0 on al Felix of 75 vellum , the last being speci ly printed f or n of Bishop Sherlock . Robert Brow ing had a copy the Epictetus of 1 8 -r un 74 printed on linen . In many cases the type was over , and

. C 1 0 printed on a larger page Thus , the aesar of 75 was issued in

t 8v o . al hree forms , in , in 4to , and in folio The sm l edition is in three volumes , and is distinct from the other two the latter , how ever , correspond line for line , but the folio page contains a greater number of lines than the quarto . Some copies of the folio are further

of a ll ma c u f hi . C i h s ruled in red , according to the as on the day The

1 i s of 755 was also issued , both as a quarto and as a folio , and

to particularly attractive in the larger form . It is dedicated Robert li ’ ou s s . C 1 22 F steady friend , the Hon harles Yorke ( 7 as Solicitor

e of G neral England , and cannot therefore have been published till near

of 1 the close the next year , although it was no doubt finished in 755 .

O P Editi on es f indar , Anacreon , and Epictetus they published

8 ” mi n i ma e a s 2 , or , described in some of their lists , 3 pure Greek ,

of on dainty little volumes , which some copies were printed satin . Robert Foulis was as careful as regards the binding of his books L I V RES DE L U X E 4 1

f ’ o . l as he was their printing He had a binder s shop , and personal y

i of supervised the bind ng many of the finer volumes . Reference has

u - of Pha edru s already been made to a beautif lly bound copy . In the

’ British Museum there are two copies of Simson s Apollonius of P erga handsomely bound in red morocco , richly and elaborately

Pha edru s tooled in an intricate design , in the same style as , all being fine examples of Glasgow work of the middl e of the eighteenth century . There is also in the Museum a copy of the duodecimo

P of 1 d fl or a t indar 754 in a rich crimson morocco bin ing , with e ed

. O gilt tooling f a parcel of books sent to the Hon . Charles Yorke 6 1 . Pro in 7 5 , two were in red turkey gilt , the others in calf gilt f essor h as of Ca lli ma c hu s Ferguson the copy presented to Mr . Yorke by the printers , appropriately bound in red turkey gilt , which was

’ is Robert Fou l favourite binding . l Fou is . NB of . f Miss Jean M , of St John , , is in possession a snuf

of in sc ri mull polished Scotch pebble mounted in Silver , with the p li Fou s Es . tion engraved upon the lid To R . , q , from the Earl of

of th e Chatham , What was the occasion gift is not recorded , but it may have been in recognition of specimens of the Fou lis press

Fou lis t and binding . It was the University , not himself, who sen the Homer to Lord Chatham .

LE TTE RE D PROPE RTY

In going over the list of the Fou lis publications one is struck by f the preponderance o Greek and Latin classics , and the com para tiv e unimportance of the books in English . What lay behind of or and brought this about was the law copyright , , as it was then

n . know , lettered property

a s Prior to the Union printing was in Scotland , it was in most

to i n ter r e a li a continental countries , deemed be g , and the Sovereign

was in u se, upon request , to grant an exclusive licence to print a particular book during a limited period . In England , too , the

was Crown exercised a similar power , but the opinion current that

of there was by common law a right property in printed books , which 4 2 R OBE RT AN D A N D REW FOULI S

. 1 1 0 of l existed in perpetuity In 7 , on the petition the bookse lers

r 8 and p inters about the city of London , a copyright statute ( Anne ,

- — . 1 of w as c 9) the first its kind passed , and made applicable to both England and Scotland . A copyright was granted to an author or his assignees for fourteen years , with a further term of the like

al duration , if he should be ive when the first expired , and provision was made for the recovery of penalties in the event of the right i being n fii n g ed.

i of The first person , it is said , against whom the art llery the l P Act was directed was Osborne , a bookse ler in ater Noster Row ,

London , for printing an edition of Shakespeare , but he defied the trade , threatened to print more of their proprietary books , and di procee ngs were dropped . The next encounter was with the booksellers of Edinburgh and

Glasgow . These had hitherto been little more than retailers to the

l on great London booksel ers , and had but scanty profits their turn

ou t on over . They accordingly resolved to strike a new course , and

al to print for themselves , and , as Alexander Don dson , the redoubt able Edinburgh printer , puts it , they soon arrived at a very ” considerable degree of perfection . Glasgow, he adds , produced the finest Editions of the Greek and Latin Classics ever the World saw ; and both there and at Edinburgh the Works of some of the best English Authors were printed with the greatest Elegance and

S ecta tor Correctness . This , no doubt , refers to such works as the p

1 . printed by Urie in 744 , and Similar publications in Edinburgh

of This , continues Donaldson , the j ealous Eyes the London Book sellers could not long endure and they accordingly in 1 744 took proceedings in the Court of Session against a large number of Scots f al o . printers , amongst whom was Andrew St ker Glasgow In on e of the pleadings for the Edinburgh and Glasgow book

l r d 1 sel ers , dated 3 December , 744 , it is said

Pr S c otla n d The Art of inting is daily improving in , at

Edi n bu r h Gla s ow least in g and g and the Defenders , picked out

amongst a great many Booksellers , are they who are pushing on L ETTERED P R OPE RTY 43

t f o Hi n c i llw la cr mce . his Branch Commerce with all Vigour . y

of P i so London The Art r nting has been long confined to , that the Booksellers there begin to consider it as an exclusive Mono l a al . poly , which they one are intitled to de in Many in Number P are the little Arts and Stratagems used by the ursuers , and , in

M r M illa r ma n . S c ots particular, by , a , to crush this Manufacture

to Edi n bu r h Gla s ow in the Bud , and discourage the g and g P P i n . . e ri ters This is the second rocess [ . suit] carried on , still V with the same iew of distressing them . Finding them not i w P i e . ntimidated ith these rocesses [ . suits], but gron rather P more resolute under Oppression , the ursuers are beginning to P take more solid Measures to ruin the S c ots rinters . Getting

u S ecta tor Gla s ow notice of a beautif l Edition of the p printed in g ,

and proposed to be sold at eleven Shillings , which is three

E n la n d Shillings cheaper than ever this Book has been sold in g ,

London ers 1 000 C f the have sent down opies , which they of er to

sell at the Rate of ten Shillings and Sixpence the Book . They can afford to throw away some Money ; and they are willing ” to be at any Ex pen c e to beat down and ruin a Competitor . l The counsel for the London men was Wi liam Grant , after

Preston r an e wards Lord g g , and for the Edinburgh and Glasgow men ,

r Henry Home , afte wards Lord Kames , the friend and correspondent f P o C . rofessors ullen , Black , and Thomas Reid The pursuers were unable to bring evidence by witnesses of any

n act transgressi g the statute , and therefore restricted their claims to

in 1 8 . C damages The ourt , however , decided , 74 , that any proceed in gs upon the statute for penal ties must be brought within three

of i of al f months the committ ng the leged of ence , that no action lay t ’ except for books en ered at Stationers Hall , and that an action for dam ages was not sustainable . An appeal was taken to the House of 1 1 Lords , which was dismissed , in 75 , on the ground that the action i f ” a . a was irrelev nt Both pl ntif s and defendants , remarks Sir John

r m on n Dal y ple , resembled Fencers , with Skates , treadi g upon Ice , ” of as they b oth went farther than either them intended . 44 ROB E RT AND AN D REW FOULI S

i l oul s . F was not concerned in these proceedings Andrew Mi lar ,

so who was active on the other side , had been his agent in London when he first commenced printing . Professor Rouet was an intimate

’ of Fou lis l friend Robert ; he was also Mi lar s friend , and it was

’ 1 8 Hi stor through him that , in 75 , the last purchased Robertson s y l d li o S c ot a n . Fou s f It is possible , therefore , that was purposely kept in the background . When proceedings were instituted he hi had not printed anyt ng liable to attack , but during the course of Gu a rdi a n 1 6 Ta tler the action he reprinted the in 74 , and the in 1 747 .

al Foulis While not concerned in the leg proceedings , desired

’ to print some standard English books . Urie had printed Pope s

Fou lis of H omer 1 . in 753 , and contemplated an edition his works

1 M i sc ella n i es In 754 he printed the , and was proceeding with the

Letters . on , when Dr Warburton intervened the ground that the

’ ou lis copyright of Pope s works belonged to him . F was a man of

- peace and singularly fair minded . He did not reply di rectly to Dr .

Warburton , who had written to him , but addressed himself to Sir

- of William Murray , the Attorney General , later the Earl Mansfield , and a great friend of Warburton , to whom he wrote

Reverend Sir ,

What I have to say in answer to yours I have done myself

the honour to address to the Attorney General .

I am ,

Ob edt serv t. Your most . Humble ,

R OBE RT FOULI S . Glasgow

1 . 27th Novr . 754

20th In his letter to Sir William Murray , which is dated Glasgow ,

1 December , 754 , he says I shall only beg leave to take notice that no Bookseller

of ever purchases the work an author , without hopes of being

m if ed d . i in de n y by the first e ition M lton , or any English author ,

46 R OB E RT AND AN D RE W FOULI S and being much annoyed by the competition they experienced f rom O i Scottish editions f ord nary trade books , cast about for a remedy .

1 f or In 759 they entered into a scheme , as they described it , t al of otally preventing the s e Scotch and Irish books , which were

a first printed in England , and raised a large capit l for carrying it into effect . They addressed a letter to the provincial booksellers in

f a ll England of ering to take over Scotch books in sheets , which they

on al . had hand , at cost , and to give the same v ue in English editions

of A list the Scotch books principally in circulation was given , a S ecta tor Ta tler Gu a rdi a n mongst which were , the p , , and , the works of P P of Shakespeare , Milton , rior , arnell , and Gay , Temple , Swift ,

H u di br a s Gil Bla s The Tu rki sh S F a ble o the Bees and Barrow , , , py , f ,

Tr a vels and of Cyru s . They made no distinction as to the time f when the books were first printed , and , in ef ect , claimed a perpetual

Pa r a di se Lost of monopoly . was claimed as copyright , in virtue

T e Whole Du t o M a n 1 66 . h an alleged assignment from Milton in 7 y f ,

1 6 u first published in 57 , was likewise claimed as copyright , altho gh

n on e sa the author was unknow , and no could y whether it had been written by a man or a woman . l Nothing daunted , the Edinburgh bookse lers issued two editions

’ ’ of P 1 6 . ope s Works in 7 4 Donaldson , carrying war into the enemy s

r camp , in the same year opened a bookshop in the Strand , two doo s

of . east from Norfolk Street , for the sale cheap books These were books beyond the copyright period , granted under the Act of Q ueen f o . Anne and an extending Act George I I , and were sold at prices

. al thirty to fifty per cent under the usu London prices , and still with a profit to Donaldson . Whatever it was , it must have been consider l able , and his methods of business must have been exce lent , as he left to his son , the founder of the great Hospital in Edin burgh which bears his name . In 1 766 Andrew Millar brought an action for breach of copyright C ’ against one Robert Taylor , in which the ourt of King s Bench — — presided over by Lord Ma n sfield gave j udgment in 1 769 in favour

f f . on e e o the plaintif The j udges , with exception , h ld that lettered L ETTE RE D P ROPE RTY 47

t on proper y rested common law and existed in perpetuity , and that the Act of Q ueen Anne merely gave it an additional security by

di al o provi ng pen ties in case f invasion .

With this decision before them . the London booksellers resolved

al 1 1 of to tackle Don dson , and in 77 fifteen them filed a Bill in Chancery against him for printing in Scotland and publishing in

’ S o h n i s i o ba . London Thomson s p An nj unction was granted , but on was appeal recalled by the House of Lords .

of The booksellers next took proceedings in Scotland . One

is their Victims seems to have been Robert Urie , who , it said , was

of P n ot guilty several piracies . resumably he did care to fight , and made terms , although all that he had done was to reprint books in which there was no copyright . Such printers , says Lord l l Auchin eck , the London bookse lers term pirates , which , he adds ,

r is a c uel name .

When they turned their attention to Donaldson , they found a

of f man dif erent metal . They brought an action against him in the Court of Session for having reprinted and published in Scotland

’ Sta c kh ou s s H s r e e e i to y of th Bi bl . There was no copyright in it

of 1 1 0 under the Act 7 , and the action was laid on the supposed common law right derived from the original publisher . The Court decided against this claim , and their j udgment was upheld by the

of 1 House Lords in 774 . In giving j udgment , Lord Auchinleck , after referring to the fact that the poems of Homer were preserved only by memory , added this interesting personal reminiscence The

of - s o poem Chevy chace much celebrated , and upon which we have a criticism by Mr . Addison was , in my remembrance , re peated by

r eve ybody .

l ll of James Boswel , it wi be remembered , was counsel for

al of Don dson in this case , which was frequently subject conversation

’ fir with Dr . Johnson . Donaldson was Boswell s st publisher , but when he wrote his A c c ou n t of Cor si c a a n d M emoi rs of Pa sc a l Pa oli he

Fou lis 1 68 . entrusted it to R . A . , who printed it in 7 Next year they printed for him a second edition of his Cor si c a : A poeti c a l 4 8 R OB E RT AND AN D RE W FOULI S

Address l , b b a sma l piece strangely overlooked by both i liograph—ers and biographers . Boswell had been a student in Glasgow in 1 759 60

Fou lis and knew . It was then that he became acquainted with F rancis Gentleman , an Irish actor , engaged at Glasgow in the

- wooden theatre in the Castle yard , who dedicated to him an edition

’ of Oroon oko Fou lises Southern s , which was printed by the in

’ 1 60 7 , no doubt upon Boswell s introduction .

o lis The Messrs . F u had published during a number of years a series of small pocket editions of parts of the more popular English

f - o . authors , something like the cheap reprints to day There are

Foul is two little books published by the , writes Dr . Johnson , ’ P Telemachus and Collins oems , each a shilling I would be glad to have them . Later , he again writes to Boswell , I wish you would

’ be vigilant and get me Graham s Telema c hu s that was printed at ” lema s a M a Te chu sk . Glasgow , a very little book . , , by the Rev

1 6 George Graham of Eton , was originally published in 7 3 , when it

Cr i ti c a l Revi ew was reviewed by Johnson in the , and was reprinted by the Fou lises in 1 767 in a much more convenient form than the

’ Poems original quarto . They printed a small edition of Collins in f 1 1 1 . o 77 , and again in 775 At the end the former they advertise a list of forty volumes of English poets at one shilling the volume .

’ of P Foulis When referring to the publication ope s works , Robert , as has been seen , said that he could sell parts to students and others

1 who could not aff ord to buy the complete works . Between 752 and

1 of on e so 757 he printed the plays Shakespeare by one , that each could be had separately , which , when complete , formed sixteen

T - 1 66 volumes crown octavo . hese were re issued in 7 in eight volumes uniformly dated , but still retaining the individual pagination and l titles . Whi e the hope of making a market by the cheapness of the books was no doubt present to his mind , the plan of individual pro duction may have been resorted to , as a method of avoiding the

claim of copyright made by the London booksellers . It was not new, for as far back as 1 73 1 Ru ddima n of Edinburgh had printed at least L ETTE RE D P R OPE RTY 49 on e play in this form , and separate plays printed by Tonson had been hawked in London still earlier .

a ard of - on - Sha kes ea r e Mr . J gg , Stratford Avon , in his recent p

Bi bli o ra h of Fou lis 1 2- g p y, when Speaking the edition of 75 57 , says This first Scottish edition of the poet has eluded all previous

is of . bibliographers and the chief public collections the poet It ,

l n to however , wel know Glasgow collectors and can hardly be classed as a scarce book . An edition , edited by Dr . Hugh

1 Blair , was published at Edinburgh in 753 , in eight volumes ,

a ard of but Mr . J gg will not allow it precedence the Glasgow one .

Both brothers were much interested in th e Copyright question . In 1 766 Andrew read a paper on Literary Property before the

1 0 Literary Society ; and in 77 , Robert , at two meetings of the Society , discussed the question , What would be the probable consequence of departin g from the present law with regard to Literary Property an d making that property perpetual The judgment of the House of Lords was a severe blow to the

l An n u al Re i ster of London bookse lers . According to the g the

of f day , it implied a loss about They at once there ore

of presented a petition to the House Commons , in which they re ferred to that decision , and stated that they will be great losers

of for former involuntary misapprehensions the law , and praying for relief. The petition was referred to a Committee , counsel were ll heard , and ultimately a Bi to modify the law was brought in and

th 1 on 2 . passed 7 May , 774 It then went to the House of Lords ,

d off where second rea ing was put for two months , that is , it proceeded no further .

In view of the petition of the London booksellers , a Memorial to the House of Commons was drawn up by the Printers and Book

l of of . sel ers Glasgow , presenting the other side the question This

o is Robert F u l w as authorised to sign on behal f of the Memorialists .

al of So far as can be gathered from the Journ s the House , it was

' n a n d ev iden tl ever presented , but it was printed y circulated , and may

G 50 ROBERT AND AN D RE W FOULI S

i have been submitted to the Committee who considered the B ll , and not therefore noticed in the Journals . It is a carefully prepared

of document , and gives an interesting summary the history of book selling and printing in Scotland . To the copyright action we are indi rectly indebted f or one of the

’

of Li ves o the Poets . masterpieces English literature , Johnson s f The Trade still continued to dine once a month at the Shakespeare

of Tavern , and at one these meetings it was resolved to print an edition of the English poets and to ask Dr . Johnson to write a

of . concise account of the life each author , which he agreed to do Edward Dilly explains the origin of the enterprise in a letter to Boswell in 1 777 The first cause that gave rise to this undertaking

i of P was ow ng to the little trifling edition the oets , printing

n . by the Martins at Edinburgh , and to be sold by Bell in Lo don

Upon examining the volumes which were printed , the type was

n ot found to be so extremely small , that many persons could read them not only this inconvenience attended it , but the inaccuracy

of . the press was very conspicuous These reasons , as well as the

of of ou r P idea an invasion what we call Literary roperty , induced the London booksellers to print an elegant and accurate edition of

of all the English poets reputation , from Chaucer to the present

’ of time . The first edition the series was published at London

- Fou lis 1 8 1 . 779 The edition of the English poets , in shilling volumes ,

f or above referred to , although not expressly prepared the London

market , no doubt contributed to the alarm felt by the booksellers . Captain Edward Topham was not particularly complimentary to

of P Scotland , but praises the Edinburgh edition the oets , which with the addition of a very handsome binding , amounts only to ” eighteen pence a volume . Notwithstanding the quantity of reprints said to have been put

upon the market by Scotch printers , such books are somewhat rare , and may be ranked amongst those which French cataloguers describe ” f as di ffi c iles a trouver . It may be that the ef orts of the Londoners

of x to get rid them may to some e tent account for this . Burning was L OCA L P UB L I SHI N G 5 1 one of the orthodox causes recognised by the Old bibliographers as

of accounting for the rarity certain books . It w as not only English books that were sold cheaper by the l Scots than by the English bookse lers , but , as explained by Gough in a letter to Tyson , modern imported French books were to be had cheaper in Scotland than in London .

LOCAL PUBL I SHING

of London was the great centre the bookselling trade , and books which were expected to have a general circul ation were published there . Books issued from a local press had many difficulties to

P e u l d e e ed contend with . The hilosophi c a l Pr i n c i pl s of n a t r a a n r v a l

Reli i on Fou lis g , although printed and published by , was also

C issued in London with a fresh imprint . The lassics , and such

’ works as Simson s Euclid , intended for students and scholars , were on f a dif erent footing . Most of the original works published by Fou lis were either of this character or were intended for loca l readers . Simson ’ s Euclid is perhaps the most popular edition of the

Greek geometer ever published , and it is curious to read the remarks of Lord Kames upon it at the time of its first publication . His

w a s P Lordship a friend of rofessor Cullen and others at Glasgow ,

wa s w a s and regarded , in his day , as a dictator of letters , but he not always very happy in his appreciations . Writing to Cullen in

1 8 March , 75 , he says

’ I took a touch at Simson s Euclid before I left the town ,

is and am much dissatisfied with it . There no genius displayed

in it , though he had a fair opportunity . Euclid is rendered intricate and uncomfortable by his attempting to demonstrate

- al propositions that are self evident , and this , a capit error , is l never once rectified . I read severa demonstrations , not one

step of which is more evi dent than the very proposition itself,

which is the subj ect of the demonstration . This is a cruel 5 2 R OB E RT AN D AN D RE W F OU LI S

Oppression upon novices and which by all means ought to be

old avoided . In short , the man is fond of money , and wants to

pick pockets . I dislike such an attempt , and therefore wish to ”

of b . be rid the copy you gave me , which I left at Edin urgh

O of ulis of al ne the Fo books a loc character was a small volume ,

1 Poems n evera l i n s o S Oc c a s o . published in 749, These were the poems of am Ba n ou r William H ilton of g , sent to the press by his friends when he was living abroad , on account of his participation in the

1 8 of 1 . rising 745, the preface being written by Adam Smith In 75 ,

’ after the author s death , a new edition was brought out with the

’ - author s name upon the title page , and a dedication To the

l . memory of Mr . Wil iam Crawford The latter had been a member of the Literary Society

When the second edition was under discussion , Sir John Dalrymple wrote to Robert Foul is upon the subj ect

I have changed my mind about the Dedication to Mr . ’ P Hamilton s oems . I would have it stand , the friend of i ’ William Ham lton , but I assent to your opinion to have some

’

rawf u rd s C . thing more to express Mr . C haracter I know none

s so able to do this a my friend Mr . Smith I beg it therefore earnestly that he will write the Inscription and with al l the

all elegance the feelingness which he , above the rest of man

kind , is able to express . This is a thing that touches me very

a nearly , and therefore I beg a particular nswer as to what he i says to it . The many happy and the many flatter ng hours

r f u rd 8: . C aw which he has spent with Mr . Hamilton Mr makes me think that he will account his usual indolence a crime upon

a wr tin this occ sion . I beg you will make my excuse for not y g h im this night about this I consider wrytin g to you upon this

tin head to be wr y g to him . The dedication as adj usted and printed runs thus i C To the memory of Mr . Will am raufurd , merchant in Glasgow , i of . the friend Mr Ham lton ,

u n Who to that exact fr gality , that dow right probity and

54 ROB E RT AND AN D RE W FOU LI S

first introduced to Dr . James Douglas of London . Like other friends Hunter canvassed for the Plato I received first the English and then the Latin proposals

ou li s hi odd for Plato ; and surely Messrs . F must t nk me an l fel ow . I have not wrote them one word . But I have been

f or puffing them , and I have picked up some hints for them , which I reserved till I should give them the names of two or

three subscribers . Dr . Duncan has kept every thing from me

for more than a month , under pretence of shewing the pro

osa ls of p to some people quality , who , I suppose , will do very

little after all . My compliments to them all , and to all friends .

1 s t 1 1 . So he writes to Cullen on August , 75 I ’ Another proj ect was an edition of Sydenham s Works In a

1 1 . : letter addressed to Dr . Cullen , in 75 , Dr Hunter says I see proposals for publishing Sydenham at Edinburgh -An idle scheme P I think a mere edition , it seems , for fourteen shillings . ray have t you dropt your scheme ? I had told your plan o Mr . Sydenham here , and two or three other people . Everybody approved of it .

Everybody disapproves of the Edinburgh scheme . Let me soon

ou P . know what y are to do in it . itcairn desires it To this w . : inquiry , Dr Cullen replied I have not dropt my scheme ith

on regard to Sydenham . It has been delayed partly account of

f or . my hurry , and partly the sake of a new type , which Mr Wilson is now about . The Edinburgh edition will not do us much harm ours shall be a more Splendid on e ; and at the same time have ” other advantages .

on of The scheme nevertheless did drop , probably account

’ u C llen s transfer to Edinburgh . Robert Fou lis seems to have contemplated an English version P b of the works of lato , but this did not proceed eyond the

Re u li c b 1 6 . p , which was published in quarto in 7 3 The translation ,

w as he mentions , done by a clergyman of Fife of good reputation ” for Literature and of amiable sentiments and manners . The clergy

wa s D . D . 1 1 . man Hary Spens , ( 7 3 parish minister of Wemyss L O C A L PUB LI SH I N G 55

The translation is described as faithful , with an admirable discourse l P containing not only a genera epitome of the Republic of lato , but

of an accurate delineation the characters , manners , and philosophy

ou lis of the ancient Greeks . F was hopeful to get his friend to

of . proceed with some the Dialogues , but nothing further was done

He had had expectations of other translations , as appears from an

P n early advertisement The rinter gives this public otice , that the

n Tra slation of Antoninus , will be followed by another , of the Disserta

Arr i a n . tions of Epictetus preserved by , and not yet in English A considerable part of it is already finished ; and the whole will ere long be published . It never , however , made its appearance .

of This might be explained by the death Dr . Hutcheson , if he was the translator , and he , as will have been observed , is said to have expounded Arriam to the Literary Society but part

on ou lis of the work which Robert and Andrew F engaged , when

1 0 i living in the College in the summer of 74 , was a translat on of Ar r ia n own , and it may have been their translation which was in contemplation .

The translation of Antoninus attained a good deal of popularity . 6 . on 1 1 Writing to the Hon Mr . Yorke , 7th January , 7 5 , Robert Fou lis says

I am j ust now printing , for the fourth time , a Trans

of . of lation M Antoninus , nine books which were done by Mr .

Hutcheson . That author has neither the sublime theories , nor P composition , nor eloquence of lato , and contains only written memorandums for the improvement of his own heart in sub

of mission to the will Heaven , and in meekness and benignity

towards men , in a contempt of all vain glory , in a delight in

of the direct energy goodness , as he expresses it with remem ’ ‘ V brance of God , and elsewhere , like the fruitful ine that when it has brought forth its clusters does n ot stop to applaud

’ ’ a im d of itself. So the good Emperor at the perfection a

of i of perpetual train virtuous action , w thout the allay variety , and endeavoured to attain a constant peace and tranquillity of 56 ROBE RT AN D AN D RE W FOU LI S

of a hi n mind by the purity of the bottom his heart , by his b nis g perpetual ly not only al l unbenevolent but all superfluous

v r hi s thoughts , rej oicing not only in the particular i tues of

r u f iends , but by an uncommon expansion and elevation of so l he piously and benevolently rej oiced in the happiness of universal

nature .

The sentiments he so applauds were doubtless his own , and this summary of the author gives an insight into his own character and

of his views life .

In 1 756 Fou lis printed Hieroc les Upon the Golden Verses of the

P tha or n ea s . wa s a y g This , however , not an origin l translation , but

of a reprint that by John Norris , originally published at Oxford in 68 1 2 . The book may have been required for college use . Thomas

th e of Craigie , who succeeded Francis Hutcheson in chair Moral

P 1 6 P al hilosophy in 74 , did not prelect upon the hilosophic works of Cicero , at the forenoon meeting of his class , as Hutcheson had done ,

f - i r l o eo P H e oc es . but took up some the N latonists , and amongst others It is possible that Adam Smith may have continued this for some time and that it was in this connection that the book was now issued . The book was evidently in demand , as , in the same year ,

’

. M Urie reprinted Nicholas Rowe s translation , for T erril , book ” in seller Cambridge . P Craigie , who had been previously rofessor of Hebrew at St

of . Andrews , was a man great learning and pleasing manners w He lectured ithout papers , and much after the style of Hutcheson , ” - but without his animation and feeling . He fell into ill health , tried

- horse back exercise without benefit , then went abroad for change , and

o th 1 Foulis n 1 . died at Lisbon 9 November , 75 Robert no doubt

on Hieroc les heard his lectures , and must at least have discussed their philosophy with the professor and it may have been a rec ollec

of old tion days that induced him to give this reprint to the world .

1 The He had , indeed , given an earlier edition , in 743 , along with

u d men t o H er c u les of j g f , by a student Oxford , that is , William

Shenstone . Th e Glasg ow A c ademy of th e Fin e A rts

ROBE RT FOULI S AND TH E FINE ARTS

Fou lis S a printer, Robert had achieved success , and had carried

s the art to great perfection . But while he gave assiduou

- , bl , b , attention to printing pu ish—ing and ook selling another scheme was ever present to his mind the establishment in Glasgow of an

of Academy the Fine Arts . When the two brothers made their

r first j ou ney to the Continent , art , as well as books , engaged their

1 8 1 attention . In the years 73 and 73 9, having gone abroad , and P resided for several months at each time at aris , we had frequent opportunities of conversing with gentlemen of every liberal pro f ession of , and to observe the connection and mutual influence the

on e Arts and Sciences upon another and upon Society . We had opportunities of observing the influence of invention in Drawing l ’ and Model ing on many manufactures . And tis obvious that whatever nation has the lead in fashions must previously have f invention in drawing dif used , otherwise they can never rise above ” of copying their neighbours . Want money , however , prevented

Fou lis their doing anything towards the fostering of art . Robert

1 made a trip to France in 743 , and there endeavoured to arrange for

e 1 an engraver to com to Glasgow , but the rising of 745 put an end to

1 Con ver sa ti on s his plans for the time . In 745 he reprinted the su r la c on n oi ssan c e de la ei n tu re P p , of Roger de iles , p ublished H 58 R OBE RT AN D AN D RE W FOU LI S

anonymously at Paris in 1 677 . An intense interest in art seems to

of l have taken possession him , and the scheme of an Academy fi led his thoughts , and was matured during the next few years .

PU RCHASE OF PICTU RE S

1 0 z of P In 75 he lost his wife , Eli abeth Moor , sister the rofessor ,

l of and was prostrated with grief. He fel into a state melancholy , which was increased shortly afterwards by th e death of his eldest

. n . daughter Fanny , named after Dr Fra cis Hutcheson To relieve

1 1 this melancholy , he went abroad in 75 in company with a

Foulis younger brother , and spent near two years . This was James , who became a clergyman , and ultimately went to America . Before

of this j ourney was undertaken , the scheme an Academy had been pretty well digested , and often the subj ect of debate in private

of P of a 1 1 conversation . The death Frederick , rince W les , in 75 , disappointed the hopes of those who had looked to him for the

Fou lis foundation of a Royal Academy in London , and Robert seems to have become more convinced than before that an Academy should be established in Glasgow . Dr . Francis Hutcheson , his earliest friend and most j udicious adviser , was gone , having died in 1 746 ; but there were many others wh o took a warm interest in his welfare , and who could j udge of this new enterprise . It is doubtful whether he received any encouragement from them , and , on the contrary , they seem to have endeavoured to dissuade him f . o from it Be this as it may , he perfected the plan his Academy ,

O 1 2 made arrangements for btaining funds , and began in 75 to purchase pictures . Amongst others , he acquired certain pictures which he believed had f ormerly belonged to Cardinal Richelieu .

O Of ne these was a Transfiguration by Raphael , prior to the larger

on picture the altar belonging to the monastery of Montorio in Rome .

’ These pictures had been bought at the sale of the Cardinal s effects — after his death by his Secretary , from whose son then an old man

Fou lis Robert purchased them . P U RC HASE OF PICTU RES 59

Works of the old masters were in great demand at this time and

to were eagerly sought after , particularly if they could be traced

u some great collection . Foote ridic les the fashionable craze in his comedy of Ta ste

Puf . Oh but what pictures of yours are in the sale

’ e Ca r mi n . There s my Holy Family by Raphael the Marriage

’ in Cana by Reuben Rouge Tom Jackson s Teniers and

’

l . for busts , Taylor s head without a nose from Hercu aneum

Ca n to. o That is a Moses in the bul rushes . The blended j y and

r of i g ief in the figure the sister in the corner , the d stress

b en ev o and anxiety of the mother here , and the beauty and

’ of P lence haraoh s daughter , are circumstances happily

’

l ex r ess d. imagined , and bold y p

’ Bu - - tis sh . a Lack day , but a modern performance the master

a is live , and an Englishman .

L rd Du e ! - o p . Oh then I would not give it house room .

di The satire is , however , rected against the ignorance of fashion

a able society , not against picture collecting . Many copies p ssed for originals , but good and genuine pictures were to be had , as most of

of to- the great galleries day testify .

While the works of the old masters were run after , they were not

z or . n wr 1 always recogni ed appreciated Winckelma n , iting in 755 , states that not so long ago several capital pictures of Correggio were employed at Stockholm to stop the broken windows of the royal stables .

Fou lis n engaged a pai ter, an engraver , and a copperplate printer ,

of h is and sent them to Glasgow in charge brother , and returned

hi 1 wi . mself in 753 , th pictures which he had bought His misfortunes in the Custom House at Rotterdam have been the means of pre

v of . ser ing an account himself, of his plans , and of his arrangements l A letter to Cou nt Bentinck (i . e. William Bentinck of Rhoon in Ho land 60 RO B ERT AND AN D REW FOU LI S

of r . 1 0 and Te rington St Clements , Norfolk ( 7 4 Count of the Holy P P Roman Empire , son of the first Earl of ortland) , dated from aris

1 2th 1 2 June , 75 , explains what happened

“ My Lord ,

’ The favo ur I received at Lyden by your Lordship s Influence

emboldens me to presume still on your goodness . I have fal len into a misfortune innocently which requires such an

Authority and generosity as yours to deliver me . To serve my

country by propagating a relish for the finer Arts there , I pro

ec ted j a little Academy for painting , engraving , and in process

of on n time for the Chief Arts that depend Desig , together with another for promoting the knowledge of Ancient Greek and

Roman learning . Reflecting on the various means by which

f v this might be ef ected , I was soon con inced that I had not

of any Title to propose it to great men , with any hopes success , my own Stock being al ready very well employed in the printing

of nl the Greek , Latin and modern Authors The o y remaining

was expedient that occurred to me , to consider how these Arts might be made suffi ciently profitable to engage some Merchants

to riske a part of their Stock in such a design . This I digested

so well as to engage two Merchants of Spirit in Glasgow, whose

I n r h a m names are g and Glassford both well known to Mr .

l n e i . e. D . 1 Ma c ea D . 22 [ Archibald Maclaine , ( 7 a Glasgow

of student , minister the Scots Church at the Hague] ; they have supplied me with money to purchase a Collection of pictures of all the Schools : A great part of these pictures I

Roter da m of sent to by way Rhoan directed for Mr . Dunlop

h t Rot rd m Merc . e a of . Merc h t at to the care Mr Garvey . at

AS Rhoan . I was not aware that I had any duty to pay on

ou t of C their going the ountry here , I sent no valuation , but

’ upon Mr . Garvey s letting me know the necessity of a declara

of z tion , and a right the Custom house to sei e them , I sent him

n ottic e of C a s the prime oast , near as possibly I could , rather

62 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULI S

w she ing any zeal for doing me j ustice . I put the whole upon my Innocence and on my part if there appears the l sma lest fraud or the smallest intention of fraud , I am f lling to suf er not only the loss of my pictures , but what l goes sti l nearer my heart , the esteem and goodwill of my

friends .

L- I must further observe to your p, that the gentlemen of the Custom house have as yet no legal or certain knowledge’ whether the pictures are over val ued or under val ued by the

n ot Broker , because they are a Staple Commodity , nor have they any fixed price but that of the affection of the buyer and l se ler , and before they can prove that they are undervalued they must prove it by my Oath as the only person who bought

them and paid thim in various places and times . And when I am appealed to I am ready to make Oath that the entry made

d COn se is not by my Or er nor with my knowledg e , and if in qu en c e of this at your Lordships desire they declare the present

di l si c entry nul and void , Mr . Dunlop will imme ately wi l ( ) make

i a a declaration in my name , or I w ll appear and m ke it

my self. I have already sent from this to Glasgow a Painter and a

A lin e celebrated engraver whose name is Mr . v and likeways ll a printer en tai e douse . I have got here a large Collection of

C on fine drawings , a ollection of books painting , prints after the

of f l great Masters the dif erent Italien Schools , a large co lection

of O plates , many of which are riginals of Celebrated engravers ,

Roterdam all of which I ought to direct immediately to , but my present ill fortune damps me so much that I have not Cou rr a ge to give any Orders about them till I know the issue

of l my pictures . I beg your Lordship wi l excuse the length

of and inaccuracy this representation , which I presume to make you upon the knowledge I have of your generosity and love of

the Arts , and entire Confidence in your Lordships particular s f protection on thi Occasion . I take the liberty to of er my P U RCHASE OF PI CTU R E S 63

most humble respects to my Lord Benting and Mr . Tavel and am with Utmost Submission My Lord Your Lordships Most Obedient and most humb le Servant

R OBE P S RT OULI .

Paris 1 2 June 1 752 .

of The two merchants spirit in Glasgow , who provided funds f or of Dou alston 1 1 the enterprise , were John Glassford g ( 7 5 a

V Don 1 0 his -in - irginia , and Archibald Ingram ( 7 4 brother law ,

- i P 1 62- 6 of calico pr nter and banker , rovost 7 4 , both whom had been

’ 1 associated in the printing of Ambrose s Works in 73 7 . John

of Cla th ic P 1 8 - 86 Campbell , a prominent merchant , rovost 7 4 , and a

l - we l known figure in Glasgow society , now j oined with them in

Fou li s assisting .

’ l Letter on the de ects o a n Un i ver si t Edu c ati on In Wil iam Thom s f f y ,

1 61 dated Glasgow , Oct . 7 , we have this picture , which there can be

al little doubt applies to Archib d Ingram , who was Dean of Guild

’ P of of and resident the Merchants House Glasgow , 3 oth September ,

1 60 th O 1 62 7 to 5 ctober , 7

f We have another gentleman in public o fice , who is also

j ustly looked upon as a very extraordinary and happy genius . His Skill in commerce is extensive his invention of new branches of manufacture fertile his activity to promote them unwearied his generosity and public spirit are di scerned and honoured by

of of of several the nobility , and by many the gentry and men

is of a c c om taste , who court his company He possessed such

lish m en ts p in science and taste , which , by a quick discernment ,

u he saw the value of, and acquired , that he did not by a sing lar greatness of mind acknowledge the disadvantages of his educa i tion , hardly any body that converses w th him would suspect 64 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULI S

but that he had been conversant in literary contemplations from ” s l hi ear iest youth . Archibald Ingram takes his place amongst the notable men who figure in The Caldwell Pa p ers as correspondents of Baron Mure ; and the beautiful monument to his memory in the Directors ’ room ’ — of the Merchants House on e of the most graceful pieces of scu lpture — in the city testifies to the appreciation in which he was held by

- . i those who knew him The Royal Exchange , the meet ng place of

of - ou t his successors , the merchants to day , looks upon the street b which ears his name . Smollett refers to John Glassford in The Expediti on of Hu mphrey Cli n ker in 1 766

on e M I moreover conversed with r . whom

of I take to be one the greatest merchants in Europe . In the

on e last war , he is said to have had at time five and twenty

Ships with their cargoes , his own property , and to have traded ll for above half a mi ion sterling a year .

d C When in Holland , in ad ition to the assistance of ount Bentinck , Fou lis had also the powerful aid of Colonel Joseph Yorke ( 1 724 then British ambassador at the Hague . In London he had much w C attention from Lord Hard icke , then Lord hancellor , the father

O C C Ca ssillis f the olonel ; and Lord athcart , Lord Erroll , Lord , f h l . C o S a wfie d Lord Selkirk , and Mr ampbell likewise helped him in various ways .

TH E UNIVE RSITY AND TH E ACADE MY The University were prompt to acknowledge the services of C olonel Yorke , and conferred upon him the honorary degree of

. . h is f li LL D in recognition of good offices on behalf o Robert Fou s .

“ 7 OCTR . . 1 . S . 1 ? N 752

Collon el The Honourable York , Ambassador Extraordinary

P al and lenipotentiary to the States Gener , having done very

TH E UN I VERSITY AND TH E ACADE MY 65

considerable good offi ces upon account of this University to

F u lis P P . o Mr Robert the University rinter , and the rincipal with the concurrence of the Masters that were in town having

of . on addressed a letter thanks to Coll York that account ,

’ there was now read the Collon el s letter to the Principal in return

to his , which expresses the greatest warmth and zeal for the flourishing of the University ; And the meeting being very

’ of Collon el sensible York s great worth , and the particular

regard he has shown to the University , Unanimously agreed

of of to confer the Degree Doctor Laws upon him , and appoint

Mr . Rosse and Mr . Moor to draw up a suitable Diploma for that

purpose , which is appointed to be inclosed in a silver box with

o ollon el n C . the University Arms engraved it , and sent to the

LL E HM e Fa . W . L E C N I A , Dec

R B SO M . . O . N SI , Cl Fac

Three hundred and fifty pictures were released thr ough Colonel ’ w l P Yorke s intervention , and , ith another co lection at aris , were

1 brought to London , where , in March , 753 , they were , through the

of influence the Lord Chancellor , admitted duty free , and ultimately reached Glasgow in safety .

l on 1 6th 1 l Writing to the Lord Chance lor March , 753 , whi e still

Fou lis in London , says

I am sensible of the impropriety of troubling your Lord ill ship with many words , and , if I did , I should but very , and awkwardl y express the grateful sentiments suitable to so great

’ : c on f err d a favour and the manner in which it has been , in all respects so generous and disinterestedly that the honour it confers on the Design is equal to the benefaction itself ; as i t not only contributes to give it a general and favourable atten

z tion from the public , but must add spirit , ardour , eal , and

’ em lo d or hope to all who are p y interested in this Enterprise . If happily this small Attempt arises to the perfection

n so inte ded , and gradually Spreads over the Kingdom as to 66 R OB E RT AND AN D RE W FOU LI S

of al become gener service , this success must be chiefly ascribed to the Preservers of this Design from being frustrated by

misfortunes . The University took the Academy under their patronage and l provided accommodation for it , as appears from the fol owing minute of Faculty

O CTOBE R 1 23 753 .

Fou lis A paper was presented from Mr . Robert contain ing Proposals for teaching design ing in the University with

the approbation and protection of the Masters , and under their

of conduct and special direction . And the Faculty approve

of the same , and allow him to publish an advertisement it in

of the News papers , and give him the use the room under the north part of the new Library for a place in which to teach th e

Scholars .

The new library had been completed about nine years before ,

of and stood at the east end the College buildings , in what was known , in after years , as Museum Square . The library hall was

r . a noble room with a handsome galle y The building was erected , P under the supervision of rofessor Morthland , from funds presented

C . by the Duke of handos , supplemented by the University

O of 1 The Academy was pened in the course th e year 754 . The

: advertisement , to which reference is made , was as follows

On Monday the fir st of December next at six in the wil evening l be opened , within the College of Glasgow , with

of the approbation and protection the University , and subj ect

of to their special direction a school for the Art Designing , to be taught by the Sieurs Avelin and Payien upon the same

plan with the foreign Academies .

Each scholar entering for a month to pay half a Guinea ,

of if for the whole Session the College , a guinea and a half. The utility Of this attempt needs not to be proved to those who know that Design ing is the foundation of all the

68 ROBE RT AN D AND RE W FOU LI S

c om lish m en t of p useful in the future business their lives,

whether they chance to be brought up in the army ,

of navy , or apply themselves to the study manufactures

r of l o arts . As this kind knowledge is deserved y esteem

a ed part of liberal education , drawings , pictures , and

th e ll prints of the principal masters in all schools , wi be

regularly exhibited in order to form a true taste , and to give them a perfect idea of the use progress and per f ec tion of the FINE ARTS and the peculiar ex c ellen

cies that distinguish each school . Those who have made a suffi cient progress will

of ou have an opportunity drawing and modelling , not

l u y after pictures and fig res in plaister , but also after the life for the space of two hours every evening ; and

Fou li s P such as choose to call upon Robert , rinter to the

of university at his house near the College Glasgow, may s ee the proficiency that ten young pupils have al

r n ready made in drawing , etching , eng avi g and paint

ing , under the directors of this academy .

l A contemporary painting by David A lan at Newhall House ,

of 1 60 of l and date about 7 , Shows a hall the Library , the wa ls hung

- with pictures and lined with book shelves , casts and models standing

about , the pupils busied in various ways , and visitors inspecting

their work . It is here reproduced , as it includes amongst the

P Fou lis figures , rofessor James Moor , and Robert and Andrew ,

as will presently be explained . Of the association of the Academy with the University Lord

: ou lis al Buchan says The Messrs . F natur ly concluded that an

Academy for the cultivation of the Fine Arts would , with great

propriety and utility , be united to an University . From this union

a s they hoped that a double benefit would be derived for, learning

so is necessary to artists , , a fine taste is necessary to complete a

liberal education , nor should learned men be without a relish for

THE UN IVERSITY AND THE ACADE MY 69

those arts , which have in all ages been deemed liberal and polite . Their situation as citizens of Glasgow and some other circumstances induced them to chuse that University as the place to carry their scheme into execution .

l C 1 6 A exander ampbell ( 7 4 musician and poet , who gave the earliest and , in some respects , the best account of the Academy , dwells upon the same subj ect

It will be recorded by future historians , in giving an

of account of the origin and progress literature , art and science

of i in the British empire , that an Academy the F ne Arts was established in the University of Glasgow fifteen years before the

al Roy Academy in Somerset House was opened .

=l= a: a:

w Elated , as well they might be , ith their success [as

of printers], a scheme , not less worthy genius , though less

of profitable to speculation , presented in a point View the most t fascinating o the active spirit of these enterprising brothers . The prosperity of the empire at large seemed to them mighty

and rapid in its advance . Witnessing the progress which polite literature and the sublime departments of science had

made in the University in which they themselves flourished , and knowing that for those arts by which manufactures are

s embellished , and cience is refined , to found an academy

M al belonged to aj esty one yet these men , aspiring to the glory

of of l being patrons the fine arts in their native country , actual y conceived the bold proj ect of establishing an Academy f or

n painting , engravi g , modelling , moulding , etc . , in the university ” of that rising , opulent , commercial city , Glasgow .

Fou lis thus expresses h is hopes and aims in a letter in 1 758 to

. C s of r the Hon harle Yorke , one his f iends and patrons My utmost ambition and hope is to bring the Fine Arts

of to such a degree excellence , as to convince those who have

s n e it in their power to make a la ti g stablishment , that a seat 70 ROBERT AND AN D RE W FOULI S

of the Sciences and Belles Lettres is the perfect nursery for the

F : of ine Arts particularly that the University Glasgow , who

are sensible of the intrinsic value of the Fine Arts , and the

excellent uses to which they may be made subservient , both

moral and political , would be a proper society to have the

Academy under their inspection , and make it flourish in such a

manner as to produce a noble and useful institution .

In providing the Academy with a home the Faculty did so upon

en the ground that Art was a University subj ect , and one to be c ou r a ed g by a University . This view continued long after the days of the Academy . James Denholm , a drawing master and artist ,

of Hi stor o Gla s ow and author a good y f g , had a class in the College

1 8 1 for drawing and painting , and in 9 a Lecturer on these subj ects f was included in the University staf . The scope of the University teaching was much enlarged towards the latter part of the eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth century . There were University lecturers on French and

on . A S n o si s o a Italian , on Geography and Elocution I have y p f c ou rse of Eloc u ti on ( 1 786) by Henry Gray Macnab ( 1 761 who

on was for some time University lecturer the subj ect , and in the Exhibition there is another of his publications also treating of the art of public speaking .

1 1 - Dr . William Wight ( 73 82) the versatile and erudite professor of history , besides prelecting on Ecclesiastical History , was in use to give an annual course of over on e hundred lectures on the study

hi of of Civil History , w ch appears from the Syllabus or Heads li . . Fou s 1 6 Lectures , printed by R A in 7 7 and again , in an improved

1 2 of form in 77 , to have been an encyclopaedic description . Amongst other subj ects he touched upon the Fine Arts . In the Syllabus of

1 6 - 7 7 , the ninety third lecture was — Rise and progress of the fine arts age of Leo the tenth

ai causes why musick , painting , statuary and architecture att ned

a to greater perfection in It ly than elsewhere . THE UNIVERSITY AND THE ACADEMY 71

This was somewhat expanded in 1 772 and formed the subj ect of

- - - lectures eighty Six , eighty seven and eighty eight Revival of arts in Europe—Peculiar advantages of Italy — with respect to the cultivation of the Fine Arts Alteration of

the military art during this period . Architecture among the Saracens—The Gothic—The revival

O of f the Grecian architecture , the most celebrated artists , and — the greatest works of this kind in modern times Statuary

- Scu lpture Engraving . — — Revival of painting Various branches of this art Different schools of painting and their respective merit—Characters of f f —the most eminent performers in the dif erent nations o Europe State of this art in modern times .

The treatment must necessarily have been slight , but it is of

on interest to know that , while the Academy was being carried , something at least was being taught in the University of the history

of art . Shortly after Fou lis had established his Academy in Glasgow

P f or of a lan an Academy was published , which an abstract

’ appeared in the Gen tlema n s M a gaz i n e and in the S c ots M a ga z i n e of

1 March , 755 . It was proposed that some fine pictures , casts ,

b u stoes reliev oes i n ta lia s , bas , g , antiquity , history , architecture ,

’ i Fou lis draw ngs and paintings be purchased . This was scheme ,

but while there were to be professors to deliver lectures on anatomy ,

geometry , perspective , architecture and other sciences , it is not explained what provision was intended to be made for practical

teaching .

THE E Q UIPMENT O F THE ACADE MY

The Academy provided competent teachers , and pictures , draw

ings , prints and models , and other necessary equipment for study

P s and for teaching . upil were received and trained as apprentices .

Fou lis I receive no gratification , Robert explains , from the 7 2 ROBE RT AND AN D RE W FOULI S

young men bred to be Artists in the Academy , but I give them wages

on from the beginning , so that they are taught easier conditions than they wou ld learn the ordinary mechanic trades . They also receive little rewards or prizes occasionally to stir them up to outdo them

01 selves their companions . These are proportioned to their condi tion and my ability .

In the management of this institution , says Lord Buchan , great attention was paid to the models given to the students for t heir study and imitation , and nothing was neglected that might tend to prevent their having anything to unlearn , when they should

r of a rive at that degree improvement , which qualified them to think , and j udge for themselves .

1 6 As appears from the sale catalogue of 77 , the actual number of pictures in the Academy gal lery was 553 . From

1 an analysis made by the late Mr . Gabriel Neil ( 797 the great masters were represented thus

C E CTU RES PI TU R S PI . . Raphael 3 9 Salvator Rosa 8 Julio Romano 6 Titian 22 Leonardo da Vinci 6 Paul Veronese 8

Bu on ar otti M . Angelo 9 Bassano 9 Correggio 1 6 Rubens 3 6 Annibale Caracci 1 5 Vandyck 3 0 Guido 3 1 Rembrandt 8

P 1 0 Andrea del Sarto 7 N . oussin Carlo Maratti 1 0 Mignard 6 Spa g n oletti 2 Coypel 5

of In addition , there were 94 pictures the Italian , Flemish and

F of rench schools , consisting landscapes , flower pieces , still life , and portraits .

1 2 P M . Writing in 77 , ennant says , essrs Robert and Andrew

Fouli s , printers and booksellers to the University , have instituted an academy for painting and engraving ; and , like good citizens , z a e lous to promote the welfare and honour of their native place ,

74 R OBE RT AND AN D RE W FOU LI S — from his friends . Some spoke plainly . Mr . William Sturrock b y — mistake called Harrock by Mr . Duncan a Glasgow graduate and

old of an acquaintance , then secretary of the Earl Northumberland ,

on 26th 1 : writes from London December , 753 My Lady will be glad to see your Prints when finished

of but I cannot help thinking that my Lord is opinion , that a correct and well - printed Book would be more agreeable to l P . us from your ress than anything else These wil ornament ,

al and with great lustre too , as well as with re profit , the Lib P P P raries of opes and rinces , while your rints lye mouldering in a Dusty Corner We are overrun with Prints of all kinds

’ but good Printing will be deem d a novelty since the days of

. nl R Stephens , who minded o y one thing ; and pray consider , P he lay under more disadvantages than you do now . rint for ” posterity and prosper .

. ou t The Rt . Hon Charles Townshend endeavoured to point the f di ficulties involved in carrying out the scheme , and to persuade him to stop , but in vain . Not only the Duke of Argyle but all men of sense wished him more success in Printing than in Paint ing and Sculpture . A few years later , Mr . Dalrymple , an old and tried friend , repeated advice which he had evidently given before . After pointing out that there wa s no enthusiasm f or the Academy in the community , and that he need not look for any substantial support he continues :

I do earnestly beseech you to retrench your Scheme and

ex en c e of d of p , instead exten ing it upon the hopes the good will

of f or of your countrymen for take my word it again , very few

or them give one farthing either for the fine arts for you , and f or that reason it is your duty in common sense to draw in your

off all su erfl u ities scheme , to sell p , and to bring it into a mer ” c a n tile f af air as much as you can .

To such kind suggestions and sound advice Fou lis turned a deaf ear . His interest in the Academy and his enthusiasm for art remained unabated . PROGRESS OF THE ACADEMY 75

PROG RE SS O F TH E ACADE MY

In a letter written in 1 756 Fou lis says The Magazines of Vertu have not yet escaped the dangers

of - the seas , but those that have arrived answer the expectations

f s o o . the public , as to excite an universal curiosity The Saint

a s Cecilia supports his character an original of Raphael , and the

Carrying to the Tomb , an original by the same master, is one of

f Ver the noblest pieces o painting I e saw . The Duke of Hamilton having generously off ered us the liberty of copying or engraving

n an[y] of his pictures , the painter is still there . He fi ished first

of of a copy the Supper Emmaus by Titian , and his copy is

l of esteemed a faithfu and beautiful representation the original . The next picture he attempted was the most celebrated picture

— of — z of in Scotland , Daniel in the Den Lions , the Si e life , an

original picture by Rubens , for which it is said the family

refused a thousand guineas . This picture , by reason of its

’ ’ ’ c o d great dimensions , cou d not be py without making a thoro

’ al of of ob li d tri the abilities the copyist , which g him to copy at

’ th e so a rov d a great distance from original , and this is well pp ,

h a s that I have not heard one that have [ ] seen it , that has not

’ fin ish d declared great satisfaction . It was few days ago , and ’ l placed up in the Duke[ s] gal ery on his birthday . I have been

assured by several that were present , that it gave universal satisfaction to a great company of nobility and gentry who were

present . He has now begun to copy a picture of a Treaty between England and Germany or Flanders in queen Elizabeth ’ s

of time . This picture is not only valuable as a piece painting ,

so but as a piece of history , and [for] the portraits of many cele

ted b ra on . persons , all whose names are the picture It belonged

of of to the Earl Sunderland , and was made a present by him to

of . the then Earl Hamilton The story is , that my Lord Sunder land gave him the choice of al l his pictures n ot expecting that

’ on e f him of he wou d have chosen that , he of ered his choice 76 ROBE RT AND AN DRE W FOULI S

any other two to part with it . The next we propose to copy in Hamilton is a portrait of the Earl of Danby by Vandyke but

is before that done , I am determined to have him return to ” Glasgow to work after nature and Raphael .

’ Fou lis O em lo d In the same letter , writes , ur engraver is p y

ll - O of : in doing a fu length picture f the Duke Argyle as it is large ,

— of all done with the graver, and a great deal work in several

’ its see . parts of it , I don t expect to it published before winter If

on appearance paper be suitable to its appearance on copper , it will

l s be a masterpiece . The duke had always befriended Fou i ; he

1 8 admired his printing , and employed him in 75 to print the catalogue of of his library at Inveraray . This is a good piece work and is

of bibliographically interesting , as indicating the character a well

Selected private library of the period . The duke , says Denina ,

of patronised the ingenious with a bounty worthy himself, and

of h as paid particular attention to the university Glasgow, which

on e of since become the most renowned in Europe . He had been a student of the University for some time , and afterwards studied

’

. 1 Thea tru m M a c hi n a r u m at Utrecht In 753 he presented Leupold s ,

to in nine volumes folio , the library , and thoughtfully proposed to “ send a manuscript translation from the High Dutch , in order to ” render the book more generally useful .

w a s C The portrait that by Allan Ramsay , which the orporation

1 0 had acquired in 75 , and which hung in the Council Hall . The

n ot of 1 engraving was finished until the beginning 757 , when it is

Gla s ow ou r n a l 2 th 1 thus announced in the g j of 4 January , 757 , and in the corresponding issue of the Gla sgow Cou ra n t

Thi s da i s u bli sh ed y p , A PR I N T of his Grace the Duke of A R GY L L engraved

of - in the academy Glasgow , from the full length picture in the — town hall , painted by Mr . Ramsay . To be sold by R . and A .

Fou lis s , price 4 .

Work must have been proceeding with great rapidity . There are announced on 1 4th February A View from the south of the

78 ROBERT AN D AN D RE W FOULI S

of 1 On the dispersal of the contents the Academy in 779, it l appears from the sa e catalogue , that the then owners had been able to make up three complete sets of the prints , done up in

’ three books , amounting to in number . Mr . Neil s estimate was therefore somewhat within the mark . What appears to be a fragment of one of these volumes is in the

Exhibition . ASSI STANCE

The capital which Robert Fou lis had Obtained f or carrying on his proj ect was soon exhausted ; and more money was required .

The engravings , drawings and other works executed in the Academy

l of cou d not be disposed , and , as they accumulated , became dead

Fou lis stock . Andrew had originally nothing to do with the

2 1 st 1 8 Academy , but became a partner on February , 75 , presumably to assist the finance . At this juncture Mr . Dalrymple came to

’ Robert Fou lis assistance and prepared A Pr oposa l f or en c ou ra gi n g b su bscri ti on a n A c adem or a i n ti n a n d sc u l tu r e n ow i n sti tu ted y p y f p g p ,

’ Fou lis a t Gla sgow . This he printed and put in circulation without

S c ots M a a z i n e of knowledge , and had it reprinted in the g January “ Fou lis 1 . 759 A subscription was begun here last spring , says

M . 1 1 8 . in a letter to r Yorke , of date 5th September , 75 , by Mr

Dalrymple , a warm promoter of great designs , and to whom I know it is a most agreeable circumstance that the present has the

of protection your family . His Proposals which were made without

ex rest . my knowledge are well p , a copy of which I enclose Writing

. of long after , Mr Kenrick Bewdley , describes him as the friend and

of Fou lis set on protector Robert , and says , he foot a subscription to support this worthy patriot who had sacrificed so much for the

emb a ra ss honour of his country , and to extricate him from serious ” ments into which his painting had involved him and his family . f l C o . a Through the exertions Mr D rymple , William ullen , and

" i su m other fr ends a small was raised , but it was inadequate to

extricate the enthusiastic proj ector from his diffi culties .

’ M ou lis Acting , no doubt , upon r . Dalrymple s suggestion , F pre ASSISTANCE 79

A Ca talo u e o i ctu res dra wi n s ri n ts sta tu es a n d bu sts i n pared g f p , g , p ,

la i ster o Pa ri s don e i n the A c adem i n the Un i ver si t o la s ow p f y y f G g . It — extends to 1 4 pages folio and h as an engraved title page executed in the Academy—which concludes with the notice In this Catalogue

of is inserted a collection prints , the plates of which are the property of lis Fou . P f . . o R and A ublished for the use Subscribers . Th e pictures were 88 in number ; and were Copies of works

Fou lis on C purchased by the continent , except three which were opies

Pal of pictures in the Hamilton ace collection . V l The original works were iews in G asgow and neighbourhood .

1 The drawings were 3 in number ; most of them were copies , but some were originals .

P Fou lis The rints were from the plates purchased by Robert ,

of and embraced a vast variety subj ects , but were apparently of

6d. d trifling value , the most of them being sold for each , many at 3

I S . and very few at more than In addition , there was a considerable

n collection from plates engraved i the Academy . The statues were

of all moulded at Glasgow , and several them were modelled there .

WORK OF THE ACADE MY

The z eal wi th which Fou lis sought to promote the study of art communicated itself in a Slight degree to the citizens . Manufacturers

f or applied to the Academy for designs and engraved plates . The first plate executed in Scotland for calico printing was engraved by a

r pupil of the Academy . The eng aved medals deposited under the four

of 1 1 corners the Macfarlane Observatory on 7th August , 757 , were

t 1 6 . h probably prepared in the Academy On 4 April , 7 5 , the Library Committee of the University was requested to bespeak a Copper

of plate the University Arms , an impression of which is to be pasted ” o . n every Book . This was no doubt got from the Academy Art was

Fou lis P talked about and discussed . Both and rofessor Moor (who in this connection has been curiously confounded with Jacob More) read essays on the subj ect before the Literary Society of Glasgow . 80 ROBE RT AN D AN D RE W FOU LI S

1 Fou lis Books upon Art were circulated . In 755 R . A . published

u d men t o the Wor ks o th e Pri n c i a l a n d Best Pa i n ter s Du Fresnoy , j g f f p o th e two la st A es Co el Di sc ou r s su r f g , and a little earlier Antoine yp ,

’ la Pei n tu re 1 6 of Al a r otti s . Robert Urie in 7 4 published a translation g

’ E ssa on Pa i n ti n 1 66 of Re lec ti on s y g , and in 7 a translation Winkelman s f c on c e n r i n g the I mi ta ti on of the Gr ec i a n A rti sts i n Pa i n ti n g a n dS c u lptu r e.

While there was a certain amount of interest in the Academy amongst the citizens there was little enthusiasm . Their attitude is touched off by Thom in reference to another matter We were

ou r - convinced , from past observation , that fellow citizens pay no gr eat regard to proj ects that have n ot an immediate tendency to increase their wealth . Such proj ects may , perhaps , at a time when trade happens to be dull , make a little noise among them for a day or n o two , but they are soon forgot , and leave serious impressions on their minds .

O S c ots M a a z i n e Similar bservations occur in a notice , in the g for

1 Fou lis 757 , of the Homer “ If this impression had no other merit to recommend it

than the improvement made in typography , that alone would be suffi cient to intitle it to the patronage of the public ; but

we are sorry to observe , that the little encouragement given to

of the cultivation arts and sciences , is not the least instance f o the corruption and degeneracy of modern times . If there was the smallest spark of national Spirit among

so of us , the liberal arts would not be destitute patrons as to

fly abroad for protection . They who have no taste to relish

them , would , if they loved their country , patronize them from

political principles .

The higher perfection the arts attain in any country , the

greater will be the demand for its particular productions . The nation that ou t- rivals its neighbours will become the mart of commerce the ingenious and industrious will procure a c om f or tab le subsistence ; the inhabitants will multiply ; and the ”

kingdom increase in riches , and , consequently , in power .

82 ROBE RT AND AN D RE W FOULI S

bring a gr eat revenue to the crown ; and such manufactures

of are numerous in this country it is consequently , the interest government to encourage arts subservient to the wealth of the

of . country , and the increase the revenue f Yet the ef orts made in this way , amidst great difficulties , could neither have subsisted as they have done for above twenty f years , nor been undertaken , without the assistance af orded by

the exercise of printing nor would that alone have done , without the assistance of Opulent and generous protectors for

to the attempt was not confined engraving in wood and copper ,

- a drawing school was established , where many gentlemen , some

of whom have been remarkably distinguished , have laid the T first foundations of that part of education . his year the first prize for history- painting in Rome was adjudged to a painter

bred at this school .

PATRONAGE O F TH E ACADE MY

Robert Foul is was very grateful to the Earl of Hardwicke for the trouble which Colonel Yorke had taken in Obtaining the release e of the pictures impounded at Rott rdam , and to himself for obtain

of on . ing remission duty their entering this country Accordingly , — 1 8 . in July , 75 , he sent to him , through Mr Wedderburn afterwards — Lord Loughborough two pictures copied by students of the

r Academy . The Lord Chancellor immediately w ote in reply

I think myself so much obliged to you for it [the present] that I cannot help taking the first opportunity to return you

e of my thanks , and to assure you y pleasure I take in seeing the progress you have already made in your very patriotic and

of laudable undertaking , and my sincere wishes that you may

e bring it to perfection for y public benefit of the cou ntry as well

o as your wn particu lar advantage . Having asked how he might suitably recognise the scholars to PATR ONA GE OF THE ACADEMY 83

Foul is whom he was indebted for their performances , in the course of his reply explains that the pictures were intended as a slight

’ acknowledgment of his lordship s kindness , and adds Three hundred and fifty pictures were received and

’

son . given me anew by your , the King s minister at the Hague The most of these with many others owe the easy terms of their

’ admission to your Lordship s interest . Since this is the truth

of the case , no performance the Academy can ever be capable

of producing can properly be considered in any other light , than the becoming acknowledgments of a grateful mind wi thout

power .

P The great Homer had been dedicated to George , rince of Wales ,

1 P i n in 1 756 . In 759 the rince is understood to have made a tour

i n c o n ito of h Scotland g , under the guidance Jo n , third Earl of Bute , his Groom of the Stole . They stayed for several days in Glasgow but how they spent their time is not recorded . The Earl had been l an early and was a steady patron of Robert Fou is . It was no doubt through his intervention that the Prince had accepted the dedication of the Homer , and it is very probable that he would be

P - see . taken to the College , the rinting House , and the Academy If

so Fou lis . , Robert had no knowledge of the character of his visitor

1 62 of In 7 , he says , that from the commencement the enterprise he had hoped to make it not un worthy of being known to the King ;

see and asks Mr . Yorke to Lord Bute and ascertain whether he coul d get the King to accept C opies made by h is students of two pictures , one by Raphael and the other by Rubens , as specimens of the work done in the Academy .

Despite a ll the stir and talk the Academy languished . It was

- intended to be self supporting . The staff was to be maintained by the produce of their own labours . The works of masters and

i al pup ls were intended for s e , but while they were visited and admired there w as no market . Apart altogether from the fact that the enthusiasm for art of the people of Glasgow and of the neighbourhood 84 ROBERT AND AN D REW FOULI S

was less than that of the founder of the Academy , there were few

- of picture buyers in Glasgow . One the things required by a picture

- collector is wall space on which to exhibit his purchases , but , when

w a s s et the Academy up , there were not many houses in Glasgow

of which possessed this requisite . Dr . Johnson , speaking Glasgow

1 of in 773 , says , The prosperity its commerce appears by the greatness of many private houses , and a general appearance of ” al 60 . : 1 we th These were , however , recent until the year 7 few self- contained houses had been built in Glasgow ; the greater

of part the wealthier inhabitants continued , till a much later period ,

on e to occupy flats which had generally only reception room , although the statement by Mr . Dugald Bannatyne , that the family usually took their meals in a bedroom , is erroneous , as was long ago pointed out by Mr . Laurence Hill . It was impossible , therefore , that the citizens of Glasgow should be patrons of art , except to a limited P f . o C extent When rovost Arthur Connell , father Sir John onnell ,

1 6 on the great church lawyer, was dean of guild ( 7 4 he lived

’ the third storey of a house on the south Side of Bell s Wynd con ”

of . sisting four rooms , a kitchen and two garret rooms The f Countess o Glencairn lived in a flat in the Tr on g a it. John Short

’ 1 66 ridge s tenement on the south side of Argyle Street , built about 7 ,

on e of had house on each flat eight rooms and kitchen , several of the rooms being large and the roof high . This was the new order of things . P ortrait painting was the form in which art was most in demand ,

of and the various exhibitions portraits of Glasgow men and women , which have from time to time been held , Show to how large an extent

- it was patronised . Of seventy seven pictures sold by auction in Glasgow in 1 702 fif ty - four were portraits at a sale in Edinburgh in

1 0 . 7 5 the whole of the pictures , thirty in number , were portraits

’ l Ple dell s wi w as Counse lor y library , it l l be remembered , hung with

of of a portrait or two Scottish characters eminence by Jamieson ,

V . 1 the Caledonian andyke Sir John Dalrymple , writing in 757 , recommends that they Should practise landscape painting in the

Academy , as landscapes will sell best and hit the present taste

86 R OBE RT AND AN D RE W FOULI S

Allan Cunningham says : Much that he performed during his servitude was necessarily of a prelimi nary nature ; yet he made such progress as enabled him , before he left the Academy , to sketch

oil - i - a picture in colours , show ng the interior of the painting room ,

i Foul is . w th the students at their tasks , and giving his instructions T hese three , along with two other pupils , James Maxwell and

‘ P 1 2 of John axton ( 7 5 were sent to Italy , at the expense the

of Academy , to complete their education in art , which was part the

’ scheme in the Plan f or an Academy in the Gen tlema n s M a ga z i n e before referred to . At Rome the Glasgow pupils were taken in

- charge by the well known Gavin Hamilton , a Lanarkshire man — whose bust is in the Hunterian Museum and the Ab b é Grant .

1 Cochran , who became apprentice in 754 , was the first that was sent ,

Fou lis and Charles Yorke , at the request of , obtained a passage for

’ - - him in a man of war and gave him letters of introduction . Cochran s portrait of Dr . Cullen is in the University collection , and that of

’ Alexander Speirs of Elderslie is in the Merchants House .

1 6 According to Redgrave , Alexander Runciman ( 73 the

’ f or Fou lis s historical painter , studied a time in Academy at

Glasgow , but this seems to be a mistake . Runciman and Allan both became masters in the Drawing School of the Board of Trustees in Edinburgh . The versatile George Walker , portrait painter , and

- . w a s al water colour artist (d commemorated by Campbell , so

f ' l s educated in the Glasgow Academy . He held the office o a n d c a pe

of V painter to the King , and some his landscapes are in the ictoria and Al bert Museum . Of the engravers and modell ers who laid the foundation of their l studies at the Glasgow Academy , James Mitche l and William

a nd Buchanan were the best Ralston is mentioned by Campbell ,

l s John Lawson and William Jameson by Fou i .

Charles Cordiner , afterwards a student in the University , and ’ f minister of St . Andrew s episcopal chapel , Banf , studied in the

Academy , and made some drawings which were engraved by Robert P d aul , the most active of the students . Cor iner corresponded with STUDE NTS OF THE ACADE MY 87

A n ti u i ti es a n d S c en er Gough and was patronised by Pennant . His q y o the North o S c otla n d 1 80 2 1 f f , published at London in 7 , with plates

P of engraved by eter Mazell , consisted a series of letters addressed

P of The to ennant . Some his drawings were also engraved in

’ Vi rtu o o s M u seu s m .

Fou lis The essays in landscapes , says , that were done by P Robert aul , a little before his death , have that simplicity which promises superior excellence . The view of the West Street , called

Tr on a te of the g Glasgow , is the most capital , as it is the last of his works , and was finished after his death by William Buchanan . This is a fine View and gives an excell ent idea of this fine street as it was at the accession of King George the Third . The other views of Glasgow and of places in the neighbourhood are interesting , as records of how our city looked to those who trod her streets a

of hundred and fifty years ago . It is probable that the painting C Bothwell astle , in the Hunterian Museum , was done in the P P Academy . One of the Glasgow Views by Robert aul , rospect of Bla c k f r a rs the Entry to the y Church at Glasgow , is

Fou lis reproduced in order to Show it as it was seen by Robert , by Leechman and Simson , by James Boswell and Lord Cardross , by George Whitefield and John Wesley , and the students who passed through it to the church , which was then used as the College chapel .

P son or Robert aul may have been a , other relative of that Robert

P of 1 aul who was Deacon the Barber craft in 745, and whose essay

Fou lis 1 master Robert was in 727 . James Tassie ( 1 73 5 famed for his imitations of antique gems lli i and meda ons , hav ng seen the Academy pictures , was seized with

h e . the desire to himself an artist , and entered as a pupil Before “ leaving the Academy , says Campbell , he executed some excellent ” al work , particularly busts of Livy and Cicero . Amongst his med lions of Fou lis of of Glasgow men were those of Robert , Adam Smith ,

’ a of P Thomas Reid , Smith s successor in the ch ir Moral hilosophy ,

of . John Millar , the jurist , and David Dale , the philanthropist

or Ta c ie of 1 0 - 1 One John Tassie , , was Deacon the Barbers 74 4 ; 88 ROBE RT AND AN D RE W FOULI S

1 - another John Tassie was Burgh Treasurer 754 55 ; and , a few years

T - later , William assie was the foremost leather breeches maker in the

sa city ; but whether any of them was related to the artist I cannot y .

1 62 When Lord Cardross was at Glasgow with his regiment in 7 , he matriculated as a student of the University , attended the lectures

of Adam Smith and other professors , and found time to study in

1 61 the Academy . In 7 he had been on duty at Fort Augustus with

2n d F his regiment , the 3 oot in which he was lieutenant , and when there expected to be able to make a tour in the Hebrides .

di Lillim a n In this he was sappointed , but meeting with William , of the Royal Engineers , then in garrison at Fort George , and finding that he was to make a similar tour , arranged with him to make two f f o o al of . drawings the remains the cathedr Iona This , says Lord

r m e i Card oss , he kindly performed , and presented with the draw ngs on his return , which I afterwards etched in the Academy at Glasgow . One of these solitary specimens of my needl e is inserted with my account of the Island in the Transactions of the Society of the

of fir A r c ha eolo i a Antiquaries Scotland , that is , the st volume of g

S c oti c a . a mateu r Redgrave , after classing him as an , and putting the

h is ou t of dates of birth and death j oint , says , that amongst his later works were some portraits , and that these and his etchings ” are respectable .

’

Raphael s Cartoons engraved by Mitchell and Buchanan , and

1 was published in 773 , is a very handsome book and at one time much

’ Th e sought after . Gallery of Raphael , or Raphael s Bible , engraved

1 0 by Buchanan and published in 77 , is also a fine book and used also to bring a good price . Dr . William Hunter entrusted the engraving of An a tomi a Uteri hu ma n i some of the plates for his great work ,

r a vi di g , to James Mitchell .

Richard Gough , the antiquary , made a tour in Scotland , in the course of which he visited the Academy , and made some very

disparaging remarks regarding it , in a letter to his friend Michael

T 2 1 1 ° P yson , dated September 9, 77 The collection of ictures

on e on e at Hamilton seems to be a good , even if regards only the

STUDENTS OF THE ACAD E MY 89

’ Portraits : But the Fou lis s of Glasgow have so mis-named and

- on e mis copied the best paintings , that is quite disgusted with Scotch

‘ verti l of . They have engraved a wretched View Loch Lomond ,

ou set P which I have got for y , together with a of Scotch oems from ” their press . He was evidently writing in bad temper and with

of insufficient information . Only three the Hamilton pictures were copied and these were not misnamed . Other travellers formed

O of MP . a better pinion the copies . When James Coutts , for Edin

in 1 6 burgh , visited the Academy 7 7 he paid fifty guineas for the

on e of Academy copy of Daniel in the Den of Lions , the Hamilton

pictures , and purchased others at a cost of fifty guineas more .

E X HIBITION OF PICTURE S

1 6 Fou lis Writing in 75 , says I am determined in the

of beginning winter to expose all that is hitherto done to public view , in order to excite emulation , and to have some little prizes for

w . dra ing He was always pleased to Show the pictures , both those

h e done in the Academy and the collection had made abroad , and the citiz ens and strangers had many Opportunities for seeing them .

On the occasion of the coronation of George I I I . and Q ueen

on 22n d 1 61 Charlotte , September , 7 , a number of the principal pictures belonging to the Academy were ex hibited f or inspection by the public . They were hung in the open air , upon the walls of the

of z inner quadrangle the College , while a bonfire bla ed upon the

on . High Street , according to the custom such occasions David

Allan made a drawing of the scene , which was engraved , and has thus been preserved .

’ The pictures were also exhibited on the King s birthday . In the

Don aldson i a d of 1 6 d 7 3 , reference is ma e to the bonny Show that

’ ’ ” we mak here wi ou r pictures on his [the King s] birth day .

of ou lis Mr . John Fleming , already mentioned as corrector the F P th 1 0 ress , notes in his diary under date 4 June , 77 This day , ’ P Monday , the King s birthday was celebrated . The ictures belonging M 90 ROBE RT AN D AND RE W FOULI S

ou lis to the Messrs . F in the Academy at Glasgow were exhibited in t f h e o . see Inner Court the College A great crowd went to them . James Turner of Th r u sh g rov e notes that the exhibitions ceased a 1 bout 775 .

FINANCIAL TROU BLE

Th e chief difficulty in carrying on the Academy was want of

of fu nds . Lemoine remarked that the literary genius Greece and l Rome had already produced to the Messieurs Fou is ample fortunes . T his was very far from being the case . Money , as has been seen , had to be borrowed for the printing and publishing business , and it is doubtful whether it did more than pay its way . In his letter to

1 Fou lis P Sir William Murray in 754 , Robert remarks , rivate profit is what I have too much undervalued in my other undertakings

’ to regard it in the present circumstances . If there was a profit

c on the printing , it must have been omparatively small , and quite

a s insufficient to support an establishment such the Academy . There were hopes at on e time that Government might give a grant towards the expenses , but the proj ect came to nothing . Lord

to of Selkirk talked me a proj ect , writes Sir John Dalrymple , to get a Salary settled upon you by the Government he spoke of this

’ of as if he had thought it before hand , tho like a man that did not care to speak of it unless he could speak of it with certainty . You

ll see . wi him at passing may talk to him Further , in the way the P ’ Duke of Argyle Speaks of you and with the spirit of Mr . itt s ministry I fancy the thing may not be quite an Idea .

1 Foulis In 755 the University granted the Messrs . a loan on the

of P security the rinting Office and their adj oining property , and in the same year purchased from them the Clementine MS . of the O ctateuch of the Septuagint , probably with the view of putting them in funds .

s Although Ingram , Glassford and Campbell were styled partner in the Academy , they took comparatively little monetary risk in it ,

1 0 and , when Ingram died in 77 , their advances became payable , but

92 ROB E RT AND AN D REW FOULI S

hat under his arm , and holding his Travels into Abyssinia by

It was also published by Darly on 9th December in the same year . Topham himself was the subject of several of the caricatures of the day . The management of the bookselling and printing business devolved

- upon Andrew , who devoted himself to it , as an eye witness records , with unwearied diligence and assiduity . He held an auction three or Sal tma rk et wi th four hours every evening in the , printed catalogues ,

’ ow - to raise money to pay his n and his brother s under workmen , so that I believe there never was a more slavish labourer in any employment . At the same time he attended the Shop alone . P ressed for money and beset by claims upon all hands , the

’ Fou lis firm became remiss in meeting their engagements . ”

P 1 2 . conduct is unaccountable , writes George aton in 77 I blush — ? at the breach of promise and bad treatment z What need I sa y

Many complain of the same style of them . A few years before a d P quarrel had broken out between them an rofessor James Moor ,

z of whose sister Eli abeth , then dead , had been the first wife Robert

ou lis . of of . F Money was at the root this , as most family disputes

The professor had become indebted to the firm , and as security

h is had pledged library . When they themselves began to be pressed f or funds , presumably they applied to Dr . Moor for payment of his debt , which he was unable to meet , and , as it would appear ,

they in consequence took possession of the library . He had a

’ C scholar s love for his books . He had hosen them with care and j udgment , and had Slowly and with considerable difficulty collected

them during many years . He could not bear to part with them ,

and never forgave their seizure . He had a biting pen , and revenged himself by throwing Off caustic epigrams upon his unfortunate

- - in . brother law Trouble pressed upon him . His health gave way ,

and he became very irritable . His difficulties were great , and in his

ou lis so distress he blamed Robert F for his misfortunes , but far as

1 66 can now be ascertained , unj ustly . In 7 he had to employ an assistant in teaching h is class next year his furniture was poinded ‘ A F OUXA LS r - ” OW 7 he retri a l /i) T en tw a t GL A S G ° l ” b - w » 1 oi 6 h ® 61 j nm / 7 7 3 3 9 J am/ii)

CARICATURE PORTRAIT O F AND REW F O U L I S

B E T y . oph a m

Pu b s ed b M l . D a r l a n u a r 1 1 i h y y , J y , 7 7 5

94 ROBE RT AND AN D REW FOULI S

some singular construction . This also soon terminated in loss ,

of which was to be expected , for I never heard his having any

r ul peculiar mechanical o agric tural turn .

In 1 761 and again in 1 768 the firm published works on Ag r ic u l

on 8th 1 Fou lis ture ; and November , 777 , Robert read a paper before the Literary Society , On the improvement of Agriculture and at the same time diminishing the expense . The reclamation of on e of peat bogs was the questions of the day , and much was being done for getting rid of the moss or for converting it into

Fou lis arable land . Apparently thought that he had hit upon a

ou t plan for carrying such a scheme .

’ P a t Au c h en a ir n rincipal Leechman had a farm , on which he amused himself during the long vacation ; Professor Richardson

of had a charming retreat at Croy , in the parish Killearn and when P rofessor Rouet returned from his continental travels , he purchased

of Au c h en den n a n of the estate on the Shores Loch Lomond , and built

l Belretir o of himself a villa , which he cal ed , in memory his soj ourn f o . in Italy , and lived the life an agriculturist and improver It may be that Robert Fou lis hoped to divert his thoughts and invigorate himself by some country occupation , and solve a problem which at the time excited great public interest .

SOME NOTABLE VISITORS

“ Robert Foul is mentions that the Academy pictures had been “ visited by many persons , both British and foreign Many who

had seen them , he adds , and who expected nothing in Glasgow

of the kind , were not a little surprised on finding so many pictures f ” of the first order o every school .

1 In June , 757 , John Wesley paid a visit to Glasgow , where he

was the guest of Dr . John Gillies ( 1 7 1 2 the active and evangelical

of r d minister of the College Church . In the afternoon Friday , 3

C sa w June , we walked to the ollege and the new library , with the

of f . o collection pictures Many them are by Raphael , Rubens , SOME N OTAB LE VI SITO RS 95

Va n Dyck , and other eminent hands but they have not room to

place them to advantage , their whole building being very small .

1 6 In August , 7 4 , Thomas Gray , the poet , visited Glasgow in the

of course of a short tour in Scotland , but only a bald note what he

sa w has been preserved Glasgow , still on the Clyde , an elegant

’ lis P . ou City Roman inscriptions at the College . Mr . F icture

Gallery . The Kirk was the ancient Cathedral , a noble Gothick

’ s oil d t f Building , miserably p with Galleries ou o repair . Gray was

f of P Fou lis of a riend rofessor Wight , and already knew , whom , as

1 6 appears from a letter in 7 3 , he had a high opinion as a printer , and thought that the Glasgow press was equal in beauty to anything

e of in Europe . Four years afterwards , when the Glasgow dition his

Poems wa s of in hand , he writes , I rej oice to be in the hands Mr .

Fou li s of , who has the laudable ambition surpassing his predecessors

Eti en n es Elz evi r s l the and the , as we l in literature , as in the proper

of Poems ou t art his profession . The printing of the turned well ,

a n d Fou lis of H omer presented the author with a copy the folio , ” lis . ou . Mr F , says Gray , is magnificent in his gratitude When we last met James Boswell he had j ust formed the acquaint

ance of Francis Gentleman , and had accepted a Dedication from him .

of It was from him , and at that time , that he had first heard

o Dictionary Johnson . Boswell was now n terms of intimacy with

. i of Dr Johnson , and had v sited Corsica and become the friend P General aoli . The illustrious Corsican chief was all along resolved ,

since he arrived in Great Britain , to make a tour to Scotland , and

Es r Visit James Boswell , q . , who was the fi st gentleman of this country

r that visited Corsica , and whose w itings made the brave Islanders ” and their General be properly known and esteemed over Europe .

of 1 1 The plan could not be carried out until the autumn 77 , when

z the General came to Scotland , accompanied by Count Bur ynski , the P olish ambassador . After visiting Edinburgh and some other places

of th they arrived at Glasgow on the evening 5 September . 6 On Friday , Sept . , they walked about and viewed the

of beautiful and flourishing city Glasgow without being known . 96 ROB E RT AND AN D RE W FOULI S

ot But by the time they g to the university , the report went that P General aoli was in town and then every body was in motion ,

s l crowding to ee him . Their Exce lencies viewed the elegant

printing and academy of painting , sculpture , etc . of the Scottish

Fou lis en th u Stephani , the Mess . , who were transported with

sia sm to see such Visitors . The university was not sitting but P there luckily happened to be there the rofessors Moor , Muir

head , Anderson , Trail , Wilson , Reid , and Stevenson , who

shewed the university to great advantage , and entertained

of distin c their Excellencies , and a number of other gentlemen

- i . tion , w th wine and sweet meats in the library The magistrates of Glasgow behaved with that dignity and propriety which

of might be expected from gentlemen extensive commerce , and

of consequently enlarged minds gentlemen great fortunes , and consequently independent spirits ; they considered it as an honour to their city to shew every mark of respect to so dis

tin u ish ed P g and truly estimable a personage as General aoli ,

and to the representative of a crowned head .

They accordingly invited them to dinner , and after visiting

Auchinleck , the visitors returned to Glasgow and were hospitably ’ — entertained at the Saracen s- head Inn then presided over by the

Mrs — P . b energetic Graham y Lord rovost Colin Dunlop , and the magistrates . The account of their visit was evidently written by Boswell

of himself, and it is a curious coincidence that in the number

S c ots M a a z i n e on the g , in which it appears , there is an epigram

’ ’ Mr . Francis Gentleman s alteration of some of Ben Jonson s plays

Mark the commandments , Frank , GO no further

I S it not written ,

Thou sha lt do n o mu rther 9

Two years later Dr . Johnson made his memorable tour in Scotland t . 28 h 1 with Boswell On October , 773 , they arrived at Glasgow and

’ - NGL SH put up at the Saracen s head . Here am I , an E I man ,

98 ROBE RT AND AND RE W EDU LI S

Situated as they were the brothers could have had little heart f or lively conversation . Business cares were pressing upon them they had to raise money three times during that year , and again in

1 of 774 . One the obligations incurred in the latter year was a bill f d. o f 1 26 3 . C for £ 9 5 to John Fleming , portioner arnduf , probably a f connection o their proof reader . Whether this money was for the

or peat moss enterprise for the Academy does not appear . The Academy and the press had been engaged on The S even Ca rtoon s

o Ra ha el 1 . f p , which was published in 773 , in folio

1 In 775 Mary Anne Hanway , the novelist , visited Glasgow . “ T n his tow [Glasgow] is a very good one , and ought to figure considerably in the history of modern Scotland the houses are well

built , and the streets broad and well paved . There is an air of

w of th e metropolitan dignity in it , (not ithstanding the cold look stone houses) which entitles it to a much greater share of the traveller ’ s admiration , than even the capital of the country . The college is a large handsome building it looks equally venerable and classical .

The library is a very noble room with a gallery round it , supported by pillars there is likewise a very good collection of original pictures shown here , with which I was very agreeably entertained , though no virtuoso or connoisseur .

DE ATH OF TH E BROTHE RS

1 1 8 A very sad and tragic event occurred in 775 . On th Sep

’ tember Andrew Fou lis took a friend to the Duke s Lodgings in

Dr a it - i yg , a favourite vantage ground for view ng the city and surrounding country . He was here attacked by an apoplectic

fit , and died almost immediately . Robert was sent for and had the body conveyed to his house , though from the suddenness of the event he could hardly be persuaded that his brother was dead . He hung over the body when it was stretched out and called upon him again and again but Andrew could make no reply .

’ of s Deprived his brother s a sistance , oppressed with debt and DEATH OF THE B ROTHERS 99

of Fou lis beset by the claims creditors , Robert had no alternative but to close the Academy and to dispose of the coll ection of pictures .

By these he set great store . He had purchased them as expressing the grace and beauty which dwelt in his own soul he had brought them with pain s and difficulty to Glasgow ; he had watched over them for more than twenty years he knew every line and feature of s wa s each canva , and never weary of explaining their points and dwelling upon their merits . He believed that they had great pecuniary value , and that the proceeds of their sale would put him in a position to discharge his debts , and leave a surplus for his declining years and h is family when he was gone . The pictures were accordingly packed up and sent to London

on e of under the charge of Robert Dewar , his printers , who after

z Fou lis wards married h is daughter Eli abeth . himself prepared an

b of l ela orate descriptive catalogue the Co lection , in three volumes , to which he prefixed an interesting preface containing some par tic u lars regarding the Academy and the principal students , a work

of which is of interest as being the only book which he was the author .

1 6 . He arrived in London in the month of April , 77 Before the pictures could be unpacked and made ready for sale , the season was too d far advance and Christie , the auctioneer , the most knowing j udge in Britain , advised that the sale should be postponed . He

ou t of pointed that there were no buyers , that he ran the hazard

f 20 being of ered half a crown for what he expected £ , and that the market was glutted and the first intention seems to have been to

ul act upon this advice , but timately it was resolved to proceed

on . the pictures were put exhibition , and the sale went on It turned

— su m out badly very badly . After meeting charges , the net remain

w a s n n . ing to the u fortunate ow er , it is said , fifteen shillings It is needl ess to refer to the grief and disappointment of the

z worthy man . He had sacrificed what he pri ed most highly and loved

. l most dearly A cal ous and ignorant crowd had , in his View , taken

its his treasure without acknowledging its merits or worth . He had

is parted with it and was a beggar . There little wonder that he was 1 00 ROBE RT AN D AN D RE W FOULI S

of - driven to the verge despair . Dr . William Hunter , a fellow student and lifelong friend , did everything in his power to support and com fort him , but in vain . He j ourneyed slowly back to Scotland a broken man . He reached Edinburgh , and , while in the act of pre

on 2md paring for his j ourney to Glasgow , suddenly expired the

1 6 June , 77 . The close is touchingly told in a letter by Robert Dewar to Elizabeth Fou lis

1 6 . Edinburgh , June , 77

of Could I write in a stile like yours , Madam , the relation

f of the suf erings my honoured Master so justly dear to you ,

u se would , to the words of Shakespeare , harrow up your very Soul his memory will doubtless be dearer to you when you

reflect upon the age and frailty of your venerable father , when

on of he set out such a j ourney in the midst winter , principally

. was for your sakes Cheerful he upon his j ourney , and happy in the expectation of returning to you again with wealth su ffi

cient to make you all independent and comfortable . His f W af ection for you was strongly expressed . henever he spoke

of You you his soul kindled . cannot conceive the expression of his countenance when he drank The health of a ll ou r friends

’ a t fire- their sides in Glasgow . When he wrote the first letter

ou P to y from Morpeth , does it not end abruptly I looked up ,

sa repeating the last word I had written . He could then only y

F l - arewel his eyes glistened , the tears ran down his cheek , and

h is in all letters , when he spoke of business , the words flowed

a of free , but when he began to Speak p rticularly his family ,

he was at a loss , he durst not give way to the feelings of his heart ; he seemed fearful to touch the string that so heavily

vibrated .

’ ‘ 5 011 My , Andrew , continued he , is about his twentieth year : I intended to have sent for him to have seen London

while there myself, but I believe I will not now as things have

n ou t i tur ed unhapp ly he may perhaps come up next year, and

1 02 ROBE RT AND AN D REW FOULI S

’ of yet some strength . Fear not for me , and repeating part the

- sa twenty third psalm , continued to y , Fear not , I trust we

’ l a n Shal see them al l again and yet be happy . C I represent

him struggling from day to day with fatigue , pain and sickness , i that he might take his last Farewell in the bosom of his fam ly ,

see that he might you once more ere his eyes closed in death ,

that he might bless you before he yielded up the Ghost . Ah ,

no Let the curtain drop on this last scene of his sufferings .

They are now past , he is gone to that place where the wicked ” cease from troubling and the weary are at rest .

’ It had been Robert Fou lis turn to read a paper at the first

of 1 6 meeting the Literary Society in the winter of 77 , but , as it was thought that he might not return from London in time , another member agreed to take his place . When the meeting came , it fell to the substitute to express the sorrow of the members for the loss of their fellow . W hen I promised , a few months ago , to begin the business

of the Society for the present session , I entertained expecta tions that the fulfil ment of my engagement woul d not have

been required of me . A venerable member was then living ,

though at that time absent from his home , never indeed to

ffi l of return , to whom that o ce wou d have fallen course . He

of o of is no longer a member this Society , or of any S ciety mortal

all or l men he is gone whither of us shall sooner later fol ow,

and happy may we deem our departure , if we leave behind us a

. ou r name like his I am well persuaded , indeed , that remem

on bering him the present occasion will not be unpleasant . We O have ften seen him in this Society , entering with ardour into

sa every ingenious and important discussion . But I y nothing of the gratitude due to him by every lover of true learning and of i classical elegance . It is not my purpose to pronounce h s

o . n panegyric , for his eulogy is established a firmer foundation

of than any memorial mine . As long as the luminaries of DEATH OF THE B R OTHERS 1 03

of w Greece and Rome are held in estimation , ill his fame be

the u remembered , and when y cease to be valued , who wo ld P choose to be named (True , no doubt , ages have arisen in the

of history mankind that give them no glory , but they were ages

to Nor l of darkness and had no glory give . ) wil I enumerate his

Virtues . I only mean to recall him to your remembrance , for f surely he deserves well o us all . His public spirit embracing

of the welfare and improvement this community , and indeed

of old the human kind , was accompanied , even in age , with

of f of all the ardour private af ection , and all the enthusiasm

youthful friendship . Bending with years , and fully aware

that a change in his mortal nature was fast approaching , and that he was no longer to have any concern in the aff airs of

men , he entered warmly into their interests , and preserved till

z his latest hour ealous wishes for their improvement . Few

of Speak the dead they lie silent and forgotten . Yet it is no

of unbecoming exercise to renew the memory a worthy friend .

of v It is often no less profitable than the converse the li ing , and

often no less delightful . I trust that I have obtruded no disagreeable remembrances on my audience : at least for my

part I have some claim for indulgence .

TH E CHARACTE R OF ROBE RT FOU LI S

of The meeting the Literary Society was presided over by Dr . P Alexander Wilson the speaker was rofessor Richardson , who had

Fou lis on of lived with the closest terms intimacy for twenty years , and has left us this estimate of his character :

’ The first feature in Robert Fou lis character that par

ti c ul arl y struck me , was the great liking he showed to converse on

literary topics , and even with persons much younger than him

self. This disposition appeared not only in occasional inter

views but in his choosing to associate with them , and become O a member of their Literary Clubs and Societies . This View f 1 04 R OB E RT AN D AN D RE W FOU LI S

a re his character , which appeared to me singular , was in my pp h en si on rendered particularly interesting by that unsuspecting goodwill and benignity of disposition wi th which it wa s inti F ' mately united . or , besides the gratification he had , and no

own doubt he had a great deal , in displaying his sentiments

on T and opinions subj ects of aste , the Fine Arts , Literature , and

even Theology , he likewise believed , and had reason to believe ,

that the knowledge he imparted , and the example he exhibited ,

might be useful to his j uvenile auditors . It will readily occur that such dispositions habits must have been prompted

of w as and induced by great fervour mind , and , in truth , there

of no inconsiderable share enthusiasm , but unaccompanied with

h is any peculiar impropriety , in sentiments and even in his T conduct . ( hough he was ardent he was seldom incensed , and

or . his eagerness , rather earnestness , was never keen ) His good sense and natural flow of affec tion and complacency allayed at that period of his life every rising impulse of animosity so

that every sudden displeasure he ever felt , such as may be

incidental to persons of sensibility , was , in the calm of a benig

f or iv m . nant and g g temper , very soon and completely assuaged T hus disposed and united , and being a warm admirer of the sublime and affectin g representations presented by the Poet P l and the ainter , his religion was nearly a lied to that of Fenelon , P k O and his hilosophy was a in to the pinions as he supposed , of

P . lato , or the more intelligible Doctrines of Cicero Such indeed were the sentiments which he often enforced in his discussions in those Literary and Philosophical Clubs and Societies in which

he usually bore a part . He was rather below the middle size ,

- yet perfectly well proportioned , and his whole appearance

indicated a strong and robust constitution . His complexion

had not much colour , but was fair , and the habitual expression of his countenance was that of an amiable and good- hearted

disposition . The allusion to his presence at the students ’ societies is explained

1 06 ROB E RT AN D AN D RE W FOU LI S

and others inspire us with confidence , we respect them and love them . What the subtle influence is that attracts or repels is not easy to

Fou lis on e determine , but none the less it exists . Robert was of those who attracted men of many different temperaments and

characters , of all classes , and of all stations . By all he was respected f and esteemed . All the long line o professors from Hutcheson to — Jardine Leechman and Robert Simson , Adam Smith and Thomas

Reid , Cullen and Joseph Black , John Millar and John Anderson , ” of Richardson and Trail , some them , says Lord Brougham , the most eminent men of that , or indeed of any age , were his warm friends and constant associates . Nothing can give a better idea of his character and worth than that he was respected and cherished P by men such as rovost Ingram and John Glassford , by the Duke of

Argyle (the most influential man in Scotland) , and the Earl of Bute ,

— of son by three Lords Chancellor the Earl Hardwicke , his brilliant ,

Lou h b or ou h w b Charles Yorke , and Lord g g y Baron Mure and Sir

of of . John Dalrymple , the Earl Selkirk and the Earl Cathcart With what tenderness Sir John Dalrymple endeavours to persuade

him to moderate his scheme of the Academy ; how delicately Mr . Sturrock hints that good printing would be a more lasting memorial

than the encouragement of art . When Lord Chancellor Hardwicke

f or wrote to thank him the present of the two pictures , he drafted P his letter and carefully revised its language . When rofessor Rouet ,

a learned and accomplished man , living much in fashionable and in

on e literary society , was abroad , he did not forget the printer , as of

the prominent men in the intellectual community he had left , and P in his letters to rofessor Robert Simson , has many allusions to “ ” f on Honest Robin as he calls him . Writing rom Warsaw

1 1 60 3 th November , 7 , he says Had I continued a member of

r d Sh on y university , I believe I have been tempted to have gone " W Fou lis of P P Honest in some his ublick , I wish I could say rivate ,

to ' Schemes adorn y university and indeed human nature . In a

on r 1 th 1 6 : letter from Tivoli , May , 7 3 , he says Remember me f r P af ectionately to all friends , particularly to y worthy rincipal , TH E CHARACTE R OF ROBE RT FOU LI S 1 07

m Fou li s &c . W Messrs Clow and Anderson , , tell him Cochran is very d . on 22n assiduous and a fine boy Again from Rome , June of the

P see same year , Cochrane and axton sometimes me and inform me of F u lis a s all your welfares . Mr . o h given very sensible and very proper instructions to Cochrane .

of of The Earl Buchan was a man ability , a patriotic Scotsman , f ull of schemes f or the good of his country ; he was a nxious to write its literary and artistic history , and was unwearied in collecting

A n ec dotes o Pri n ti n a n d A c a demi c a l material for a proj ected work , f g

Li tera tu re a t Gla s ow of g , which was to be sold for the benefit the li family of Robert Fou s . He had known him for twenty years and f recognised in him a man o no ordinary character . His lordship had

Fou lis little insight , and was unable to discern what it was in that he respected and appreciated , but there was in the man that which

a s compelled his admiration and esteem . He w conscious of the

’ to presence of greatness . It is to Lord Buchan s industry and his collections for his projected work , that we are indebted for the greater f f li part o what we know o Robert Fou s .

H I S CIRCLE

’ A paragraph from a manuscript chapter of Lord Buchan s

of a s 1 62 autobiography gives us a glimpse the University it was in 7 , of Fou lis of the circle in which moved , and the persons with whom he associated . The University had given him shelter for many years , l and two others in the like position , James Watt and A exander

Wilson , are included in the group This useful and pleasing j ourney succeeded to my long residence at Harrogate and I returned to my Military quarters

at Edr . from whence with the Regiment I marched to Glasgow

f or of and prepared a course Civil Law with John Millar , Juris

prudence with Smith , and Chemistry with Black ; and after wards enj oyed their instructions with more advantage and

delight than I am able to express . I lived as a boarder in the 1 08 ROBE RT AND ANDRE W FOULI S

i i L n desa . L n desa house of Mrs y , the Widow of Dr Hercules y t P ( 1 . 1 h the rofessor of Law at Glasgow [Cecilia Murray , 9 June , where I had for messmates some very agreeable young

Tron c hi n son of Tron c h in men , among whom were the of Geneva P P hysician to the King of France , Robison , afterwards rofessor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Edr then [formerly] a Tutor to the children of Admiral Knowles with whom he went

P . to St . etersburgh But Adam Smith ’ s lectures and conversation were my

highest delight comfort . With that wise and good man I read privately his Commentaries on the Law of Nature

Nations , and had access to those papers which , being in an

h is imperfect state at the time of death , he caused to be

destroyed .

Delighted as I was with the knowledge I drew from Smith , his domestic virtues still more engaged my admiration and l f . al af ection To his aged Mother , to a Niece of hers and to

connected with him , his attentions , his tenderness and good manners were charming and made upon my mind an d upon

my heart an indelible impression . In the class of Joseph Black

I took much delight and took notes of his lectures , as a subj ect f or conversation with that learned Professor and his most in telli

ll of gent pupils . Among these was Wi iam Ogilvie the County

of P P Moray , then destined for rofessor of hilosophy in the

n of U iversity Old Aberdeen , with whom I then contracted a friendly intercourse of literature that has continued to subsist

to ou r mutual satisfaction . Mr . Watt also so well known by his ingenious improvements in m ec a n ic k s and the fine arts f w . o ith Mr Bolton of Birmingham , was another my most

sa w of intimate associates . In James Tassie I the rudiments

his future eminence , and fortune favoured me in permitting me to select those who were afterwards to do credit to my prefer

as ence . It w at this time I turned my attention to Ethics and l P Theology . I attended the excel ent lectures of rincipal

UNIVERSITY CIRCLE 1 09

f Leechman and those o Dr . Wight on Ecclesiastical history and in both their families I diligently cultivated their conversa

. of tion Wight was a man genius , of polite literature , and of

singular sweetness and animation in his manner , with whom I delighted to range on the confines of Parnassus and to take t f or . n ou him my guide In Leechma , then almost worn with O age , I found rather a rendezvous f Literature and learned men

’ of Fou lis s than the energy an instructor . In printing house and Academy of Drawing painting ; and in the f oundry of

P of printing types with the learned Dr . Wilson , rofessor

P ul of . ractical Astronomy , I found delightf employment leisure During all this time I never missed a field day for military

or exercise baulked a mounting of Guard , from whence , when

’ relieved , it was my custom by necessity to go to Millar s law

Lecture at seven in the morning with Sash , Gorget and Spon

toon . This circumstance gave me particular pride satis

s a w faction , and I it had its consequences in the City and

University .

’ Amongst the books in the Exhibition is his lordship s copy of

Extra c t o Orders a n d Re u la ti on s or Ga rri son a n d Ca m D u ti es f g f p ,

F u lis 1 61 . o printed by R . and A in quarto , in 7 , with his autograph

- signature upon the title page . They printed another military work ,

M ili ta r i n stru c ti on s or or mi n a Pa rti sa n illu str a ted wi th Pla n s y f f g , , possibly on the suggestion of this enthusiastic officer and student .

of When Speaking an earlier period , Lord Cardross gives some

of P Foul is amusing pictures rofessor Simson , in which Robert , and some of the other professors figure

Robert Simson the Mathematician was a singular man .

wa s h is P I scholar afterwards at Glasgow , and my receptor

[James Buchanan , for some time assistant to Simson , and latterly Professor of Oriental Languages] succeeded him in his

chair . There are some curious or at least entertaining particulars I I O ROBE RT AND ANDREW FOULI S

concerning him , which came to my knowledge when I was his

scholar which I shall sett down in this place . He carried his Mathematical precision and ideas into the common accidents of

life . He used to count his steps regularly all the way from his room in the Colledge to his Villa at [Pto the village of ] An derston

b e in the country . If counted a greater number of steps than

u b e C us al accounted himself feeble , and took a ordial , on his

return . He had a Bed- maker and admitted nobody to his room but by appointment ; he took an Aloetic pill every week to

h is keep passages open , and Nitre if it heated him . He used to

or ou t is roll a lemon orange in his hand when he was working . h

u problems and the lost propositions of Apollonius Perg e s .

Wa s Some College gg once scaled his chamber window , and insinuating themselves unobserved stole away his orange or

lemon , and replaced it with a Turnip . When the problem came

ou t l P h is a —I n we l solved , out came the rofessor with Eurek

’ Fou lis P the College Area he met with the rinter Robin , said

’ ’ h a u n d P P he , Maun , what s that in my Ou dear , rofessor ,

’

a u sk . said Robin , what gars yee me , Why , its a Neep A T ’ urnip you Blockhead that s impossible , for it was an orange I had in my hand when I wa s busy and I never had a Turnip in

’ my room in my life .

P of P Next he meets Anderson , the rofessor hysicks , and

of . then others , who confirm the identity the Turnip The

’ Doctor then returns hence . At the next Club night s meeting

he gravely recounts this most wonderful metamorphosis .

v At the Club , Leechman the professor of Di inity used to

sa y Grace , and his seat was close by one of the windows of the

room . He being one night absent , Simson who was in the Chair , addresses himself to the Gentleman who happened to Sit in the

Fou lis sa same place . Robin , y you the Grace , youre next the

’ window . Th e most curious specimen of the Professor was exhibited

1 1 2 ROBERT AND AND REW FOULI S

life gave him occasion to see the dr a ma ti s person a e of this little

theatre several times completely changed , while he continued

so to give it a personal identity ; that , without any design or

of own own wish his , it became , as it were , his house and his i own . fam ly , and went by his name In this state did the

see . present writer first it , with Dr Simson as its father and

f or head , respected and beloved by every branch , as it was

n ot of for relaxation , and for the enj oyment his acknowledged

of superiority , that he continued this habit his early youth ; and as his notions of a fine talk did not consist in the pleasure

’ - of having tossed and gored a good many to day , his com panions were as much at their ease as he wished to h e himself

of and it was no small part of their entertainment (and his too) , to smile at those innocent deviations from common forms and w those mistakes ith respect to life and manners , which an

almost total retirement from the world , and incessant occupa

tion in an abstract science , caused this venerable president

frequently to exhibit . These are remembered with a more f af ecting regret , that they are now with the days that are

’ past , than the most pithy apophthegms , ushered in with an

’ ’ ! or No ! emphatical Why , Sir , Sir which precludes all

reply . Dr . Simson never exerted his presidial authority , unless i it were to check some infringement of good breed ng , or any thing that appeared unfriendl y to religion or purity of manners i for these he had the highest reverence . We have tw ce heard him sing (he had a fine voice and most accurate ear) some

of lines a Latin hymn to the Divine Geometer , and each time

the rapturous tear stood in his eye .

Dr . Simson , says Lord Brougham , loved to amuse his O leisure hours , and unbend his mind in the relaxation f society and from the sim plicity of his manners and the kindliness of his disposition , as well as from his very universal information , he was ever a most welcome member of the circles which he frequented .

was Notwithstanding his absent habits , he an exceedingly good man UNIVERSITY CIRCLE 1 1 3 of business he filled the office of Clerk of the Faculty in the Uni versity for thirty years , and managed its financial and other concerns wi f th great regularity and success . His character was lo ty and pure nothing could exceed his love of j ustice , and dislike of any thing sordid or low ; nor coul d he ever bear to hear men reviling one another , and least of all , speaking evil of the absent or the dead . Professor Simson was a man of the highest genius and the greatest master in modern times of the particular branch of mathematics which he cultivated . He was twenty years the senior of Robert

Foul is of , but admiring the elevation his character and having the same aesthetic capacity , received him into his friendship ,

F u lis . o sympathised in his aims , and assisted his efforts In there must have been sterling worth that commended him to a man of originality and power . Simson , like Dr . Johnson , lived in solitary rooms he enj oyed society ; he loved good conversation ; he had f h is . o club , and he chose his men It was his impressions Simson , M says r . Rae , that first gave Adam Smith the idea that mathe m a ti c ian s possessed a specific amiability and happiness of disposi tion which placed them above the j ealousies and vanities and ” intrigues of the lower world .

PORTRAITS OF FOULI S

is of There are three medallions of Robert Fou l . A copy one of

’ Noti c es a n d Doc u men ts i llu stra ti ve these is prefixed to Mr . Duncan s o the Li tera r Hi stor o Gla s ow - f y y f g , and is reproduced on the title page of the Exhibition catalogue . The original is in the possession of Miss

lis Fou of . NB Jean M . St John , . The others are in the Scottish

C on e of National Portrait Gallery . A opy of these last forms the frontispiece to this paper .

1 808 Mrs . Dewar informed Lord Buchan in , that there were

of : two portraits her father one , in her possession , done when he

’ Al x was in France by a Mr . e ander, the other in her sister s posses ”

of own . sh e sion , done by a member his Academy Each of us , P 1 1 4 ROBE RT AND AN D RE W FOU LI S

own . says , thinks our the best What became of these portraits is not known . Mrs . Dewar adds , I have also beside me a print

on e of representing the inside of the Academy , in which piece the

of P figures [is] my uncle Muir [that is rofessor James Moor], and ” my father , and Uncle Andrew . This print is reproduced as b efore referred to .

of James Moor was small stature , and measles had deprived him

f F u lis o on e . o the Sight of eye Robert was also a Short man , but ,

‘ - as already mentioned , robust and well proportioned . These par tic u l a rs help to the identification of the three figures . Although

n ot of Mrs . Dewar does refer to it , a group in the print the Exhibition in the inner Q uadrangle of the Coll ege seems also to represent the two brothers and the professor .

1 1 6 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOU LI S

1 808 w as . Dewar , about , anxious to obtain subscriptions For more than a quarter of a century the University made an annual allowance towards the support of Mrs . Dewar .

DRE W FO U LI S Y U GE R AN , O N

Robert Fou lis remarried a few years after the death of Eliz abeth

E h n l Bou tc h er . u Moor His wife was p a , daughter of Wi liam or Foul is C Butcher , (as the name is spelt by , ) nurseryman , at omely

of Bou tc h er ill Gardens , and sister William , at Abbey H , Edinburgh ,

of Tr ea ti se on F or est Tr ees author a , which appeared at Edinburgh

1 1 8 in 775 , and again in 77 , and amongst the subscribers to which

Fou lis to were Messrs . Robert and Andrew , printers the University ” of Glasgow .

Bou tc h er on The elder was also a nurseryman , and had carried

1 1 of business for a few years in Glasgow , having , in 75 , taken a lease

of a n efield the Little Hill Tollcross , the modern J , which he con

- verted into a nursery garden . He inserted a long advertisement in

Gla s ow Cou ra n t the g , which shows him to have been a cautious

so man As his principal Servant is a stranger in the place , and

’ might give credit to improper persons , tis humbly hoped that none will take it amiss , if this Business , in the beginning , is carried on

’ for Ready Money only . After a few years experience he gave up the enterprise as unprofitable .

P - of Eu h an Bou tc h er rofessor James Moor was a cousin german p , and in early life had been much attracted by her sister Magdalen .

’ F lis Robert ou two wives were the daughters of two sisters . His

1 i i ou lis second wife died in 774 , leav ng two ch ldren , Andrew F , the

’ younger , who was about twenty years of age at his father s death ,

Foulis . and a daughter Euphemia , who was younger

of ou lis son On the death Robert F , his Andrew carried on the business for some time , in ignorance that it was insolvent . The

of f actual state af airs soon , however , became apparent claims were

e advertised for , and a meeting of creditors held , at which truste s E FOULI S GE 1 1 AN DR W , Y OUN R 7 were appointed to take charge of and wind up the estate for

of behoof the creditors , with James Duncan , bookseller in Glas

1 81 1 gow , grandfather of the late Mr . William James Duncan ( author of Noti c es a n d Doc u men ts i llu str a ti ve of the Li tera ry Hi story o Gla s ow f g , and Robert Chapman , printer in Glasgow , as their factors . In these circumstances it was evident that Andrew Fou lis was unable to continue the business without assistance . If he could Obtain such assistance he expected to get the appointment of Uni versity printer and he accordingly entered into a partnership with

’ S otiswood of Glen f ern a t Niddr s d James p , bookseller in y Wynd , E in 1 i . S ot swood burgh , for a period of ten years from 3 oth June , 777 p

of on e was a man many callings . He had at time been a writer in P Edinburgh ; he had now a large store farm in erthshire of acres , the management of which prevented his residin g in Edinburgh more than half the year . We are likewise told that he had been engaged

- as n ot n Fou lis in many law suits and w unacquai ted with diligence . had obtained from the University a lease of the printing-house as

1 20 from Whitsunday , 777 , at the moderate rent of £ and had pur

- - in of . chased the stock trade , types , presses and other utensils R and l Fou lis C . A . , and another fount belonging to the o lege These were to be brought into the partnership along with to be contributed

S otiswood on e in cash by p , half of which was to be repayable by

lis tis oo P ou . S o w d F p had a paper mill at enicuik , which he thought

n Fou lis would be an assistance to the busi ess , but had been pur

- C l al . chasing his paper from Edward ol ins , paper maker at D muir On

ou lis 1 8th M these arrangements being made , Andrew F was , on ay ,

1 8 77 , appointed University printer , and got the use of the rooms in the Coll ege formerly occupied by his father and his uncle . — A num ber of books a reprint of the duodecimo edition of the

1 1 - English poets of 77 , some college text books , and another edition of P lerno-M iddi n i a — o were issued , but before long disputes arose , f on th M 1 8 1 . and the partnership was dissolved 9 arch , 7 All dif er en c es between the partners were left to the determin ation of 1 1 8 ROBE RT AND ANDREW FOULI S

P l 1 son rofessor John Mi lar and William Craig ( 745 advocate , f ’ o D . 1 0 f D . o . William Craig , ( 7 9 St Andrew s Church , who gave

f t 1 o on 2 h 8 . their award disposing them 5 May , 7 4

Fou lis t In the meantime , entered into a fresh par nership for

I st 1 82 Tilloc h fourteen years from January , 7 , with Alexander ,

Hugh Anderson and James Harvey , printers in Glasgow , under the

ou lis style or firm of Andrew F Company . During this period Andrew Fou lis had a s his apprentice ( 1 782

1 John Mayne ( 759 the poet , author of The Siller Gun , who ” 1 8 published , in 7 3 , Glasgow , a poem

0 ! ee a n t h e n a n d W ht ! L chm , Hu c so ig ’ R eid f u of in tell e ctual lig ht ! A n d S n a s th e rn n b ht ! imso , mo i g rig ’ Y m em r i es e e our h r , ’ ’ a n e to e n 0 de ht Tho g r gio s lig , W ill a y e b e d ea r !

H ere grea t B uch a n a n l ea rn t to s ca n Th e v erse tha t m a kes h im m a ir tha n m a n Cu l l en a n d Hu n ter h er e b eg a n Th ei r fi rst prob a tion s ’ A n d S th a e G a w f orm d h la n mi fr l sgo is p , ’ ” Th W n e ea lth 0 Na tio s .

Alexander Tilloc h ( 1 759- 1 825) was the second son of John

Tilloc h 1 6 - 0 1 0 - 1 , tobacconist , treasurer ( 7 9 7 ) and a magistrate ( 77 7 ) of Glasgow . He studied at the University and was intended to follow

’ his father s business , but became interested in printing , and supplied

Fou lis the capital for the new firm . They purchased from the types

of and printing material the late firm , and took over the printing

lis 22 . ou house in Shuttle Street , at the price of £ 7 F went to London

P of and aris for some time , leaving the management the business in

of Tilloc h the hands and Anderson , Harvey having retired and ill assigned his interest to T oc h . It ultimately proved unsuccessful

1 86 Tilloc h and the partnership was dissolved in 7 , when was found to be a large creditor .

In the proceedings in one of the numerous litigations , in which

1 20 R OBERT AND AN D RE W FOULI S

Spotiswood adds that the character of a merchant is j ustly com

a s th e pared to that of a lady , her existence depends entirely upon preservation of it ; and had it not happened fortunately f or the pursuer that at this time he had very few goods upon credit he would have been inevitably ruined , as such a public disgrace would have undoubtedly brought a run of his creditors upon him . He accord i n gly claimed damages laid at The Lord Ordi nary assoilz ied f the defenders , but the Inner House took a dif erent View and awarded damages . Spotiswood next brought an action against the firm of Andrew Fou lis Company and individual partners to obtain interdict against the sale to them of the type and printing utensils , but in this

Fou lis he was unsuccessful , the Court holding that these belonged to ti and that Spo sw ood was creditor merely for the price . Andrew Fou lis during his second partnership printed the British

— P Pa poets Thomson; ope , rnell , Gray and Collins, Lyttleton and — V in . Hammond folio irgil was issued in the same style , and

’ x Adam Smith s copy with his bookplate is in the E hibition .

b e It will remembered that he told Smellie , the printer , that he was b a eau in nothing but his books , and this copy shews how he

ou lis al d o covered them . F so produced a han some edition f Ram

’ Gen tle She herd ill say s p , with aquatint ustrations by David Allan .

Tilloc h of n ot had conceived the idea stereotyping , but having

ou t a technical knowledge of printing he was unable to work it , and one of his obj ects in entering into partnership with Foul is was to have the advantage of his Skill as a printer . They were ign orant of what had previously been done by Ged of Edinburgh ( 1 690

’ Fou lis and laboured together to develop the idea . visit to London and Paris was in connection with the subj ect and in 1 784 they took out a j oint patent for England for printing books from plates

f or instead of moveable types , and others Scotland and Ireland .

n ot The trade did favour the plan , and they therefore confined their

f of P of ef orts to producing copies enny Histories , which great numbers were annually exported from Glasgow to America . Under K P N . B T O T A A BA E . 91

n A r i r a T e o c) T i s ii M r . T y n ) p h , i n n

u ry a n ofi er i r d rte a r my T a 0 j y ? o m e / ,

a k a n a a odor ou exiAeue 7 07 6 35 a u a o , q ’ ' ’ t l d) dra eAAor x is e x e e ; i e r r l rjovxa g n n lt n e ” c ’ i G ’ I e rror/Scar ! 3 o . O i n e nAflor n oog 7 8 ; a g I ' ( a xa g s nn er 7 3 a or ra g. Ema v , i g gx ’ — 3 d a n rh a r oi n ooulxa neg KAea o; n eq , QZC i T u c u 7 67 5 T a r e er e loxon wr c in e x g f ; n ,

— ' Toren oouk a gl xeAeuerr 7 3 g xn uxa é 7te oq , g fl 1 A l e/ 8 n err a /g a r a e . En e: 5 a gu , xe o n n - Tie nor 7 5 r ev a Ogr e XOCAG) ; e err q n , x

o a e fiou n ob/T DoiAa ' fbt n ow/ r T iir ii e n ( y h , ’ I I A I n an k or u der/ct xa ‘ r a a r er r/cu sna k eoe [ n qo n , 9 r t r N Ta g a sAxg xoa au r a; T E n onAfle 7 3 ; y y , o - ‘ i dr a r e ebon Aor dr ou; i xcw m i cha rs w

To r ow 'r ou q' a r zcn ' wr xou 7 01 g (DI M /g o ,

a r ' m r o ' s er E ei 35 7 0 y e ny g w r a pen d . n 99

' Toz e r ovAou/To. g a lxon noa . c.ir a 7 1 y y , 1g B ’ ' O : 3 i e r or/d r xon r cir A yo or : fl i p) e rr ea n

i sg air /re ma x/oi soor r ou 7 a T E n a a e , g g i ~ ti Sa c ; ' ' ei lxcu Kal crifi e; Tor m m oin a yy a

’ I LL H D Spec imen of M essr s . T O C A N FO U LI S Gr eek

1 22 R OBERT AND AN D RE W FOU LI S

on . al notes One is duly hung on this passage , not together accurate , P and in a very patronising tone as regards orson .

of 1 6- The volume is printed with the fount of the Homer 75 58 .

S otisw ood Foulis When the partnership with p was dissolved , took

of over a considerable quantity Greek type , the larger portion of

‘ which was double pica . It looks as if he wished to find a use for

ri off this magnificent character , and p nted this edition for the hi purpose of exhibiting a fine piece of typography . In t s he was

. O 2 successful According to Adam Clarke , nly 5 copies of this edi tion ; and of the large paper only 1 1 copies are said to have

l 1 0 1 8 been printed they sel for £ 0 . And with the beautiful Designs

of of Flaxman , which are executed in all the taste and spirit anti

it 0 f 3 u 2 o . q y , £ . Ordinary copies sold at the time publication at £3 3 in boards , and it is a book which , in fine condition , still commands ”

si e . a good price . Renouard speaks of it as ch re en France

’ ’ Dib din of Fla x m an s d , speaking Earl Spencer s copy , says esigns were made for , and dedicated to the late Dowager Countess Spencer ,

on and the copy of this edition , large paper , in the library at — — is \ b e on d on e Althorp , which contains these drawings , y doubt of ” the most splendid and interesting books in Europe . It is now in the John Rylands library at Manchester .

P of 1 art the octavo edition had been printed in 794 , but it

P Fou lis proceeded very slowly . For this , orson occasionally , and more generally , was to blame . Much correspondence regarding it

P Da lz el of i passed amongst Matthew Raine , rofessor Ed nburgh and

P of P Dalz el rofessor Young Glasgow . Richard Heber and rofessor had many interviews with the printer , but to little purpose . Heber

2md 1 800 lon a i n u r i a ten a e writes , on March , , of the g j and g

’ a mba ges of Fou lis s conduct and six years had still to pass before the book was published . It then appeared with the curious imprint

l s en eu n t Lon din i . G a g u a e Ex c u deb a t Fou lis 1 794 . V Apud T

P P x o i : O n ae . ayne ayne and Mackinlay ; Apud Jo Cooke , C There are opies on large paper , which Renouard says are scarce .

The University had a similar experience . When Archibald E FOULI S Y GE AN D R W , OUN R 1 2 3

Ar thur ( 1 744 - 97) was libra rian ( 1 774 he prepared a new catalogue of the library which it was resolved to print , and which was entrusted to the University printer . He had the work on hand for several years , and the manner in which he carried it on was cause of constant complaint , and arrestments were used against the moneys from time to time owing to him for the work . It was only in 1 791 that the book was completed and published .

’ lis as Fou . behaviour did not better time advanced In addition , he had paid neith er rent for the printing- house during all the time he had been in possession nor the price of the fount of types he had purchased . There was no alternative but to terminate his appoint

1 1 ment , and on oth June , 795 , when the appointment fell to be

- e n ot r e . renew d , he was elected Legal proceedings had to be resorted

- of to to recover possession of the printing house , and the apartments in the College which he occupied . He , on the other hand , made

of - claims against the University , one which was for class books

ll hi n c i n de . A l r printed for them claims , , were final y adj usted in Ap il ,

is 1 796 ; the University paid Fou l £70 and he gave up possession .

s Exc er t e u In 1 778 An drew Fou li printed p a x L c i a n i oper i bu s .

1 6 w as a c ademi c u s t o In 79 it reprinted by James Mundell , as yp ” is . r Foul ra hu s . . g p This marks the change And ew was , says Dr

1 1 800 Robert Anderson ( 749 writing in , a degenerate and

z of unworthy son of the El evir Scotland .

Wodr ow Dr , another contemporary , makes a similar statement

w as He the weak , and I am afraid the unworthy son of his worthy

of father Robert . The University out friendship and gratitude to

son as f or the father continued the , I have heard , several years

i s as (w th some a sistance) their printer , till at last they were obliged ” to dismiss him .

Andrew Foul is continued to print in Glasgow for a few years .

His most important work was an edition of Euripides in ten volumes ,

b e 1 octavo , some copies being on large paper , which printed in 797 m for Will iam Lain g of Edi nburgh and David Bre ner of London . In

’ 1 795 he had printed the fifth edition of Professor Anderson s I n sti 1 24 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULI S ta tes o Ph si c s 1 800 f y , and in , when working in Edinburgh , reprinted in excellent style his Observa ti on s u pon Roma n A n tiqu i ti es between

’ the F orth a n d Cl de 1 M ili ta r y , originally contributed , in 793 , to Roy s y

A n u e tiq iti s .

He was an expert and skilful printer , and resided for some time with the Earl of Stanhope to give him a practical knowledge of printing and to assist him in developing the art of stereotyping . Some time afterwards Fou lis became involved in a litigation with

William Blackwood , bookseller in Edinburgh , whom he had agreed to instruct in the process .

He was of a mercurial temperament , and seems to have interested w himself in elocution , as indicated by the follo ing advertisement

The Gla s ow M erc u r th 1 8 ‘ in g y of 4 April , 7 7

E L O C U T I O N .

th of Monday next , the 9 April , in the Tontine ,

WILL COMME NCE A COURSE OF R E A D I N G AND R E C I T A T I O N

OSE AND VE SE I N PR R , Selected from the most C E L E B R A T E D A U T H O R S ;

PO U LI S . By A .

’

O DRYDE . . N de on St Cecilia s day , by

M LTON . A picture of conj ugal felicity , from I

SH KE SPE RE . The birth of A A , a cento

TI CKE LL . Colin and Lucy , by

PE NROSE . Madness , an ode , by

Th e pieces to be read each night will be announ

some days previ ous to their delivery . The door will

1 2 6 ROB E RT AN D AN D RE W FOULI S

of . 1 82 lack application He lived in Glasgow for some years , about 4 , i and dealt in pictures for the market , as an assistant or partner w th

of a Mr . Anderson of Aberdeen , both them cheating like horse

k i . oc es . C j , says Mr Walter Duncan of raigmore , Rothesay (b 1 8 At this time he had his bust done , which was , in 54 , in possession of Mr . Walter Duncan who knew him well . P He died in the oorhouse of Edinburgh in 1 829. His Sister

1 828 . Euphemia died , also at Edinburgh , in

’ Re or mer s The vicissitudes of his life , says Gabriel Neil in the f

Ga z ette of 22n d 1 8 of April , 54 , in some their incidents , resembling

or of those of the famous printer , Henry Stephens Stephanus , author

’ of the Thesaurus or Dictionary the Greek Language , affirmed to be one of the most learned men that ever lived , who , after wandering through many places of Europe in quest sometimes of mere su b

1 8 . sistence , falling sick in Lyons , died there in an almshouse in 59

Misfortune , as by a species of entail , appears to have been also the li companion of the lot of Andrew Fou s . Th e En d

ROBE RT FOULI S ’ E STATE

is u l of . The trustees for the creditors of Robert Fo and R . and A Foulis made up inventories of the estate and Obtained valuations of the paintings , prints , drawings , statues and busts done in the

- u Academy , the copper plates and the mo lds from William Cochran ,

of the artist , and similar valuations the other items from other persons . Amongst the assets was the Library of Books which belonged

P of of to Dr . James Moor , late rofessor Greek in the University S C Glasgow , as valued by the aid James Duncan and Robert hapman

1 02 at £ sterling , certainly a very modest valuation , j udging from the later sale catalogue . The very first book mentioned in it , is a fine

of edi ti o ri n c e s of 1 0 . copy the p p Homer , marked at £ There were in

of all lots , and amongst them there were some fine editions the classics , and many good books in most departments of literature .

on Fou lis H omer There was an uncut copy largest paper of the , ” noted as rare , and the identical copy used by James Tweedie , when correcting the press It is interesting to observe that on e

‘ ’ of the books catalogued as sca rce was M Ure s Hi story

o Gla s ow of . f g , but marked at the price two shillings

’ In 1 777 the trustees made up a catal ogue of the bookseller s

u of of stock and manuscripts , and also a catalog e the stock books 1 28 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULI S

of in quires , with the obj ect of disposing them by private treaty .

The greater part of the quire stock , the prints done in the Academy ,

’ C the opperplates , and Dr . Moor s library were ultimately purchased

of S otiswood at the price by James p , or by him and Andrew

F lis ou of 1 . , by whom they were disposed by auction in February , 779 The debts amounted to about and the trustees were ulti

d. mately able to pay to the creditors a dividend of about 85 . 5 per The unfortunate sale of the Academy pictures in London was

of accountable for the deficiency . What the intrinsic value these pictures was , it is impossible to say , but there is no reason to doubt P that they were worth a great deal more than they realised . rofessor

on on Richardson stated , an authority which he felt disposed to

- fiv e rely , that a picture , sold for twenty pounds , afterwards brought

five hundred . Two of them were subsequently purchased by the

— f Cossi ers M o . University the artyrdom St Catherine by Jean , and

— of the Carrying to the Tomb , attributed to Raphael neither which , it is now said , is of very high merit , although the latter was con sidered n ot by Sir Henry Raeburn to have been the production , if of of on e Raphael himself at an early period , at least of his scholars

The Brou ha m oth 1 8 2—on e of it is praised in g of 3 June , 3 the

- numerous short lived Glasgow periodicals of that stirring period . The large number of pictures by great masters in the collection suggests that many of them must have been wrongly attributed . Of

ff Dallawa those pictures attributed to the Divine Ra aele , says y ,

of ou r n ot there are few collections which does boast one which , in fact , does not belong even to his worst scholar . These collections

of are not discredited by the presence such pictures , and it does not foll ow that the Glasgow Academy collection was a poor on e merely because it contained pictures that were not the work of the artists to whom they were attributed . The pictures were exhibited to the public for more than twenty years , and were seen by many competent P judges and uniformly admired . Cochran , axton , and Allan were f of amiliar with them they were artists repute , and knew a good

r picture from a poor copy , but none of them eve suggested that the

1 3 0 ROBERT AND AND R EW FOULI S

than th e result of the sale would indicate . Indeed there can be no question that many fine pictures were sacrificed .

ACHIE VE MENT

The Academy was an unfortunate venture from a commercial

of n . on point View, but it was a gra d conception It was planned

r l a g eat scale , and excel ently organised , and was carried on for more

i c l s than twenty years with amaz ing energy under enormous d fli u tie . Such a scheme nowadays would be possible only with the aid of a

of s handsome endowment , or a tate or a municipal subvention but

Fouli s - Robert undertook it practically Single handed , and achieved what must be considered a marked success . The formation of his l ga lery of paintings was a big undertaking , and their presence in

Glasgow must have been a great educative influence . Within ’ “ O C Bri ta n n i a the college , says the editor f amden s , is the

- ou lis printing house of the two brothers Robert and Andrew F , to whom the learned world owes many elegant and convenient editions of the Greek and Roman classics , and their native city has no small obligation f or the Academy by them estab lished for the

of arts design and sculpture , though not attended with all the success they expected . Misfortune overtook the Academy , but

of not from any defect in plan or fault management , but simply because the funds for carrying it on were inadequate , and the public did not give it the support that was expected . The ” ou lis undertaking , F remarks , cannot , perhaps , be entirely j ustified

of upon the principles the selfish system , if the pleasure that arises from endeavouring to do good be counted for nothing ; and if the consciousness of acting with benevolent meaning does not follow us to the other world . What has been already done makes it fully evident that the more the Arts are cultivated , they will become

r the more pe fect and the more diffused . These were his last words upon the subj ect .

The gallery of paintings , the Academy , and almost all the work Ac HI EVEMENT 1 3 1

that was done in it , have disappeared . On the other hand , the pro du c tion s of the press of Robert and Andrew Fou lis remain and can

ou lis n n be j udged of . Robert F not o ly placed printi g in Glasgow upon a wholly different f ooting from that which it had formerly

to occupied , but brought it a perfection that had not hitherto been

- . first i attained by any printer He was a man of rate ab lity , with

of a philosophic turn of mind and an artistic temperament , calm and steady purpose , great perseverance , unfailing patience , and excellent organising power and mastery of detail . He had clearly

f r in View from the beginning the goal o which he strove . His

n first printing i dicated his aims he moved step by step , until he was able to produce his great Homer, as Splendid and noble a book a s was ever issued from any press . His work lies before us now as fresh and beautiful as when it left his hands more than on e hundred

- and fifty years ago , and is still a model for to day . The University of Glasgow du ly appreciated Robert Fou lis and his press in turn f shed lustre on the University . Looking upon the productions o his handicraft , and remembering what he attempted and what he

as of r achieved , we must regard him one the g eatest artists and on e of the most distinguished of the sons of Glasgow .

1 34 INDEX

H on P 1 6 . 1 . l llu s 1 1 e . Bede , Boy , atrick ,

n An ter m on . L 1 6 . B ell , Joh of y , 53 ord , ’ W n 8 . Br i a it 2 2 . B ell s y d , 4 g g ,

Belreti ro . e 1 8 1 1 2 . , 94 British M us um , 9, , 4 , 9

n n n 6 . e h o 1 06 1 1 2 . B ti ck , Cou t , 59, 4 Broug am , L rd , ,

h S e G 1 . Bibliograp ical oci ty of lasgow, Brou h a m Th e 1 2 8 . g , ,

e 8 1 . Bibliograph rs , , w n h n e 1 2 1 . 4 5 Bro , Hug , pri t r , , 3

n . Biblioma ia , e 1 . 5 Jam s , 5

n n 2 6 2 0 1 0 . Bi di g , 9, , 7 , 4 , 4 , 5 hn 1 2 . Jo , 5 , 3

Bi o r a h i a B ri ta n n i c a 1 1 1 . , M 1 . p . g rs , 5

n 1 1 . Birmi gham , 5 1 2 . William , 5

I n n 1 2 . Black Bull , 5 n n R e 0 . Brow i g , ob rt , 4

e h , o e , , 8 , , Black , Jos p pr f ssor 3 7 3 3 9 e e l e 1 2 . Bruce , Jam s , trav l r , 9 , 9

1 06 1 0 1 08 . 4 , 73 , , , n el 8 . 3 7 Brya , Micha , 5

e e 1 08 . l ctur s , e h n b edellu s 1 1 1 . Bryc , Jo , ,

l h h 20 2 1 8 . B ackfriars C urc , , , 7 n 2 . pri ter , 3

W n 2 1 . Blackfriars y d , h n l f 8 68 8 Buc a , Ear o , 3 7 , 3 , 3 9, , 7 . W el e a n d Blackwood , illiam , books l r 88 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 . , 5 , 7 , 9, 3

n e 1 2 . pri t r , 4 h n n G e e 1 1 8 . Buc a a , org ,

e n 2 . Bodl ia library , 4 Ps a lm s 1 . , 3

e R e e h n . Bogl , ob rt , m rc a t , 3 7 h n n a fe Buc a a , J mes , pro ssor, 37, n , 0 . Book productio 4 1 0 9. n n i n G o 26 2 Bookbi di g lasg w , 9, , 7 , h n n W en e 86 Buc a a , illiam , grav r , ,

0 1 . 4 , 4 8 88 . 7 ,

h n e 0 . Books , a dsom , e n 6 . 4 Burk , Edmu d , 3

on el 0 . v lum , , n G e e 1 0 . 9 4 Bur et , ilb rt , prof ssor ,

on l e e 0 . arg pap r , , 4 n n P h 9 Burzy ski , Cou t , olis ambassa

e n bo i n S n , 0 . d ma d for oks cotla d 4 6 . dor , 95 , 9 e le i n n h 2 , , 7 , h e s ee Bou tc h er . Books l rs Edi burg 4 4 Butc r ,

1 1 1 2 1 2 . 7 , , 4 e l f 2 8 1 0 6 . 3 But , Ear o , 4 , 3 ,

e le i n l 0 . Books l rs G asgow , 49, 5

h n 2 0 . , , e 0 . Barry Jo Ca sar , 4

n h n 2 . , , e R e e 1 2 . Brow Jo 3 Cald r , ob rt , curat , h n 2 e . , , C a ldw ell Pa er s 6 . Bryc Jo 3 p , 4 e l e n e , , l n n 6 8 1 . Carlil A xa d r 9 Ca ico pri ti g , 3 ,

h el e n e 1 . , , h 2 0 1 8 1 . Carmic a Al xa d r 5 Callimac us , 9, 4 , 4 , Fou li n n s e e 1 2 . , , , C a m b ru z z i n e 8 . A dr w you g r 5 , portrait pai t r , 5 u i Fo l s , R . 81 A . . la , 7 C a m c h ie , 1 8 , 2 0 . Fou li s R e . , o rt , ell Rev . l e n e l b 7 Campb , A xa d r , ibrary ,

en e n e 2 . Hadd , Al xa d r , 4 8 . e l n e e 1 6 . , , e n e h 6 86 8 . M ill r A xa d r Al xa d r , aut or , 9, , 7 P D 2 e n . at rso , avid , D n n en e 2 6 . 3 u ca , gard r , S e n 8 1 e 2 0 2 . , , , , , hn C la th ie 6 0 . talk r A dr w 5 4 Jo of , 3 , 9 ell e n n 2 l f Sh a w fie d 6 . Books rs of Lo do , 4 , 43 , 45 , o , 4 0 C a er on n ier e n 2 . 5 3 pp , J a , 4 o i n i n i n S 6 . C a rdros s L s ee h n c mb at o aga st cots , 4 , 49 , ord , Buc a , Earl e l n i n G l w 1 1 2 0 i Books l i g asgo , 7 , , 3 , 2 1 0 l D n l 1 2 1 . 49, 9 , 5 Cargi l , o a d , , 3

i n S n 2 1 . le l e n e o ell e cotla d , 4 , 5 Carli , A xa d r , bo ks r , 9. B e e 8 8 6 v n n l le Re . e e e osw ll , Jam s: 47, 4 a 71 95) 9 1 97 Car y , Al xa d r , mi ist r , n a n d W 1 1 08 1 . 1 ' Boulto att , , 5 4 , 3 7 Bou tc h r e Eu h a n 1 1 6 . h el l e n n 1 e e . , p , Carmic a , A xa d r , mi ist r , 5 M l en 1 1 6. n e 1 . agda , pri t r , 5 W 1 1 6 . h el Ger s c h om e en illiam , Carmic a , , r g t , 3 , W n e 1 1 6 . 1 1 1 1 6 . illiam , you g r , , 4 , 5 , 3 3 , 3 INDEX 1 35

n f 8 . n n e h 8 . Car duf M oss , 93 , 9 Co ll , Art ur , provost , 4 ' C on n ell i M e 2 . S r n 8 Casiri , icha l , 7 , J oh , 4 .

8 . o o n 8: C 0 . 1 1 C n n i s s a n c e a ei n u de l t r e . Caslo , , 9 p , 57

C a ss illis 6 . e e e 8 , Earl of , 4 Copi s of gr at Mast rs , 59, 3 . C a s tle en s e 2 1 e - 2 8 1 . h e e 6 . p clos , Copp r plat s , purc as of , , 6 1 s e e 06 . e e . Cathcart , Earl of , 4 , Copyright , Lit rary prop rty m i h e w . n e h e a n d n Cat dral of Glasgo , 77 , 95 Cordi r , C arl s , artist 1 86 8 e e 0 . e . C b s , 7 , 4 ist r , , 7 h e e 2 8 ee e 1 1 . e t 1 8 Chald typ , 4 , 5 Corr ctor of pr ss , 7 , 7 , 9, 9 .

n D e 66 . e 2 . Cha dos , uk of , Corr ggio , 59, 7

n R e n e 1 1 1 2 . C or si c a e e B e Chapma , ob rt , pri t r , 7 , 7 , a po m by Jam s osw ll ,

2 1 0 . Chatham , Earl of , 7 , 4 , 9 47 C oss ier s e n 2 8 8 1 2 e 1 . e e o n 0 . Ch ap diti s , 43 , 4 , , J a , pictur by ,

h e 2 6 n e . C mical laboratory , , 3 5 . Cou try lif , 94

P. 8 . e e M . Ch mistry , 3 5 . Coutts , Jam s , , 9

h i T e W c e 1 1 8 . C er r e h a n h e a e 2 2 . , , d t S l , Craig , illiam , advo at , W 1 1 D . D . 8 Ch ev Ch a s e . . y , 47 Craig , illiam , , e h f 6 S h e . Child , ir Jos ua , 3 4 . Craigi , T omas , pro ssor , 5

e Wor k s 1 2 C r a i n a u h t 2 . Cic ro , , 7 , 5 , 3 . g g , 5 D e n a tu r a D eoru m 8 1 6 1 C r a w f u r d W e h n , , , 7 . , illiam , m rc a t , 3 7 , Ph iloso h i c a l w o k 1 2 ~ r s . p , 5 5 » S3 h 1 n e e f e n ot 0 . philosop y , 4 Crimi al lib l us d or privat

en n e 1 1 2 e 1 1 . Clar do pr ss , , 9. public purpos s , 9

e n e 1 2 1 e n . Clark , Jam s , mi ist r , , 3 . Croy , Kill ar , 94 en W e 6 e e 1 2 2 . Clark , Adam , bibliograph r , Cull , illiam , prof ssor , 3 5 , 3 1 e n e th e 8 86 1 06 1 1 8 . Classics , larg umb r of , 43 , 5 , 54 , 7 , , ,

n e Fou li s 1 1 0 n n n n 86 . pri t d by , 4 , 3 . Cu i gham , Alla , C u s a v e o 6 e n e 1 8 r r ls . Cl la d , Jam s , . y , T f , 4 e Se en le 8 1 Cl rc , basti , . e G w 2 1 Clos s , lasgo , . D e D 8 al , avid , 7 . l e e 6 1 0 C ow , Jam s , prof ssor , 3 , 3 , , D e 1 1 9 7 . almuir , pap r mill at , 7 1 1 1 . D e S h n 8 alrympl , ir Jo , 37 , 43 , 74 , 7 , a n d S e e 2 2 1 0 Clubs oci ti s , , 3 , , , 8 0 1 6 4 3 0 . 4 4 4 , 9 , 1 2 5 . D a lz l n e e e 1 2 2 . , A dr w , prof ssor , h n W 8 86 1 0 Coc ra , illiam , artist , 5 , , 7 , Damage s su ed for by w a y of crimi n al 1 2 6 1 28 , . e 1 1 lib l , 9. n e n e Cochra , A dr w , provost , . D M ew 1 2 . 3 4 arly , atth , 9 , 9 rn e n e S . n ew Cockbu , Al xa d r , t A dr s , D ef e D n el 1 2 o , a i , .

1 0 . D Ph a l r eu e e e s 1 0 . m trius , f ee e Th e l 8 Cof Hous , o d , . D en h l e 0 . o m , Jam s , 7 n n e 1 2 To ti , 5 . D n n 2 e 6 . i a , Carlo , 9, 7 f ee h e i n l w 2 . Co f ous s G asgo , D e n f 66 . 3 sig , art o , e e I 1 6 2 Coll g , , , . 8 7 , , , , D e G s 5 55 9 , e . . 5 97 9 Vri s , , 3 3 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 5 , 7 , 3 , 5 . Dew e 1 00 1 0 1 1 ar , Elizab th , 99, , 5 , 3 , h 8 C urch , , . 6 7 94 1 1 . G en 2 0 2 1 ard , , . Ro e 1 0 1 1 1 b rt , 99, , 5 . O en 2 0 2 p , , 1 . Dib i n 1 2 d F 8 1 . , T . . , , n e 8 0 1 1 1 Q , , , 0 , 1 . D k R e 6 1 uadra gl 9 9 e 1 . 4 ic , ob rt , prof ssor , 3 , 3 7 , 5 e en e i n 1 6 1 0 1 1 1 1 r sid c , , , , 0 , . D on D e 1 0 . 55 5 3 icks , avid , prof ssor , n w e e Colli s , Ed ard , pap r mak r , 1 1 , Diodor u s Sic u lu s 28 7 , . 1 1 9. D n 1 ivi ity , practical , . ’ 3 l n Poem s 8 1 2 Col i s , , 0 . D n l n e n e n e i n 4 o a dso , Al xa d r , pri t r e en n 1 1 6 . n h 2 6 Com ly Gard s , Edi burgh , Edi burg , 4 , 4 , 47 . e e 2 , . D on a lds on i a d Th e 2 8 , 8 . Comm rc 3 3 4 , , , 9 - 2 . Dou b oi s e l e n e 62 Commissary Court , , copp r p at pri t r , , 73 . 1 3 6 INDEX

e . b le o th e Bees 6 . D D . F a ouglas , r Jam s , 5 , 54 f , 4

D n \Villi a m n F 8 . rummo d , , of Hawthor air o f Glasgow , 7

den . P n e n 1 2 2 , 3 4 aulls , A dr w , maltma , ,

k s . u i s D e n n Wor Fa u lls s ee Fo l . ryd , Joh , , 3 4 ,

8 n 1 1 . D r a i t Th e . Fe e e yg , , 9 mal ducatio , 5 ’ Th e 8 . D k e n Fen e n 1 0 . u s Lodgi gs , , 9 lo , 4 D n n e r i m u s n e F n h n e 1 e . u ca , Jam s , p , pri t r , 3 , rguso , Jo , prof ssor , 4 6 1 1 . F n n 2 . 4 , 5 i lay , Joh , wright ,

du s 1 1 1 1 1 2 . e H on 8 s ec u n F . , 7 , 9, 7 itzmauric , Thomas , 3 , 3 9,

D n n W e 1 2 6 . 1 0 1 1 1 . u ca , alt r , 5 , m 1 D n n \Villi a 1 . F . u ca , , 4 , 5 latt moss , 93

D n n \Villi a m e 1 1 F n n 2 6 1 2 0 1 2 2 . u ca , Jam s , 74 , 3 , laxma , Joh , , , 1 1 F e n o n e e 1 8 l mi g , J h , proof r ad r , 7 , 9, n 1 8 D u n lo e e e . g, Al xa d r , prof ssor , 7 , 9 f F e n n n 8 . 93 l mi g , Joh of Car du f , 9 ' :

W i i 1 . F e n W e 1 . ll am , 3 l mi g , illiam , prof ssor , 7

F e e e 2 . l tch r , Jam s , 9 e S . F e e . Edgar , Jam s , 5 oot , amu l , 59 Fou li s 88 n e R e F . Edi burgh , d ath of ob rt ort Augustus , G e e 8 1 8 . 00 . F at , ort org , n e e 2 1 1 Fou li s n e 1 6 2 2 2 8 Edi burgh books ll rs , 4 , 47 , 7 , , A dr w , , 3 , 4 , , 7 , , ,

1 2 . 8 68 8 8 3 3 7 , 3 , 49. 53 , 55 , 57 , , 7 , 5 , r n e 2 6 o 6 1 0 p i t rs , 4 , 43 , 44, 4 , 47, s , 93 , 9 , 97 , 5 1 i e 1 e 8 9 car catur of , 9 ; d ath of , 9 n D n S 8 6 1 1 . Edi burgh , rawi g chool of Board portrait of , 4

ee 86 . Fou lis n e n e 1 0 0 1 1 6 of Trust s , , A dr w , you g r , , ,

S e en o n 2 . 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 20 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 oci ty for c uragi g arts , 9 7 , , 9, , , , 3 ,

e e 8 . 1 2 1 2 1 2 6 e n 1 2 pictur sal s , 4 4 , 5 , ; m dallio , 5 . n n 1 1 e . Fou li s n e , 81 C 0 . 1 1 8 1 2 ducatio o om 0 . E f w 5 , A dr w , , ,

n 0 1 2 1 2 . , , , Fou li s e h s ee D e Elocutio . 7 4 5 , Elizab t , war e D n 1 , e 8 . Fou li s 1 6 1 2 6 Elz vir a i l , e 1 . , Euph mia , , E lz v i e r s Th e . Fou li n n , , s F 8 . 95 , a y , 5 Elz ev i r s Th e , G 1 2 2 . Fou li e 2 2 , of lasgow , , s 8 . 97 , Jam s , , 5 , 59

e e 2 . Elz vir Cic ro , 7 , 3 Fou li s e n M 1 1 1 , M iss J a . , 4 , 3 . n f r e E glish authors , di ficulty of Fou li s h n 2 2 , Jo , 3 , n n i n S n pri ti g cotla d , 44 . Fou lis R e i 1 2 0 , ob rt , b rth , , 3 , 4 ; n n 60 6 68 6 1 E gravi g , art of , , 7 , , 9, 7 , e 2 8 n e en barb r , , 7 ; u iv rsity stud t , 2 6 8 2 7 , 7 , 7 , . n n 9 3 , 4 ; visits to E gla d , 4 ; to a n a i d i n i n 8 1 as to pr t g , . F n e 8 6 th e ra c , 4 , 57 , 5 , 5 ; at E n gravi n gs ex ecuted at th e Aca S e e n i n cots Coll g , 4 , 5 ; livi g e 6 8 1 86 8 8 d my , 7 , 77 , 79, , , , 8 . w e e 7 Glasgo Coll g , 55 ; book e 6 1 2 1 28 . sal of , 7 , 77 , 7 , n e n 6 buyi g , 5 ; books lli g , 5 , , 7 ,

e 1 0 . Epict tu s , 7 , , 2 2 1 0 n e e en 4 55 , 5 ; u d rrat d by stud ts n e e n , . 6 he 8 1 n e Episcopalia s p rs cutio by , 3 3 ; publis r , , 5 ; pri t r , 9,

6 . Errol , Earl of , 1 n e n e 1 6 4 9, 44 ; u iv rsity pri t r , 9, , e e 2 1 Essay pi c , , 0 . 6 6 n n e 2 2 5 , 7 ; pri ti g hous , 4 , 5 , E s tien n es s ee S e n , t pha i . 0 1 0 e e n e 9 , 9 ; c l brity as a pri t r , n 68 6 88 . E tchi g , , 7 , 2 2 6 1 1 l 9, 4 , 95 , 9 , 97 , 3 ; pub ica

n 0 8 . Eto , 4 , 4 n 8 1 6 1 2 2 2 1 tio s , , , 7 , , 3 , 5 ; 2 1 Euclid , 4 , 5 . n e 2 6 0 ok otabl books , , 4 , 74 ; bo s E u i n W 1 0 . g , illiam , on e a n d n Trad Navigatio , 3 4 ; e 1 2 Euripid s , 3 . e n e n e 2 2 assum s A dr w as part r , , n Fou li s 1 8 1 8 2 8 Exhibitio , , , , , en n o n n 7 , 7 ; att tio to bo kbi di g , 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 53 , 7 , , , 0 . 2 6 0 w n 2 60 9 3 , 4 ; a t of capital , 9, , n e 8 Exhibitio of pictur s , . 8 0 n n l f e 0 9 7 , 9 ; fi a cia di ficulti s , 9 ,

1 3 8 INDEX

h n 1 6 60 6 6 Glasg ow Glassford , Jo , , 3 5 , , 3 , 4 , 6 0 1 0 . S e 2 1 2 8 . , High tre t , , 5 , 9 9

G P . 6 . lassford , arish of , 93 hospitality , 9

Go n n n 6 . e 8 8 . rdo , Joh , physicia , hous s , 4 , 9

G R 1 86 88 . e e . ough , ichard , , , i n tell ctual lif , 3 3 5

G n D n n e 1 2 1 1 . I S ee 6 . ova , o ald , pri t r , , 3 , 4 n gram tr t , 4

G G e e n 8 . fi l 1 1 6 . raham org , of Eto , 4 a n e e d, , J ’ h en . t e S 1 2 . Graham M rs , of arac s loyalty ,

e I n n 6 . 20 . , maps of , H ad 9 ’ G n é 86 . n e 6 86 . , , M ercha ts Hous , 4 , ra t Abb n W L P e n 1 0 . . , M itch ell Library , Gra t illiam ord r sto

n e , . music , 3 3 . gra g 43 ’ Poem s 2 1 20 . e e 1 6 6 8 G ray s , 9, 95 , N wspap rs , 7 , 4 , 3 3 , 7 , 7 , 5 ,

e 2 . 8 h , , , 1 1 6 1 2 1 2 1 2 . Gray , T omas po t 97 , 4 , 5 , 9

G . O f ee e 8 . , 7 ld Co f Hous , visit to lasgow 9 ' G eek 1 6 1 2 . O W n 8 . r , Chair of , , 7 , 3 ld y d , 5

G eek n 28 . P n n e 1 2 0 . , e y Histori s , r historia s

G ee e en 0 . e n 8 . r k T stam t , 3 pictur buyi g , 4

G eek e 1 0 1 2 8 1 2 2 . n 1 . r typ , , , , populatio , , 3 3 4

Gu a r di a n Th e 6 . 8 8 86. , , 44 , 4 portraits , 4 , 5 ,

n . 1 2 . f G , F . J , actor , fi e . uio 5 post o c , 3 3 e W n e Fen n n 8 . Guthri , illiam , mi ist r at pri ti g ,

1 . e 8 8 . , privat e hous s , 4 , 9 wick 3

P F f 2 . rocurators , aculty o , 5 , 3 9 8 e . progr ss of , 33 , 4

6 . P n e l en e n e 2 . rovosts , Joh Campb l , 3 Hadd , Al xa d r , 4

n e n e . e Th e S h 60 . A dr w Cochra , 3 4 , 3 5 Hagu , , cots churc at ,

n 8 . n e e . Arthur Co ll , 4 H ail s , Lord , 53

n D n 6 . n D e 2 . Coli u lop , 9 Hamilto , uk of , 7 , 75 I n 1 60 n D n 1 6. Archibald gram , 5 , 35 , , H amilto , u bar , 6 1 6 6 0 0 . n G n 86 . 3 , 4 , 9 , Hamilto , avi ,

Pe e h . n S W 2 . t r Murdoc , 3 7 Hamilto , ir illiam , 7

R h n 2 . Ba n ou r 2 . ams or , 5 William of g , 3 7 , 5 , 53

1 2 8 . R e n S e . n P e 8 8 citi g oci ty , 5 Hamilto alac , 75 , 79, , 9 ’ f th s e . n em 1 2 e o e e Po s 0 . r cords , 4 , 5 Hammo d s , 8 1 2 n n n e . riot , . Ha way , Mary A , 9 ’ S n e 1 1 2 6 6 8 . e t . A dr w s Church , Hardwick , Earl of , 3 , 53 , 4 , 5,

n W n 22 . 2 1 6 . S . 8 0 t E och y d , ,

S a ltm a r k et 1 6 2 1 2 . e n e 1 2 1 . , , , 9 Hart , Jam s , pri t r , , 3 ’ n n n 1 8 S e e I 6 . n 1 e e . arac s H ad , 9 H arvey , Jam s , pri t r , '

S e S ee 2 2 6 1 1 8 . e W E x er c i ta ti on es huttl tr t , 5 , , Harv y , illiam , 8 e e a n a tom i c a e 1 . th atr , 3 3 , 4 . , 3

1 6 . 1 1 . Tollcross , portrait , 3

n n e f e e 1 2 h n 1 1 . e . e e To ti Cof Hous , 5 Harvi , T omas , stud t ,

8 . e . 2 2 trad , 3 3 Harwood , Edward , 3 ,

n 1 R 1 2 2 . 2 . e e Tro Kirk , H b r , ichard , Tr on a i t 1 8 8 8 . e e e 1 . g , 4 , 5 , 7 H br w typ , 4 , 5 —G e e P n e W e H er c u la n eu m An ti u i ti es o Visitors org , ri c of al s , , q f , 8 n W e l e 8 e e e e f th e U n e 3 ; Joh s y , 7 , 94 ; G org s cur d or iv rsity W e e 8 P e R e 2 . hit fi ld , 7 ; Thomas Gray , Library by rof ssor ou t , 7 h P t e e 2 . 95 ; olish Ambassador , 95 , H rodotus , 7 6 G en P n n D n P e e 1 2 . e 6 . e e 9 ; ral aoli , 9 ; r H rro , atrick , i k p r , 5

n n n n H a n H iero c les 6 . Joh so , 97 ; Mary A e , 5

8 . S ee 2 1 2 8 . way , 9 High tr t , , 5 , 9 We S tr e t = Tr n i n e 0 a t 8 l e en 2 8 . st , g , 7. High a d r gim ts , INDEX 1 39

l L en e 8 . h P 8 1 H il , aur c , 4 Jolly , T omas , of aris , .

1 . u d m en t o H er c u les Th e 6 History , Chair of Civil , 4 j g f , , 5 . e l 6 Eccl siastica , 3 . G ee 2 8; r k , e 1 Kam s , Lord , , . e en e 1 . 43 5 Hom , H ry , Lord Kam s , 43 , 5 en k S e ew e 2 8 e 2 2 2 6 2 80 8 1 K ric , amu l of B dl y , 4 , 7 . Hom r , , , 9, , 3 , 9 , 95 ,

e n . Kill ar , 94 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 . , 7 , 3 K e n 1 1 . i o ri n c e s 1 2 irkwood , Jam s , grammaria , Ed ti . p p , 7 e I m m a c u la te 1 6 1 6 Horac , , ; of 75 ,

2 . 9 L n W l o e e 1 2 . ai g , i liam , bo ks ll r , 3 e n i n Gl w Hous accommodatio as o , n e n g e . La d improv m t , 93 , 94 8 . n i n 4 n e . Lati , l cturi g , 3 3

H u di b r a s 6 . , 4 n e en 1 1 . Law , Joh , r g t ,

n h 1 2 6 . Huma ity , C air of , , , , 4 3 3 3 7 n e n . Law , Joh , co omist , 3 4 e D H um , avid , 37 . ee n W e 8 L chma , illiam , prof ssor , , H m l k e 6 u h r e C i n r . p y , 4 2 6 6 8 1 06 4 , 3 3 , 3 , 5 , 7 . 94 , 97 . . n e D W 0 88 H u t r , r . illiam , , 3 , , , 1 1 1 1 8 3 5 54 0 1 0 . 9, ,

1 00 1 1 1 1 2 . , , 9 e e n e e 2 L ggat , Al xa d r , barb r , . n n M 86 e e . Hu t ria us um , e o n e en o e e i n Lon L m i , H ry , bo ks ll r e o n F n 1 6 2 2 8 6 Hutch s , ra cis , , , , , don 4 3 0 . , 9 6 8 1 06 1 1 8 55 , 5 , 5 , , . e e e o e 1 s ee e L tt r d pr p rty , 4 , Lit rary n e e l h l e appoi t d prof ssor of mora p i o prop rty . S ophy , 3 Le h ea tru m M a c h i n a r u m upold , T ,

o n . , 6 attack 4 7 . I n n 1 . augural oratio , e n e U n e f 6 . 5 L yd , iv rsity o , 3 , 3 7 e 1 his t xt books , 5 . U n e 2 66 86 Library , iv rsity , 7 , 9, 7 , , ,

n e . Lati styl , 3 3 6 8 1 0 1 2 . 94 . 9 , 97 . 9 , 5 , 3 n n e e n 6 ma r of l cturi g , , . 3 3 5 e e 1 2 . Bookplat , 79 ; Catalogu , 3 e D n n 2 e . prais d by i a , l 1 2 2 9 A thorp , .

1 2 1 . works , , , i 9 5 Eu n 1 0 . g , e n e coll ctio of m dals , . 93 F l n e . ul arto Hous , 9

e h 6 . d at of , 3 he 1 0 Mitc ll , . ’ D M 2 1 2 1 2 8 r . oor s , 9 , 7 , . n R n 1 2 2 Joh yla ds , . I e n e 0 . mpr ssio s microscopiqu s , 4 Lillim a n W 88 n 1 , illiam , I gram , Archibald , provost , 5 , L n e e e 6 i dsay , H rcul s , prof ssor , 3 , 60 6 6 0 1 06 . , 3 , 4 , 9 , 1 08 . I n S ee 6 . gram tr t , 4

L n en n e on 0 . i , book pri t d , 4 I n n e h . s , T omas , 5

L e e 1 0 . it rary prop rty , 4 , 49, 5 I n en n . strum ts , astro omical , 3 5 e S e Th e 6 2 Lit rary oci ty , , 3 , 49, 5 55 , h l e e en . for p ysica xp rim ts , 34 1 0 2 1 0 I n 88 79, 94 , , 3 o a , .

e e . Lit ratur , 3 3 I n e 2 8 1 . talia po ts , 9, 34 , e l 1 1 6 Littl H il of Tollcross , . n e . si g rs , 3 3 Li v es o h e Poe s t t 0 . f , 5

e de e 0 . Livr s lux , 4 e u l h i los o h 1 Na t r a P . a c ob i te Cu r s e Th e 1 2 1 . j , , , 3 Lock , p y , 3 6 a a r d W . . J g g , illiam , 49 Logic , Chair of , 3 3 , 3

e n W e n h 8 . Jam so , illiam , prof ssor of Lomo d , Loc , 9, 94 on n o e 2 6 1 1 . e History , 4 , 5 L do , bo ks ll rs , 4 , 43 , 45 , 4 ,

e n W en e 86 . 0 Jam so , illiam , grav r , 57 , 49, 5

e n e Ge e 8 . i n e . Jam so , org , artist , 4 pr t rs , 43

a n efield 1 1 en e e n e 1 . J , 6 . c tr of books lli g trad , 5 n n en 1 1 n e e e e o 1 06 . e . Jardi , G org , prof ss r , Loudo , Joh , r g t , , 3 3

n n S e 8 0 8 6 82 1 0 6 . Joh so , amu l , 3 4 , 47 , 4 , 5 , 4 , Loughborough , Lord , 3 , ,

6 I I w h 26. 9s, 9 , 97 . 3 Lo th , Bis op , 1 40 INDEX

Pe e . n 1 2 . Lucia , 3 M urdoch , t r , provost , 37 ’ m s 1 2 e W n h e e n Poe 0 . Lyttl eto s , M ur , illiam , baro of Exc qu r , 6 1 0 . 37 , 8 e . n 1 0 . M urray , C cilia ( Mrs Li dsay) , n e e n e . Macfarla , Al xa d r , 3 5 W n e M urray , illiam , Lord Ma sfi ld , Laird of , 3 5 . 6 0 44 , 4s, 4 » 9 O e 2 0 . bs rvatory , , 3 5 , 79 '

Ma c l l u h a m W 1 1 . q , illiam , 9 n e b th e e Maclai , Archi ald , of Hag u , 6 e G e 2 8 1 2 . N il , abri l , 7 , 77 , 7 , 6 0 . N ewspapers 8 M a c La u c h la n . , Archibald , 5 h a m Th e 1 2 8 Br o u . g , ,

M a c Lella n 1 2 . , Archibald , 9 Edi n b u r h Ga ette 1 . g z , 3

n en G 0 1 2 . Mac ab , H ry ray , 7 , 5 6 Gl a s ow C ou r a n t 1 6 1 1 . ‘ g , 4 , 7 ,

M U r e n 2 1 2 . , Joh , , 7 Gla s ow ou r n a l 6 6 . g j , 7 , 7 , 7 n i e 6 0 . Ma sf ld , Earl of , 44 , 45 , 4 , 9 8 1 2 1 2 Gla s ow M er c u r . g y , 5 , 4 , 5 ’ n 0 1 2 . Ma uscripts , 9 , 7 R e or m er s G a z e tte 1 2 6 . f , 8 1 n G . B . . Mari i , , Wes t ou n tr I n telli en c er 1 . C y g , 4 Marshall , Claud , 3 9. S ee G lasgow . 8 e O . Mast rs , ld , 5 , 59 e n n . N wto ia philosophy , 3 5 1 2 1 Mathias , T . J . , . n 6 Norris , J oh , 5 .

e e 86 . M axw ll , Jam s , artist , e n . Northumb rla d , Earl of , 74

n e n 1 1 8 . Ma y , Joh , Pe e e 8 . Maz ll , t r , 7 O e 2 0 . bs rvatory , , 3 5 , 79 m 1 Mea u e 8 . , Edouard , P n 8 1 O e n e 0 . c a a , arliam t of , 3 , 5 e 8 1 e n 1 . M dallio s by Tassi , 7 , 3 n ’ Ki gdom of , 3 9.

e D . e n . M dals , r Hutch so s , 93 O e W e e ’ gilvi , illiam , prof ssor at Ab r

D . r . Moor s , 93 een 1 0 8 d , . Meik leh a m e 1 1 W . , illiam , prof ssor , 9 O n e n e . rk y , Cou t ss of , 3 9 e th e n e G M morial for pri t rs of las O oo o 8 r n k o . , 4 8 1 gow , 49, . O n e e e 2 . sbor , a books ll r , 4 k n R 81 . Military boo s pri ted by . A O en n 2 . w , Joh , 3 Fou li s 1 0 , 9. O 1 2 2 xford , 4 , 9, 4 , 9, 3 9. n e e e n n Millar , A dr w , books ll r , Lo do , 6 43 , 44 , 4 . n 6 P P e 0 6 . Millar , Joh , prof ssor , 3 , 3 9, 4 , aoli , ascal , 47 , 95 , 9 8 1 06 1 1 8 P e n n 1 1 2 1 . 0 . 7 , , ap r for pri ti g , 7 , 9, 7 , 3 , 3

e e n e n e 1 1 6 . e n ew Fou li s n e M ill r , Al xa d r , pri t r , 5 , us d by A dr , you g r , ’ n Poem s 2 6 1 1 6 M ilto s , 9, 3 4 , 44 , 45 , 4 , . 1 Pa r a di s e Los t 6 9 , 4 . Mi n u c xu s e F 0 . P e S n Th e l w , lix , 4 aradis of cotla d , , G asgo , e e en e 86 88 2 M itch ll , Jam s , grav r , , , .

1 2 . P 6 9 aris , 4 , 57 , 3 . ’ e n 68 6 8 1 2 P n s 6 1 2 6 e Wor k 0 . Mod lli g , , 9, 73 , 77 , 79, 7 , . ar ll s , 4 , e 8 2 1 1 1 1 Pa s to do I 2 1 6 . r l 8 . Moor , Elizab th , 5 , 9 , 4 , fi , , 9 e e 1 6 2 2 P e n D o e 2 e . Moor , Jam s , prof ssor , , 3 , 4 , at rso , avid , bo ks ll r , 3 2 8 6 6 68 2 6 1 1 P e n n 1 , 3 , 5 , , 79, 9 , 9 , 4 , at rso , Mario , . 1 1 6 1 2 P P e e i n . e n e G , 7 at rso , t r , writ r lasgow ,

2 1 2 1 28 . 2 2 . his library , 9 , 7 , P n e e 2 e . his m dals , 93 . ato , G org , 9 en e 68 1 1 P R e 2 86 0 8 . lik ss , , 4 . aul , ob rt , artist , , , 7 n P R e e 8 h e e 1 . Morthla d , C arl s , prof ssor , 4 , aull , ob rt , barb r , 3 , 7 6 P n 6 . n 86 1 0 2 8 1 . axto , Joh , artist , , 7 , n Pa ien 62 2 . . Morto , Earl of , 3 y , artist , , 73 e Geo Pe e n e e 28 6 . M uirh ad , rg , prof ssor , , 9 . at moss , r clamatio of , 93 , 94 M u n Pe n e 1 1 , Thomas , 34 . icuik , pap r mill at , 7 . n e e n 1 2 Pen n n h 2 8 e . . M u d ll , Jam s , pri t r , 3 a t , T omas , 7 , 7

1 42 INDEX

R n e 1 20 . n S n e W l S . e 1 1 . amsay , Alla , po t , a d rs , i liam , t A dr ws ,

e 8 0 8 1 . S l n l 1 e . Ramsay , Ch vali r , 4 , , 3 , 3 , 5 cot a d , aw of , 4

R n n 2 . S h n l P e amshor la ds , 5 cottis Natio a ortrait Gall ry ,

R e e 8 2 1 1 . apha l , pictur s by , 5 , 59, 7 , 75 , 4

6 8 88 1 28 1 2 . S l e P o e 8 . 7 , 77 , 3 , , 94 , , 9 c ts Col g , aris , 4 , 5 , ’ ’ R h e e 88 . S cots M a a z zne 1 8 0 8 ap a l s Bibl , 77 , g , 7 , 7 , 8 , 5,

n 8 . 6 Cartoo s , 9 9

e 88 . S e n e Fou lis Gall ry , 77 , cots po ms pri t d by , 3 4 ,

R e n S e 1 2 . 8 1 1 . citi g oci ty , 5 9, 7

8 86 . Re e S e S el l 1 6 6 0 1 06 . dgrav , amu l , 5 , kirk , Ear of , , 4 , 9 ,

R e 2 . S elk r i R e 2 . gality Court , g , ob rt , 5

R e en h n 2 8 . S e e e h . gim t , Hig la d , hak sp ar bibliograp y , 49 ’ W s 2 8 e o n 88 . e e e or k 6 L ight s Shak sp ar , , 3 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 ,

R n n ee 88 . oyal E gi rs , 49 ’ R e h e 8 6 li n Fou s e 8 . id , T omas , prof ssor , 43 , 7 , 9 , ditio , 4 , 49

1 6 1 1 . 0 Shen n e W 6 . 97 , , 5 sto , illiam , 5

R n G 2 1 2 . e She h 0 . i , uido , 7 , 9 rlock , Bis op , 4

A . 2 1 2 2 . R n . e S e n n 1 . ouard , A , 3 , h rma , Joh , 4 R n W e 1 6 , S e h n 8 . ichardso , illiam , prof ssor , hortridg , Jo , 4 6 1 1 S S 2 2 6 1 1 e ee 8 . 3 , 53 , 94 , 5 huttl tr t , 5 , ,

R e e i n 8 . S ic ilies n th e 2 . ich li u , Card al , 5 , Ki g of two , 7

R e o n e n e 1 1 . ob rts , Jam s , pri t r , Si ller G u n Th e 1 1 8 . 9 , , R e n W h n 2 S n R e e 2 ob rtso , illiam , istoria , 4 , imso , ob rt , prof ssor , 4 , 3 7 , 1 1 8 1 6 8 1 0 6 1 1 0 . 44 3 9, 4 , 5 , 5 , , 7 , , R n h n e 1 0 8 , , , , , e e 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 . obiso Jo prof ssor 3 9 d scrib d , 9, ,

1 1 1 . e F 6 1 1 . Cl rk of aculty , 5 , 3

n n e 1 2 . R , S h , S e n e 1 0 obi so ir C arl s e W 2 . 9 m lli , illiam , pri t r , R der i c k a n d m 6 o R o , . 6 8 Smith , Adam , 3 3 , 3 4 , 3 , 3 7 , 3 , 3 9, R e e en 8 2 86 om , Acad my stud ts at , , , 0 2 8 88 1 0 6 1 0 1 0 8 4 , 5 , 73 , 7 , , , 7 , ,

1 0 . 7 1 1 8 , 1 20 . P e o R e 1 0 . , e e e 1 08 . rof ss r ou t at 7 pap rs d stroy d , R e e 2 . os b ry , Earl of , 7 S e 6 6 . moll tt , Tobias , , 53 , 4

R e n e e 1 1 1 . oss , A dr w , prof ssor , 3 , , 4 S e e a n d 2 2 1 0 oci ti s Clubs , 4 , 3 , 3 4 , 4 ,

e e e o 2 6 6 . G org , prof ss r , , , , 3 3 3 7 5 1 2 5 . R n l s ee h h ossly , Ear of , Loug boroug . S o h on i s b a . p , 47 R e 60 6 1 62 8 2 ott rdam , 9, , , , . 5 S n l n n 2 . pai , A fo so , Ki g of , 7 R n 1 e 6 . ou , S ec ta tor Th e 2 0 1 2 p , , , 3 , 3 4 , 4 , 43 , Ro e W r e 2 u t , illiam , p of ssor , 7 , , 37 46 .

1 0 6 1 0 . 44 , 94 , , 7 S e s l e n e l e e 86 . p ir , A xa d r , of E d rsli , R n H eb r ew Gr a m m a r 1 . ow , Joh , , S en e 1 2 1 . 5 p c r , Earl , R e o 6 . ow , Nich las , 5 S en . p s , Harry , 54 R en e 2 8 ub s , pictur s by , 7 , 3 , 94 . S oti s w ood e 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 p , Jam s , 7 , 9, , Ru ddim a n W l e 0 8 . , a t r , 3 , 4 R n n e n e 86 . u cima , Al xa d r , S h e H i stor o th e Bi b le tack ous , y f , Ru th er fo or d S l e 2 . , amu , 3 47 ' S l e n e e e 8 1 ta k r , A dr w , books ll r , , 5 ,

S n n e 1 20 , 2 . 0 1 1 1 8 6 . 4 ai t A dr ws , , , , 3 7 , 5 S n e 1 2 S n n h W n 2 2 . . ta hop , Earl , ai t E oc y d , 4 ’ S n e n e e 1 S teev en s Ge e 1 2 2 . ai t L o ard s Coll g , 0 . , org , ’ n Th e 2 S n e G e 2 S e h , 0 , , 6 1 26 . ai t Luk s , old m dal of , 8 . t p a i , , 7 95 9 , S h n Th e S h 6 S 0 . e . allust , 3 t p a i , cottis , 9 S a ltm a r k et 1 6 2 1 2 S e e n Tilloc h a n d Fou li . s , , , 9 t r otypi g by ,

S n e R e 1 1 1 1 20 1 2 1 2 . a d rs , ob rt , 0 , . , 3 , 5 n e e e en n l e n e M D S R n e 1 S . . a d rs , ob rt , you g r , 0 , 1 1 , t v so , A xa d r , , pro

2 1 . f essor 6 5 , 3 , 3 7 , 9 , 97 . INDEX 1 43

’

n n D h n n h W l e 6 1 0 6 . S e e . t v so , r Jo , of Edi burg , Trail , il iam , prof ssor , 9 , Tr on c h i n F n s e en 0 . 3 , ra ci L wis , stud t ,

S e l e n e e f 1 08 . t wart , A xa d r , Mast r o Gar h e o en e l e 1 6 . e e i s , T odor , prof ss r at G va ,

n P n l 1 2 1 08 . S 1 . tirli g , ri cipa , , 3

Tr on a i t 8 8 8 . S l . tockho m , 59 g , 4 , 5 , 7

l th l 2 . S en e 1 2 . e trathav prop rty , 93 , 94 , 5 Tul y , G asgow , 3 ’ S en l a n d o e e 8 u r k i s h S Th e 6 . tud ts c ubs s ci ti s , 3 , T py , , 4

Th r u s h r ov e 0 . 1 0 1 0 1 0 . n e e 3 , 4 , 5 Tur r , Jam s , of g , 9

S en n e th e U n i ee e e 2 1 2 . tud ts disti guish d at Tw di , Jam s , 7 , 7

e 1 6 6 8 6 e D e 2 6 2 1 2 2 . v rsity , , 3 5 , 3 , 3 9, 4 , 7 , Typ , oubl pica , , 9,

88 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 8 . h ee 1 1 . , , 7 , C ald , 4 , 5

S W 1 06 . e e 1 1 . turrock , illiam , 74 , H br w , 4 , 5

S n e n . G ee 1 0 1 1 8 2 6 2 8 1 2 2 . u d rla d , Earl of , 75 r k , , 4 , , , , ’

S Wor k s 6 . R n 2 . wift s , 4 oma , 9 - S en e e e n . e n n 1 8 1 0 . yd ham , proj ct d ditio of , 54 Typ fou di g , , 9 - e e n 1 . Typ s tti g , 9

a c ie h n s ee e . 1 2 0 . T , Jo , Tassi Typography , 9, 3 , 3 . 3 9

e e 8 1 08 . e 2 8 . Tassi , Jam s , artist , 7 , Tyrta us ,

h n h e e 8 . Tassi e , Jo , burg tr asur r , 7

e n e n o f th e e U n e 1 6 1 0 . Tassi , Joh , d aco barb rs , iv rsity , , 4 , 7

8 . n ew o . 7 sch ol , 3 3 , 3 4 W l e he - ee e th e F n e 66 68 Tassi e , i liam , l at r br ch s Academy of i Arts , , ,

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2 8 1 . 6 Tasso , Torquato , 9, Arms , 5 .

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h 6 . 1 a tler T e n 20 0 . T , , 3 4 , 44 , 4 astro omy , , 3 4 , 9

h s M a s k 8 . Telem a c u A b e ellu s 1 1 1 . , , 4 d , ’ e e Wor k s 6 . o a n d n e T mpl s , 4 bo ks ma uscripts , purchas

e en e . 0 . T r c , 9 of , 7 , 9 P e e e e n e e 1 1 1 2 . proj ct d ditio by rof ssor books ll r , 7 , , 5

R e 1 1 . el 8 . oss , chap , 7

e 2 2 . e l n 2 6 . Th ocritus , ch mical bui di g ,

eo e n . he 1 0 . Th logy , t achi g of , 3 3 c mistry , 3 5 , 7

h 1 1 1 1 . e e n 0 e 1 1 8 . T s s , graduatio , , , 4 disput s ,

8 6 6 80 . h W 2 e on 0 1 2 . T om , illiam , , 3 , 3 9, 3 , locuti , 7 , 5

h n e e n 6 . e e en en e . T omso , G org , physicia , xp rim tal sci c , 3 4 , 3 5 h n n e n F l 6 1 1 . T omso , Joh , marri d gra d acu ty , 4 , 93 , 3

e oi R e Fou li s 1 1 . en n e a n d e e daught r ob rt , 5 Fr ch la guag lit ratur , ’ n Poem s 1 20 . Thomso s , 47 , 70 .

h e 2 . n 2 0 2 1 . T ucydid s , 7 garde , , Ti lloc h e n e 1 1 8 1 1 1 2 0 , , e 0 . , Al xa d r , , 9 g ography , 7

1 2 1 . e n o 6 6 . graduat s , ho rary , 45 , 4 , 5

Tilloc h e n e 81 C 0 . 1 2 1 . 1 , Al xa d r , , history , chair of civil , 4 .

Ti lloc h h n n 1 1 8 . e e 1 0 , Jo , tobacco ist , chair of ccl siastical , 3 7 , 9 ;

n e 2 . e l e e 0 1 . Titia , pictur s by , 7 , 75 cours of ctur s , 7 , 7

T l rv h n 1 1 . o de 6 . y , J o , hospitality , 9

6 . 1 1 n 1 2 6 . Tollcross , huma ity , chair of , 4 , 3 , 3 , 3 7

n n e ee e 1 2 . I n n e a n d e e To ti Coff Hous , 5 talia la guag lit ratur ,

h n 0 1 . Top am , Edward , captai , 5 , 9 70 .

e l e . en e 1 0 . Torri , mou d r , 73 jurisprud c , 3 9, 7

n H on . e . n R . h l e h 6 1 0 . Tow sh d , t C ar s , 74 law , c air of , 3 , 3 9, 7

n d e e . e a l e n i n n . Trad comm rc , 3 4 cturi g Lati , 3 3 e Th e Th e n n B 2 66 86 6 Trad , Lo do ook library , 7 . 9, 7 , , , 94 , 9 , 97 ,

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n 66 86 8 . th e G e library buildi g , , , 9 Visitors to lasgow Acad my of e S e s ee e th e F n e 88 1 6 Lit rary oci ty , Lit rary i Arts , , 9 , 94 , 95 , 9 ,

8 . S e . oci ty 97 , 9

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e e . m dals , purchas of , 93 n e n e n Watso , Jam s , pri t r , Edi burgh , h 6 6 moral philosophy , c air of , 3 , 5 , 1 1 1 2 1 . , , 7

1 08 . W e 6 1 0 1 08 1 1 . att , Jam s , 3 5 , 3 , 7 , , 5

e 2 . mus um , 9, 93 , 95 \Veb b e n en 1 . , B r ard , stud t , 4 n h 6 atural philosophy , c air of , 3 , e derb u r n e n e \V d , Al xa d r , Lord 1 1 9. h 6 8 2 1 0 6 . Loughboroug , 3 , ,

e 2 0 . obs rvatory , , 3 5 , 79 \ e e h n 8 . V sl y , Jo , 7 , 94 en n e o f 1 ori tal la guag s , chair , 4 , l “e S ee Tr on a i t 8 . st tr t , g , 7

1 0 ; 3 7 , 9 \Vh i tefield G e e 8 . , org , 7

en 20 2 1 . physic gard , , Wh o l u t o a n 6 e D M . y f , 4

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1 1 1 2 . 9, 3 W o n e n e e- n e a n d ils , Al xa d r , typ fou d r n n e 1 2 8 0 1 0 pri ti g hous , 4 , 4 , 3 , 9 , 9 , e 1 8 1 2 2 6 prof ssor , , 9, 7 , 9, 3 7 , 9 , 1 1 1 1 8 1 2 7 , , 3 . 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 . ’ 3 , 7 , 9, 5 R e ctor s court , 3 9. W n P 1 ilso , atrick , 9.

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86 , 1 0 6 . n e , 2 . Y Va dyk 7 , 77 , 95 e H on . e n e 6 82 ork , Jos ph , Colo l , 4 , , n k e th , e e n n 8 . 8 Va dy Cal do ia , 4 3 . e o n 0 . V llum , books , , 4 Y n n fe 1 1 1 2 2 9 ou g , Joh , pro ssor , 5 , .

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